Bantu peoples of South Africa

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expressions portray communications of personal prayers, self-identification, values, emotions, and marriage, sometimes the male initiation but the ritual was not expressed. Religions have never been a part of the Southern Ndebele's house paintings. The women of the Southern Ndebele are often the tradition carriers and the main developer of the wall art of their home. The tradition and style of house painting is passed down in the families from generation to generation by the mothers. A well-painted home shows the female of the household is a good wife and mother. She is responsible for the painting of the outside gates, front walls, side walls, and usually the interior of her home. One thing that has changed since the beginning of the paintings and the present-day wall art is their styles. In the late 1960s, the new style was evident, what was once a finger-painted creation was now created using bundled twigs with feathers as brushes. The walls are still originally whitewashed, but the outlines and colours have significantly changed.

2449: 1070:(1834–1879): The Xhosa remained expelled from their territory dubbed "Ceded Territories", that was then settled by Europeans and other African peoples. They were also subjected to territorial expansions from other Africans that were themselves under pressure from the expanding Zulu Kingdom. Nevertheless, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of multi-racial issues because Africans and Europeans living and trading throughout the frontier region. The indecision by the Cape Government's policy towards the return of the Xhosa territories did not dissipate Xhosa frustration toward the inability to provide for themselves, hence the Xhosa resorted to frontier cattle-raiding. In response on 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa army of 10,000 led by 2464: 2484: 1958:

The geometric patterns and shape are first drawn with the black outline and later filled in with colour. The patterns are grouped together throughout the walls in terms of their basic design structure. Creating the right tools to allow accuracy and freedom becomes a difficult task. The tools can't restrict the painter from creating her art. They have to have tools for the large geometric shapes of flat colour and small brushes for the very small areas, outlines, and sacks. The advancement of tools has allowed faster and more complex designs throughout the Southern Ndebele's homes. Every generation passes it down and little changes become apparent.

326: 2024:, a defending shield. The objective is for two opposing warriors to fight each other to establish which of them is the strongest or the "Bull" (Inkunzi). An "induna" or War Captain becomes a referee for each group of warriors, keeps his crew in check and keeps order between fighters. Warriors of similar affiliation did this when engaging in combat with one another. In modern times this usually occurs as a friendly symbolic practice part of the wedding ceremony, where warriors (participants) from the bridegroom's household welcome warriors from the bride's household. Other groups of participants may also be welcomed to join in. 1967: 2503: 2675:

this ideology. There is sincere warmth with which people treat both strangers and members of the community. This overt display of warmth is not merely aesthetic but enables formation of spontaneous communities. The resultant collaborative work within these spontaneous communities transcends the aesthetic and gives functional significance to the value of warmth. It is also implied that Ubuntu is in the ideal of that everyone has different skills and strengths; people are not isolated, and through mutual support they can help each other to complete themselves.

2606: 2515: 2147: 574: 1137:, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European lifestyles. In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region. The war became known as "Mlanjeni's War", the 2769:: The first democratically elected president of South Africa and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his role in the fight against apartheid. F.W. de Klerk: The last State President of South Africa under apartheid and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate for his role in the country's transition to democracy. Anwar Sadat: The President of Egypt who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for his efforts to reach a peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. 1862: 1937: 1336:, president of the South African Republic (ZAR), not to be confused with the modern-day Republic of South Africa, caused the First of the Sekhukhune Wars when he declared war against the Bapedi Kingdom, the Burgers' army was defeated on 1 August 1876. The Burgers' government later hired the Lydenburg Volunteer Corps commanded by a German mercenary Conrad von Schlickmann, they were repelled and Conrad was killed in later battles. 539: 2688: 2535: 2116: 1703: 933: 2810: 2085:, consisting of a man, woman or women, and their children, as well as other relatives living in the same household. The man was the head of the household and often had many wives, and was the family's primary representative. The household and close relations generally played an important role. Households which lived in the same valley or on the same hill in a village were also an organizational unit, managed by a sub-chief. 242: 2095:, although chiefs were often replaced when not effective. In most clans the eldest son inherited the office of his father. In some clans the office was left to the oldest brother of the deceased chief, and after his death again the next oldest brother. This repeated until the last brother died. Next was the eldest son of the original chieftain; then the oldest one of the brothers as the leader. 1117:. Tension had been simmering between colonialist farmers and Xhosa raiders, on both sides of the frontier since the dismantlement of Stockenstrom's treaty system. This began when Governor Maitland imposed a new system of treaties on the chiefs without consulting them, while a severe drought forced desperate Xhosa to engage in cattle raids across the frontier to survive. In addition, politician 79: 1047:, the war of Nxele, started after the Battle of Amalinde. This happened after a civil war broke out within the Xhosa Nation when the British-allied chief Ngqika of the Right Hand House allegedly tried to overthrow the Government and become the king of the Xhosas but was defeated. Then Ngqika appealed to the British who seized 23,000 head of cattle from a Xhosa chief. The Xhosa prophet, 38: 555: 357: 343: 2103:. The more powerful and more influential a chieftain was, the less the influence of his people. Although the leader had much power, he was not above the law. He could be criticized both by advisors as well as by his people, and compensation could be demanded. The people were divided into different clans or tribes which had their own functions, laws, and language. 181: 2289:. These young women then participate in a traditional dance bare-breasted, while each maiden carries a long reed – the girls take care to choose only the longest and strongest reeds – and then carry them towering above their heads in a slow procession up the hill to the royal Enyokeni Palace. The procession is led by the chief Zulu princess. 1141:, after the prophet Mlanjeni who arose among the homeless Xhosa and preached mobilization, large numbers of Xhosa began leaving the colony's towns and mobilizing in the tribal areas. In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry Smith's inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by 2211:) indicate special natural and agricultural events of Southern Africa. Traditionally and historically, being cattle breeders who lived in the semi-arid regions of Southern Africa, a deep understanding of agriculture and the natural world was essential for their survival. Sesotho speaking people generally recognise only two seasons called 1479: 2463: 2448: 1467:

liberals against the growing National Party, engaged to a degree in collaboration and exchange of ideas with the growing African liberation movements, especially in the early years of the struggle. This is seen through the non-racial values that were successfully propagated by the political ancestors of the

1957:

The patterns and symbols can be seen today with a rich black outline and a vivid colour inside. There are five main colours represented: red and dark red, yellow to gold, a sky blue, green, and sometimes pink, white is always used as the background because it makes the bright patterns stand out more.

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Mampuru II has been described as one of South Africa's first liberation icons. Potgieter Street in Pretoria and the prison where he was killed was renamed in his honour, in February 2018 a statue of Mampuru was proposed to be erected in Church Square, Pretoria where it will stand opposite one of Paul

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and frictions eventually arose between the two groups. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, there were two major areas of frictional contact between the white colonialists and the Bantu language speakers in Southern Africa. Firstly, as the Boers moved north inland from the Cape they encountered

2007:

historically practiced by teenage Nguni herdboys in South Africa. Each combatant is armed with two long, hard sticks, one of which is used for defense and the other for offense with little or no armor used. Although Xhosa styles of fighting may use only two sticks, variations of Nguni stick-fighting

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A concept that began to be popularised in the 1950s and became propagated by political thinkers specifically in Southern Africa during the 1960s. Ubuntu asserts that society, not a transcendent being, gives human beings their humanity. An "extroverted communities" aspect is the most visible part of

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South African Bantu language speaking peoples' modern diet is largely still similar to that of their ancestors, but significant difference being in the systems of production and consumption of their food. They do take interest to innovations in foods that come their way while still practicing their

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tradition(s). They also began to stand for their continuity and cultural resistance to their circumstances during the colonization in the 19th century. These wall paintings done by the women was their secret code to their people, disguised to anyone but the Southern Ndebele. The vibrant symbols and

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acceded to the Zulu throne (at that stage the Zulu was merely one of the many clans). Within a relatively short period of time he had conquered his neighbouring clans and had forged the Zulu into the most important ally of the large Mthethwa clan, which was in competition with the Ndwandwe clan for

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of 3 August 1881, which stipulated Sekhukhune's release on reasons that his capital was already burned to the ground. Sekhukhune I was murdered by assassination on alleged orders from his half brother Mampuru II due to the existing dispute to the throne, as Mampuru II had been ousted by Sekhukhune

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no one believed in the prophecy and it was considered absurdity, but more and more people started believing Nongqawuse. The cult grew and built up momentum, sweeping across the eastern Cape. The return of the ancestors was predicted to occur on 18 February 1857, when the day came, the Xhosa nation

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to annex and settle the land that had been returned to the Xhosa after the previous war. The war concluded after the announcement of the annexation of the country between the Keiskamma and the Kei rivers to the British crown by order of Lord Glenelg. It was not, however, incorporated with the Cape

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Common among the two powerful divisions, the Nguni and the Sotho–Tswana, are patrilineal societies, in which the leaders formed the socio-political units. Similarly, food acquisition was by pastoralism, agriculture, and hunting. The most important differences are the strongly deviating languages,

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When the Cape's political system was severely weakened, the movement survived as an increasingly liberal, local opposition against the Apartheid government of the National Party. In the fight against Apartheid, African majority took the lead in the struggle, as effective allies the remaining Cape

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by July 1799. The colonial officials made peace with the Xhosa and Khoe in Zuurveld. In 1801, Graaff-Reinet rebellion started forcing more Khoekhoe desertions and farm abandonment. The commandos could not achieve any result, so in February 1803 a peace was arranged with the Xhosas and Khoekhoes.

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and broken up the Ndwandwe alliance, some of whom in turn began a murderous campaign against other Nguni communities, resulting in a mass migration of communities fleeing those who are regarded now as Zulu people too. Historians have postulated this as the cause of the Mfecane, a period of mass

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government became the profundity action from the pre-1948 Union of South Africa's government rule, it introduced a series of measures that reshaped the South African society such that Europeans would take themselves as the demographic majority while being a minority group. The creation of false

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A ceremony of giving the first fruits in a harvest to God, or the gods who are believed to be responsible for the abundance of food in Southern Africa. Traditionally it marked a time of prosperity, in the good harvests experienced after the seasonal agricultural period. It also brought people

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opinion and emphasised the rejection of white monopoly on truth as a central tenet of their movement. The BCM's policy of perpetually challenging the dialectic of Apartheid South Africa as a means of transforming Black thought into rejecting prevailing opinion or mythology to attain a larger

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before they are allowed to participate in a royal dance, they wear a traditional attire, including beadwork, and izigege, izinculuba and imintsha, with anklets, bracelets, necklaces, and colourful sashes. Each sash has appendages of a different colour, which denote whether or not the girl is

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The list of notable Black South Africans includes a diverse range of individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields, including academia, politics, sports, and the arts. Here are some examples of notable Black South Africans who have achieved recognition nationally and

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uprising in 1922 which eventually became an open rebellion against the state, it was against mining companies whose efforts at the time, due to economic situations, were nullifying irrational oppression of natives in the work place. The pogroms and slogans used in the uprising against

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Kruger who was President of the British's South African Republic (ZAR) at the time of Mampuru's execution. The Pedi paramountcy's power was also cemented by the fact that chiefs of subordinate villages, or kgoro, take their principal wives from the ruling house. This system of

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Notation of notable people from Black South African hosts renowned, contributors, scholars and professionals from a range of diverse and broad fields, also those who are laureates of national and international recognition and certain individuals from South African monarchs.

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clans of the Xhosa started to penetrate back into the Zuurveld and colonists under Barend Lindeque, allied themselves with Ndlambe, a regent of the Western Xhosas, to repel the Gqunukhwebe. The second war concluded when farms were abandoned due to panic in 1793. In 1799 the

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was much more a social movement in European communities in the 20th century South Africa, before ever becoming government in 1948 which happened through a discriminatory vote by only white, minority people in South Africa, that formed a racist, well resourced and a

1921:

art of Southern Africa stretches centuries back in time, while excavations at Sotho-Tswana archaeological sites have revealed hut floors that have survived the elements for 1500 years, the earliest intact evidence of this art stretches back from the c. 1400s.

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and Indians) still tend to have a strong racial identities, and to classify themselves, and others, as members of these race groups and the classification continues to persist in government policy, to an extent, as a result of attempts at redress such as

2321: 2625:, thanks to innovative tactics and weapons he conceived, and a showdown with the spiritual leadership, limiting the power of traditional healers, and effectively ensuring the subservience of the Zulu church to the state. King Shaka integrated defeated 2483: 1193: 2402:

people, used the cone and cylinder house type. A cylindrical wall is formed out of vertical posts, which is sealed with mud and cow dung. The roof built from poles tied-together, covered with grass. The floor of both types is compressed earth.

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The cattle-killing movement that began in 1856 to 1858, led Xhosa people to destroy their own means of subsistence in the belief that it would bring about salvation from colonialism through supernatural spirits. First declared by a prophetess

1418: 2794:

The list of notable Black South Africans includes individuals from various monarchies, such as the Zulu Kingdom, the Xhosa Kingdom, and the Sotho Kingdom, who have played significant roles in shaping the country's history and culture.

801:). Modern research has disputed this historiographical narrative. By the 1860s, when Holden was propagating his theory, this turbulent period had resulted in large swathes of South African land falling under the control of either the 1154:

waited en masse for the momentous events to occur, only to be bitterly disappointed. Famine set in and disease was also spread from the cattle killings, this forced the remainder of the Xhosa nation to seek relief from colonialists.

2098:

The chief was surrounded with a number of trusted friends or advisors, usually relatives like uncles and brothers, rather than influential headmen or personal friends. The degree of the democracy depended on the strength of the

689:). Other than Portuguese cartographers calling present-day South Africa's coast Cafreria in the 16th century, another Cafraria dub directly related to the present-day South African region covered the landscape as presented by a 993:

region, colonialist's frontiersmen in the 18th century started encroaching the land farther inland present-day South African region, encountering more of the indigenous population, conflict of land and cattle grew sparking the

1145:, who took charge in March. In February 1853 Xhosa chiefs surrendered, the 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa. 2070:, had initiated the taking of most of South African land from the indigenous peoples. Most of South African land began being made an exclusive possession of only white minority Europeans in South Africa legislatively by 1347:, a secretary for native affairs of Natal at that time. The Second of Sekhukhune Wars commenced in 1878 and 1879 with three British attacks that were successfully repelled but Sekhukhune was defeated in November 1879 by 1944:

Southern Ndebele prior and during the 18th century primarily used their expressive symbols for communication, it is believed that these paintings are a synthesis of historical Nguni design traditions and Northern Sotho

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resulted in the perpetuation of marriage links between the ruling house and the subordinate groups, and involved the payment of inflated bohadi or bride wealth, mostly in the form of cattle, to the Maroteng house.

881:, etc. But in South Africa, the association with Apartheid discredited the term, and the Apartheid government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile, the 2340:, Swazi sheep), pigs/boars and wild game hunts), vegetables, fruits, cattle and sheep milk, water, and grain beer on occasion. They began to eat the staple product of maize mid-18th century (introduced from 1161:

happened, known as the "Fengu-Gcaleka War", and also the "Ngcayechibi's War" — the name stemming from a headman whose feast was where the initial fight occurred that traces from the conflicts of this war.

722:

take importance to this article for being the closest, oldest archaeological evidence by distance to the South African border thus far related to South African Bantu–speaking peoples and dated 354–68

782:. First published by W.A. Holden in the 1860s, this doctrine claims that South Africa had mostly been an unsettled region and that Bantu-speaking peoples had begun to migrate southwards from present day 1837:) and whose speakers historically lived on the interior plateau. The two language groups differ in certain key aspects (especially in the sound systems), with the rest of South African Bantu languages ( 1501:

for the first time in what ceremonially ended the Apartheid era and also being the first time a political party in South Africa getting legitimately elected as government. The day was ideally hailed as

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and hunt except for the Tsonga (and partially the Mpondo). Fishing was relatively of little importance. All Bantu-speaking communities commonly had clear separation between women's and men's tasks.

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by Portuguese in the late 17th century via the East African coast), it became favoured for its productiveness which was more than the grains of South African native grasses. There were a number of

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stopped the Xhosa, most Xhosa chiefs surrendered but the primary leadership Maqoma and Tyali retreated, a treaty was imposed and hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836. Aftermath the

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Before the early 19th century the indigenous population composition in KwaZulu-Natal region was primarily by many different, largely Nguni-speaking clans and influenced by the two powers of the

2410:, emerged about 1 000 years ago in southern Africa. Colonial housing styles inspired the rectangular shaping of the Rondavel from the 1870s, this is regarded as the beginning of the Rondavel's 1733:

Black people in South Africa were group-related and their conception of borders based on sufficient land and natural features such as rivers or mountains, which were not by any means fixed.

2514: 2081:, not around national federations, but independent groups from some hundreds to thousands of individuals. The smallest unit of the political organizational structure was the household, or 2585:(similar to meditation) prior to Colonization/Westernization was a widespread practice in South Africa noticeably by those considered Zulu people now, it was seen as a way of attaining 2775:

Black and coloured athletes who have made significant contributions to sports in South Africa, particularly during the apartheid era, despite facing numerous challenges and obstacles.

3895: 793:, historians have noted that this theory had already gained currency among Europeans by the mid-1840s. Its later alternative form of note were conformed around the "1830s concept of 753:, a number of Khoe language speakers were found living there and the indigenous population around the Cape primarily consisted of Khoisan groups. Following the establishment of the 2215:. However, names do exist aligned to all four of the traditional Western seasons. The Sotho year begins approximately in August or September, a time when their crops were planted. 611:, and one of five principal population groups in Africa. He identified their geographical heartland as being located in remote Southern Africa, an area which he designated as 786:

at the same time as the Europeans had begun to move northwards from the Cape settlement, despite there being no historical or archaeological evidence to support this theory.

2508:

Early 19th century, South Africa. Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa's variation of a hut, built on stilts, to protect themselves from lions and other predatory animals.

615:. European cartographers in their 16th and 17th centuries versions of southern African maps, likewise called the southern African region Cafreria. In the late 16th century, 1360:

before being reinstalled as King of Bopedi by the British after the British invasion of Bopedi. King Mampuru II was then arrested and executed by the treaty restored Boer

1035:(1811–1819): Zuurveld became a buffer zone between the Cape Colony and Xhosa territory, empty of the Boers, the British to the west and the Xhosa to the east. In 1811 the 714:

Based on prehistorical archaeological evidence of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa, settlements forming part of countless ancient settlements remains related to

1741:, and the different settlement types and relationships. In the Nguni settlements villages were usually widely scattered, whereas the Sotho–Tswana often settled in towns. 904:

of European descent maintain that the theory still holds true, despite there being even more historical and archaeological evidence contrary to the myth, for example the

797:", trying to hide and ignore the intrusion of Europeans on Bantu lands, by implying that the territory they colonized was devoid of human habitation (as a result of the 599:

inhabited the region for over 100,000 years, with sedentary agriculture occurring since at least 100 CE. In the early 16th century, explorer Leo Africanus described the

1364:(ZAR) on charges of public violence, revolt and the murder of his half brother. The arrest was also well claimed by others to be because of Mampuru's opposition to the 4519: 2348:

regarding the consumption of meat. The well known, no meat of dogs, apes, crocodiles or snakes could be eaten. Likewise taboo was the meat of some birds, like owls,

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system. However, Bantu is used without pejorative connotations in other parts of Africa and is still used in South Africa as the group term for the language family.

2438:(introduced during the British colonization), this marked a significant visible change in the southern African region, it attested to the contemporary pressures of 4514: 3296: 3249: 2996: 205: 96: 51: 1040: 1985:

The most popular sporting code in South Africa and among Black South Africans is Association football with the most notable event having been hosted being the

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together, unifying them at a time of merry making and quashing fears of famine. In South Africa the tradition is practiced by Zulu people of KwaZulu-Natal as

1208:, the king of the Ndwandwe, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mthethwa alliance. The alliance under his leadership survived Zwide's first assault at the 639:

referred to the indigenous people, in the 16th century the whole coastal region was known in Portuguese cartography as Cafreria, and in French cartography as

2360:

are traditionally popular amongst the Tswana, Venda, Southern Ndebele, Northern Sotho and Tsonga people, though they have been successfully commercialized.

3888: 1865:

The composition of the syllables of the words "Xilo" "thing" in Xitsonga, "Vhathu" "people" in Tshivenḓa and "Ho tlêtse" "It is full" in Sesotho, using

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of these indigenous peoples from their land, the myth being used as the justification for the capture and settlement of Bantu-speaking peoples's land. The

778:

The history of the Bantu-speaking peoples from South Africa has in the past been misunderstood due to the deliberate spreading of false narratives such as

2798:

These individuals, among many others, have made significant contributions to various fields, breaking barriers and paving the way for future generations.

1434: 897:(pastoralists) in southern Africans, who roamed much of the southwestern region of Africa for millenniums before the invasions, colonialism of Europeans. 1300:

Sekwati was also engaged in struggles over land and labour with the invading colonialists. These disputes over land started in 1845 after the arrival of

1217:

migration and war in the Southern African interior in the 19th, however this hypothesis is no longer accepted by most historians, and the idea itself of

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A Narrative of four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentotts and Caffria. In the Years One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Seven, Eight, and Nine

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known as Cafars), as Bantu-speaking peoples of southern Africa in his work. Historically past names of South Africa in records largely relied upon how

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of an illegitimate government for nearly 50 years. In the 1930s, this irrational oppression/discrimination was already well supported by propaganda,

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Xhosa, Basotho, and Tswana peoples. Secondly attempts at coastal settlement was made by the British in two regions now known as the Eastern Cape and

1095: 519:

describes "Bantu", when used in a contemporary usage or racial context as "obsolescent and offensive", because of its strong association with the "

2935: 3634: 1067:. The resulting empty territory was designated as a buffer zone for loyal Africans' settlements. It came to be known as the "Ceded Territories". 2651:

that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s. BCM attacked what they saw as traditional white values, especially the "condescending" values of

4504: 3881: 2169:

Xhosa people historically and traditionally based their agricultural time on reliable star systems. When these traditions are aligned with the

829:, thereby land relating to Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa legislatively became reduced into being those reserves. In this context, the 4529: 3779: 3564: 3381: 3272: 3225: 3200: 2972: 3584: 2748:: A prominent scholar who has made significant contributions to the field of epistemology and the study of black academics under apartheid. 143: 115: 1896:, whose developments in 2010 was inspired by ancient ideographic traditions of the Southern African region, and its parent systems being 4298: 2723: 2633:, on a basis of full equality, with promotions in the army and civil service being a matter of merit rather than circumstance of birth. 1494: 1343:, signed a peace treaty at Botshabelo. This led to the British annexation of the South African Republic (ZAR) on 12 April 1877 by Sir 325: 57: 251: 122: 3825:

Alfred Martin Duggan-Cronin's Photographs for The Bantu Tribes of South Africa (1928–1954): The Construction of an Ambiguous Idyll 1

2756:: A prominent academic and humanitarian who has made significant contributions to the field of African studies and humanitarianism. 726:. Ancient settlements remains found thus far similarly based on pastoralism and farming within South Africa were dated 249–370 302: 284: 223: 162: 65: 2617:

is well known for the many military, social, cultural and political reforms he used to create his highly organized and centralized

1039:

began when the Xhosa took back the rest of their territory of Zuurveld, conflicts with the settlers followed. Forces under Colonel

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for the Apartheid government's interests. This was after colonial regimes and subsequent South African governments before formal

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persisted in calling the areas Bantustans, to actively protest the Apartheid governments' political illegitimacy. The fallacy of

882: 4468: 4312: 2273: 834: 543: 129: 1966: 1320:

was the border between the Pedi and the Republic. The Pedi were well equipped for waging war though, as Sekwati and his heir,

1027:

revolted and joined with the Xhosa in the Zuurveld, and started retaking land through farms occupied by colonialist, reaching

2406:

The Rondavel itself developed from the general, grass domed African-style hut nearly 3 000 years ago, its first variety, the

2229: 1109:

became a war between the imperial British troops collaborating with the mixed-race "Burgher forces", which were mainly Khoi,

636: 100: 2454:

Venda people's village of Mbilwe, Rondavels as its structures on a rising slope as photographed in 1923, a decade after the

1513:

As a consequence of Apartheid policies, black Africans are regarded as a race group in South Africa. These groups (blacks,

3912: 3904: 2752:: A renowned academic and anti-apartheid activist who was the first black vice-chancellor of the University of Fort Hare. 2719: 2059: 1542: 1452: 841: 440: 111: 2823: 2642: 2280:, as a means to encourage young Zulu girls to delay sexual activity until marriage. All girls are required to undergo a 1472: 1134: 500: 1351:'s army of twelve thousand, made up of the 2,000 British, Boers and 10,000 Swazis, Swazis joined the war in support of 861:) was a central element of this strategy, the Bantustans were eventually made nominally independent, in order to limit 196: 4448: 3620: 1456: 3520: 2660:

comprehension brought it into direct conflict with the full force of the security apparatus of the Apartheid regime.

1822: 2058:, that the white minority, government regime – recreated and used the "traditional" Chiefdom-ships system to be the 4478: 4240: 2656: 2435: 2302: 1523: 1503: 1333: 990: 865:

citizenship to those Bantustans. The Bantustans were meant to reflect an analogy of the various ethnic "-stans" of

473: 89: 17: 4463: 4265: 3770:

Beach, David N. (1983). "The Zimbabwe Plateau and its Peoples". In Birmingham, David; Martin, Phyllis M. (eds.).

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Historically, communities lived in two different types of houses before this tradition was dominated by one, the

1788: 1754: 1498: 1468: 512: 378: 350: 255: 4332: 4322: 3711: 2875: 2785: 2605: 1905: 1792: 1738: 1440: 1430: 1391:

The Apartheid government retained and continued on from 1948 with even more officiation and policing on racial

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of Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa for 48 years. Decades before the inception of Apartheid there was a

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of Africa, specifically those from sites located in the southernmost region inside the borders of what is now

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The majority of Bantu languages spoken in South Africa are classified as belonging to one of two groups. The

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and the beginning of progress to the conclusion of Black South Africans existential struggle that began with

4473: 4458: 4278: 2860: 2474: 2298: 1889: 1834: 1814: 1750: 1604: 1294: 1099: 1075: 901: 699: 668: 373: 2784:: A renowned art historian who made significant contributions to the field of art history in South Africa. 2581:, is the source of all that has been, that is and all that ever will be. It's the inner light of creation. 136: 4509: 4453: 4416: 4293: 4283: 3743: 3011: 2886: 2729: 2455: 2071: 1931: 1361: 1309: 1263:. A period of dislocation followed, after which the polity was re-stabilized under Thulare's son Sekwati. 830: 790: 485: 1277:). He engaged in maintaining his domain from other indigenous polities, mostly in frequent conflict with 4390: 4342: 4337: 4327: 2055: 1658: 1507: 1478: 1209: 975: 909: 818: 547: 516: 2146: 2753: 573: 4398: 4347: 4317: 4273: 4232: 4035: 3949: 3080: 2652: 1998: 1514: 1344: 1177: 999: 678: 623:

and Gawars, translate to infidels and illiterates (not to be confused with slaves called Cafari, the

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A reconstruction in a heritage site of KwaZulu-Natal of the Zulu people's variation of a hut called

262: 191: 4220: 2848: 2843: 2815: 2252: 2233: 2186: 2037: 1986: 1356: 1348: 814: 810: 734: 582: 201:

This entire article needs a copy edit to rephrase much of the text to match actual English grammar.

3603: 3290: 3243: 2990: 2760:: The Principal of the University of Cape Town and a prominent figure in South African academia. 2545: with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by 2419: 2357: 2170: 2126: with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by 1885: 1713: with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by 1527: 1340: 1282: 943: with: More topics for this section need to be added, regarding the article. You can help by 2077:

Until very recently, South African Bantu-speaking communities were often divided into different

837:, Union of South Africa's government planned to raise this to 13.6% but subsequently would not. 757:, European settlers began arriving in Southern Africa in substantial numbers. Around the 1770s, 2880:(Their modern descendants have little connection with the Kololo people apart from their name.) 3934: 3775: 3595: 3560: 3377: 3278: 3268: 3231: 3221: 3196: 3190: 3108: 3069:"The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa" 3038: 2978: 2968: 2669: 1873: 1127: 1091: 1086:, a chief believed to be actually the paramount chief or the King of the Gcaleka Xhosa by the 754: 746: 656: 558: 2391: 1639: 1566: 3550: 3369: 3098: 3088: 2306: 1861: 1485:(1918–2013), was a former and the first democratically elected president of South Africa, a 1317: 1270: 1118: 1007: 806: 762: 742: 3438: 1936: 659:(1430–1760) at its peak. During the establishment and the time throughout the 18th century 3439:"'Sekukuni [sic] & Family' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London" 2757: 2399: 1989:, but before such advent there are historical sports that were popular to the indigenous. 1846: 1845:) showing even more unique aspects. Significant number of Black South Africans are native 1842: 1830: 1802: 1770: 1766: 1574: 1373: 1142: 1079: 1064: 905: 624: 616: 523: 508: 398: 393: 4200: 3339: 2520:

Modern usage of the Rondavel, residency near the coastline of Eastern Cape, South Africa.

2154:

star cluster, in the Xhosa calendar symbolizes the beginning of the year called in Xhosa.

821:

established rural reserves in 1913 and 1936, by legislating the reduction and voiding of

3084: 655:

word "Kafir" (meaning "non-believer"). It was also known as the Bantu-speaking peoples'

4365: 4304: 4288: 4084: 3171: 3103: 3068: 3051: 2781: 2766: 2749: 2411: 2281: 2204: 2198: 2178: 2164: 1914: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1818: 1806: 1778: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1482: 1396: 1329: 1226: 983: 802: 408: 403: 388: 383: 3345:. The Journal of African History, Volume 29, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press. 1988 2687: 2534: 2115: 1702: 1463:. The early Cape constitution which later became known as the Cape Liberal tradition. 1247:

under King Thulare (c. 1780–1820) was made up of land that stretched from present-day

1113:, British settlers and Boer commandos, against the Ngcika assisted by the Ndlambe and 932: 833:, limited Black South Africans to 7% of the land in the country. In 1936, through the 4498: 4483: 4380: 4375: 4111: 4098: 4092: 4077: 3969: 3310: 3192:

Kingdoms and Chiefdoms of Southeastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History, 1400–1830

2870: 2626: 2590: 2489: 2387: 1971: 1810: 1782: 1670: 1663: 1633: 1619: 1448: 1205: 1122: 1060: 1011: 913: 767: 738: 648: 578: 504: 413: 3397: 2788:: A prominent author, educator, and the first black South African to receive a PhD. 2426:), instead of its indigenous name(s). Constraints caused by urbanisation produced a 2414:

that sees this African indigenous invention even today being popularly known as the

1974:

fan with the famous South African Association football supporter's accessories, the

1059:, which was held by 350 troops repulsed Nxele. Nxele was captured and imprisoned on 4443: 4163: 4063: 4043: 4022: 4015: 3994: 3974: 3959: 3954: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3921: 3659: 2865: 2618: 2570: 2395: 2383: 2329: 2049: 2033: 1821:), whose speakers historically occupied mainly the eastern coastal plains, and the 1685: 1677: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1581: 1562: 1550: 1410: 1171: 1110: 979: 870: 866: 826: 708: 694: 690: 674: 562: 507:, the term itself is derived from the English word "people", common to many of the 266: 3127: 3093: 2698: with: Information regarding this section needs to be added. You can help by 2364:

very own unique food cuisine popular amongst themselves and those curious alike.

561:'s Dutch version map showing Caffaria (Cafraria's name derivative) in Africa, by 4370: 4215: 4071: 4056: 4049: 4009: 3987: 3873: 3555: 2936:"Meet the 800-year-old golden rhinoceros that challenged apartheid South Africa" 2630: 2493: 2320: 2004: 1626: 1444: 1238: 1087: 1056: 1015: 682: 660: 435: 78: 3034: 1419:

Carnegie Commission of Investigation on the Poor White Question in South Africa

330:

Proportion of Black South Africans in each municipality according to the census

4258: 4245: 4195: 4187: 3855: 3585:"What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife" 3464:"THE SEKUKUNI WARS PART II – South African Military History Society – Journal" 2832: 2805: 2390:, a circular structure made of long poles covered with grass. The huts of the 2337: 2333: 2265: 2092: 1547: 1451:

which was later gradually restricted, and eventually abolished, under various

1392: 1352: 1321: 1286: 1252: 1248: 1201: 1150: 1074:, that swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony. A string of defeats by 1052: 1028: 969: 874: 727: 719: 3599: 3489: 3463: 3373: 3282: 3235: 2982: 4357: 2838: 2622: 2286: 2269: 2100: 2067: 1893: 1518: 1386: 1313: 1305: 1290: 1281:'s army who then had established and residing in Mhlahlandlela (present day 1278: 858: 850: 845: 704: 566: 554: 527: 479: 3112: 2962: 1577:, with the Nguni and Basotho-Tswana being the largest groups, as follows: 1192: 4210: 4183: 3964: 2828: 2427: 2379: 2373: 2341: 2261: 2151: 2088: 1979: 1975: 1497:, the majority of the population, Black South Africans, participating in 1460: 1368:

imposed on black people by the South African Republic (ZAR) in the area.

1260: 1181: 1063:. The British pushed the Xhosa further east beyond the Fish River to the 1024: 894: 878: 783: 758: 632: 445: 3426: 2313:. Generally women were responsible for Crop agriculture and men went to 1324:

I were able to procure firearms, mostly through migrant labour from the

1269:

succeeded King Thulare as paramount chief of the Bapedi in the northern

1121:

continued to use his newspaper the Graham's Town Journal to agitate for

3980: 2314: 2310: 2174: 2062:'s power reach, and even increased the Chiefdom-ships' powers over the 1651: 1365: 1274: 1266: 1256: 1218: 1133:

Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor

978:, which saw a series of nine wars during 1779 till 1879. Involving the 794: 4001: 2009: 1901: 1879: 1486: 1459:

governments. It qualified practice of a local system of multi-racial

1355:'s claim to the Bopedi (Pedi Kingdom) throne. This brought about the 1308:

in King Sekwati's domain, in 1857 the town was incorporated into the

1244: 1114: 1071: 652: 628: 577:

French version map depicting Coste Des Caffres, across and south the

2012:

as part of the stick-fighting weaponry. Zulu stick-fighting uses an

1489:(Xhosa ethnicity), one of the Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa 538: 761:

from the Cape encountered more Bantu language speakers towards the

4251: 2614: 2431: 2353: 2345: 2082: 1918: 1570: 1301: 1185: 1055:, Ndlambe's son, led 6,000 Xhosa force attack on 22 April 1819 to 1048: 986:, mainly in the present day South African region of Eastern Cape. 608: 604: 595: 537: 2492:

homestead of veranda Rondavels pre-1822 from the ancient city of

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Depicted muster and dance performance of Zulu regiments, c. 1827

890: 3877: 3862:. London Berkeley: Currey University of California Press, 1989. 3812:. Architecture, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. 789:

This theory originated in Southern Africa during the period of

3716: 3421:

Alan F. Hattersley, "The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877."

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system the Xhosa year begins in June and ends in May when the

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ethno-racial group of South Africans. Occasionally grouped as

235: 174: 72: 31: 2621:. The most important of these were the transformation of the 1541:– ethnic or racial reference in South Africa is a synonym to 1189:

domination of the northern part of modern-day KwaZulu-Natal.

1940:

A Southern Ndebele artist signs her work on a finished wall.

3545:

Pillay, Kathryn (2019). "Indian Identity in South Africa".

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according to mainly Xhosa and Zulu people's culture is the

707:(obsolete name) became a reference to only the present day 3340:"The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo" 2324:

Nguni cattle roaming and resting on a beach, South Africa.

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has been thoroughly disputed by many scholars, notably by

651:

in 1688, "Cafres or Caffres" being a word derived from an

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Statue portraying King Shaka kaSenzangakhona, London, UK.

924:

Brief South African colonial-era history through Polities

989:(1779–1803): After European invasion of the present day 2699: 2546: 2127: 1714: 1557:

South Africa's Bantu language speaking communities are

1554:

from other African countries who are in South Africa.

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The longest running military action from the period of

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Colony, but made a crown dependency under the name of

2272:. In South Africa it was introduced by the Zulu King 3827:. Department of Historical Studies, UCT. p. 57. 3712:"South African boxing that 'makes the heart strong'" 1094:, was shot and killed by George Southey, brother of 4436: 4389: 4356: 4231: 4182: 4162: 4110: 4034: 3920: 3911: 3621:"Manyi: 'Over-supply' of coloureds in Western Cape" 2297:Food acquisition was primarily limited to types of 1404:by whites articulated that irrationally oppressing 1251:to the lowveld in the west and as far south as the 673:is a deprecated reference to the Khoisan people of 463: 422: 364: 335: 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3218:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid 2967:. William H. Worger (3 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. 2964:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid 2268:, it is an adaptation of a much older ceremony of 1339:On 16 February 1877, the two parties, mediated by 677:, South Africa, while Caffria stemming from Kafir/ 18:People of Indigenous South African Bantu languages 3810:The indigenous rondavel – a case for conservation 920:account of Bantu-speaking peoples of the region. 3740:"It's jaw-breaking time as musangwe hits Soweto" 2473:, which dominated as an indigenous abode during 1212:. Within two years he had defeated Zwide at the 1130:Colony with King William's Town as its capital. 1043:drove the Xhosa back beyond the Fish River. The 3500:(5). The South African Military History Society 2328:Essentially they consumed meat (primarily from 2352:and vultures, as well as the flesh of certain 1316:was formed, an agreement was reached that the 1023:began with the Xhosa rebellion – discontented 1006:involved a larger Xhosa territory between the 3889: 1289:'s forces, before they moved on to found the 863:South African Bantu language speaking peoples 855:South African Bantu language speaking peoples 687:South African Bantu language speaking peoples 8: 3860:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa 3578: 3576: 3265:South Africa: the rise and fall of apartheid 889:also completely omits the existence of the 619:, an English writer, in his words describes 589:) in 1688, present-day South Africa's coast. 318: 3366:The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828 3263:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016). 3216:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016). 3016:. Hakluyt Society. pp. 20, 53 & 65 2189:, this signaled their time for harvesting. 1471:, and that came to reside at the centre of 1421:, it served as the blueprint of Apartheid. 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3917: 3896: 3882: 3874: 3841:, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967 3839:Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4. 3798:, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967 3796:Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4. 3760:, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967 3758:Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4. 3700:, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967 3698:Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4. 3687:, Gregg International Publishers Ltd. 1967 3685:Comparative Bantu. Farnboroiugh Vols. 1–4. 3295:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3248:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2995:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1849:, speaking two or more languages as their 1473:South Africa's post-Apartheid Constitution 324: 317: 265:. Please do not remove this message until 3554: 3102: 3092: 2442:realities, especially that of resources. 1853:, mainly from languages of South Africa. 1797:Guthrie classification of Bantu languages 1495:first democratic election in South Africa 1051:(Makhanda) emerged, under the command of 723: 665:The Country of the Hottentots and Caffria 303:Learn how and when to remove this message 285:Learn how and when to remove this message 224:Learn how and when to remove this message 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 3368:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2604: 2368:Pre-colonial and traditional house types 2319: 2260:is an annual event that originates from 2145: 1965: 1935: 1860: 1477: 1191: 1098:. The era also saw the rise and fall of 572: 553: 261:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4520:South African people of African descent 2898: 2444: 2008:throughout Southern Africa incorporate 1439:A non-racial system franchise known as 1255:. Pedi power was undermined during the 3288: 3241: 3067:Lander, Faye; Russell, Thembi (2018). 2988: 2440:South African Bantu-speaking peoples's 2064:Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa 1435:History of South Africa (1994–present) 1406:Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa 998:that set to drive Xhosa people out of 823:South African Bantu-speaking peoples's 593:Archaeological evidence suggests that 4515:Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa 3774:. London: Longman. pp. 245–277. 3738:Shalati Nkhwashu (21 February 2011). 3195:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 324. 3013:The History and Description of Africa 1443:was adhered to from year 1853 in the 1200:After the death of the Mthethwa king 7: 3521:"Laying the gallows' ghosts to rest" 3146:, (New York: Public Affairs, 2007):5 2305:and Intensive subsistence farming), 497:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 101:adding citations to reliable sources 3869:. Cambridge University Press, 2017. 3772:History of Central Africa, volume 1 3710:Wende, Hamilton (5 February 2011). 3129:A History of the Xhosa C. 1700–1835 2679:South African Bantu-speaking people 2264:in the 1940s from the rule of King 1962:Traditional sports and martial arts 643:, which translates to the Coast of 360:81.45% of South Africa's population 3547:The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity 3267:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. 3220:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. 2907:"Census 2022: Statistical Release" 1561:classified into four main groups: 917: 750: 663:, South Africa was referred to as 25: 3865:B. Khoza (PHD), Makhosi, author. 3132:. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. 3050:Paterson, Lieut. William (1789). 2434:-like, structures coalesced with 47:This article has multiple issues. 27:Ethnic descriptor in South Africa 3519:Pretorius, Wim (23 March 2016). 2808: 2686: 2533: 2513: 2501: 2482: 2462: 2447: 2114: 1701: 931: 805:or British colonials, there was 356: 355: 342: 341: 240: 179: 77: 36: 3364:Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2014). 3311:"Lydenberg Heads (ca.500 A.D.)" 3189:Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2015). 2274:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu 1078:combining forces under Colonel 835:Native Trust and Land Act, 1936 716:Bantu language speaking peoples 112:"Bantu peoples of South Africa" 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 3867:Uzalo Isizulu Grammar Textbook 3126:Peires, Jeffrey Brian (1976). 2597:), with the divine conscious. 2230:First Fruits (Southern Africa) 2036:of Venda people. It resembles 1545:. It is also used to refer to 1159:ninth of the Cape frontier war 908:, the Bantu-speaking peoples' 749:in the late 15th century 1: 4505:Bantu peoples of South Africa 3905:Ethnic groups in South Africa 2629:tribes into the newly formed 2276:in 1991 to be later known as 2054:It is well documented in the 2032:A traditional, bare-knuckle, 1510:in the South African region. 1328:diamond fields and as far as 1204:around 1818, at the hands of 842:National Party (South Africa) 703:(1635). The later derivative 441:Traditional African religions 4530:Demographics of South Africa 3328:Conquest of the Eastern Cape 3094:10.1371/journal.pone.0198941 2916:. 10 October 2023. p. 6 2824:Demographics of South Africa 2643:Black Consciousness Movement 2637:Black Consciousness Movement 1499:political national elections 1166:Creation of the Zulu Kingdom 1100:Stockenström's treaty system 637:European explorers to Africa 474:Indigenous Southern Africans 3556:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9 3488:Kinsey, H. W. (June 1973). 2293:Historical food acquisition 1447:and the early years of the 893:(hunter-gatherers) and the 631:and certain inhabitants of 267:conditions to do so are met 199:. The specific problem is: 4546: 2764:Politicians and Activists: 2727: 2724:Monarchies of South Africa 2717: 2667: 2640: 2600: 2371: 2250: 2227: 2196: 2162: 2047: 2020:, a defending stick or an 2016:, an attacking stick, and 1996: 1929: 1926:Southern Ndebele paintings 1877: 1871: 1786: 1748: 1745:Language and communication 1524:Black Economic Empowerment 1428: 1384: 1236: 1169: 991:Western Cape, South Africa 967: 681:which is now an offensive 195:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 2436:corrugated metal sheeting 2185:) becomes visible in the 1789:Languages of South Africa 1755:Southern Ndebele language 1469:African National Congress 468: 427: 369: 340: 323: 3660:"Korana in South Africa" 3494:Military History Journal 3374:10.1017/cbo9781139871686 3035:Works by Richard Hakluyt 2961:Clark, Nancy L. (2016). 2876:Makololo Chiefs (Malawi) 2786:Benedict Wallet Vilakazi 2718:See also the categories 1793:Southern Bantu languages 1739:Southern Bantu languages 1441:Cape Qualified Franchise 1431:Cape Qualified Franchise 1295:Northern Ndebele Kingdom 1285:) after retreating King 1214:Battle of Mhlatuze River 453:Religion in South Africa 4525:Society of South Africa 3583:Posel, Deborah (2001). 3010:Africanus, Leo (1526). 2861:Northern Ndebele people 2746:Mojuta Steven Mothlamme 2743:Academics and Scholars: 2649:anti-Apartheid movement 2601:King Shaka's philosophy 2475:Dingane kaSenzangakhona 2430:type of style housing, 2299:subsistence agriculture 2107:Time-reliant traditions 1904:. It was developed for 1890:featural writing system 1751:Northern Sotho language 1605:Southern Ndebele people 1425:Democratic dispensation 1334:Thomas François Burgers 1304:and their declaring of 902:right-wing nationalists 883:Anti-Apartheid Movement 700:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 499:represent the majority 3823:MICHAEL GODBY (2009). 2887:South African diaspora 2730:List of South Africans 2610: 2594: 2456:Natives Land Act, 1913 2423: 2325: 2208: 2182: 2155: 1982: 1941: 1932:Ndebele house painting 1869: 1823:Sotho–Tswana languages 1493:The year 1994 saw the 1490: 1381:Inception of apartheid 1362:South African Republic 1197: 831:Natives Land Act, 1913 791:Colonisation of Africa 590: 586: 570: 551: 486:South African diaspora 3808:Gerald Steyn (2006). 3468:samilitaryhistory.org 3425:21.81 (1936): 41–47. 3398:"History of the Pedi" 3172:"The Empty Land Myth" 3160:. Osprey. p. 11. 3144:Diamonds Gold and War 2608: 2323: 2149: 2056:Apartheid legislation 1969: 1939: 1878:Further information: 1864: 1787:Further information: 1508:European colonization 1481: 1429:Further information: 1385:Further information: 1314:Republic of Lydenburg 1287:Sigidi kaSenzagakhona 1237:Further information: 1210:Battle of Gqokli Hill 1195: 1170:Further information: 976:colonialism in Africa 910:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 819:Union of South Africa 576: 565:, published in 1635, 557: 550:dated c. 1250–1290 CE 548:Mapungubwe Collection 544:Mapungubwe rhinoceros 541: 517:South African English 464:Related ethnic groups 450:Further information: 3443:collection.nam.ac.uk 3156:Knight, Ian (2004). 3056:. London: J Johnson. 2720:South African people 2579:Divine Consciousness 2219:Traditional holidays 1999:Nguni stick-fighting 1993:Nguni stick-fighting 1543:Black South Africans 1345:Theophilus Shepstone 1291:Kingdom of Mthwakazi 1076:Sir Benjamin d'Urban 912:(c.1075–c.1220) and 587:Espiritu Santo River 319:Bantu South Africans 206:improve this article 97:improve this article 3856:Vail, Leroy, editor 3746:on 15 October 2014. 3623:. 24 February 2011. 3609:on 8 November 2006. 3490:"The Sekukuni wars" 3085:2018PLoSO..1398941L 2942:. 16 September 2016 2940:theconversation.com 2849:White South African 2844:Asian South African 2816:South Africa portal 2490:Bahurutshe people's 2418:, (a derivative of 2253:Umhlanga (ceremony) 2241:Umkhosi Wokweshwama 2234:Umkhosi Wokweshwama 2203:Sesotho months (in 2187:Southern hemisphere 2038:bare-knuckle boxing 1987:2010 FIFA World Cup 1534:Ethnic partitioning 1357:Pretoria Convention 1349:Sir Garnet Wolseley 887:The Empty Land Myth 853:(based on dividing 815:population transfer 811:forced displacement 780:The Empty Land Myth 320: 254:of this article is 3639:www.britannica.com 3549:. pp. 77–92. 2611: 2496:(c.1400s–c.1820s). 2326: 2171:Gregorian calendar 2156: 2091:-ship was largely 1983: 1942: 1886:constructed script 1870: 1737:although both are 1491: 1341:Alexander Merensky 1332:. On 16 May 1876, 1310:Transvaal Republic 1283:Centurion, Gauteng 1198: 591: 571: 552: 4492: 4491: 4178: 4177: 3781:978-0-582-64673-5 3664:joshuaproject.net 3635:"Southern Africa" 3566:978-981-13-2897-8 3402:southafrica.co.za 3383:978-1-139-87168-6 3315:www.metmuseum.org 3274:978-1-138-12444-8 3227:978-1-138-12444-8 3202:978-1-58046-514-4 3142:Martin Meredith, 3039:Project Gutenberg 2974:978-1-138-12444-8 2779:Arts and Culture: 2739:internationally: 2716: 2715: 2670:Ubuntu philosophy 2664:Ubuntu philosophy 2631:Zulu ethnic group 2563: 2562: 2386:usually used the 2278:Umkhosi womHlanga 2247:Umkhosi womHlanga 2144: 2143: 1910:. The origins of 1874:Ditema tsa Dinoko 1731: 1730: 1528:Employment Equity 1128:British Kaffraria 1092:Hintsa ka Khawuta 961: 960: 809:accompanied with 774:"Empty Land" myth 755:Dutch Cape Colony 747:Cape of Good Hope 657:Kingdom of Mutapa 641:Coste Des Caffres 559:Kingdom of Mutapa 513:Oxford Dictionary 494: 493: 313: 312: 305: 295: 294: 287: 234: 233: 226: 197:quality standards 188:This article may 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 4537: 4424: 4419: 4307: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4101: 4087: 4080: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4044:Basotho/S. Sotho 4025: 4018: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3918: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3742:. Archived from 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3602:. Archived from 3589: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3558: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3435: 3429: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3239: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3176:sahistory.org.za 3168: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3096: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3041: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2986: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2911: 2903: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2754:Nomalanga Mkhize 2711: 2708: 2690: 2683: 2558: 2555: 2537: 2530: 2517: 2505: 2486: 2466: 2451: 2408:veranda Rondavel 2309:and engaging in 2307:pastoral farming 2139: 2136: 2118: 2111: 1867:Ditema syllabary 1857:Ditema syllabary 1726: 1723: 1705: 1698: 1318:Steelpoort River 1119:Robert Godlonton 1008:Great Fish River 956: 953: 935: 928: 919: 844:government, the 807:denaturalization 763:Great Fish River 752: 743:Bartholomew Dias 725: 379:Southern Ndebele 359: 358: 345: 344: 336:Total population 328: 321: 308: 301: 290: 283: 279: 276: 270: 244: 243: 236: 229: 222: 218: 215: 209: 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4432: 4422: 4415: 4385: 4352: 4303: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4227: 4174: 4158: 4106: 4097: 4083: 4076: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4030: 4021: 4014: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3907: 3902: 3872: 3851: 3849:Further reading 3846: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3287: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3240: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3137: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3079:(6): e0198941. 3066: 3065: 3061: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2987: 2975: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2857: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2758:Njabulo Ndebele 2732: 2726: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2696:needs expansion 2681: 2672: 2666: 2645: 2639: 2603: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2543:needs expansion 2528: 2521: 2518: 2509: 2506: 2497: 2487: 2478: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2400:Shangana–Tsonga 2376: 2370: 2332:, Nguni sheep ( 2295: 2255: 2249: 2236: 2228:Main articles: 2226: 2221: 2201: 2195: 2167: 2161: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2124:needs expansion 2109: 2052: 2046: 2030: 2001: 1995: 1964: 1934: 1928: 1900:ideographs and 1882: 1876: 1859: 1803:Nguni languages 1799: 1785: 1771:Tswana language 1767:Tsonga language 1749:Main articles: 1747: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1711:needs expansion 1696: 1648:Southern sotho 1634:Shangana–Tsonga 1575:Shangana–Tsonga 1536: 1437: 1427: 1389: 1383: 1374:cousin marriage 1241: 1235: 1174: 1168: 1143:George Cathcart 1096:Richard Southey 1080:Sir Harry Smith 1065:Keiskamma River 972: 966: 957: 951: 948: 941:needs expansion 926: 906:Lydenburg heads 776: 733:When the early 625:Malagasy people 617:Richard Hakluyt 607:'s variant) as 536: 509:Bantu languages 490: 459: 458: 418: 354: 331: 316: 309: 298: 297: 296: 291: 280: 274: 271: 260: 245: 241: 230: 219: 213: 210: 203: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4403:Telegu/Andhras 4401: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4366:Cape Coloureds 4362: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305:Afrikaner-Jews 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4040: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4007: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3913:Bantu-speaking 3909: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3870: 3863: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3830: 3815: 3800: 3787: 3780: 3762: 3749: 3730: 3702: 3689: 3676: 3651: 3626: 3612: 3592:Transformation 3572: 3565: 3537: 3511: 3480: 3455: 3430: 3414: 3389: 3382: 3356: 3331: 3320: 3302: 3273: 3255: 3226: 3208: 3201: 3181: 3163: 3148: 3135: 3118: 3059: 3042: 3027: 3002: 2973: 2953: 2927: 2914:statssa.gov.za 2897: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2803: 2800: 2782:Shulamith Behr 2767:Nelson Mandela 2750:Z. K. Matthews 2714: 2713: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2677: 2668:Main article: 2665: 2662: 2641:Main article: 2638: 2635: 2602: 2599: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2412:westernization 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2303:slash and burn 2294: 2291: 2282:virginity test 2251:Main article: 2248: 2245: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2199:Sotho calendar 2197:Main article: 2194: 2193:Sotho calendar 2191: 2165:Xhosa calendar 2163:Main article: 2160: 2159:Xhosa calendar 2157: 2150:Traditionally 2142: 2141: 2121: 2119: 2108: 2105: 2060:National Party 2045: 2042: 2029: 2026: 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1963: 1960: 1930:Main article: 1927: 1924: 1872:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1851:first language 1835:Northern Sotho 1827:Southern Sotho 1779:Xhosa language 1775:Venda language 1763:Swazi language 1759:Sotho language 1746: 1743: 1729: 1728: 1708: 1706: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1659:Northern Sotho 1656: 1655: 1654: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1535: 1532: 1483:Nelson Mandela 1453:National Party 1426: 1423: 1397:Rand Rebellion 1382: 1379: 1330:Port Elizabeth 1234: 1231: 1227:Julian Cobbing 1167: 1164: 984:British Empire 968:Main article: 965: 962: 959: 958: 952:September 2020 938: 936: 925: 922: 825:land heritage 803:Boer Republics 775: 772: 535: 532: 492: 491: 489: 488: 482: 476: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 457: 456: 448: 443: 438: 433: 429: 428: 425: 424: 420: 419: 417: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 384:Southern Sotho 381: 376: 374:Northern Sotho 370: 367: 366: 362: 361: 338: 337: 333: 332: 329: 314: 311: 310: 293: 292: 248: 246: 239: 232: 231: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4542: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4510:Bantu peoples 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4072:Pedi/N. Sotho 4070: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3731: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2871:Kololo people 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2721: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2694:This section 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2627:Zulu-speaking 2624: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2541:This section 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:beehive house 2385: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2356:animals. The 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2129: 2125: 2122:This section 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Bafana Bafana 1968: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1825:(such as the 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1783:Zulu language 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1709:This section 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664:BaPedi people 1662: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620:Korana people 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:Cape Province 1446: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123:1820 Settlers 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061:Robben Island 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1012:Sundays River 1009: 1005: 1002:by 1781. The 1001: 997: 992: 987: 985: 981: 980:Xhosa Kingdom 977: 971: 963: 955: 946: 942: 939:This section 937: 934: 930: 929: 923: 921: 916:'s 1526 915: 914:Leo Africanus 911: 907: 903: 900:Particularly 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849:homelands or 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 773: 771: 769: 768:KwaZulu-Natal 764: 760: 756: 748: 744: 740: 739:Vasco Da Gama 736: 731: 729: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701: 696: 693:cartographer 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:Limpopo River 647:of the south 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 588: 584: 580: 579:Limpopo River 575: 568: 564: 560: 556: 549: 545: 540: 533: 531: 529: 526:" with their 525: 524:minority rule 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 487: 483: 481: 477: 475: 471: 470: 467: 462: 455: 454: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 431: 430: 426: 421: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 368: 363: 352: 348: 339: 334: 327: 322: 307: 304: 289: 286: 278: 268: 264: 258: 257: 253: 247: 238: 237: 228: 225: 217: 214:December 2019 207: 202: 198: 194: 193: 186: 177: 176: 167: 164: 156: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: – 113: 109: 108:Find sources: 102: 98: 92: 91: 86:This article 84: 80: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 4036:Sotho-Tswana 3866: 3859: 3838: 3837:Guthrie M., 3833: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3794:Guthrie M., 3790: 3771: 3765: 3757: 3756:Guthrie M., 3752: 3744:the original 3733: 3721:. 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