357:
denounced their master for making gunpowder and from a confession of a conspirator to his priest on Holy Week and arrests started. All the heroes of
Independence were arrested, even those who had voluntarily renounced any political activity, such as Fulgencio Yegros. Dr. Francia was relentless. Some of the prisoners (64 in ten days) were shot, and a period of persecution and repression began. Historically this is the start of "the Franciato", the period of Francia's absolute dictatorship. Pedro Juan Caballero was arrested six months after the discovery of the plot, and committed suicide in his cell on July 13, 1821 after learning that he was to be executed. He allegedly wrote a note on the wall of his cell: "I know that suicide is against the law of God and man, but the thirst of blood of the Tyrant of my homeland shall not be appeased with mine".
25:
181:
increased
Paraguayan determination to create and safeguard their own state. Worried by the rumors that the last Spanish governor Velasco is about to ask for military protection from the Portuguese Brazil, local patriots started plotting against him. Initially they were planning to take action on May
343:
created opposition group which unsuccessfully tried to get support of the Consul
Fulgencio Yegros. He refused and together with Consul Francia on September 26, 1814 ordered Caballero's group to leave Asuncion and retire to their country estates. Just eight days later National Congress convened and
356:
ruled alone as the
Supreme dictator and in 1816 was elected by Congress to be Dictator for life. A conspiracy, which involved many leading men of the Independence era, to overthrow Francia, was planned for the last days of the Holy Week of 1820. Francia learned about the plot from two slaves that
238:
As
Governor Bernardo de Velasco was reluctant to accept the conditions presented by plotters, additional revolutionary troops came to the square and settled eight cannons in front of the house of government; Vicente Ignacio Iturbe brought a new ultimatum, setting a short deadline for response.
82:
327:
The
Congress of October 1813 disbanded the five-man junta and created a two-man Consulate. Caballero was a strong candidate for consulship, but in the end the more politically powerful Fulgencio Yegros and Francia were elected to be consuls.
315:
From the juridical point of view all appeals were now heard before the junta and not before the Court of Buenos Aires anymore, requesting this institution to forward all civil and criminal cases of
Paraguay to the junta. The
501:
323:
On
October 12, 1811, a treaty was signed between Buenos Aires and Asuncion which recognized the independence of Province of Paraguay and committed both provinces to mutual assistance in case of war.
159:. Paraguayan victory at the January 19, 1811 Battle of Paraguari forced Belgrano to retreat southward. On March 9, 1811, on the banks of River Tacuarí, while Belgrano awaited reinforcements from
344:
elected
Francia to be the Supreme dictator for a period of five years. During the next years Caballero did not participate in politics and turned his attention to yerba mate trade.
476:
466:
471:
193:
In the evening of May 14, 1811, after the curfew had started, plotters led by
Captain Pedro Juan Caballero went to the Governor's quarters located on the main square of
208:
Governor's quarters became the center of the revolution; political prisoners were released, weapons prepared, security measures taken and emissaries sent to bring
486:
234:"The Governor Velasco stays in power, but as a part of three-man junta which should include two representatives appointed by the officers at the quarters."
491:
461:
129:. In 1820 he was accused of being involved in the conspiracy against Francia, and committed suicide in his cell on July 13, 1821. The Paraguayan city of
163:, another battle was launched and won by Paraguayans. Belgrano called for capitulation, which was granted, and his troops left Province of Paraguay.
288:
The Mathematics professorship and the Patriotic Literary Society, an organization that he conducted since then, were introduced to public education.
121:. He was one of the major leaders of the Revolution of May 14, 1811, despite being six years younger than the leading figure of Independence period
246:
On May 17 a public proclamation informed people that a ruling junta, consisting of Governor Velasco, Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia and Army captain
178:
353:
267:
126:
118:
405:
46:
436:
302:
The old Real Colegio Seminario de San Carlos, took charge of teacher salaries, meaning the beginning of free and mandatory education.
258:
The new junta quickly convened a National Congress on June 17, 1811, which removed Velasco from all power and created a new five-man
68:
275:
239:
Governor Velasco was against any bloodshed, and came to the door to say: "If this is because of authority, I give up the command
130:
481:
317:
385:
39:
33:
247:
50:
305:
Elementary schools were organized, the Board issued instructions for teachers, prohibiting corporal punishment.
271:
172:
102:
223:
presented Governor Velasco with demands from plotters led by Caballero, which could be summarized as follows:
213:
496:
340:
220:
404:
Archivo Nacional de Asuncion, SC, Vol. 975, N.3, cited in: Editorial Tiempo de Historia: "Francia, Vol. II"
336:
110:
456:
451:
198:
148:
366:
152:
243:." This announcement was met with joy by the crowd. The flag was raised and 21 cannonballs fired.
186:, but on Francia's advice decided to act sooner, without waiting for the arrival of troops led by
228:
142:
263:
240:
209:
187:
122:
97:
410:
Williams, John Hoyt: " 'Conspiracy of 1820', and the Destruction of Paraguayan Aristocracy"
156:
183:
201:, a supporter of plot, was on duty and in charge of the small garrison of 34 men from
445:
81:
296:
160:
308:
In the economic field, agriculture, commerce, navigation and the settlement of
332:
309:
216:
to Asuncion. The Cathedral bells were rung and resonated throughout the city.
202:
106:
292:
194:
114:
335:
trade, was opposed to Francia's economic policies and together with
386:
The Reign of Doctor Joseph Gaspard Roderick de Francia in Paraguay
80:
227:"Surrender of the main square, all the weapons and keys to the
398:
Nueva Historia del Paraguay, Editorial Hispana Paraguay S.R.L.
18:
285:
In January 1812, the Paraguayan Military Academy was founded.
125:
and 20 years younger than the future dictator of Paraguay
423:
The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870
395:
Diario La Nación: “Enciclopedia Histórica del Paraguay”
262:
to which Caballero was appointed. Other members were
502:People from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
177:Military victories against the troops sent by the
197:, where they were greeted by second lieutenant
331:Caballero, who was involved in the profitable
8:
477:People who died by suicide in prison custody
467:Paraguayan people who died in prison custody
16:Paraguayan revolutionary leader (1786–1821)
472:Prisoners who died in Paraguayan detention
401:Chavez, Julio Cesar: “El Supremo Dictador”
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
295:was reopened and books were bought from
32:This article includes a list of general
378:
179:United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata
101:; 1786–1821) was a leading figure of
96:
7:
487:Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
117:which was then part of the Spanish
182:25, a one-year anniversary of the
119:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
492:Paraguayan independence activists
462:People from Cordillera Department
354:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
268:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
127:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
23:
147:Caballero participated in the
98:[ˈpeðɾoˈxwaŋkaβaˈʎeɾo]
1:
318:Triumvirate of Buenos Aires
518:
421:Williams, John H. (1979).
299:to start a Public Library.
260:Junta Superior Gubernativa
254:Junta Superior Gubernativa
248:Juan Valeriano de Zeballos
170:
140:
272:Francisco Xavier Bogarin
173:Independence of Paraguay
155:against the army led by
281:Junta's achievements:
214:Manuel Atanasio Cabañas
103:Paraguayan independence
53:more precise citations.
437:Period of Independence
341:Jose Teodoro Fernandez
320:agreed to such demand.
221:Vicente Ignacio Iturbe
94:Spanish pronunciation:
86:
111:Cordillera Department
84:
482:Suicides in Paraguay
199:Mauricio Jose Troche
133:is named after him.
131:Pedro Juan Caballero
90:Pedro Juan Caballero
85:Pedro Juan Caballero
367:History of Paraguay
337:Juan Manuel Gamarra
276:Fernando de la Mora
153:Battle of Paraguari
250:has been created.
87:
425:. pp. 27–53.
167:May 14 Revolution
149:Battle of Tacuarí
143:Paraguay campaign
109:, a town located
105:. He was born in
79:
78:
71:
509:
426:
388:
383:
348:The plot of 1820
264:Fulgencio Yegros
210:Fulgencio Yegros
188:Fulgencio Yegros
123:Fulgencio Yegros
100:
95:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
517:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
507:
506:
442:
441:
433:
420:
417:
415:Further reading
392:
391:
384:
380:
375:
363:
350:
256:
175:
169:
157:Manuel Belgrano
145:
139:
93:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
515:
513:
505:
504:
499:
497:1820s suicides
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
431:External links
429:
428:
427:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
402:
399:
396:
390:
389:
377:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
362:
359:
349:
346:
325:
324:
321:
313:
312:were promoted.
306:
303:
300:
289:
286:
266:as President,
255:
252:
236:
235:
232:
184:May Revolution
171:Main article:
168:
165:
141:Main article:
138:
135:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
514:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
447:
438:
435:
434:
430:
424:
419:
418:
414:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
387:
382:
379:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
347:
345:
342:
338:
334:
329:
322:
319:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
244:
242:
233:
230:
226:
225:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
180:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
91:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
422:
381:
351:
330:
326:
297:Buenos Aires
280:
259:
257:
245:
237:
219:At midnight
218:
207:
192:
176:
161:Buenos Aires
146:
89:
88:
65:
56:
37:
457:1821 deaths
452:1786 births
352:Since 1814
137:War of 1811
51:introducing
446:Categories
373:References
333:yerba mate
310:Gran Chaco
34:references
407:doc: 1143
203:Curuguaty
361:See also
293:Seminary
195:Asuncion
115:Paraguay
59:May 2013
229:Cabildo
47:improve
274:, and
107:Tobatí
36:, but
241:baton
339:and
291:The
212:and
151:and
113:of
448::
278:.
270:,
231:."
205:.
190:.
92:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
