Pelagianism - Knowledge (XXG)

1142:). Augustine argued that if man "could have become just by the law of nature and free will . . . amounts to rendering the cross of Christ void". He argued that no suffering was truly undeserved, and that grace was equally undeserved but bestowed by God's benevolence. Augustine's solution, while it was faithful to orthodox Christology, worsened the problem of evil because according to Augustinian interpretations, God punishes sinners who by their very nature are unable not to sin. The Augustinian defense of God's grace against accusations of arbitrariness is that God's ways are incomprehensible to mere mortals. Yet, as later critics such as 5126: 901:) found that there was no one individual who held all the doctrines of "Pelagianism", nor was there a coherent Pelagian movement, although these findings are disputed. Bonner argued that the two core ideas promoted by Pelagius were "the goodness of human nature and effective free will" although both were advocated by other Christian authors from the 360s. Because Pelagius did not invent these ideas, she recommended attributing them to the ascetic movement rather than using the word "Pelagian". Later Christians used "Pelagianism" as an insult for theologically orthodox Christians who held positions that they disagreed with. Historian 473:. His views on grace were not mentioned, although Augustine (who had not been present) later claimed that Caelestius had been condemned because of "arguments against the grace of Christ". Unlike Caelestius, Pelagius refused to answer the question as to whether man had been created mortal, and, outside of Northern Africa, it was Caelestius' teachings which were the main targets of condemnation. In 412, Augustine read Pelagius' 6804: 5403: 881:"Pelagianism represents an attempt to safeguard God's justice, to preserve the integrity of human nature as created by God, and of human beings' obligation, responsibility and ability to attain a life of perfect righteousness." However, this is at the expense of downplaying human frailty and presenting "the operation of divine grace as being merely external". According to scholar 186: 873:", taking issue with the ideology of the dialogue's author as having overemphasized the role of human intellect and will. Although his teachings on original sin were novel, Pelagius' views on grace, free will and predestination were similar to those of contemporary Greek-speaking theologians such as Origen, John Chrysostom, and Jerome. 1434:, in which he argued that differences in productivity between humans are a result of "moral arbitrariness" and therefore unequal wealth is undeserved. In contrast, the Pelagian position would be that human sufferings are largely the result of sin and are therefore deserved. According to Nelson, many contemporary 1347:

argued that "if, because of God's decree, man could not help but fall . . . then God's restoration of fallen man was a matter of justice not grace". Milton also argued for other positions that could be considered Pelagian, such as that "The knowledge and survey of vice, is in this world ... necessary

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and reason to determine right from wrong, and the ability to carry out correct actions. If "sin" could not be avoided it could not be considered sin. In Pelagius' view, the doctrine of original sin placed too little emphasis on the human capacity for self-improvement, leading either to despair or to

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If a heretic is one who emphasizes one truth to the exclusion of others, it would at any rate appear that was no more a heretic than Augustine. His fault was in exaggerated emphasis, but in the final form his philosophy took, after necessary and proper modifications as a result of criticism, it is

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if they had failed: "not because of the evils they have done, but for their failures to do good". He did not accept purgatory as a possible destination for adults. Although Pelagius taught that the path of righteousness was open to all, in practice only a few would manage to follow it and be saved.

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was necessary to cleanse original sin, he nevertheless supported the practice because he felt it improved their spirituality through a closer union with Jesus. For adults, baptism was essential because it was the mechanism for obtaining forgiveness of the sins that a person had personally committed

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AD), an ascetic and philosopher from the British Isles, taught that God could not command believers to do the impossible, and therefore it must be possible to satisfy all divine commandments. He also taught that it was unjust to punish one person for the sins of another; therefore, infants are born

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commented that Pelagianism is "a radically different alternative to Western understandings of the human person, human responsibility and freedom, ethics and the nature of salvation" which might have come about if Augustine had not been victorious in the Pelagian controversy. According to Harrison,

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among humans, as Augustine said. Instead, Pelagius taught that the fear of death could be overcome by devout Christians, and that death could be a release from toil rather than a punishment. Both Pelagius and Caelestius reasoned that it would be unreasonable for God to command the impossible, and

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argued that Pelagianism appealed "to a powerful centrifugal tendency in the aristocracy of Rome—a tendency to scatter, to form a pattern of little groups, each striving to be an elite, each anxious to rise above their neighbours and rivals—the average upper‐class residents of Rome." The powerful

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Pelagius' teachings on human nature, divine grace, and sin were opposed to those of Augustine, who declared Pelagius "the enemy of the grace of God". Augustine distilled what he called Pelagianism into three heretical tenets: "to think that God redeems according to some scale of human merit; to

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is that the former conventionally teaches justification by faith, while the latter teaches that man has the choice to follow divine law. By teaching the absence of original sin and the idea that humans can choose between good and evil, Pelagianism advocated a position close to that of Judaism.

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and cultivate virtue, setting themselves apart from the masses who were "Christian in name only", and that Christians ought to be extraordinary and irreproachable in conduct. Specifically, he emphasized the importance of reading scripture, following religious commandments, charity, and taking

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is devoted to countering Pelagian arguments. Another major difference in the two thinkers was that Pelagius emphasized obedience to God for fear of hell, which Augustine considered servile. In contrast, Augustine argued that Christians should be motivated by the delight and blessings of the

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An important result of the modern reappraisal of Pelagius's theology has been a more sympathetic assessment of his theology and doctrine of grace and the recognition of its deep rootedness in the antecedent Greek theologians... Pelagius's doctrine of grace, free will and predestination, as

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According to Peter Brown, "For a sensitive man of the fifth century, Manichaeism, Pelagianism, and the views of Augustine were not as widely separated as we would now see them: they would have appeared to him as points along the great circle of problems raised by the Christian religion".

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printed the commentary in 1516, in a volume of works by Jerome. Erasmus recognized that the work was not really Jerome's, writing that he did not know who the author was. Erasmus admired the commentary because it followed the consensus interpretation of Paul in the Greek tradition. The

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Because sin in the Pelagian view was deliberate, with people responsible only for their own actions, infants were considered without fault in Pelagianism, and unbaptized infants were not thought to be sent to hell. Like early Augustine, Pelagians believed that infants would be sent to

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Pelagius believed that Adam's transgression had caused humans to become mortal, and given them a bad example, but not corrupted their nature, while Caelestius went even further, arguing that Adam had been created mortal. He did not even accept the idea that original sin had instilled

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During the modern era, Pelagianism continued to be used as an epithet against orthodox Christians. However, there were also some authors who had essentially Pelagian views according to Nelson's definition. Nelson argued that many of those considered the predecessors to modern

804:, but with the twist that all Christians regardless of life situation were called to a kind of asceticism. Pelagius taught that it was not sufficient for a person to call themselves a Christian and follow the commandments of scripture; it was also essential to actively do 1262:

Christians often used "Pelagianism" as an insult to imply that the target denied God's grace and strayed into heresy. Later Augustinians criticized those who asserted a meaningful role for human free will in their own salvation as covert "Pelagians" or "semi-Pelagians".

1367:" was "little consistent with the Justice or Goodness of the Great and Infinite God". He did not accept that original sin corrupted human nature, and argued that man could live a Christian life (although not "void of slips and falls") and be entitled to justification. 1705:

It was accordingly possible for man, born without original sin or its innate consequences, to continue to live without sin by the natural goodness and powers of his nature; therefore, justification was not a process that must necessarily take place for man to be

954:(but recognized the three Pelagian doctrines as heretical) and were accused by Augustine of being seduced by Pelagian ideas. According to Ali Bonner, the crusade against Pelagianism and other heresies narrowed the range of acceptable opinions and reduced the 791:

and the example and teachings of Jesus. Further spiritual development, including faith in Christianity, was up to individual choice, not divine benevolence. Pelagius accepted no excuse for sin, and argued that Christians should be like the church described in

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that individuals could accept or reject. Other semi-Pelagians were said to undermine the essential role of God's grace in salvation and argue for a median between Augustinianism and Pelagianism, although these alleged writings are no longer extant. At the

1374:, was actually "a Pelagian response to the theodicy problem" because "the conviction that everything necessary for salvation must be accessible to human reason was yet another inference from God's justice". In Pelagianism, libertarian free will is 479:

and described its author as a "highly advanced Christian". Augustine maintained friendly relations with Pelagius until the next year, initially only condemning Caelestius' teachings, and considering his dispute with Pelagius to be an academic one.

776:, held in Christian doctrine to have lived a life without sin, was the ultimate example for Pelagians seeking perfection in their own lives, but there were also other humans who were without sin—including some notable pagans and especially the 568:

At the time, Pelagius' teachings had considerable support among Christians, especially other ascetics. Considerable parts of the Christian world had never heard of Augustine's doctrine of original sin. Eighteen Italian bishops, including

796::27, "without spot or wrinkle". Instead of accepting the inherent imperfection of man, or arguing that the highest moral standards could only be applied to an elite, Pelagius taught that all Christians should strive for perfection. Like 5125: 936:

and believed that it was treason "to do the right deed for the wrong reason". According to Augustine, credit for all virtue and good works is due to God alone, and to say otherwise caused arrogance, which is the foundation of sin.

1226:"semi-Pelagianism". The "semi-Pelagians" all accepted the condemnation of Pelagius, believed grace was necessary for salvation, and were followers of Augustine. The controversy centered on differing interpretations of the verse 1109:

as both the cause of human suffering and a sufficient good to justify it. By positing that man could choose between good and evil without divine intercession, Pelagianism brought into question Christianity's core doctrine of

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argued for a middle way between Pelagianism and Augustinianism, in which the human will is not negated but presented as intermittent, sick, and weak, and Jerome held a middle position on sinlessness. In Gaul, the so-called

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defined genuine Pelagianism as rejection of original sin or denial of original sin's effect on man's ability to avoid sin. Even in recent scholarly literature, the term "Pelagianism" is not clearly or consistently defined.

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Lössl, Josef (20 September 2019). "The myth of Pelagianism. By Ali Bonner. (A British Academy Monograph.) Pp. xviii + 342. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press (for The British Academy), 2018. 978 0 19 726639 7".

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imagine that some human beings are actually capable of a sinless life; to suppose that the descendants of the first human beings to sin are themselves born innocent". In Augustine's writings, Pelagius is a symbol of

1495:, has very strong links with Eastern (Greek) theology and, for the most part, these doctrines are no more reproachable than those of orthodox Greek theologians such as Origen and John Chrysostom, and of St. Jerome. 1334:

in 1710, rejected Pelagianism but nevertheless proved to be "a crucial conduit for Pelagian ideas". He argued that "Freedom is deemed necessary in order that man may be deemed guilty and open to punishment." In

1187:", which became a commonly heard criticism of it. However, although contemporary rabbinic literature tends to take a Pelagian perspective on the major questions, and it could be argued that the rabbis shared a 4860: 1739:

has a similar list: "(1) that human beings can be sinless; (2) that they can act virtuously without grace; (3) that virtue can be perfected in this life; and (4) that fear of death can be completely overcome".

555:, reversed the judgement against Pelagius, but backtracked following pressure from the African bishops. Pelagianism was later condemned at the Council of Carthage in 418, after which Zosimus issued the 1482:

not certain that any statement of his is totally irreconcilable with the Christian faith or indefensible in terms of the New Testament. It is by no means so clear that the same may be said of Augustine.

772:. However, because Pelagius considered a person to always have the ability to choose the right action in each circumstance, it was therefore theoretically possible (though rare) to live a sinless life. 1748:

Pelagius wrote: "pardon is given to those who repent, not according to the grace and mercy of God, but according to their own merit and effort, who through repentance will have been worthy of mercy".

897:, Pelagianism is the heresy of denying Catholic Church teaching on original sin, or more specifically the beliefs condemned as heretical in 417 and 418. In her study, Ali Bonner (a lecturer at the 1709:

Eternal life was, consequently, open and due to man as a result of his natural good strivings and merits; divine interior grace, though useful, was not necessary for the attainment of salvation."

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reliance on forgiveness without responsibility. He also argued that many young Christians were comforted with false security about their salvation leading them to relax their Christian practice.

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for ordination, but instead he was condemned for his belief on sin and original sin. Caelestius defended himself by arguing that this original sin was still being debated and his beliefs were

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This is the opposite of the Augustinian argument against excessive state power, which is that human corruption is such that man cannot be trusted to wield it without creating tyranny, what

1242:). Their opponents, based on the tradition of Eastern Christianity, argued that Augustinian predestination contradicted the biblical passage. Cassian, whose writings survived, argued for 4329:

Visotzky, Burton L. (2009). "Will and Grace: Aspects of Judaising in Pelagianism in Light of Rabbinic and Patristic Exegesis of Genesis". In Grypeou, Emmanouela; Spurling, Helen (eds.).

813:, but was an internal spiritual state. He explicitly called on wealthy Christians to share their fortunes with the poor. (Augustine criticized Pelagius' call for wealth redistribution.) 5440: 4853: 3964: 396:

in the early 380s. Like Jerome, Pelagius criticized what he saw as an increasing laxity among Christians, instead promoting higher moral standards and asceticism. He opposed

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blameless. Pelagius accepted no excuse for sinful behaviour and taught that all Christians, regardless of their station in life, should live unimpeachable, sinless lives.

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as "the real apostle of the so-called Pelagian movement". Many of the ideas Pelagius promoted were mainstream in contemporary Christianity, advocated by such figures as

4846: 1417:. He rarely mentioned Pelagius explicitly even though he inclined towards a Pelagian viewpoint. However, Kierkegaard rejected the idea that man could perfect himself. 836:

Like many medieval theologians, Pelagius believed that instilling in Christians the fear of hell was often necessary to convince them to follow their religion where

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Nunan, Richard (2012). "Catholics and evangelical protestants on homoerotic desire: the intellectual legacy of Augustinian and Pelagian theories of human nature".

682:, compulsion, or limitations of nature. He believed that teaching a strong position on free will was the best motivation for individuals to reform their conduct. 1195:) which argued for ideas more similar to Augustine's. Overall, Jewish discourse did not discuss free will and emphasized God's goodness in his revelation of the 491:. Scholar Michael Rackett noted that the linkage of Pelagianism and Origenism was "dubious" but influential. Jerome also disagreed with Pelagius' strong view of 5458: 298: 172: 1230:: "For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth." Augustine and 635:, have suggested that Pelagianism in Britain was understood as an attack on Roman decadence and corruption, but this idea has not gained general acceptance. 885:, "what most distinguished Pelagius was his conviction of an unrestricted freedom of choice, given by God and immune to alteration by sin or circumstance." 760:

and bad habits; through repeated sinning, a person could corrupt their own nature and enslave themself to sin. Pelagius believed that God had given man the

5511: 3613: 780:. This view was at odds with that of Augustine and orthodox Christianity, which taught that Jesus was the only man free of sin. Pelagius did teach Jesus' 483:

Jerome attacked Pelagianism for saying that humans had the potential to be sinless, and connected it with other recognized heresies, including Origenism,

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who excluded God from human salvation. Pelagianism shaped Augustine's ideas in opposition to his own on free will, grace, and original sin, and much of

249:, it was attacked by Augustine and his supporters, who had opposing views on grace, predestination and free will. Augustine proved victorious in the 6839: 1378:

for God's punishment of humans to be justified, because man must also understand God's commands. As a result, thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau and

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to Christianity. Many Romans were converting to Christianity, but they did not necessarily follow the faith strictly. As Christians were no longer

6844: 4873: 4742: 1651:, Pelagius went back on the claim that other humans besides Jesus had lived sinless lives, but insisted that it was still theoretically possible. 5426: 4815: 4792: 4750: 4693: 4614: 4482: 4386: 4360: 4338: 4319: 4295: 4242: 4223: 4180: 4153: 4130: 4085: 4072: 4051: 4018: 3995: 3919: 3891: 3869: 3773: 3687: 3661: 3116: 1561: 1271:

During the Middle Ages, Pelagius' writings were popular but usually attributed to other authors, especially Augustine and Jerome. Pelagius'

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responsibility for one's actions, and maintaining modesty and moderation. Pelagius taught that true virtue was not reflected externally in

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in the sixth century to remove the "Pelagian errors" that Cassiodorus found in it. During the Middle Ages, it passed as a work by Jerome.

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was a critic of Pelagianism, an attitude that he retained even after becoming an atheist. His anti-Pelagian ideas influenced his book

4282:(2014). "The Background: Augustine and the Pelagian Controversy". In Hwang, Alexander Y.; Matz, Brian J.; Casiday, Augustine (eds.). 831:

and a new beginning in their relationship with God. After death, adults would be judged by their acts and omissions and consigned to

656:, because it would be unjust for any person to be blamed for another's actions. According to Pelagianism, humans were created in the 4723: 412:. Although Pelagius preached the renunciation of earthly wealth, his ideas became popular among parts of the Roman elite. Historian 3970: 958:

of classical Rome. When it came to grace and especially predestination, it was Augustine's ideas, not Pelagius', which were novel.

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brought charges against Pelagius at a council in Jerusalem, which were referred to Rome for judgement. The same year, the exiled

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dealt with the same problems (nature, grace, freedom, and sin) as Augustine and Pelagius, which he believed were opposites in a

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in 431. With its supporters either condemned or forced to move to the East, Pelagianism ceased to be a viable doctrine in the

6834: 6421: 5472: 364:, followed the Syrian tradition, declaring that man had been created mortal and that each human is only punished for his own 278: 6537: 6441: 6121: 5518: 4869: 5496: 1375: 158: 6396: 756:

In the Pelagian view, by corollary, sin was not an inevitable result of fallen human nature, but instead came about by

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recognized Pelagius' authorship as early as 1887. The original version of the commentary was found and published by

860:, from which he drew the ideas of personal autonomy and self-improvement. After having previously credited Cicero's 6547: 6310: 6290: 5449: 4474: 4145: 3861: 1486:

Thomas Scheck writes that although Pelagius' views on original sin are still considered "one-sided and defective":

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circulated under two pseudonymous versions, "Pseudo-Jerome" (copied before 432) and "Pseudo-Primasius", revised by

1088: 607:. Despite repeated attempts to suppress Pelagianism and similar teachings, some followers were still active in the 4804:

Rom und Pelagius: die theologische Position der römischen Bischöfe im pelagianischen Streit in den Jahren 411-432

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took Pelagian or Pelagian-adjacent positions on the problem of evil. For instance, Leibniz, who coined the word

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Dodaro, Robert (2004). ""Ego miser homo": Augustine, The Pelagian Controversy, and the Paul of Romans 7:7-25".

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suggested that his motive for opposing Pelagianism was envy of Pelagius' success. In 415, Augustine's emissary

438: 6516: 3882:(2011). "Pelagianism". In McFarland, Ian A.; Fergusson, David A. S.; Kilby, Karen; Torrance, Iain R. (eds.). 561:

excommunicating both Pelagius and Caelestius. Concern that Pelagianism undermined the role of the clergy and

539:, which proved to be a key turning point in the controversy. Following the verdict, Augustine convinced two 6622: 6572: 6436: 5832: 4428: 3717: 3653: 3644: 1477:

During the 20th century, Pelagius and his teachings underwent a reassessment. In 1956, John Ferguson wrote:

1459: 1255:, semi-Pelagianism was condemned but Augustinian ideas were also not accepted entirely: the synod advocated 1248: 902: 898: 832: 632: 413: 262: 305:

while retaining the sense of urgency originally caused by persecution. For many, the solution was adopting

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The conflict between Pelagius and the teachings of Augustine was a constant theme throughout the works of

1084: 580: 241:, and exact definitions remain elusive. Although Pelagianism had considerable support in the contemporary 6315: 4808:

Rome and Pelagius: the theological position of the Roman bishops during the Pelagian controversy, 411–432

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for Christians who hold unorthodox beliefs, but some recent scholarship has offered a different opinion.

6582: 6501: 6370: 6365: 5792: 5635: 5484: 5382: 4756: 4540:[Hirschman, Pascal and reactionary rhetoric: An economic analysis of the Pelagian controversy]. 3679: 1640: 1391: 1349: 1155: 1106: 1092: 1002: 784:

for the sins of mankind and the cleansing effect of baptism, but placed less emphasis on these aspects.

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and full responsibility for all actions. Pelagius did not accept any limitation on free will, including

675: 588: 329: 258: 140: 6627: 4627:(2002). "Recent Research Into Pelagianism With Particular Emphasis on the Role of Julian of Aeclanum". 4538:"Hirschman, Pascal et la rhétorique réactionnaire: Une analyse économique de la controverse pélagienne" 1685:

According to Augustine, true virtue resides exclusively in God and humans can know it only imperfectly.

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What Augustine called "Pelagianism" was more his own invention than that of Pelagius. According to

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The Pelagian Controversy: An Introduction to the Enemies of Grace and the Conspiracy of Lost Souls

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for his eventual conversion to Christianity, Augustine accused Pelagius' idea of virtue of being "

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in order to counter these ingrained bad habits, and when that wore off over time God revealed the

6808: 6748: 6360: 6300: 6270: 6185: 6180: 6049: 5945: 5842: 5822: 5782: 5724: 5689: 5684: 5528: 4565: 4521: 4466: 4454: 4172: 4102: 3951: 3806: 3747: 3630: 1648: 1414: 1285: 1252: 1235: 1151: 861: 532: 531:. Pelagius defended himself by disavowing Caelestius' teachings, leading to his acquittal at the 454: 357: 200: 88: 63: 6542: 6200: 6101: 6738: 6723: 6612: 6557: 6476: 6466: 6416: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6295: 6285: 6261: 6230: 6210: 6096: 6054: 6034: 5950: 5910: 5885: 5774: 5744: 5694: 5679: 5255: 5182: 4917: 4811: 4788: 4746: 4719: 4689: 4636: 4610: 4557: 4513: 4478: 4382: 4356: 4334: 4315: 4291: 4238: 4233:

Scheck, Thomas P. (2012). "Pelagius's Interpretation of Romans". In Cartwright, Steven (ed.).

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Nelson argues that the drive for rational justification of religion, rather than a symptom of

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Reassessing Pelagianism: Augustine, Cassian, and Jerome on the Possibility of a Sinless Life

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Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer

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it is good and just because God wills it or whether God wills it because it is good and just

418: 53: 19:"Pelagians" redirects here. For the Italian movement of lay mystics known as Pelagians, see 4351:(2014). "Introduction". In Hwang, Alexander Y.; Matz, Brian J.; Casiday, Augustine (eds.). 1727:) was repeated more than fifty times in Augustine's anti-Pelagian writings after Diospolis. 648:

The idea that God had created anything or anyone who was evil by nature struck Pelagius as

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During the fourth and fifth centuries, the Church was experiencing rapid change due to the

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in North Africa to condemn Pelagianism, whose findings were partially confirmed by Pope

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Puchniak, Robert (2008). "Pelagius: Kierkegaard's use of Pelagius and Pelagianism". In

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Cohen, Samuel (2016). "Religious Diversity". In Jonathan J. Arnold; M. Shane Bjornlie;

3072: 1583: 1579: 1453: 1371: 1119: 1075: 970: 951: 947: 915: 827: 548: 522: 518: 488: 302: 265:. For centuries afterward, "Pelagianism" was used in various forms as an accusation of 1218:

The resolution of the Pelagian controversy gave rise to a new controversy in southern

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Pelagius taught that a human's ability to act correctly was a gift of God, as well as

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In 410, Pelagius and Caelestius fled Rome for Sicily and then North Africa due to the

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to expiate the sins of mankind. For this reason, Pelagianism became associated with

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The Value of the Particular: Lessons from Judaism and the Modern Jewish Experience

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Free To Say No: Free Will and Augustine's Evolving Doctrines of Grace and Election

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made at least one visit (in 429) to denounce the heresy. Some scholars, including

301:, they faced a new problem: how to avoid backsliding and nominal adherence to the 4471:

The Origenist Controversy: The Cultural Construction of an Early Christian Debate

4062: 4043: 1175:

and Judaism, recommending that Christians study Old Testament (i.e., the Tanakh)

6702: 6672: 6637: 6632: 6607: 6592: 6562: 6160: 6155: 6132: 6024: 6019: 6000: 5965: 5875: 5365: 5305: 5295: 5275: 5265: 5232: 5134: 5073: 4969: 4905: 4890: 4649: 4308:(2001). "Augustine on free will". In Stump, Eleonore; Kretzmann, Norman (eds.). 4203: 3720:(1970). "The Patrons of Pelagius: the Roman Aristocracy Between East and West". 1636: 1552: 1505: 1383: 1344: 1276: 1131: 977: 933: 801: 793: 757: 741:

who is made poor in the eyes of the world so that he may become rich before God.

649: 592: 573:, protested against the condemnation of Pelagius and refused to follow Zosimus' 405: 325: 204: 6803: 5418: 5402: 3947: 3802: 3709: 6788: 6165: 6081: 5749: 5609: 5370: 5290: 5202: 5197: 5172: 5167: 5147: 5142: 5041: 5026: 5021: 5006: 4994: 4964: 4760: 4703: 4685: 4668: 4509: 4211: 4098: 3091: 1591: 1587: 1425: 1395: 1353: 1327: 870: 805: 765: 661: 604: 562: 544: 426: 145: 78: 4640: 4561: 4517: 3743: 1363:

s Posterity doomed to Eternal Infinite Punishment, for the Transgression of

6324: 6010: 5604: 5360: 5340: 5300: 5280: 5270: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5187: 5157: 5063: 4984: 4954: 4922: 4355:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. pp. xi–xxvi. 1259:, the idea that human freedom and divine grace work together for salvation. 1256: 1188: 1184: 1135: 997: 823: 584: 492: 470: 458: 442: 238: 212: 111: 4450: 3735: 1311:

was the second-most copied work during the Middle Ages (behind Augustine's

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Bonner, Gerald (2002). "The Pelagian controversy in Britain and Ireland".

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was just emerging in Western Christianity, deriving from the teaching of

333: 216: 189: 73: 4458: 3751: 3611:

Beck, John H. (2007). "The Pelagian Controversy: An Economic Analysis".

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with Pelagius, there were minority opinions within Judaism (such as the

6256: 6145: 5995: 5734: 5709: 5624: 5552: 5506: 4989: 4407: 4271: 4119:

The Theology of Liberalism: Political Philosophy and the Justice of God

3569:'Augustine's Confessions', The International Anthony Burgess Foundation 1673: 1192: 1167: 612: 510: 409: 341: 336:

asserted that mortality preceded the fall. Around 400, the doctrine of

4331:

The Exegetical Encounter Between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity

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in the belief that infants are born in sin due to their failings in a

5837: 5719: 5614: 4493: 3831: 3827: 1610:

was submitted as an example of Pelagius' heretical writings. Scholar

732:

whose goodness all know and at whose hands no one experiences injury,

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because, as Locke pointed out, access to revelation is a matter of

4374: 1196: 1111: 540: 321: 184: 5807: 3910:

Fu, Youde (2015). "Hebrew Justice: A Reconstruction for Today".

1644: 1628: 1542: 1222:

in the fifth and sixth centuries, retrospectively called by the

1219: 1172: 1166:

One of the most important distinctions between Christianity and

579:. Many of them later had to seek shelter with the Greek bishops 514: 502: 393: 345: 246: 5422: 4842: 1438:

follow Rawls rather than the older liberal-Pelagian tradition.

501:

to refute Pelagian statements. Noting that Jerome was also an

4739:

The Pelagian Controversy: A Heresy in its Intellectual Context

4190:

Rackett, Michael R. (2002). "What's Wrong with Pelagianism?".

1018:

Corrupted by original sin and consigned to hell if unbaptized

587:, leading to accusations that Pelagian errors lay beneath the 536: 3339: 3337: 1660:

Scriptural passages cited for the necessity of works include

1566:

There were other humans, besides Christ, who were without sin

623:. Pelagianism was also reported to be popular in Britain, as 237:

To a large degree, "Pelagianism" was defined by its opponent

3988:

The Anti-Pelagian Christology of Augustine of Hippo, 396-430

1614:

argues that it was Pelagius' work, but Ali Bonner disagrees.

738:

who ponders and meditates upon his commandments unceasingly,

702:

who does not allow the poor to be oppressed in his presence,

3886:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–378. 1578:

Scriptural passages cited to support this argument include

1179:—a sympathy not commonly encountered in Christianity after 525:

accused Pelagius of heresy, citing passages in Caelestius'

4832: 4314:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–147. 3222: 3220: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2694: 2692: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 328:, a Syrian tradition including the second-century figures 4353:

Grace for Grace: The Debates after Augustine and Pelagius

4284:

Grace for Grace: The Debates after Augustine and Pelagius

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salvation of those who were never exposed to Christianity

1150:?", this defense (although accepted by many Catholic and 652:. Pelagius taught that humans were free of the burden of 551:

Pelagius and two of his followers. Innocent's successor,

4381:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–58. 3444: 3442: 3366: 3364: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3159: 3157: 3155: 2711: 2709: 2707: 1828: 1826: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1602: 1600: 1551:

Infants are born into the same state as Adam before the

1406:), as only freely chosen actions could merit salvation. 800:, Pelagius taught that married life was not inferior to 3858:

Christ and the Just Society in the Thought of Augustine

3578: 3576: 3417: 3415: 3130: 3128: 2726: 2724: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2523: 2521: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2246: 2244: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 1994: 1992: 1538:, Caelestius was deemed to hold six heretical beliefs: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2438: 2436: 2434: 1873: 1871: 1858: 1856: 1402:

and freedom of private action (eventually codified as

1101:

According to Nelson, Pelagianism is a solution to the

4870:

Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church

4169:

Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions

1843: 1841: 1044:

Part of God's grace, disbursed according to His will

547:. In January 417, shortly before his death, Innocent 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1251:

in 529, called and presided over by the Augustinian

1183:. Augustine was the first to accuse Pelagianism of " 6716: 6525: 6384: 6254: 6130: 6009: 5866: 5773: 5633: 5527: 5465: 5321: 5241: 5133: 4881: 4433:"Pelagius and his Supporters: Aims and Environment" 1122:interpretations of Christianity which rejected the 4707: 4252:Squires, Stuart (2016). "Jerome on Sinlessness: a 4007:An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy 253:; Pelagianism was decisively condemned at the 418 3073:"Predestination in the century before Gottschalk" 1057:Impossible due to the corruption of human nature 4835:: Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius 4498:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 4377:. In Stump, Eleonore; Kretzmann, Norman (eds.). 4375:"Predestination, Pelagianism, and foreknowledge" 3700:(2004). "Pelagius (fl. c.390–418), theologian". 1352:made nearly identical arguments for that point. 1041:Given to those who sincerely repent and merit it 699:who is not at all provoked by wrong done to him, 1627:figures claimed as sinless by Pelagius include 1488: 1479: 1007:Original sin renders men unable to choose good 714:who feels another's pain as if it were his own, 690: 344:that infants should be baptized for the sin of 4064:Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths 3884:The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology 421:was close to Pelagius and the Pelagian writer 16:Early heterodox Christian theological position 5434: 4854: 4778:(PhD thesis). Catholic University of America. 1560:Following God's law enables man to enter the 1317:) outside of the Bible and liturgical texts. 717:who is moved to tears by the tears of others, 166: 8: 4650:"Pelagianism and the 'Common Celtic Church'" 4492:Cyr, Taylor W.; Flummer, Matthew T. (2018). 3903:Pelagius: A Historical and Theological Study 1698:summarize the condemned beliefs as follows: 1288:suspected that Pelagius was the author, and 1238:and that some are not saved (i.e., opposing 1091:However, it is disputed if Augustine taught 848:Significant influences on Pelagius included 360:, who came to Rome in 399 as a delegate for 4542:The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville 4028:Kirwan, Christopher (1998). "Pelagianism". 3614:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 1722: 1336: 574: 556: 526: 496: 388:) was an ascetic layman, probably from the 5441: 5427: 5419: 4861: 4847: 4839: 4235:A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages 2742: 505:and critical of earthly wealth, historian 173: 159: 27: 1031:Inevitable result of fallen human nature 565:was specifically cited in the judgement. 250: 4494:"Free will, grace, and anti-Pelagianism" 3594: 3532: 3520: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3175: 3046: 3034: 2998: 2986: 2967: 2883: 2823: 2683: 2594: 2544: 2481: 2413: 2398: 2383: 2360: 2343: 2318: 2218: 1793: 1054:Theoretically possible, although unusual 982:Sets a bad example, but does not affect 960: 4743:University of California, Santa Barbara 4142:The Theology of Augustine's Confessions 3702:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3022: 2895: 2799: 2289: 2250: 2177: 2160: 2130: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2025: 2013: 1998: 1971: 1832: 1817: 1773: 1548:Adam's sin did not corrupt other humans 1527: 1067:Humans will be judged for their choices 245:, especially among the Roman elite and 125: 102: 62: 39: 30: 6442:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler 3556: 3544: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3433: 3421: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3355: 3343: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3281: 3262: 3199: 3163: 3146: 3134: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2871: 2859: 2811: 2787: 2775: 2730: 2715: 2698: 2666: 2654: 2629: 2617: 2582: 2527: 2512: 2500: 2425: 2235: 2044: 1983: 1959: 1908: 1877: 1862: 1805: 1557:Adam's sin did not introduce mortality 1348:to the constituting of human virtue." 726:whose table no poor man does not know, 4086:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 4067:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3785:"Ali Bonner, The Myth of Pelagianism" 3187: 3058: 3010: 2847: 2835: 2754: 2556: 2274: 2262: 2145: 1947: 1847: 1296:in 1926. According to French scholar 1070:Salvation is bestowed by God's grace 988:Every human's nature is corrupted by 211:and that humans by divine grace have 7: 5336:Community of the Lady of All Nations 4680:. Brill | Rodopi. pp. 329–352. 4603:Pelagius: Inquiries and Reappraisals 4379:The Cambridge Companion to Augustine 4311:The Cambridge Companion to Augustine 4288:Catholic University of America Press 4218:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 4031:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3765:Augustine: A Very Short Introduction 3582: 2454: 2442: 2189: 2113: 2101: 1935: 1923: 1126:, as well as other heresies such as 992:, and they also inherit moral guilt 852:, which had a more positive view of 408:and argued for the possibility of a 257:and is regarded as heretical by the 3990:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3969:. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from 3914:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 171–194. 3768:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 465:, Caelestius approached the bishop 4810:] (in German). A. Hiersemann. 4438:The Journal of Theological Studies 4237:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 79–114. 3905:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons. 3723:The Journal of Theological Studies 3211: 826:. Although Pelagius rejected that 425:, and the former Roman aristocrat 14: 4333:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 43–62. 4256:between Augustine and Pelagius". 735:who serves God all day and night, 6802: 5401: 5124: 3824:A Companion to Ostrogothic Italy 3627:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2007.00535.x 192:, for whom Pelagianism was named 6840:Christian theological movements 5760:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 3105:Jenkins, Eric L. (2013-09-26). 1356:argued that the idea that "all 1089:prevents them from falling away 723:whose door is closed to no one, 289:Christianity in the 5th century 285:Christianity in the 4th century 6845:Heresy in ancient Christianity 5473:History of the Catholic Church 3932:(2016). "Truth in a Heresy?". 3783:Chronister, Andrew C. (2020). 1284:nineteenth-century theologian 1236:God's will is always effective 950:" disagreed with Augustine on 910:Pelagianism and Augustinianism 674:therefore each human retained 279:Christianity in late antiquity 1: 6122:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 5519:History of Christian theology 4733:Scholl, Lindsey Anne (2011). 4710:Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic 1606:At the Council of Diospolis, 1171:Pelagius wrote positively of 729:whose food is offered to all, 720:whose house is common to all, 711:who mourns with the mourners, 441:, Jerome, and even the early 382: 375: 227: 220: 215:to achieve human perfection. 5450:History of Catholic theology 4044:10.4324/9780415249126-K064-1 3963:James, Frank A. III (1998). 1761:called "liberalism of fear". 1376:necessary but not sufficient 840:was absent or insufficient. 696:who shows compassion to all, 498:Dialogus adversus Pelagianos 348:. Other Christians followed 4204:10.5840/augstudies200233216 3704:. Oxford University Press. 1390:must be sufficient for the 611:(493–553), most notably in 6861: 6548:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 6538:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange 5823:Transubstantiation dispute 5408:Catholic Church portal 4802:Wermelinger, Otto (1975). 4787:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock. 4475:Princeton University Press 4216:Pelagius: Life and Letters 4146:Cambridge University Press 4061:Levering, Matthew (2011). 3948:10.1177/001452460011200302 3862:Cambridge University Press 3803:10.5840/augstudies20205115 1211: 1028:Comes about by free choice 1003:Absolute freedom of choice 913: 676:absolute freedom of action 644:Free will and original sin 282: 276: 18: 6797: 5456: 5396: 5122: 4735:Elizabeth DePalma Digeser 4686:10.1163/9789401208352_039 4669:10.3366/inr.2005.56.2.165 4510:10.1007/s11153-017-9627-0 4099:10.1017/S0022046919001283 3650:British Academy Monograph 3307:, pp. xv, xix, xxiv. 3265:, pp. xiv–xv, xviii. 3092:10.1163/27725472-08103001 1409:19th-century philosopher 1214:Semi-Pelagian controversy 1208:Semi-Pelagian controversy 1144:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1116:substitutionary atonement 203:position that holds that 6462:Matthias Joseph Scheeben 5655:Athanasius of Alexandria 5547:First Epistle of Clement 4783:Squires, Stuart (2019). 4768:Squires, Stuart (2013). 4648:Markus, Gilbert (2005). 4123:Harvard University Press 2028:, pp. 224–225, 231. 1307:, the Pelagian treatise 1240:universal reconciliation 638: 439:Athanasius of Alexandria 6573:Dietrich von Hildebrand 6437:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi 6311:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet 6291:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda 5833:Paulinus II of Aquileia 5828:Predestination disputes 4534:Dauzat, Pierre-Emmanuel 4005:Keeny, Anthony (2009). 3986:Keech, Dominic (2012). 3901:Ferguson, John (1956). 3654:Oxford University Press 3645:The Myth of Pelagianism 1460:A Vision of Battlements 1162:Pelagianism and Judaism 1154:theologians) creates a 899:University of Cambridge 705:who helps the wretched, 595:. Both Pelagianism and 312:Early Christianity was 263:Eastern Orthodox Church 6809:Catholicism portal 6658:Hans Urs von Balthasar 6457:Tommaso Maria Zigliara 6397:Félicité de La Mennais 6076:The Cloud of Unknowing 5577:The Shepherd of Hermas 4704:Rees, Brinley Roderick 4212:Rees, Brinley Roderick 3710:10.1093/ref:odnb/21784 2585:, Grace and free will. 1723: 1497: 1484: 1473:Scholarly reassessment 1421:Contemporary responses 1382:argued that following 1339:De doctrina christiana 1337: 744: 708:who succors the needy, 599:were condemned at the 581:Theodore of Mopsuestia 575: 557: 527: 497: 324:was the result of the 193: 6835:Christian terminology 6583:Marie-Dominique Chenu 6502:Marie-Joseph Lagrange 6487:Désiré-Joseph Mercier 6371:Clement Mary Hofbauer 6366:Johann Michael Sailer 5793:Maximus the Confessor 5485:History of the papacy 5383:Positive Christianity 4591:10.5840/agstm20044416 4554:10.1353/toc.2010.0009 4011:John Wiley & Sons 3680:Bloomsbury Publishing 3319:, pp. xviii–xix. 3080:Evangelical Quarterly 1608:On the Christian Life 1445:, in books including 1350:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1309:On the Christian Life 1156:God-centered morality 1107:libertarian free will 1093:double predestination 751:, a Pelagian treatise 749:On the Christian Life 660:and had been granted 589:Nestorian controversy 487:, Manichaeanism, and 314:theologically diverse 283:Further information: 259:Roman Catholic Church 201:Christian theological 188: 141:Libertarian free will 6759:Raniero Cantalamessa 6729:Alice von Hildebrand 6678:Edward Schillebeeckx 6356:Maria Gaetana Agnesi 6241:Lawrence of Brindisi 6171:Francisco de Vitoria 5961:Beatrice of Nazareth 5936:Hugh of Saint Victor 5916:Bernard of Clairvaux 5896:Anselm of Canterbury 5858:John Scotus Eriugena 5853:Paschasius Radbertus 5700:Gregory of Nazianzus 5594:Epistle to Diognetus 4716:Boydell & Brewer 4451:10.1093/jts/XIX.1.93 4421:10.1484/J.Peri.3.483 4286:. Washington, D.C.: 4259:The Heythrop Journal 4165:Stewart, Jon Bartley 4140:Rigby, Paul (2015). 4036:Taylor & Francis 3935:The Expository Times 3838:. pp. 503–532. 3736:10.1093/jts/XXI.1.56 3642:Bonner, Ali (2018). 3071:Gumerlock, Francis. 2641:Augustine of Hippo, 1493:Commentary on Romans 1400:religious toleration 1281:Erasmus of Rotterdam 1273:Commentary on Romans 1267:Pelagian manuscripts 1232:Prosper of Aquitaine 1138:(which rejected the 1085:decides who is saved 956:intellectual freedom 858:classical philosophy 850:Eastern Christianity 817:Baptism and judgment 528:Liber de 13 capitula 476:Commentary on Romans 449:Pelagian controversy 417:Roman administrator 318:Western Christianity 307:Christian asceticism 251:Pelagian controversy 49:Pelagian controversy 21:Pelagians (Quietism) 6734:Carlo Maria Martini 6698:Johann Baptist Metz 6668:Frederick Copleston 6492:Friedrich von Hügel 6452:Joseph Hergenröther 6432:Gaetano Sanseverino 6412:Ignaz von Döllinger 6336:Nicolas Malebranche 6176:Thomas of Villanova 6137:Counter-Reformation 6117:Girolamo Savonarola 5931:Hildegard of Bingen 5740:Cyril of Alexandria 5583:Aristides of Athens 5570:Epistle of Barnabas 5559:Ignatius of Antioch 5497:Ecumenical councils 5351:Jehovah's Witnesses 5223:Spanish Adoptionism 4625:Lamberigts, Mathijs 4467:Clark, Elizabeth A. 4192:Augustinian Studies 3973:on 22 December 2015 3790:Augustinian Studies 3346:, pp. 288–289. 3178:, pp. 117–118. 3037:, pp. 123–124. 3013:, pp. 139–140. 2970:, pp. 123–124. 2922:, pp. 303–304. 2862:, pp. 187–188. 2657:, pp. 109–110. 2632:, pp. 304–305. 2116:, pp. 685–686. 2080:, pp. 228–229. 1926:, pp. 689–690. 1491:represented in his 1431:A Theory of Justice 1037:Forgiveness for sin 838:internal motivation 782:vicarious atonement 639:Pelagius' teachings 625:Germanus of Auxerre 621:Theoderic the Great 619:during the rule of 609:Ostrogothic Kingdom 495:. In 415, he wrote 463:Council of Carthage 295:Constantinian shift 255:Council of Carthage 6749:Alasdair MacIntyre 6628:Nouvelle théologie 6517:Thérèse of Lisieux 6361:Alfonso Muzzarelli 6301:Jean-Jacques Olier 6271:Tommaso Campanella 6186:Francisco de Osuna 6181:Ignatius of Loyola 6050:Catherine of Siena 5946:Robert Grosseteste 5843:Benedict of Aniane 5783:Isidore of Seville 5725:Augustine of Hippo 5690:Cyril of Jerusalem 5685:Hilary of Poitiers 4918:Antidicomarianites 4272:10.1111/heyj.12063 4173:Ashgate Publishing 3547:, pp. 50, 53. 3385:, Chapter 7, fn 1. 2910:, pp. 52, 55. 1649:Synod of Diospolis 1545:was created mortal 1448:A Clockwork Orange 1415:Hegelian dialectic 1286:Jacques Paul Migne 1253:Caesarius of Arles 1146:asserted, asking " 692:He is a Christian 601:Council of Ephesus 576:Epistola tractoria 558:Epistola tractoria 533:Synod of Diospolis 358:Rufinus the Syrian 194: 89:Rufinus the Syrian 6817: 6816: 6744:Gustavo Gutiérrez 6739:Pope Benedict XVI 6724:Pope John Paul II 6623:Josemaría Escrivá 6613:Henri Daniel-Rops 6497:Vladimir Solovyov 6477:Neo-scholasticism 6417:John Henry Newman 6351:Louis de Montfort 6346:Alphonsus Liguori 6341:Giambattista Vico 6276:Pierre de Bérulle 6262:French Revolution 6231:Robert Bellarmine 6211:John of the Cross 6097:Julian of Norwich 6055:Bridget of Sweden 6045:John of Ruusbroec 6035:William of Ockham 5951:Francis of Assisi 5941:Dominic de Guzmán 5911:Decretum Gratiani 5886:Berengar of Tours 5775:Early Middle Ages 5745:Peter Chrysologus 5695:Basil of Caesarea 5680:Ephrem the Syrian 5620:Antipope Novatian 5416: 5415: 5256:Consubstantiation 4817:978-3-7772-7516-1 4794:978-1-5326-3781-0 4752:978-1-249-89783-5 4695:978-94-012-0835-2 4616:978-1-60899-497-7 4484:978-1-4008-6311-2 4388:978-1-1391-7804-4 4362:978-0-8132-2601-9 4340:978-90-04-17727-7 4321:978-1-1391-7804-4 4297:978-0-8132-2601-9 4290:. pp. 1–13. 4244:978-90-04-23671-4 4225:978-0-85115-714-6 4182:978-0-7546-6391-1 4155:978-1-107-09492-5 4132:978-0-674-24094-0 4074:978-0-19-960452-4 4053:978-0-415-25069-6 4020:978-1-4051-7860-0 3997:978-0-19-966223-4 3921:978-90-04-29269-7 3893:978-0-511-78128-5 3871:978-1-139-45651-7 3775:978-0-19-285452-0 3689:978-1-4411-8259-3 3663:978-0-19-726639-7 3499:, pp. 19–20. 3487:, pp. 16–18. 3358:, pp. 91–92. 3149:, pp. 3, 51. 3118:978-0-227-90213-4 3001:, pp. 30–31. 2790:, pp. 81–82. 2515:, pp. 79–80. 2428:, pp. 88–89. 2148:, pp. 39–40. 1950:, pp. 60–61. 1562:Kingdom of Heaven 1411:Søren Kierkegaard 1388:revealed religion 1249:Council of Orange 1140:existence of hell 1124:divinity of Jesus 1099: 1098: 1012:Status of infants 789:divine revelation 571:Julian of Eclanum 507:Wolf Liebeschuetz 429:was described by 423:Julian of Eclanum 183: 182: 84:Julian of Eclanum 35: 6852: 6807: 6806: 6648:Emmanuel Mounier 6643:Bernard Lonergan 6568:Georges Bernanos 6553:Jacques Maritain 6533:G. K. Chesterton 6422:Henri Lacordaire 6321:Cornelius Jansen 6316:François Fénelon 6246:Francis de Sales 6236:Francisco Suárez 6107:Nicholas of Cusa 5991:Siger of Brabant 5976:Boetius of Dacia 5956:Anthony of Padua 5901:Joachim of Fiore 5881:Gregory of Narek 5868:High Middle Ages 5813:John of Damascus 5705:Gregory of Nyssa 5443: 5436: 5429: 5420: 5406: 5405: 5388:Reincarnationism 5128: 5111:Subordinationism 5096:Pneumatomachians 5027:Melchisedechians 4863: 4856: 4849: 4840: 4833:Pelagius Library 4821: 4798: 4779: 4764: 4729: 4713: 4699: 4678:Queer Philosophy 4672: 4654: 4644: 4635:(2/4): 175–198. 4620: 4599:Evans, Robert F. 4594: 4573: 4529: 4488: 4462: 4424: 4392: 4366: 4344: 4325: 4301: 4275: 4248: 4229: 4207: 4186: 4159: 4136: 4110: 4078: 4057: 4024: 4001: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3959: 3925: 3906: 3897: 3880:Elliott, Mark W. 3875: 3849: 3845:978-9004-31376-7 3836:Brill Publishers 3814: 3779: 3755: 3713: 3693: 3667: 3638: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3409:, pp. 2, 5. 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3049:, p. 47–48. 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2702: 2701:, p. xviii. 2696: 2687: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2485: 2479: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2364: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2322: 2316: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2239: 2233: 2222: 2216: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2134: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1974:, pp. 2, 4. 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1851: 1845: 1836: 1830: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1658: 1652: 1621: 1615: 1604: 1595: 1576: 1570: 1532: 1466:The Wanting Seed 1362: 1342: 1321:Early modern era 1306: 1298:Yves-Marie Duval 1294:Alexander Souter 1244:prevenient grace 961: 833:everlasting fire 752: 578: 560: 530: 500: 419:Paulinus of Nola 387: 384: 380: 377: 232: 229: 225: 222: 175: 168: 161: 54:Semi-Pelagianism 31: 28: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6801: 6793: 6774:Jean-Luc Marion 6712: 6663:Marcel Lefebvre 6588:Romano Guardini 6543:Joseph Maréchal 6521: 6512:Maurice Blondel 6407:Antonio Rosmini 6402:Luigi Taparelli 6380: 6306:Louis Thomassin 6281:Pierre Gassendi 6264: 6260: 6250: 6201:Teresa of Ávila 6139: 6135: 6126: 6112:Marsilio Ficino 6102:Thomas à Kempis 6092:Devotio Moderna 6065:Johannes Tauler 6060:Meister Eckhart 6030:Dante Alighieri 6005: 5971:Albertus Magnus 5862: 5769: 5715:John Chrysostom 5643: 5639: 5629: 5542:Clement of Rome 5523: 5461: 5452: 5447: 5417: 5412: 5400: 5392: 5317: 5243:Early modernity 5237: 5129: 5120: 5089:Semipelagianism 5079:Patripassianism 4877: 4867: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4801: 4795: 4782: 4770:Philip Rousseau 4767: 4753: 4732: 4726: 4702: 4696: 4675: 4652: 4647: 4623: 4617: 4597: 4576: 4532: 4491: 4485: 4465: 4427: 4404: 4400: 4398:Further reading 4395: 4389: 4369: 4363: 4349:Weaver, Rebecca 4347: 4341: 4328: 4322: 4306:Stump, Eleonore 4304: 4298: 4280:Teselle, Eugene 4278: 4251: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4189: 4183: 4162: 4156: 4139: 4133: 4113: 4081: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4027: 4021: 4004: 3998: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3962: 3930:Harrison, Carol 3928: 3922: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3878: 3872: 3852: 3846: 3817: 3782: 3776: 3760:Chadwick, Henry 3758: 3716: 3696: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3641: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463:, pp. 7–8. 3459: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3331:, p. xxiv. 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3294:1 Timothy 2:3–4 3292: 3288: 3280: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202:, pp. 5–6. 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2743:Chronister 2020 2741: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2488: 2480: 2465: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2367: 2359: 2350: 2342: 2325: 2317: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2242: 2234: 2225: 2217: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2051: 2043: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2005: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1907: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1854: 1846: 1839: 1831: 1824: 1820:, pp. 1–2. 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1724:inimici gratiae 1720: 1716: 1712: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1659: 1655: 1622: 1618: 1612:Robert F. Evans 1605: 1598: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1536:Marius Mercator 1533: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1502: 1475: 1443:Anthony Burgess 1436:social liberals 1423: 1360: 1323: 1314:The City of God 1300: 1269: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1203:Later responses 1164: 1103:problem of evil 928:The City of God 918: 912: 891: 846: 819: 778:Hebrew prophets 754: 746: 688: 646: 641: 451: 435:John Chrysostom 400:because of its 392:, who moved to 385: 378: 291: 281: 275: 243:Christian world 230: 223: 179: 150: 121: 98: 94:Sicilian Briton 58: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603:Henri de Lubac 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6578:Gabriel Marcel 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558:Étienne Gilson 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:George Tyrrell 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:Émile Boutroux 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6447:Giuseppe Pecci 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6296:António Vieira 6293: 6288: 6286:René Descartes 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6257:Baroque period 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6221:Luis de Molina 6218: 6216:Peter Canisius 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Francis Xavier 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Thomas Cajetan 6148: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Heinrich Seuse 6079: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Thomas Aquinas 5983: 5981:Henry of Ghent 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Anselm of Laon 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5848:Rabanus Maurus 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5765:Pope Gregory I 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5641:Pope Gregory I 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5512:Biblical canon 5509: 5502:Catholic Bible 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5346:Indifferentism 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5153:Bosnian Church 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5116:Valentinianism 5113: 5108: 5103: 5101:Psilanthropism 5098: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5000:Valentinianism 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4980:Priscillianism 4977: 4972: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4945:Collyridianism 4942: 4941: 4940: 4938:Circumcellions 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4827:External links 4825: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4799: 4793: 4780: 4765: 4751: 4741:(PhD thesis). 4730: 4724: 4714:. Woodbridge: 4700: 4694: 4673: 4663:(2): 165–213. 4645: 4621: 4615: 4607:Wipf and Stock 4595: 4585:(1): 135–144. 4574: 4548:(2): 133–154. 4530: 4504:(2): 183–199. 4489: 4483: 4463: 4425: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4339: 4326: 4320: 4302: 4296: 4276: 4266:(4): 697–709. 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4198:(2): 223–237. 4187: 4181: 4160: 4154: 4137: 4131: 4111: 4093:(4): 846–849. 4079: 4073: 4058: 4052: 4025: 4019: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3960: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3898: 3892: 3876: 3870: 3854:Dodaro, Robert 3850: 3844: 3820:Kristina Sessa 3815: 3797:(1): 115–119. 3780: 3774: 3756: 3714: 3698:Bonner, Gerald 3694: 3688: 3672:Clark, Mary T. 3668: 3662: 3639: 3621:(4): 681–696. 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3597:, p. 182. 3587: 3585:, p. 694. 3572: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3535:, p. 128. 3525: 3523:, p. 126. 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3438: 3426: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3360: 3348: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3286: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3216: 3214:, p. 182. 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 139. 3180: 3168: 3151: 3139: 3124: 3117: 3097: 3086:(3): 195–209. 3063: 3061:, p. 102. 3051: 3039: 3027: 3025:, p. 378. 3015: 3003: 2991: 2989:, p. 124. 2972: 2960: 2958:, p. xix. 2948: 2936: 2934:, p. 305. 2924: 2912: 2900: 2898:, p. 706. 2888: 2876: 2874:, p. 191. 2864: 2852: 2850:, p. 130. 2840: 2828: 2816: 2814:, p. 186. 2804: 2802:, p. 234. 2792: 2780: 2759: 2757:, p. 848. 2747: 2745:, p. 119. 2735: 2720: 2718:, p. 302. 2703: 2688: 2671: 2669:, p. 111. 2659: 2647: 2634: 2622: 2599: 2597:, p. 119. 2587: 2572: 2569:Ephesians 5:27 2561: 2549: 2532: 2517: 2505: 2486: 2463: 2447: 2445:, p. 693. 2430: 2418: 2403: 2388: 2365: 2363:, p. 116. 2348: 2323: 2294: 2292:, p. 236. 2279: 2277:, p. 523. 2267: 2255: 2240: 2223: 2221:, p. 123. 2194: 2192:, p. 687. 2182: 2165: 2163:, p. 233. 2150: 2135: 2133:, p. 226. 2118: 2106: 2104:, p. 690. 2094: 2092:, p. 230. 2082: 2070: 2049: 2030: 2018: 2016:, p. 224. 2003: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1962:, p. 299. 1952: 1940: 1938:, p. 691. 1928: 1913: 1882: 1867: 1852: 1837: 1835:, p. 377. 1822: 1810: 1798: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1750: 1741: 1729: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1678: 1653: 1616: 1596: 1586:15:14–17, and 1584:Ecclesiasticus 1580:Deuteronomy 30 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1474: 1471: 1454:Earthly Powers 1422: 1419: 1372:secularization 1322: 1319: 1268: 1265: 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1163: 1160: 1120:nontrinitarian 1097: 1096: 1081: 1078: 1076:Predestination 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1000: 994: 993: 986: 980: 974: 973: 971:Augustinianism 968: 965: 952:predestination 948:semi-Pelagians 916:Augustinianism 911: 908: 890: 887: 883:Rebecca Weaver 878:Carol Harrison 845: 842: 828:infant baptism 818: 815: 743: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 689: 687: 686:Sin and virtue 684: 645: 642: 640: 637: 549:excommunicated 523:Lazarus of Aix 519:Heros of Arles 489:Priscillianism 450: 447: 303:state religion 277:Main article: 274: 271: 207:did not taint 181: 180: 178: 177: 170: 163: 155: 152: 151: 149: 148: 143: 138: 131: 128: 127: 123: 122: 120: 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 100: 99: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 60: 59: 57: 56: 51: 45: 42: 41: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6857: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784:Aidan Nichols 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764:Michał Heller 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Walter Kasper 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Thomas Merton 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Jean Daniélou 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6392:Joseph Görres 6390: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6376:Bruno Lanteri 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Blaise Pascal 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:John of Ávila 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6070:Walter Hilton 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6040:Richard Rolle 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5921:Peter Lombard 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Peter Abelard 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Monothelitism 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:John Climacus 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Monophysitism 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5589: 5588:Justin Martyr 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5490:Papal primacy 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5286:Protestantism 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Antinomianism 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059:Monothelitism 5057: 5055: 5054:Monophysitism 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5037:Monarchianism 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Macedonianism 5015: 5013: 5012:Luciferianism 5010: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4911:Semi-Arianism 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4725:0-85115-503-0 4721: 4717: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579:Augustinianum 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544:(in French). 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4473:. Princeton: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445:(1): 93–114. 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:Wetzel, James 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4121:. Cambridge: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3860:. Cambridge: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3595:Ferguson 1956 3591: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3559:, p. 49. 3558: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3533:Puchniak 2008 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521:Puchniak 2008 3517: 3514: 3511:, p. 21. 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3475:, p. 15. 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3451:, p. 11. 3450: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3373:, p. 92. 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3284:, p. 87. 3283: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3253:, p. 60. 3252: 3251:Visotzky 2009 3247: 3244: 3241:, p. 59. 3240: 3239:Visotzky 2009 3235: 3232: 3229:, p. 45. 3228: 3227:Visotzky 2009 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176:Chadwick 2001 3172: 3169: 3166:, p. 51. 3165: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047:Levering 2011 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035:Chadwick 2001 3031: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999:Chadwick 2001 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987:Puchniak 2008 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Puchniak 2008 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2946:, p. 86. 2945: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 53. 2885: 2884:Visotzky 2009 2880: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2838:, p. 15. 2837: 2832: 2829: 2826:, p. 43. 2825: 2824:Visotzky 2009 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2733:, p. 86. 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2686:, p. 82. 2685: 2684:Harrison 2016 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2620:, p. 80. 2619: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595:Chadwick 2001 2591: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2559:, p. 69. 2558: 2553: 2550: 2547:, p. 48. 2546: 2545:Visotzky 2009 2541: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2530:, p. 80. 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2503:, p. 79. 2502: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2484:, p. 44. 2483: 2482:Visotzky 2009 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2416:, p. 50. 2415: 2414:Visotzky 2009 2410: 2408: 2404: 2401:, p. 49. 2400: 2399:Visotzky 2009 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386:, p. 80. 2385: 2384:Harrison 2016 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:Chadwick 2001 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2346:, p. 79. 2345: 2344:Harrison 2016 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2321:, p. 81. 2320: 2319:Harrison 2016 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2265:, p. 40. 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2238:, p. 52. 2237: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Puchniak 2008 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2047:, p. 79. 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986:, p. 82. 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1880:, p. 51. 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1865:, p. 81. 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1850:, p. 38. 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1796:, p. 78. 1795: 1794:Harrison 2016 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1759:Judith Shklar 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737:Robert Dodaro 1733: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534:According to 1531: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1511:Indeterminism 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Immanuel Kant 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234:assumed that 1233: 1229: 1228:1 Timothy 2:4 1225: 1221: 1215: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1105:that invokes 1104: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 991: 987: 985: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 962: 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 938: 935: 930: 929: 924: 917: 909: 907: 904: 900: 896: 895:Thomas Scheck 888: 886: 884: 879: 874: 872: 868: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 843: 841: 839: 834: 829: 825: 816: 814: 812: 811:social status 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:New Testament 767: 763: 762:Old Testament 759: 753: 750: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 694: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 672: 671:fear of death 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 643: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 572: 566: 564: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 494: 490: 486: 481: 478: 477: 472: 468: 464: 461:. At the 411 460: 456: 448: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:Gerald Bonner 428: 424: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:British Isles 373: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:previous life 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 290: 286: 280: 272: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 191: 187: 176: 171: 169: 164: 162: 157: 156: 154: 153: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134:Rejection of 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 69: 68: 65: 61: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 44: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6769:Peter Kreeft 6717:21st century 6708:Henri Nouwen 6618:Jean Guitton 6598:Fulton Sheen 6526:20th century 6427:Jaime Balmes 6385:19th century 6206:Luis de León 6087:Geert Groote 6074: 5891:Peter Damian 5730:John Cassian 5670:Nestorianism 5664: 5592: 5575: 5568: 5551: 5529:Early Church 5376:Santa Muerte 5366:Narco-saints 5261:Febronianism 5178:Free Spirits 5163:Conciliarism 5106:Sabellianism 5083: 5069:Nestorianism 4975:Paulicianism 4896:Apollinarism 4807: 4803: 4784: 4774: 4738: 4709: 4677: 4660: 4657:Innes Review 4656: 4632: 4629:Augustiniana 4628: 4602: 4582: 4578: 4545: 4541: 4501: 4497: 4470: 4442: 4436: 4429:Brown, Peter 4412: 4406: 4378: 4352: 4330: 4309: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4195: 4191: 4168: 4141: 4118: 4115:Nelson, Eric 4090: 4084: 4063: 4029: 4006: 3987: 3975:. Retrieved 3971:the original 3965: 3942:(3): 78–82. 3939: 3933: 3911: 3902: 3883: 3857: 3823: 3794: 3788: 3763: 3730:(1): 56–72. 3727: 3721: 3718:Brown, Peter 3701: 3675: 3643: 3618: 3612: 3590: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3436:, p. 7. 3429: 3424:, p. 8. 3402: 3397:, p. 5. 3390: 3378: 3351: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3289: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3142: 3137:, p. 3. 3107: 3100: 3083: 3079: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3023:Elliott 2011 3018: 3006: 2994: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2896:Squires 2016 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2800:Rackett 2002 2795: 2783: 2778:, p. 4. 2750: 2738: 2662: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2625: 2590: 2564: 2552: 2508: 2450: 2421: 2290:Rackett 2002 2270: 2258: 2253:, p. 7. 2251:Teselle 2014 2185: 2180:, p. 6. 2178:Teselle 2014 2161:Rackett 2002 2131:Rackett 2002 2109: 2097: 2090:Rackett 2002 2085: 2078:Rackett 2002 2073: 2068:, p. 5. 2066:Teselle 2014 2026:Rackett 2002 2021: 2014:Rackett 2002 2001:, p. 3. 1999:Teselle 2014 1979: 1972:Teselle 2014 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1833:Elliott 2011 1818:Teselle 2014 1813: 1801: 1753: 1744: 1732: 1721:The phrase ( 1717: 1690: 1681: 1662:Matthew 7:19 1656: 1625:Hebrew Bible 1619: 1607: 1574: 1530: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1429: 1424: 1408: 1404:human rights 1369: 1364: 1357: 1324: 1312: 1308: 1290:William Ince 1272: 1270: 1261: 1217: 1165: 1100: 990:original sin 984:human nature 943:John Cassian 939: 926: 919: 892: 875: 864: 854:human nature 847: 820: 786: 774:Jesus Christ 755: 748: 745: 691: 667: 658:image of God 654:original sin 647: 629:Nowell Myres 597:Nestorianism 567: 482: 474: 455:Sack of Rome 452: 410:sinless life 398:Manicheanism 370: 338:original sin 320:taught that 311: 292: 236: 209:human nature 196: 195: 136:original sin 32: 25: 6830:Pelagianism 6779:Tomáš Halík 6703:Jean Vanier 6688:René Girard 6673:Alfred Delp 6638:Yves Congar 6633:Karl Rahner 6608:Dorothy Day 6593:Edith Stein 6563:Ronald Knox 6161:John Fisher 6156:Thomas More 6133:Reformation 6025:Duns Scotus 6020:Ramon Llull 6013:and reforms 6001:Roger Bacon 5966:Bonaventure 5876:Roscellinus 5665:Pelagianism 5636:Constantine 5459:Key figures 5331:Americanism 5306:Lutheranism 5296:Arminianism 5276:Josephinism 5266:Gallicanism 5233:Waldensians 5135:Middle Ages 5084:Pelagianism 5074:Novatianism 4970:Manichaeism 4906:Anomoeanism 4891:Adoptionism 4415:: 144–155. 4171:. Farnham: 3977:14 December 3557:Nelson 2019 3545:Nelson 2019 3509:Nelson 2019 3497:Nelson 2019 3485:Nelson 2019 3473:Nelson 2019 3461:Nelson 2019 3449:Nelson 2019 3434:Nelson 2019 3422:Nelson 2019 3407:Nelson 2019 3395:Nelson 2019 3383:Bonner 2018 3371:Scheck 2012 3356:Scheck 2012 3344:Bonner 2018 3329:Weaver 2014 3317:Weaver 2014 3305:Weaver 2014 3282:Scheck 2012 3263:Weaver 2014 3200:Nelson 2019 3164:Nelson 2019 3147:Nelson 2019 3135:Nelson 2019 3111:. ISD LLC. 2956:Weaver 2014 2944:Dodaro 2004 2932:Bonner 2018 2920:Bonner 2018 2908:Wetzel 2001 2872:Dodaro 2004 2860:Dodaro 2004 2812:Dodaro 2004 2788:Scheck 2012 2776:Nelson 2019 2731:Scheck 2012 2716:Bonner 2018 2699:Weaver 2014 2667:Dodaro 2004 2655:Dodaro 2004 2643:Confessions 2630:Bonner 2018 2618:Scheck 2012 2583:Kirwan 1998 2528:Dodaro 2004 2513:Dodaro 2004 2501:Dodaro 2004 2426:Dodaro 2004 2236:Wetzel 2001 2045:Scheck 2012 1984:Scheck 2012 1960:Bonner 2018 1909:Bonner 2004 1878:Wetzel 2001 1863:Scheck 2012 1806:Kirwan 1998 1694:Scheck and 1637:Melchizedek 1553:fall of man 1506:Tabula rasa 1384:natural law 1345:John Milton 1301: [ 1277:Cassiodorus 1132:Socinianism 1050:Sinlessness 978:Fall of man 967:Pelagianism 934:Holy Spirit 903:Eric Nelson 876:Theologian 802:monasticism 794:Ephesians 5 758:free choice 633:John Morris 593:Christology 485:Jovinianism 414:Peter Brown 406:determinism 326:fall of man 197:Pelagianism 33:Pelagianism 6824:Categories 6789:Scott Hahn 6166:Johann Eck 5818:Iconoclasm 5750:Pope Leo I 5610:Tertullian 5291:Anabaptism 5203:Josephines 5198:Impanation 5183:Henricians 5173:Fraticelli 5168:Dulcinians 5148:Bogomilism 5047:Modalistic 5042:Athinganoi 5022:Marcionism 5007:Iconoclasm 4995:Sethianism 4965:Gnosticism 4605:. Eugene: 3652:. Oxford: 3188:Stump 2001 3059:James 1998 3011:Stump 2001 2848:Stump 2001 2836:Keech 2012 2755:Lössl 2019 2557:Brown 1970 2457:, p. 2275:Cohen 2016 2263:Keech 2012 2146:Keech 2012 1948:Brown 1970 1848:Keech 2012 1588:Ezekiel 18 1517:References 1426:John Rawls 1396:moral luck 1354:John Locke 1328:liberalism 914:See also: 889:Definition 871:Ciceronian 866:Hortensius 844:Comparison 806:good works 766:Mosaic Law 662:conscience 605:Latin West 563:episcopacy 545:Innocent I 427:Caelestius 386: 420 379: 355 330:Theophilus 299:persecuted 273:Background 231: 420 224: 355 146:Good works 79:Caelestius 64:Proponents 6693:Hans Küng 6482:Léon Bloy 6472:Modernism 6325:Jansenism 6011:Mysticism 5605:Montanism 5361:Mormonism 5356:Modernism 5341:Feeneyism 5323:Modernity 5301:Calvinism 5281:Pantheism 5271:Jansenism 5228:Taborites 5218:Pasagians 5213:Migetians 5188:Humiliati 5158:Catharism 5143:Arnoldism 5064:Montanism 4985:Naassenes 4955:Ebionites 4923:Audianism 4883:Antiquity 4641:0004-8003 4601:(2010) . 4570:145615057 4562:1918-6649 4526:171953180 4518:1572-8684 4254:Via Media 4107:204479402 3956:170152314 3811:213551127 3744:0022-5185 3676:Augustine 3635:144950796 3583:Beck 2007 2455:Rees 1998 2443:Beck 2007 2190:Beck 2007 2114:Beck 2007 2102:Beck 2007 1936:Beck 2007 1924:Beck 2007 1769:Citations 1672::13, and 1647:. 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