65:
940:
A diagnosis of peritonitis is based primarily on the clinical manifestations described above. Rigidity (involuntary contraction of the abdominal muscles) is the most specific exam finding for diagnosing peritonitis. If focal peritonitis is detected, further work-up should be done. If diffuse
2093:
2078:
997:
per μL is considered diagnostic. In addition, Gram stain is almost always negative, whereas culture of the peritoneal fluid can determine the microorganism responsible and determine their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
1137:
of about <10% in otherwise healthy people. The mortality rate rises to 35% in peritonitis patients who develop sepsis, and patients who have underlying renal insufficiency and complications have a higher mortality rate.
445:
for diagnosing peritonitis (specificity: 76–100%). The presence of these signs in a person is sometimes referred to as peritonism. The localization of these manifestations depends on whether peritonitis is localized (e.g.,
1057:
often consist of multiple drugs, and should be targeted against the most likely agents, depending on the cause of peritonitis (see above); once one or more agents grow in cultures isolated, therapy will be target against
1327:
1926:
Li, Philip Kam-Tao; Szeto, Cheuk Chun; Piraino, Beth; de
Arteaga, Javier; Fan, Stanley; Figueiredo, Ana E.; Fish, Douglas N.; Goffin, Eric; Kim, Yong-Lim; Salzer, William; Struijk, Dirk G. (September 2016).
3026:
1360:
441:(meaning that pressing a hand on the abdomen elicits less pain than releasing the hand abruptly, which will aggravate the pain, as the peritoneum snaps back into place). Rigidity is highly
1022:; in people who are dehydrated, it also becomes very inspissated. The quantity of accumulated exudate varies widely. It may be spread to the whole peritoneum, or be walled off by the
2204:
1073:
can be used to cover Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria. Beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors can also be used; examples include
672:
leakage. The latter occurrence is particularly difficult to diagnose early, as abdominal pain and ileus paralyticus are considered normal in people who have just undergone
2708:
1319:
1690:
Nishijima, D. K., Simel, D. L., Wisner, D. H., & Holmes, J. F. (2012). Does this adult patient have a blunt intra-abdominal injury?. JAMA, 307(14), 1517–1527.
1583:
2303:
2342:
1352:
892:
1006:
In normal conditions, the peritoneum appears greyish and glistening; it becomes dull 2–4 hours after the onset of peritonitis, initially with scarce
1393:
1109:
that can be used due to its coverage of Gram-positives and Gram-negatives. Empiric therapy will often require multiple drugs from different classes.
2197:
1133:
If properly treated, typical cases of surgically correctable peritonitis (e.g., perforated peptic ulcer, appendicitis, and diverticulitis) have a
857:
are sterile at first, they frequently become infected once they leak out of their organ, leading to infectious peritonitis within 24 to 48 hours.
1097:
are also an option when treating primary peritonitis as all of the carbapenems cover Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, and anaerobes except for
2570:
1207:
323:
182:
941:
peritonitis is detected, then urgent surgical consultation should be obtained, and may warrant surgery without further investigations.
2783:
2190:
860:
Sterile abdominal surgery, under normal circumstances, causes localised or minimal generalised peritonitis, which may leave behind a
3455:
3302:
1865:
1424:
1233:
1201:
1121:
765:
977:(CT or CAT scanning) may be useful in differentiating causes of abdominal pain. If reasonable doubt still persists, an exploratory
2038:
1452:
3200:
768:(SBP) is a peculiar form of peritonitis occurring in the absence of an obvious source of contamination. It occurs in people with
459:
714:
Disruption of the peritoneum, even in the absence of perforation of a hollow viscus, may also cause infection simply by letting
3341:
2953:
2936:
2441:
2436:
2313:
1988:
467:
2466:
1605:
Arfania D, Everett ED, Nolph KD, Rubin J (1981). "Uncommon causes of peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis".
3195:
3151:
3045:
2867:
3406:
1101:. The only fluoroquinolone that can be used is moxifloxacin because this is the only fluoroquinolone that covers anaerobes.
3507:
3252:
1904:
31:
1053:
are usually administered intravenously, but they may also be infused directly into the peritoneum. The empiric choice of
3502:
3497:
3161:
2680:
2288:
1282:
966:
900:
888:
798:
593:
330:
208:
2375:
1575:
785:
775:
Intra-peritoneal dialysis predisposes to peritoneal infection (sometimes named "primary peritonitis" in this context).
338:
216:
2271:
2741:
2670:
1054:
629:
3014:
2970:
2923:
2729:
2347:
1887:
3040:
1642:"Review: Chlamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health"
3360:
2675:
2633:
2446:
2321:
2308:
2249:
2108:
458:. In either case, pain typically starts as a generalized abdominal pain (with involvement of poorly localizing
442:
2278:
3285:
3062:
2803:
2595:
2254:
994:
535:
531:
169:
3492:
3365:
3089:
3072:
2482:
2456:
2332:
2283:
2244:
2222:
2214:
810:
393:
64:
1385:
3297:
3205:
3166:
3094:
861:
740:
3216:
2397:
1704:
1124:, which does not always benefit from surgery and may be treated with antibiotics in the first instance.
1120:, as well as to correct any gross anatomical damage that may have caused peritonitis. The exception is
3336:
3280:
3101:
2997:
2580:
2575:
2409:
2327:
2293:
1074:
699:
641:
637:
547:
422:
366:
342:
315:
252:
3430:
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3133:
3116:
3077:
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3002:
2845:
2822:
2815:
2764:
2736:
2658:
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2648:
2565:
2170:
2097:
974:
865:
727:
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543:
463:
385:
362:
319:
274:
240:
178:
38:
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3307:
3290:
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3111:
2638:
2610:
2370:
2266:
2231:
1838:
1557:
1510:
694:
601:
484:
426:
318:, fever, or weight loss. One part or the entire abdomen may be tender. Complications may include
156:
145:
2746:
2544:
438:
3420:
3401:
2774:
2148:
2119:
1966:
1948:
1896:
1861:
1830:
1789:
1771:
1752:"Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis"
1732:
1724:
1673:
1622:
1549:
1502:
1494:
1430:
1420:
1197:
1191:
978:
869:
818:
673:
613:
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247:
140:
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may reveal dilated, edematous intestines, although such X-rays are mainly useful to look for
3467:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3234:
3106:
3034:
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1956:
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1820:
1779:
1763:
1716:
1663:
1653:
1614:
1541:
1486:
1046:
Depending on the severity of the person's state, the management of peritonitis may include:
962:
842:
758:
689:
653:
633:
437:, e.g., coughing (forced cough may be used as a test), flexing one's hips, or eliciting the
88:
3425:
3355:
3221:
3156:
3121:
2992:
2857:
2793:
2695:
2614:
2605:
2555:
2495:
2380:
2357:
1023:
719:
715:
374:
260:
149:
2182:
2010:
1241:
3462:
3377:
2931:
2904:
2769:
2704:
2700:
2590:
2560:
2034:
1961:
1928:
1668:
1641:
1134:
1062:
723:
572:
562:
451:
418:
1784:
1751:
1448:
3486:
3395:
3348:
3141:
3084:
3067:
2979:
2724:
2551:
2426:
2392:
2337:
1720:
1514:
1147:
950:
814:
806:
749:
681:
649:
471:
354:
2102:
1984:
1767:
1561:
596:
is the most common cause of peritonitis. Examples include perforation of the distal
3270:
3182:
3055:
2958:
2909:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2798:
2623:
2539:
2431:
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846:
826:
779:
731:
657:
609:
447:
350:
334:
299:
224:
212:
73:
17:
2113:
1474:
707:
in the peritoneal cavity. It can result from abdominal trauma and occurs if the
3212:
3190:
3021:
2941:
2585:
2486:
2239:
2143:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1050:
1035:
1019:
982:
946:
838:
708:
669:
645:
539:
527:
400:. Without treatment death may occur within a few days. About 20% of people with
231:
1882:
1825:
1808:
3226:
2899:
2877:
2522:
2461:
2165:
2124:
1618:
1155:
1117:
1113:
1082:
970:
854:
434:
381:
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303:
270:
256:
1952:
1775:
1728:
1553:
1498:
1434:
1274:
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3146:
3009:
2987:
2840:
2691:
2665:
2527:
2517:
2404:
2365:
2298:
2154:
2087:
1807:
Arvind, Sharda; Raje, Shweta; Rao, Gayatri; Chawla, Latika (February 2019).
1529:
1098:
1070:
1066:
896:
834:
745:
661:
621:
597:
430:
401:
389:
346:
278:
220:
1970:
1944:
1929:"ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment"
1900:
1834:
1736:
1677:
1545:
1506:
1490:
1793:
1658:
1626:
2810:
2788:
2500:
954:
735:
677:
665:
617:
511:
507:
2011:"Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology"
1691:
30:
This article is about the human condition. For peritonitis in cats, see
2862:
2628:
2532:
2504:
1860:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2020. pp. 2094–2118.
1027:
1015:
986:
873:
769:
738:
are isolated; the most common agents include cutaneous species such as
684:
605:
554:
455:
358:
311:
307:
236:
2070:
1061:
Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms must be covered. Out of the
3328:
2946:
2832:
2082:
1011:
1007:
958:
881:
704:
568:
503:
174:
1750:
Ludlam, H A; Price, T N; Berry, A J; Phillips, I (September 1988).
660:(such as a fish bone, toothpick or glass shard), perforation by an
470:
of the parietal peritoneal layer). Peritonitis is an example of an
2778:
2508:
1159:
973:
examination is under study and is likely to expand in the future.
877:
830:
802:
753:
558:
499:
162:
868:. However, peritonitis may also be caused by the rare case of a
822:
2186:
957:
may be present, but they are not specific findings. Abdominal
1116:) is needed to perform a full exploration and lavage of the
578:
Complicated peritonitis typically involves multiple organs.
466:), and may become localized later (with involvement of the
115:
106:
94:
1415:
McGee, Steven R. (2018). "Abdominal Pain and
Tenderness".
27:
Inflammation of the inner wall of the abdomen (peritoneum)
1883:"Appropriate Prescribing of Oral Beta-Lactam Antibiotics"
676:. In most cases of perforation of a hollow viscus, mixed
487:) is often present, especially in generalized peritonitis
121:
100:
1640:
Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica; Mestrovic, Tomislav (2014).
1528:
Ragetly, G. R.; Bennett, R. A.; Ragetly, C. A. (2012).
1881:
Holten, Keith B.; Onusko, Edward M. (August 1, 2000).
1534:
Tierärztliche Praxis
Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere
516:
Reduced or no passage of abdominal gas and bowel sound
1985:"Peritonitis: Emergencies: Merck Manual Home Edition"
872:
foreign body inadvertently left in the abdomen after
124:
112:
2060:
361:(the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen) and
200:
Primary, secondary, tertiary, generalized, localized
118:
103:
97:
91:
3441:
3327:
3320:
3261:
3175:
3132:
2978:
2969:
2922:
2876:
2831:
2717:
2604:
2494:
2481:
2356:
2230:
2221:
2134:
2064:
1809:"Laparoscopic Diagnosis of Peritoneal Tuberculosis"
703:). Faecal peritonitis results from the presence of
285:
266:
246:
230:
204:
196:
188:
168:
155:
139:
109:
79:
54:
49:
1530:"Therapie und Prognose der septischen Peritonitis"
1193:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
652:). Other possible reasons for perforation include
594:Perforation of part of the gastrointestinal tract
454:before perforation), or generalized to the whole
417:The main manifestations of peritonitis are acute
502:(i.e., intestinal paralysis), which also causes
1703:Spalding, Drc; Williamson, Rcn (January 2008).
1473:Okamoto, Koh; Hatakeyama, Shuji (2018-09-20).
1380:
1378:
1196:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 979–980.
2198:
887:Much rarer non-infectious causes may include
718:into the peritoneal cavity. Examples include
680:are isolated; the most common agents include
8:
2304:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1419:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
1347:
1345:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1234:"Peritonitis - National Library of Medicine"
782:) may rarely have a peritoneal localisation.
392:, and surgery. Other measures may include a
2035:"peritonitis - Online Etymology Dictionary"
1449:"Biology Online's definition of peritonism"
177:(sepsis is likely if not quickly treated),
3324:
2975:
2491:
2343:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2227:
2205:
2191:
2183:
2061:
752:, but many others are possible, including
63:
46:
1960:
1824:
1783:
1667:
1657:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
989:, a diagnosis of peritonitis is made via
893:TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
801:body fluids into the peritoneum, such as
1813:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
1228:
1226:
1224:
1586:from the original on September 22, 2017
1171:
404:who are hospitalized have peritonitis.
849:), or even the contents of a ruptured
433:, which are exacerbated by moving the
306:, the lining of the inner wall of the
161:Severe pain, swelling of the abdomen,
2571:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
1692:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.422
1396:from the original on 31 December 2017
1285:from the original on 31 December 2017
624:(e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis,
7:
1709:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
314:. Symptoms may include severe pain,
1576:"Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes"
557:may form (e.g., above or below the
331:perforation of the intestinal tract
324:acute respiratory distress syndrome
209:Perforation of the intestinal tract
183:acute respiratory distress syndrome
1907:from the original on June 22, 2018
1386:"Encyclopaedia : Peritonitis"
1324:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1146:The term "peritonitis" comes from
365:. Diagnosis is generally based on
25:
3456:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3303:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1933:Peritoneal Dialysis International
1417:Evidence-based physical diagnosis
1363:from the original on 13 July 2018
1330:from the original on 13 July 2018
1122:spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
1038:with fibrino-purulent exudation.
985:may be performed. In people with
922:Fluid accumulation in the abdomen
766:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
620:(peptic ulcer), of the remaining
3201:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1756:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1721:10.12968/hmed.2008.69.Sup1.28050
302:of the localized or generalized
87:
2442:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2437:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2314:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2041:from the original on 2011-09-16
1991:from the original on 2010-10-18
1858:Brenner and Rector's The Kidney
1768:10.1128/jcm.26.9.1757-1762.1988
1479:New England Journal of Medicine
1455:from the original on 2018-06-12
1210:from the original on 2020-10-08
993:(abdominal tap): More than 250
913:Previous history of peritonitis
58:Surgical abdomen, acute abdomen
3196:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3046:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2868:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1357:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
734:. Again, in most cases, mixed
1:
3253:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2009:Daley, Brian J (2019-07-23).
1607:Archives of Internal Medicine
1018:becomes creamy and evidently
778:Systemic infections (such as
711:is perforated during surgery.
32:Feline infectious peritonitis
3162:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2681:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2289:Esophageal motility disorder
969:. The role of whole-abdomen
967:gastrointestinal perforation
901:systemic lupus erythematosus
889:familial Mediterranean fever
636:, intestinal strangulation,
483:Diffuse abdominal rigidity (
931:Extremely vigorous anal sex
928:Pelvic inflammatory disease
786:Pelvic inflammatory disease
530:, as revealed by decreased
526:Sequestration of fluid and
339:pelvic inflammatory disease
217:pelvic inflammatory disease
3524:
3147:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2671:Functional colonic disease
2467:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1826:10.1016/j.jmig.2018.04.006
1158:, abdominal membrane" and
1055:broad-spectrum antibiotics
630:inflammatory bowel disease
36:
29:
2348:Acute esophageal necrosis
1888:American Family Physician
1619:10.1001/archinte.141.1.61
1475:"Tuberculous Peritonitis"
1034:features infiltration by
538:, as well as significant
464:visceral peritoneal layer
380:Treatment often includes
71:
62:
2447:Gastric dumping syndrome
2322:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2309:Diffuse esophageal spasm
726:, continuous ambulatory
536:electrolyte disturbances
37:Not to be confused with
3063:Alcoholic liver disease
2596:Bile acid malabsorption
2540:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1856:"Peritoneal Dialysis".
1190:Ferri, Fred F. (2017).
995:polymorphonuclear cells
730:, and intra-peritoneal
656:, ingestion of a sharp
532:central venous pressure
357:. Risk factors include
316:swelling of the abdomen
3073:Hepatic encephalopathy
2457:Buried bumper syndrome
2388:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2272:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2215:human digestive system
1945:10.3747/pdi.2016.00078
1546:10.1055/s-0038-1623666
1491:10.1056/NEJMicm1713168
1353:"Acute Abdominal Pain"
1320:"Acute Abdominal Pain"
925:Weakened immune system
811:blunt abdominal trauma
542:, possibly leading to
355:perforated gallbladder
3298:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3167:Porcelain gallbladder
2279:Zenker's diverticulum
1281:. 28 September 2017.
1014:fluid. Later on, the
916:History of alcoholism
862:foreign body reaction
817:(e.g., peptic ulcer,
772:, including children.
741:Staphylococcus aureus
634:intestinal infarction
3508:Peritoneum disorders
3102:Hepatorenal syndrome
3041:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2998:Autoimmune hepatitis
2823:Intestinal adhesions
2581:Short bowel syndrome
2410:Functional dyspepsia
2328:Esophageal stricture
2294:Nutcracker esophagus
1646:Journal of Pathogens
1075:ampicillin/sulbactam
700:Bacteroides fragilis
642:meconium peritonitis
638:colorectal carcinoma
548:acute kidney failure
460:visceral innervation
423:abdominal tenderness
3503:Medical emergencies
3498:Disorders of fascia
3241:Choledocholithiasis
3112:Metabolic disorders
3078:Acute liver failure
3051:Portal hypertension
3003:Alcoholic hepatitis
2846:Radiation proctitis
2765:Mesenteric ischemia
2737:Gastroenterocolitis
2566:Blind loop syndrome
2376:Ménétrier's disease
2284:Barrett's esophagus
1659:10.1155/2014/183167
975:Computed tomography
728:peritoneal dialysis
626:Meckel diverticulum
575:should be obtained.
468:somatic innervation
363:peritoneal dialysis
241:peritoneal dialysis
39:Periodontal disease
3416:Undefined location
3407:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3308:Pancreatic fistula
3291:Pancreatic abscess
3246:Biliary dyskinesia
3217:Mirizzi's syndrome
2718:Large and/or small
2398:Dieulafoy's lesion
2267:Boerhaave syndrome
2135:External resources
2015:Medscape Reference
1652:(183167): 183167.
965:, an indicator of
695:anaerobic bacteria
602:Boerhaave syndrome
555:peritoneal abscess
485:abdominal guarding
427:abdominal guarding
408:Signs and symptoms
386:intravenous fluids
275:intravenous fluids
146:Emergency medicine
18:Pelvic peritonitis
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3316:
3315:
2918:
2917:
2775:Bowel obstruction
2477:
2476:
2180:
2179:
1715:(Sup1): M12–M15.
1392:. 25 April 2015.
979:peritoneal lavage
833:(pelvic trauma),
819:gastric carcinoma
674:abdominal surgery
614:gastric carcinoma
500:ileus paralyticus
494:Sinus tachycardia
398:blood transfusion
351:ruptured appendix
310:and cover of the
293:
292:
289:Relatively common
248:Diagnostic method
225:ruptured appendix
72:Peritonitis from
44:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3515:
3468:Pneumoperitoneum
3325:
3235:Common bile duct
3117:Wilson's disease
3107:Peliosis hepatis
2976:
2853:Proctalgia fugax
2760:Abdominal angina
2685:Ogilvie syndrome
2634:Pseudomembranous
2492:
2452:Gastric volvulus
2417:Pyloric stenosis
2228:
2213:Diseases of the
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1762:(9): 1757–1762.
1747:
1741:
1740:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:NHS Direct Wales
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1316:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1230:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1187:
1162:"inflammation".
963:pneumoperitoneum
843:pancreatic juice
690:Escherichia coli
654:abdominal trauma
571:may develop, so
394:nasogastric tube
312:abdominal organs
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
67:
47:
21:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3472:
3437:
3426:Internal hernia
3312:
3257:
3222:Biliary fistula
3180:
3171:
3157:Adenomyomatosis
3152:Cholesterolosis
3128:
3122:Hemochromatosis
2993:Viral hepatitis
2965:
2914:
2872:
2858:Rectal prolapse
2827:
2794:Fecal impaction
2784:Intussusception
2747:Crohn's disease
2713:
2696:Toxic megacolon
2608:
2606:Large intestine
2600:
2545:Curling's ulcer
2498:
2496:Small intestine
2485:
2473:
2381:Gastroenteritis
2352:
2217:
2211:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2130:
2129:
2073:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1318:
1317:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1168:
1144:
1131:
1044:
1004:
938:
910:
794:
716:micro-organisms
590:
585:
523:
498:Development of
480:
439:Blumberg's sign
415:
410:
390:pain medication
375:medical imaging
329:Causes include
279:pain medication
261:medical imaging
150:general surgery
135:
90:
86:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3521:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3463:Hemoperitoneum
3460:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2932:Blood in stool
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:Anal dysplasia
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2770:Angiodysplasia
2767:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2705:Diverticulosis
2701:Diverticulitis
2698:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:Milroy disease
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Tropical sprue
2558:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2489:
2483:Lower GI tract
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2223:Upper GI tract
2219:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2105:
2090:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:Classification
2058:
2057:External links
2055:
2052:
2051:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1939:(5): 481–508.
1918:
1895:(3): 611–620.
1873:
1866:
1848:
1819:(2): 346–347.
1799:
1742:
1695:
1683:
1632:
1597:
1567:
1540:(5): 372–378.
1520:
1465:
1440:
1425:
1407:
1374:
1341:
1296:
1255:
1220:
1202:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1143:
1140:
1135:mortality rate
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1110:
1063:cephalosporins
1059:
1043:
1040:
1003:
1000:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
909:
906:
905:
904:
885:
858:
853:. While these
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
776:
773:
763:
724:surgical wound
712:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
573:blood cultures
566:
563:lesser omentum
551:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
496:
491:
488:
479:
478:Other symptoms
476:
452:diverticulitis
419:abdominal pain
414:
413:Abdominal pain
411:
409:
406:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
268:
264:
263:
250:
244:
243:
234:
228:
227:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
172:
166:
165:
159:
153:
152:
143:
137:
136:
134:
133:
83:
81:
77:
76:
69:
68:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Inflammations
3491:
3490:
3488:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:Diaphragmatic
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Cholecystitis
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:Liver abscess
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:Liver failure
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:Enterocolitis
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:Malabsorption
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Gastroparesis
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Cushing ulcer
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Megaesophagus
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1867:9780323759335
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:"Peritonitis"
1699:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:9780323508711
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:"Peritonitis"
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1244:on 2016-01-24
1243:
1239:
1238:PubMed Health
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1203:9780323529570
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:hypernatremia
948:
944:
935:
930:
927:
924:
921:
919:Liver disease
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:gastric juice
812:
808:
807:endometriosis
804:
800:
796:
795:
792:Non-infection
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
760:
755:
751:
750:staphylococci
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:
686:
683:
682:Gram-negative
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:cholecystitis
647:
644:), or of the
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537:
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529:
525:
524:
521:Complications
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
477:
475:
473:
472:acute abdomen
469:
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368:
364:
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352:
348:
344:
343:stomach ulcer
340:
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173:
171:
170:Complications
167:
164:
160:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
129:
85:
84:
82:
80:Pronunciation
78:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
40:
33:
19:
3450:
3415:
3394:
3271:Pancreatitis
3233:
3183:biliary tree
3056:Nutmeg liver
3033:
2959:Hematochezia
2910:Pruritus ani
2895:Anal abscess
2890:Anal fistula
2886:Anal fissure
2799:Constipation
2753:
2624:Appendicitis
2432:Gastroptosis
2422:Achlorhydria
2261:
2250:Eosinophilic
2164:
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2142:
2118:
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2029:
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1356:
1332:. Retrieved
1323:
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1278:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
1237:
1212:. Retrieved
1192:
1151:
1150:περιτόναιον
1145:
1132:
1107:tetracycline
1079:piperacillin
1045:
1032:Inflammation
1010:or slightly
1005:
991:paracentesis
943:Leukocytosis
939:
908:Risk factors
864:or fibrotic
851:dermoid cyst
847:pancreatitis
827:liver biopsy
780:tuberculosis
757:
739:
732:chemotherapy
698:
688:
658:foreign body
610:peptic ulcer
561:, or in the
534:, may cause
528:electrolytes
448:appendicitis
416:
379:
335:pancreatitis
328:
300:inflammation
295:
294:
232:Risk factors
213:pancreatitis
74:tuberculosis
3451:Peritonitis
3213:Cholestasis
3191:Cholangitis
3134:Gallbladder
3022:Fatty liver
2942:Hematemesis
2924:GI bleeding
2730:Necrotizing
2659:Lymphocytic
2654:Collagenous
2649:Microscopic
2586:Steatorrhea
2487:Enteropathy
2333:Inlet patch
2255:Herpetiform
2240:Esophagitis
2171:Peritonitis
2144:MedlinePlus
1580:Mayo Clinic
1485:(12): e20.
1400:31 December
1367:31 December
1334:31 December
1289:31 December
1248:22 December
1152:peritonaion
1103:Tigecycline
1095:Carbapenems
1091:clavulanate
1087:ticarcillin
1051:Antibiotics
1036:neutrophils
1020:suppurative
983:laparoscopy
947:hypokalemia
855:body fluids
839:salpingitis
797:Leakage of
709:large bowel
670:anastomotic
646:gallbladder
540:hypovolemia
382:antibiotics
371:blood tests
367:examination
296:Peritonitis
271:Antibiotics
257:blood tests
253:Examination
189:Usual onset
55:Other names
50:Peritonitis
3487:Categories
3443:Peritoneal
3421:Incisional
3342:Congenital
3286:Hereditary
3263:Pancreatic
3227:Haemobilia
2900:Hemorrhoid
2878:Anal canal
2816:Infectious
2804:Functional
2639:Ulcerative
2523:Duodenitis
2462:Gastrinoma
2166:Patient UK
2120:DiseasesDB
2045:2017-05-09
2020:2024-08-08
1995:2007-11-25
1459:2008-08-14
1214:2020-08-24
1166:References
1156:peritoneum
1118:peritoneum
1114:laparotomy
1083:tazobactam
971:ultrasound
748:-negative
616:), of the
604:), of the
435:peritoneum
353:or even a
304:peritoneum
3431:Richter's
3388:Spigelian
3383:Obturator
3373:Umbilical
3206:Ascending
3177:Bile duct
3010:Cirrhosis
2988:Hepatitis
2971:Accessory
2841:Proctitis
2692:Megacolon
2666:Dysentery
2576:Whipple's
2528:Jejunitis
2518:Enteritis
2405:Dyspepsia
2366:Gastritis
2299:Achalasia
2232:Esophagus
2155:eMedicine
1953:0896-8608
1776:0095-1137
1729:1750-8460
1554:1434-1239
1515:205088395
1499:0028-4793
1435:959371826
1142:Etymology
1129:Prognosis
1112:Surgery (
1099:ertapenem
1071:cefotetan
1067:cefoxitin
1042:Treatment
1002:Pathology
936:Diagnosis
897:porphyria
866:adhesions
835:menstruum
746:coagulase
662:endoscope
622:intestine
598:esophagus
588:Infection
402:cirrhosis
347:cirrhosis
286:Frequency
281:, surgery
267:Treatment
221:cirrhosis
141:Specialty
3361:Indirect
3356:Inguinal
3090:Pyogenic
3035:Vascular
2811:Diarrhea
2789:Volvulus
2755:Vascular
2694: /
2683: /
2644:Ischemic
2611:Appendix
2501:Duodenum
2371:Atrophic
2245:Candidal
2160:med/2737
2039:Archived
1989:Archived
1971:27282851
1911:July 22,
1905:Archived
1901:10950216
1835:29680232
1737:18293728
1678:25614838
1584:Archived
1562:73133175
1507:30231225
1453:Archived
1394:Archived
1361:Archived
1328:Archived
1283:Archived
1208:Archived
955:acidosis
756:such as
736:bacteria
678:bacteria
666:catheter
618:duodenum
512:bloating
508:vomiting
443:specific
431:rigidity
157:Symptoms
3402:Petit's
3378:Femoral
3281:Chronic
3095:Amoebic
2863:Anismus
2629:Colitis
2556:Coeliac
2533:Ileitis
2505:Jejunum
2358:Stomach
2262:Rupture
2114:D010538
1962:5033625
1843:5041460
1794:3183023
1669:4295611
1627:7004371
1590:July 2,
1028:viscera
1024:omentum
1016:exudate
987:ascites
876:(e.g.,
874:surgery
870:sterile
837:(e.g.,
825:(e.g.,
805:(e.g.,
799:sterile
770:ascites
759:Candida
697:(e.g.,
687:(e.g.,
685:bacilli
632:(IBD),
606:stomach
462:of the
456:abdomen
359:ascites
308:abdomen
237:Ascites
3396:Lumbar
3366:Direct
3349:Hiatus
3329:Hernia
3181:Other
2947:Melena
2833:Rectum
2316:(GERD)
2149:001335
1969:
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1951:
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1085:, and
1012:turbid
1008:serous
959:X-rays
953:, and
899:, and
882:sponge
744:, and
720:trauma
705:faeces
693:) and
668:, and
583:Causes
569:Sepsis
504:nausea
373:, and
205:Causes
192:Sudden
175:Sepsis
132:
3321:Other
3276:Acute
3027:MASLD
2980:Liver
2954:Lower
2937:Upper
2779:Ileus
2615:Colon
2509:Ileum
2324:(LPR)
1839:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1511:S2CID
1160:-itis
1148:Greek
1105:is a
1058:them.
878:gauze
831:urine
803:blood
754:fungi
559:liver
544:shock
490:Fever
320:shock
197:Types
179:shock
163:fever
2709:SCAD
2125:9860
2109:MeSH
2098:9-CM
1967:PMID
1949:ISSN
1913:2019
1897:PMID
1862:ISBN
1831:PMID
1790:PMID
1772:ISSN
1733:PMID
1725:ISSN
1674:PMID
1650:2014
1623:PMID
1592:2016
1550:ISSN
1503:PMID
1495:ISSN
1431:OCLC
1421:ISBN
1402:2017
1369:2017
1336:2017
1291:2017
1250:2017
1198:ISBN
1069:and
1026:and
823:bile
546:and
510:and
349:, a
322:and
3015:PBC
2742:IBD
2676:IBS
2103:567
2094:ICD
2088:K65
2079:ICD
1957:PMC
1941:doi
1821:doi
1780:PMC
1764:doi
1717:doi
1664:PMC
1654:doi
1615:doi
1611:141
1542:doi
1487:doi
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1279:NHS
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