143:
432:
Glow discharge mass spectrometry is the direct determination of trace element in solid samples. It occurs with two ionization mechanisms: the direct electron impact ionization and
Penning ionization. Processes inherent to the glow discharge, namely cathodic sputtering coupled with Penning ionization,
50:
who first reported it in 1927. Penning started to work at the
Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium at Eindhoven to continue the investigation of electric discharge on rare gases. Later, he started measurements on the liberation of electrons from metal surfaces by positive ions and metastable atoms, and
817:
Yoshihiro, Y.; Hideyasu, T.; Ryo, M.; Hideo, Y.; Fuminori, M.; Koichi, O. (200). "A highly sensitive electron spectrometer for crossed-beam collisional ionization: A retarding-type magnetic bottle analyzer and its application to collision-energy resolved
Penning ionization electron spectroscopy".
59:
Penning ionization refers to the interaction between an electronically excited gas-phase atom G and a target molecule M. The collision results in the ionization of the molecule yielding a cation M, an electron e, and a neutral gas molecule, G, in the ground state. Penning ionization occurs via
416:
and IE are atomic or molecular constants of the energy of He and the ionization energy for the species. Penning ionization electron spectroscopy applied to organic solids. It enables the study of local electron distribution of individual molecular orbitals, which exposes to the outside of the
363:
detector in glow discharge by using the reaction for He or Ne. The kinetic energy of electron ejected is analyzed by the collisions between target (gas or solid) and metastable atoms by scanning the retarding field in a flight tube of the analyzer in the presence of a weak magnetic field. The
162:
When the total electron excitation energy of colliding particles is sufficient, then the bonding energy of two particles that bonded together can also be contributed into the associative penning ionization act.
137:
236:
627:
Falcinelli, Stefano; Candori, Pietro; Bettoni, Marta; Pirani, Fernando; Vecchiocattivi, Franco (2014). "Penning
Ionization Electron Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Sulfide by Metastable Helium and Neon Atoms".
308:
407:
670:
597:
340:
26:, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge
342:
that would appear to be required for charge conservation is omitted, because S is a macroscopic surface and the loss of one electron has a negligible effect.
241:
Surface
Penning ionization (Auger Deexcitation) refers to the interaction of the excited-state gas with a surface S, resulting in the release of an electron:
520:
Hiraoka, K.; Furuya, H.; Kambara, S.; Suzuki, S.; Hashimoto, Y.; Takamizawa, A. (2006). "Atmospheric-pressure
Penning ionization of aliphatic hydrocarbons".
929:
King, F. L.; Teng, J.; Steiner, R. E. (1995). "Special feature: Tutorial. Glow discharge mass spectrometry: Trace element determinations in solid samples".
66:
60:
formation of a high energy collision complex, evolving toward the formation of a cationic species, by ejecting a high energy electron.
173:
746:
Cohen, James S. (1976). "Multistate curve-crossing model for scattering: Associative ionization and excitation transfer in helium".
462:
Arango, C. A.; Shapiro, M.; Brumer, P. (2006). "Cold atomic collisions: coherent control of penning and associative ionization".
985:
412:
The
Penning ionization electron energy does not depend on the conditions of the experiments or any other species since both E
247:
426:
563:
Penning, F. M. (1927). "Über
Ionisation durch metastabile Atome" [On the ionization of metastable atoms].
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855:"Penning Ionization Electron Spectroscopy: Its Application to Surface Characterization of Organic Solids"
370:
786:"Penning ionization electron spectroscopy of organic molecules: stereochemistry of molecular orbitals"
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yield an ion population from which semi-quantitative results can be directly obtained.
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Multiple mass spectrometric techniques, including glow discharge mass spectrometry and
894:
Gross, J. H. (2014). "Direct analysis in real time --- a critical review on DART-MS".
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680:
607:
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The process of ionization interaction between excited molecule and target molecule.
493:
142:
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Penning ionization has been applied to
Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (
675:
602:
907:
701:
Jones, D. M.; Dahler, J. S. (April 1988). "Theory of associative ionization".
724:
679:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
606:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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lower than the excited energy of the excited-state atom or molecule.
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especially on the effects related to ionization by metastable atoms.
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electron produced by reaction has a kinetic energy E determined by:
132:{\displaystyle {\ce {{G^{\ast }}+M->{M^{+\bullet }}+{e^{-}}+G}}}
141:
231:{\displaystyle {\ce {{G^{\ast }}+M->{MG^{+\bullet }}+e^{-}}}}
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Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an
38:
to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.
303:{\displaystyle {\ce {{G^{\ast }}+S->{G}+{S}+e^{-}}}}
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46:The process is named after the Dutch physicist
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429:mass spectrometry rely on Penning ionization.
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8:
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853:Harada, Yoshiya; Ozaki, Hiroyuki (1987).
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630:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
167:Penning ionization can also occur:
676:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
603:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
34:, where the lamp is filled with a
14:
402:{\displaystyle E=E_{\text{m}}+IE}
820:Review of Scientific Instruments
270:
196:
89:
1:
494:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.193202
931:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
427:direct analysis in real time
522:Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom
313:The positive charge symbol
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417:outermost surface layers.
335:{\displaystyle {\ce {S+}}}
908:10.1007/s00216-013-7316-0
784:Harada, Yoshiya (1990).
725:10.1103/PhysRevA.37.2916
803:10.1351/pac199062030457
689:10.1351/goldbook.A00475
616:10.1351/goldbook.P04476
565:Die Naturwissenschaften
961:10.1002/jms.1190300802
768:10.1103/PhysRevA.13.99
681:associative ionization
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986:Electron spectroscopy
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351:Electron spectroscopy
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880:10.1143/JJAP.26.1201
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152:ionization potential
67:
48:Frans Michel Penning
943:1995JMSp...30.1061K
871:1987JaJAP..26.1201H
832:2000RScI...71.3042Y
760:1976PhRvA..13...99C
717:1988PhRvA..37.2916J
642:2014JPCA..118.6501F
608:Penning gas mixture
577:1927NW.....15..818P
534:2006RCMS...20.3213H
486:2006PhRvL..97s3202A
443:Chemical ionization
859:Jpn. J. Appl. Phys
585:10.1007/bf01505431
399:
361:gas chromatography
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228:
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20:Penning ionization
16:Ionization process
896:Anal Bioanal Chem
840:10.1063/1.1305819
748:Physical Review A
704:Physical Review A
650:10.1021/jp5030312
636:(33): 6501–6506.
421:Mass spectrometry
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32:fluorescent lamps
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937:(8): 1060–1075.
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711:(8): 2916–2933.
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24:chemi-ionization
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528:(21): 3213–22.
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464:Phys. Rev. Lett
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36:Penning mixture
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826:(3): 3042–49.
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796:(3): 457–462.
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590:
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470:(19): 193202.
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754:(1): 99–114.
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567:(in German).
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22:is a form of
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571:(40): 818.
165:Associative
981:Ion source
975:Categories
449:References
28:neon lamps
947:CiteSeerX
902:: 63–80.
295:−
271:⟶
259:∗
223:−
209:∙
197:⟶
185:∗
117:−
102:∙
90:⟶
78:∗
916:24036523
658:24796487
550:17016831
502:17155624
437:See also
158:Variants
55:Reaction
939:Bibcode
867:Bibcode
828:Bibcode
756:Bibcode
733:9900022
713:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
573:Bibcode
530:Bibcode
482:Bibcode
42:History
949:
914:
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656:
548:
500:
359:) for
671:IUPAC
598:IUPAC
472:arXiv
912:PMID
729:PMID
654:PMID
546:PMID
498:PMID
357:PIES
30:and
957:doi
904:doi
900:406
875:doi
836:doi
798:doi
764:doi
721:doi
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646:doi
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