Pennsylvania Dutch language

586: 790: 1985:. To a more limited extent, that is also true of a second wave of immigration in the mid-19th century, which came from the same regions, but settled more frequently in Ohio, Indiana, and other parts of the Midwest. Thus, an entire industrial vocabulary relating to electricity, machinery and modern farming implements has naturally been borrowed from the English. For Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who work in a modern trade or in an industrial environment, this could potentially increase the challenge of maintaining their mother tongue. 345: 521:, which is only distantly related to Pennsylvania German. Several authors and etymological publications consider the word “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch”, which in medieval times could also be used to refer to speakers of various German dialects, to be an archaism particular to 19th-century American English, particularly in its colloquial form. An alternative and commonly found theory is that the “Dutch” in “Pennsylvania Dutch” is a anglicization or corruption of the Pennsylvania German 3141: 2715: 1801: 2463: 2787:

well as thousands more older Pennsylvania Dutch speakers of non-Amish and non-Mennonite background. The Grundsau Lodge, which is an organization in southeastern Pennsylvania of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, is said to have 6,000 members. Therefore, a fair estimate of the speaker population in 2008 might be close to 300,000, although many, including some academic publications, may report much lower numbers, uninformed of those diverse speaker groups.

3155: 2867: 2850: 2836: 6512: 3169: 357: 6870: 3183: 1970: 2555:) at church services. The distinctive use of three different languages serves as a powerful conveyor of Amish identity." Although "the English language is being used in more and more situations," nonetheless Pennsylvania Dutch is "one of a handful of minority languages in the United States that is neither endangered nor supported by continual arrivals of immigrants." 816:, and two cases for nouns: the common case, with both accusative and nominative functions, and the dative case. There is no genitive case in Pennsylvania Dutch. The historical genitive case has been replaced by the dative, and possession is indicated with a special construction using the dative and the possessive pronoun: 'the man's dog' becomes 2537:

generally did not see a reason for young people to speak it. Many of their children learned the language from hearing their parents using it and from interactions with the generation older than their parents. Among the first natively English speaking generation, oldest siblings typically speak Pennsylvania Dutch better than younger ones.

2054:, as found in the common traditional language English translation, is presented below. The text in the second column illustrates a system based on American English orthography. The text in the third column uses, on the other hand, a system based on Standard German. The English original is found in the first column, and a 1955:. The changes in pronunciation, combined with the general disappearance of declensions as described above, result in a form of the dialect that has evolved somewhat from its early Pennsylvania origins nearly 300 years ago and is still rather easy to understand by German dialect speakers of the Rhineland-Palatinate area. 2548:

According to one scholar, "today, almost all Amish are functionally bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English; however, domains of usage are sharply separated. Pennsylvania Dutch dominates in most in-group settings, such as the dinner table and preaching in church services. In contrast, English is

2042:

competing models upon which numerous orthographic (i.e., spelling) systems have been based by individuals who attempt to write in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. One 'school' tends to follow the rules of American English orthography, the other the rules of Standard German orthography (developed by

2536:

As of 1989, non-sectarian, or non-Amish and non-Mennonite, native Pennsylvania-Dutch speaking parents have generally spoken to their children exclusively in English. The reasons they cited were preventing their children from developing a "Dutch" accent and preparing them for school. Older speakers

2786:

Among them, the Old Order Amish population was probably around 227,000 in 2008. Additionally, the Old Order Mennonite population, a sizable percentage of which is Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking, numbers several tens of thousands. There are also thousands of other Mennonites who speak the dialect, as

2782:

There are also attempts being made in a few communities to teach the dialect in a classroom setting; however, as every year passes by, fewer and fewer in those particular communities speak the dialect. There is still a weekly radio program in the dialect whose audience is made up mostly of the

1007:

which means 'to inform' and not the sharing of concrete entities, are not semantically transparent. That is, their meaning is not the sum of their parts. Separable verbs are used widely in Pennsylvania Dutch, and separable verbs can even be formed with English roots and prefixes. Virtually all

2041:

Pennsylvania Dutch has primarily been a spoken dialect throughout its history, with very few of its speakers making much of an attempt to read or write it. Writing in Pennsylvania Dutch can be a difficult task, and there is no spelling standard for the dialect. There are currently two primary

2986:

went its own way as an independent nation. In that history, Pennsylvania adopted the Pennsylvania Dutch language as its national language and developed into a German-speaking nation, with its own specific culture, very distinct from both its English-speaking neighbors and European Germany.

2544:

offers a complete minor program in Pennsylvania German Studies. The program includes two full semesters of the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. In the 2007–2008 school year, the classes were being taught by Professor Edward Quinter. In 2008–2009, Professor Robert Lusch served as the instructor.

2394:

replaced Pennsylvania German schools with English-only schools. Literary German disappeared from Pennsylvania Dutch life little by little, starting with schools, and then to churches and newspapers. With the decline of German instruction, Pennsylvania High German became a dead language.

2790:

There are no formal statistics on the size of the Amish population, and most who speak Pennsylvania Dutch on the Canadian and U.S. censuses would report that they speak German, since it is the closest option available. Pennsylvania Dutch was reported under ethnicity in the 2000 census.

872:, all of whom were Amish or Mennonite, showed strong age-related variation. Speakers under the age of 40 never used the dative, while older speakers showed strongly variable behavior. There was little difference between members of the different religious denominations in the Kalona. 2549:

used for most reading and writing. English is also the medium of instruction in schools and is used in business transactions and often, out of politeness, in situations involving interactions with non-Amish. Finally, the Amish read prayers and sing in Standard, or High, German (

822:(literally: 'to the man his dog'). Studies have shown variability in the use of the dative case in both sectarian and non-sectarian communities. The trend is towards use of the common case for nouns and the accusative case for pronouns, instead of the dative. Thus, 2783:

diverse groups, and many Lutheran and Reformed congregations in Pennsylvania that formerly used German have a yearly service in Pennsylvania Dutch. Other non-native speakers of the dialect include those persons that regularly do business with native speakers.

2032:

can still sometimes be heard. Although the more-recently coined term is being used in the context of this and related articles to describe this Pennsylvania Dutch-influenced English, it has traditionally been referred to as "Dutchy" or "Dutchified" English.

577:. Since that time, its use in Pennsylvania rural areas has greatly declined. It is best preserved in the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities, and presently the members of both groups make up the majority of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers. 2558:

Because it is an isolated dialect and almost all native speakers are bilingual in English, the biggest threat to the dialect is gradual decay of the traditional vocabulary, which is then replaced by English loan words or words corrupted from English.

1988:

Numerous English words have been borrowed and adapted for use in Pennsylvania Dutch since the first generations of Pennsylvania German habitation of southeastern Pennsylvania. Examples of English loan words that are relatively common are

2058:

version appears in the fifth column. (Note: The German version(s) of the Lord's Prayer most likely to have been used by Pennsylvania Germans would have been derived in most cases from Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.)

1980:

The people from southern Germany, eastern France and Switzerland, where the Pennsylvania Dutch culture and dialect sprung, started to arrive in North America in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, before the beginning of the

2529:, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches. Even though Amish and Old Order Mennonites were originally a minority group within the Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking population, today they form the vast majority. According to sociologist 423: 694:, a region almost identical to the historical Palatinate. There are similarities between the German dialect that is still spoken in this small part of southwestern Germany and Pennsylvania Dutch. When individuals from the 556:

in Canada. The dialect historically was also spoken in other regions where its use has largely or entirely faded. The practice of Pennsylvania Dutch as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania, including

776:

The American English influence is most significant on vocabulary and to a much lesser degree on pronunciation; the English influence on grammar is relatively small. The question of whether the large loss of the

4196: 849:

of articles and adjectives modifying nouns. In non-sectarian speech in central Pennsylvania, the dative is widely used among the older generations who are fluent in Pennsylvania German, whereas younger

2470:

Pennsylvania Dutch, which is now in its fourth century on North American soil, had more than 250,000 speakers in 2012. It has shifted its center to the West with approximately 160,000 speakers in

2451:, was completed and published in 2013 by TGS International. Deitsh Books has published a dictionary (2013) and a grammar book (2014) by D Miller using the same American English orthography. 2379:), used between the 1700s and early 1900s. In Pennsylvania, this literary form helped maintain German education and instruction, and was spoken in schools and churches. It is often seen in 911:, as in English. This follows the pattern of words with inseparable prefixes in German. However, English-origin verbs which are stressed on the first syllable may also appear without the 525:“deitsch”, which in the Pennsylvania German language refers to the Pennsylvania Dutch or Germans in general., though some authors have described this hypothesis as a misapprehension. 2521:

do so in the current generation, and there are no signs that the practice will end in the future. There are only two car driving Anabaptist groups who have preserved the dialect: The

4189: 4094: 2050:). The choice of writing system is not meant to imply any difference in pronunciation. For comparison, a translation into Pennsylvania Dutch, using two spelling systems, of the 585: 6347: 2028:

Conversely, although many among the earlier generations of Pennsylvania Dutch could speak English, they were known for speaking it with a strong and distinctive accent. Such

4182: 1815:, there have been numerous other shifts that can make their Pennsylvania Dutch particularly difficult for modern High German speakers to understand. A word beginning in 868:

in central Pennsylvania had almost completely replaced the dative with the accusative case. Meanwhile, members of the entirely Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking community in

845:, and to indicate the direct objects of certain verbs. It is expressed, as in Standard German, through the use of dative forms of personal pronouns and through certain 6933: 789: 2794:

There are also some Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who belong to traditional Anabaptist groups in Latin America. Even though most Mennonite communities in Belize speak

2025:

for 'to jump'. Today, many speakers will use Pennsylvania Dutch words for the smaller numerals and English for larger and more complicated numbers, like $ 27,599.

1036:

Adjectival endings exist but appear simplified compared to Standard German. As in all other South German dialects, the past tense is generally expressed using the

467:, and other related groups in the United States and Canada. There are approximately 300,000 native speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada. 4154: 4006: 4390: 2897:, a popular poem in the dialect (with significant English influence in the form of loanwords) is printed; the free-translation is, in the main, by J. Cooper. 6923: 6918: 368: 773:, several vowels and consonants in Pennsylvania Dutch differ when compared with Standard German or Upper German dialects such as Alemannic and Bavarian. 1161:

The tables below use IPA symbols to compare sounds used in Standard German (to the left) with sounds that correspond to them in their Pennsylvania Dutch

3338:

Nicoline van der Sijs:Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. Amsterdam University Press, 2009, page 15.

2726:, where German was already mostly replaced at the end of the 19th century. There are several Old Order Amish communities (especially in Indiana) where 2738: 470:

The language traditionally has been spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, who are descendants of late 17th- and early to late 18th-century immigrants to

6928: 2764: 2602: 2965:

character Leanne Taylor and family are featured speaking Pennsylvania Dutch in flashbacks showing her Amish background before ending up in prison.

2435:

Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., using American English orthography (see Written language), has translated the Bible into Pennsylvania Dutch. The

6963: 6710: 6340: 2723: 2391: 2779:

have mostly switched to English. In 2017, there were about 10,000 speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in Canada, far fewer than in the United States.

3347:

Sally McMurry: Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2011, page 2.

4304: 2776: 2592: 6893: 4927: 2417:. It is published twice a year (2,400 copies per issue)—since 2013 in cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at 760:(1170–1250). Pennsylvania Dutch instead reflects the independent development of Palatine German, especially from the region that is called 781:—the most significant difference compared with Palatine German—is due to English influence or reflects an inner development is disputed. 6948: 6763: 3320:

Robert Hendrickson (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. United States of America: Infobase Publishing. p. 723.

513:

Differing explanations exist on why the Pennsylvania Dutch are referred to as “Dutch”, which typically refers to the inhabitants of the

2775:

and smaller pockets of others (regardless of religious affiliation) speak Pennsylvania Dutch. The members of the car driving Old Order

800:

As in Standard German, Pennsylvania Dutch uses three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Pennsylvania Dutch has three cases for

6589: 6584: 6516: 6333: 3410: 2722:

In the United States, most Old Order Amish and all "horse and buggy" Old Order Mennonite groups speak Pennsylvania Dutch, except the

6898: 6795: 3854: 3834: 2947:

More example of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch can be found at the page "American Languages – our nation's many languages online" of the

2742: 2718:

Map showing the U.S. counties with the highest proportion (blue) and highest number (red) of Pennsylvania German speakers as of 2006

2503: 3761: 2737:, not Pennsylvania Dutch, are spoken. Additionally, English has mostly replaced Pennsylvania Dutch among the car driving Old Order 6953: 6938: 6444: 4383: 3196: 573:, was declining by the beginning of the 20th century. But in more rural Pennsylvania areas, it continued in widespread use until 6550: 5312: 2662: 381: 3936: 6449: 3211: 1812: 709:

Pennsylvania Dutch for the most part does not reflect the diverse origins of the early speakers from regions along the upper

3986: 671:

dialects; it is believed that in the first generations after the settlers arrived, the dialects merged. The result of that

6206: 2818:

who speak Pennsylvania Dutch while the great majority of conservative Mennionites in those countries speak Plautdietsch.

6958: 6439: 6236: 5406: 5368: 5353: 4680: 2376: 968:

composed of a root verb and a prefix. Some of these in Standard German are completely semantically transparent, such as

317: 248: 6913: 6908: 6579: 6216: 6076: 5385: 5375: 4376: 770: 2748:

Other religious groups among whose members the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect would have once been predominant, include:

1008:

separable verbs in Pennsylvania Dutch are semantically transparent. Many semantically opaque separable verbs such as

6594: 6454: 4592: 4222: 4001: 3201: 2414: 2029: 1964: 701:

region of Germany today encounter Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, conversation is often possible to a limited degree.

3881: 6736: 6356: 5933: 197: 6943: 6903: 6429: 6211: 6165: 6160: 6084: 5694: 5678: 5557: 5416: 4352: 3116: 2622: 2526: 2364: 687: 664: 598: 537: 448: 391: 329: 211: 202: 5992: 335: 3532:

Fuller, Janet M. (1999). "The Role of English in Pennsylvania German Development: Best Supporting Actress?".

6841: 6654: 6150: 6094: 6089: 6009: 5682: 5632: 5390: 4932: 4750: 4434: 4422: 4314: 3496: 2961: 2948: 2768: 2642: 1804: 566: 558: 253: 177: 167: 2409:

allows dialect authors (of whom there are still about 100) to publish Pennsylvania Dutch poetry and prose.

6758: 6753: 6497: 6407: 6155: 5637: 5603: 5221: 5037: 4897: 4737: 4632: 3951: 3101: 2969: 2760:. Until fairly recent times, the speaking of Pennsylvania Dutch had absolutely no religious connotations. 2047: 1952: 1898: 1877: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1742: 1737: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1691: 1686: 1662: 1640: 1635: 1614: 1609: 1585: 1563: 1557: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1449: 1442: 1422: 1417: 1396: 1391: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1301: 1296: 1275: 1270: 1249: 1244: 1223: 1218: 1197: 1192: 675:

was a dialect very close to the eastern dialects of Palatine German, especially the rural dialects around

541: 4049:

Mir Schwetz Deitsch: A Guide for Learning the Skills of Reading, Writing and Speaking Pennsylvania German

3786: 6313: 6277: 5545: 5538: 5490: 5260: 5231: 5200: 5163: 5088: 4937: 4845: 4758: 4619: 4581: 4331: 4299: 4273: 4226: 3076: 2799: 2632: 2495: 1982: 562: 444: 344: 5778: 4653: 4066:

Mir Lanne Deitsch: A Guide for Learning the Skills of Reading, Writing and Speaking Pennsylvania German

1088:

is totally lost) in a limited number of verbs. In all other verbs it is expressed through the form of

875:

Many verbs of English origin are used in Pennsylvania Dutch. Most English-origin verbs are treated as

6826: 6599: 6459: 6282: 6262: 6231: 6104: 5964: 5938: 5839: 5710: 5528: 5120: 4947: 4909: 4904: 4778: 4725: 4483: 4232: 3687: 3568: 3160: 2757: 2753: 2518: 2486:

and other Midwest states. There is even a small but growing number of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers in

1142: 614: 182: 2714: 605:

The ancestors of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers came from various parts of the southwestern regions of

6874: 6543: 6434: 6221: 5768: 5613: 5457: 5411: 5345: 5098: 4860: 4745: 4658: 4456: 4044: 3907: 3126: 3081: 3071: 3041: 3026: 2772: 2652: 2541: 2491: 2418: 2372: 695: 610: 206: 192: 1800: 769:

Since Pennsylvania Dutch is largely derived from Palatine German, which did not fully undergo the

6715: 6693: 6567: 6464: 6380: 6267: 6119: 6109: 6064: 5826: 5753: 5650: 5495: 5470: 5465: 5358: 5186: 5071: 4892: 4670: 4665: 4644: 4605: 4409: 4399: 3549: 3477: 3469: 3106: 3096: 3046: 2974: 2612: 2487: 2387: 2380: 1973: 1327: 876: 855: 757: 570: 522: 452: 172: 138: 6191: 5110: 6748: 6720: 6628: 6241: 6040: 5956: 5949: 5904: 5848: 5608: 5598: 5581: 5576: 5480: 5242: 5042: 5003: 4983: 4821: 4713: 4695: 4547: 4069: 4052: 3850: 3830: 3646: 3541: 3461: 3406: 3233: 3086: 2983: 2979: 2734: 2530: 2462: 2360: 1037: 801: 749: 691: 672: 258: 2533:, less than 10 percent of the original Pennsylvania Dutch population was Amish or Mennonite. 17: 6481: 6476: 6424: 6196: 5987: 5921: 5877: 5872: 5821: 5813: 5618: 5586: 5533: 5522: 5435: 5307: 5302: 5144: 5083: 4873: 4855: 4690: 4451: 4443: 4309: 4283: 4263: 4253: 4174: 3699: 3580: 3453: 3244: 3216: 3206: 3174: 3121: 3066: 3036: 3011: 2704: 2672: 2522: 2444: 2422: 2405: 2051: 1073: 842: 668: 660: 491: 88: 3497:"A Plain Difference: Variation in Case-Marking in a Pennsylvania German Speaking Community" 3356:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2

3311:

Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2

6856: 6846: 6816: 6385: 6226: 6019: 5926: 5909: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5591: 5500: 5485: 5440: 5292: 5255: 5247: 5226: 5213: 5193: 5179: 4942: 4919: 4850: 4840: 4832: 4612: 4206: 4164: 4095:"A Working Bibliography for the Study of the Pennsylvania German Language and Its Sources" 4010: 3990: 3940: 3810: 3091: 3021: 3001: 2803: 2499: 2055: 955:. Both English influence and overall simplification may be at work in the dropping of the 880: 805: 753: 745: 741: 652: 606: 159: 128: 6186: 1137:

Several Pennsylvania Dutch grammars have been published over the years. Two examples are

837:

The dative case in Pennsylvania German is used to express possession, to mark objects of

4084:

A Working Bibliography for the Study of the Pennsylvania German Language and Its Sources

6659: 6536: 6391: 6307: 6201: 6181: 6133: 6025: 5899: 5569: 5336: 5275: 5054: 5011: 4968: 4885: 4880: 4769: 4719: 4570: 4521: 4476: 4469: 4347: 4258: 3427:

Lexikologische Studien zum Pennsylvaniadeutschen: Wortbildung des Pennsylvaniadeutschen

3188: 3061: 3056: 3016: 2727: 2700: 965: 794: 718: 638: 622: 518: 487: 187: 4082: 3849:

by Charles E. Hurst and David L. McConnell. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2010.

3829:

by Charles E. Hurst and David L. McConnell. The Johns Hopkins University Press: 2010.

309: 6887: 6400: 6272: 6257: 6099: 5855: 5806: 5623: 5562: 5475: 5421: 5380: 5318: 5265: 5149: 5076: 4506: 4319: 3481: 3146: 3111: 3031: 3006: 2996: 2731: 2436: 2043: 483: 124: 103: 4038: 3933: 6851: 6831: 6811: 6615: 6126: 5550: 5514: 5447: 5270: 5093: 5066: 5049: 4993: 4952: 4534: 4513: 4357: 4278: 4248: 3703: 3584: 3239: 3221: 3051: 2795: 2368: 1165:, reflecting their respective evolutions since they diverged from a common origin. 1150: 869: 851: 838: 680: 590: 574: 471: 363:

Pennsylvania Dutch is not endangered according to the classification system of the

98: 5773: 3967: 2432:

publishing house Edition Tintenfaß started to print books in Pennsylvania Dutch.

6768: 6664: 6620: 6610: 6033: 5943: 5916: 5788: 5734: 5642: 5324: 5285: 4868: 4563: 4527: 4462: 3979: 2879: 2835: 2798:, some few hundreds who came to Belize mostly around 1970 and who belong to the 2454:

In 2014, Jehovah's Witnesses began to publish literature in Pennsylvania Dutch.

865: 813: 778: 730: 656: 594: 514: 507: 464: 356: 322: 3168: 2513:

background in general do not pass the dialect to their children today, but the

6836: 6821: 6687: 5783: 5763: 5128: 4798: 4499: 3457: 3329:

Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.

3136: 2870: 2853: 2510: 1969: 1119: 1115: 846: 809: 4073: 3847:

An Amish Paradox: Diversity and Change in the World's Largest Amish Community

3827:

An Amish Paradox: Diversity and Change in the World's Largest Amish Community

3747: 3545: 3465: 589:

A linguistic map of West Germanic dialects on the European mainland prior to

6869: 6773: 6325: 5969: 5832: 5717: 5363: 5280: 5061: 5016: 4988: 4814: 4056: 2890: 2811: 2479: 714: 549: 460: 302: 286: 108: 5793: 4159: 3444:

Huffines, Marion Lois (1991). "Acquisition Strategies in Language Death".

293: 5758: 5106: 3762:"Maple View North Mennonite Meetinghouse (Alma, Ontario, Canada) – GAMEO" 2749: 726: 676: 545: 499: 479: 475: 399: 387: 83: 73: 4130:

Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis / German-Pennsylvanian Association

3473: 6741: 5799: 5395: 5297: 4326: 4141: 3724: 3226: 2807: 2475: 2466:

Pennsylvania German sticker, saying, "We still speak the mother tongue"

2429: 1162: 737:) but almost exclusively the strong immigrant group from the Palatine. 553: 533: 395: 118: 68: 4169: 3553: 3383:(Revised ed.). Allentown, PA, USA: Schlecter's. pp. 137–145. 6778: 5102: 4368: 3402: 2815: 2440: 1901:. The shift is rather common with German children learning to speak. 734: 642: 634: 630: 503: 495: 364: 3633:

Wie's klingt am Rhei' mundartliche Gedichte aus der hessischen Pfalz

2752:

and German Reformed congregations of Pennsylvania Dutch background,

895:

suffix, thus for example the past participle of 'change' is usually

3673:

A Pennsylvania Dutch Boy And the Truth About the Pennsylvania Dutch

528:

Speakers of the dialect today are primarily found in Pennsylvania,

6783: 6559: 5020: 3815:

Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites and Mennonites

2982:

in which the United States was never established, but each of the

2713: 2581: 2514: 2461: 1968: 1799: 1029:, meaning, 'to move house', has been replaced by the English word 901:. Verbs with unstressed first syllables generally do not take the 788: 722: 710: 626: 584: 456: 3269: 4119: 2483: 2471: 854:

tend not to use the dative as much. Many semi-speakers used the

529: 93: 78: 6532: 6329: 6062: 5676: 4420: 4372: 4178: 3735: 2900: 3605: 2447:

was published in 2002 by the Bible League. The entire Bible,

756:

in a very long process that started in the time of classical

3675:. United States of America: Xlibris US. pp. 17, 18, 19. 2938:

This link contains an example of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch:

2834: 2763:

In Ontario, Canada, the Old Order Amish, the members of the

4160:

Pennsylvania German in non-Amish, non-Mennonite communities

3968:

2016 Amish Population: Two New Settlements In South America

2540:

There have been efforts to advance the use of the dialect.

398:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

2939: 2871: 2854: 2550: 2020: 2014: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1947: 1941: 1929: 1923: 1893: 1887: 1872: 1866: 1854: 1848: 1836: 1830: 1790: 1754: 1728: 1677: 1652: 1626: 1600: 1575: 1548: 1517: 1462: 1408: 1382: 1347: 1314: 1287: 1261: 1235: 1209: 1129: 1123: 1109: 1101: 1095: 1059: 1053: 1041: 1009: 956: 950: 944: 938: 932: 926: 912: 902: 896: 890: 884: 829: 823: 817: 434: 418: 412: 45: 6528: 4165:

From the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

4087:(Second, revised ed.). Philadelphia: Otto Springer. 4014: 1912:

of earlier generations and also turned into an American

3369:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241 2242:

wie mir denne vergewwe, wo an uns schuldich worre sin.

1046:('I have run into the field') and not the simple past ( 931:. Some German-origin verbs may also appear without the 597:

is yellow and orange, including Pennsylvania Dutch and

4129: 4124: 1908:

after guttural consonants has mixed with the guttural

2802:

speak Pennsylvania Dutch. There are also some recent

349:

Pennsylvania Dutch distribution in the United States

6804: 6729: 6703: 6566: 6490: 6417: 6373: 6250: 6174: 6143: 6075: 6007: 5865: 5746: 5702: 5693: 5513: 5456: 5344: 5335: 5240: 5212: 5171: 5162: 5137: 5119: 5030: 5002: 4976: 4967: 4918: 4831: 4806: 4797: 4736: 4631: 4580: 4555: 4546: 4442: 4433: 4340: 4292: 4241: 4214: 2828: 964:Pennsylvania Dutch, like Standard German, has many 328: 316: 300: 284: 279: 241: 156: 144: 134: 61: 53: 34: 3868:Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 3268:2016 American Community Survey, 5-year estimates ( 2202:Geb uns heit das Brot, was mer de Daach brauchen, 1052:), which is retained only in the verb "to be", as 150:237,000 (2016-2020 American Community Survey) 3379:Buffington, Alfred F.; Preston A. Barba (1965) . 2568:Sectarian speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in 2015 2502:Old Order Mennonites in the northern part of the 1823:, which is more easily pronounced, and so German 4170:Possible explanations for the confusion of names 3692:The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 3573:The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 917:prefix. Thus, 'realize' is conjugated simply as 3787:"Midwest Beachy Amish Mennonite Church – GAMEO" 3748:"Online Bichah es Dich Helft di Bivvel Shtodya" 2245:wie wir denen vergeben, die uns schuldig sind. 3399:Pfälzisch. Einführung in eine Sprachlandschaft 740:Pennsylvania Dutch is not a corrupted form of 6544: 6341: 4384: 4190: 3908:"Amish population nearly doubles in 16 years" 3439: 3437: 3435: 2403:Since 1997, the Pennsylvania Dutch newspaper 2233:as we forgive those who trespass against us. 907:prefix, so the past participle of 'adopt' is 8: 3956:Old Order and Conservative Mennonites Groups 3280: 3278: 2494:in Belize among Old Order Mennonites of the 2239:wie mir die vergewwe wu uns schuldich sinn. 2008: 1935: 1917: 1881: 1860: 1842: 1824: 1783: 1747: 1721: 1670: 1645: 1619: 1593: 1568: 1541: 1510: 1455: 1432: 1401: 1375: 1340: 1307: 1280: 1254: 1228: 1202: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1047: 987: 981: 975: 969: 761: 646: 152:to 350,000 (2012) (L2 speakers: about 3,000) 4033:Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest 3527: 3525: 3286:Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest 2695:* Includes all Amish horse and buggy groups 2248:wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern. 2001:'I bet you can speak Pennsylvania Dutch'), 1976:arts history in Pennsylvania Dutch language 1014: 992: 6551: 6537: 6529: 6348: 6334: 6326: 6072: 6059: 5699: 5690: 5673: 5341: 5168: 4973: 4803: 4552: 4439: 4430: 4417: 4391: 4377: 4369: 4197: 4183: 4175: 3934:Ancestry: 2000, Census 2000 Brief C2KBR-35 3866:Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown (eds.): 2566: 2236:vi miah dee fagevva vo uns shuldich sinn. 686:Pennsylvania Dutch is mainly derived from 659:. Most of the people in these areas spoke 355: 343: 31: 3405:: Pfälzische Verlagsanstalt. p. 44. 3299:Der Regebogen The Rainbow · Volumes 19-21 2927:And stand at the schoolhouse by the creek 2697:except the speakers of Alemannic dialects 2421:. Since 2002, the newspaper is published 3723:Werner, Michael (ed.) Hiwwe wie Driwwe. 2498:. The dialect is used vigorously by the 2061: 1476: 1445:(only with feminine and plural endings) 1172: 1147:A Pennsylvania German Reader and Grammar 494:and, to a lesser degree, the regions of 369:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 6934:German-American culture in Pennsylvania 6711:List of U.S. states by Amish population 3980:Worte des Lebens – Pennsylvania Dutch: 3392: 3390: 3261: 2308:Denn Dein ist das Reich, und die Kraft 2265:Und führe uns nicht in die Versuchung, 2013:'it depends somewhat on who you are'); 392:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 3446:Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2825: 2765:Ontario Old Order Mennonite Conference 2375:, and other Palatine states (e.g. the 1139:A Simple Grammar of Pennsylvania Dutch 4093:Mammana, Richard (November 1, 2021). 2777:Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference 2758:Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren 1998:Ich bet, du kannscht Deitsch schwetze 828:, for example, has frequently become 690:, spoken by 2,400,000 Germans in the 7: 3725:http://hiwwewiedriwwe.wordpress.com/ 2293:For thine is the kingdom, the power 2259:Un fiehr uns net in die Versuchung, 2208:Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute, 2196:Unsah tayklich broht gebb uns heit, 2010:Es dependt en wennig, waer du bischt 943:'talk, speak', may be conjugated as 6764:List of Amish and their descendants 4953:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 4144:– The Pennsylvania German Newspaper 4091:Digitized and hyperlinked version: 3631:The Bavarian State Library (1886). 2876:('My father and mother are German') 2305:Denn Dein ist das Reich, die Kraft 2302:Dir gheert jo es Reich, die Kraft, 2268:Und führe uns nicht in Versuchung, 2256:Un fiah uns naett in di fasuchung, 2199:Unser deeglich Brot gebb uns heit, 744:, since Standard German originally 6924:German-American culture in Indiana 6919:German-Canadian culture in Ontario 6312:Languages between parentheses are 2912:Und steh am Schulhaus an d'r Krick 2328:und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. 2325:und die Herrlichkeit in Ewigkeit. 2322:un die Herrlichkeit in Ewichkeit. 2313:and the glory, For ever and ever. 2288:sondern erlöse uns von dem Bösen. 2205:Unser täglich Brot gib uns heute, 2193:Give us this day our daily bread. 921:, and 'farm' may be conjugated as 25: 6796:Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch 3958:, Intercourse, PA 1996, page 104. 3906:Mark Scolforo (August 20, 2008). 3504:OSU Working Papers in Linguistics 2944:('Are you born as a Christian?'). 2873:Mei Vadder un Mudder sinn Deitsch 2769:David Martin Old Order Mennonites 2673:Amish Mennonites (Midwest Beachy) 2643:Old Order David Martin Mennonites 2504:Regional Municipality of Waterloo 2319:un die Hallichkeit in Ewichkeit. 2316:un di hallichkeit in ayvichkeit. 6868: 6511: 6510: 3880:Reed, Frank L. (March 3, 2013). 3510:. Ohio State University: 249–288 3197:German-Pennsylvanian Association 3181: 3167: 3153: 3139: 2914:Juscht nächst ans Daddy's Haus. 2865: 2848: 2724:Old Order Mennonites of Virginia 2299:Fer dei is es Reich, die Graft, 2262:Un fiehr uns nit in Versuchung, 2253:And lead us not into temptation 692:Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region 6929:German-American culture in Ohio 6572:(by number of church districts) 4125:The Pennsylvania German Society 4031:Keiser, Steven Hartman (2012). 2991:Notable authors and translators 2921:Today it's exactly twenty years 2910:Nau bin ich widder lewig z'rück 2663:Old Order Reidenbach Mennonites 2603:Old Order Mennonites of Ontario 2213:And forgive us our trespasses; 2165:Deinen Willen lass getan sein, 2125:Deinen Namen lass heilig sein, 705:Comparison with Standard German 552:, in the United States, and in 6964:Christian liturgical languages 6316:of the language on their left. 4120:German Society of Pennsylvania 4064:Druckenbrod, Richard (1997) . 3704:10.1080/19306962.1945.11786250 3671:Merritt George Yorgey (2008). 3585:10.1080/19306962.1945.11786250 3495:Keiser, Steve Hartman (1999). 3270:https://usa.ipums.org/usa/sda/ 3212:Languages in the United States 2929:Just next to Grandpa's house. 2906:Heut is 's xäctly zwanzig Johr 2359:Pennsylvania High German is a 2296:Fa dei is es Reich, di graft, 2228:Und vergib uns unsere Schuld, 2093:Our Father who art in heaven, 1813:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 27:Variety of West Central German 1: 6207:Germanic substrate hypothesis 4155:Recordings of native speakers 3381:A Pennsylvania German Grammar 2730:, a form of Swiss German and 2188:wie im Himmel, so auf Erden. 2173:on earth as it is in heaven. 1485:Pennsylvania Dutch consonant 1452:(only with feminine endings) 490:, who arrived primarily from 18:Pennsylvania Dutch (language) 6237:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 4928:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 3886:Biblical Brethren Fellowship 3870:, Baltimore, 2017, page 109. 3817:, Baltimore, 2010, page 239. 3736:https://www.deitshbooks.com/ 3688:"Pennsylvania "High German"" 3686:Wood, Ralph Charles (1945). 3569:"Pennsylvania "High German"" 3567:Wood, Ralph Charles (1945). 3301:. 1985. pp. 25, 26, 27. 2276:avvah hald uns fu'm eevila. 2185:auf der Erde wie im Himmel. 2119:dei Naame loss heilich sei, 2116:dei nohma loss heilich sei, 1529:(mostly following a vowel + 752:based on the various spoken 609:-speaking Europe, including 6894:Pennsylvania Dutch language 6791:Pennsylvania Dutch language 6217:High German consonant shift 4009:September 21, 2008, at the 3989:September 11, 2016, at the 3939:September 20, 2004, at the 3365:Hostetler, John A. (1993), 2925:Now I am back again, alive, 2686: 2676: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2616: 2606: 2596: 2593:Old Order Wenger Mennonites 2586: 2285:aber halte uns vom Üblen . 2222:Un vergeb uns unser Schuld 2179:uff die Erd wie im Himmel. 2128:geheiligt werde dein Name, 2122:Dei Name sell heilich sei, 1491:Pennsylvania Dutch cognate 1187:Pennsylvania Dutch cognate 1064:, corresponding to English 771:High German consonant shift 6980: 6949:Amish in the United States 6455:Pennsylvania Dutch English 6368:indicate extinct languages 4755:Westlauwers–Terschellings 4408:According to contemporary 3982:Bisht du en Christ gebore? 3202:Pennsylvania Dutch Country 2941:Bisht du en Christ gebore? 2282:awwer rett uns vum Beese. 2279:awwer hald uns vum ewile. 2273:but deliver us from evil. 2225:Und vergib unsere Schuld, 2219:Un vergebb unser Schulde, 2030:Pennsylvania Dutch English 1965:Pennsylvania Dutch English 1962: 1482:Standard German consonant 793:Pennsylvania Dutch writer 540:, as well as parts of the 6865: 6737:Amish religious practices 6651:Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO) 6506: 6363: 6357:Languages of Pennsylvania 6299: 6071: 6058: 5980: 5934:Southern Schleswig Danish 5689: 5672: 4429: 4416: 4406: 3458:10.1017/S0272263100009712 2923:Since I went up and away; 2904: 2864: 2847: 2833: 2527:Kauffman Amish Mennonites 2182:uf de Erd wie im Himmel. 2176:uf di eaht vi im Himmel. 2159:Dei Wille loss gedu sei, 2156:Dei villa loss gedu sei, 2019:for 'chap' or 'guy'; and 1181:Pennsylvania Dutch vowel 667:and, to a lesser degree, 378: 354: 342: 44: 39: 6899:Central German languages 6445:Inland Northern American 6212:West Germanic gemination 6166:Ancient Belgian language 6161:Germanic parent language 6105:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 5227:Austrian Standard German 4353:Kiautschou German pidgin 4305:Argentinian Swiss German 4035:. Duke University Press. 3985:at globalrecordings.net 3117:Louis August Wollenweber 2908:Dass ich bin owwe naus; 2623:Tampico Amish Mennonites 2423:both online and in print 2355:Pennsylvania High German 2216:Un fagebb unsah shulda, 2145:Dein Reich lass kommen. 2099:Unser Vadder im Himmel, 2096:Unsah Faddah im Himmel, 1959:Interaction with English 1488:Standard German cognate 1359:from Middle High German 1184:Standard German cognate 1134:('I would have eaten'). 6954:History of Pennsylvania 6939:German-American history 6875:Christianity portal 6842:Literature on the Amish 4081:Springer, Otto (1941). 3284:Steven Hartman Keiser: 2968:Science-fiction writer 2962:Orange is the New Black 2949:University of Wisconsin 2940: 2872: 2855: 2551: 2162:Dei Wille sell gschehe 2108:Vater Unser im Himmel, 2105:Unser Vater im Himmel, 2102:Unser Vadder im Himmel 2078:Modern Palatine German 2021: 2015: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1948: 1942: 1930: 1924: 1894: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1855: 1849: 1837: 1831: 1805:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1791: 1755: 1729: 1678: 1653: 1627: 1601: 1576: 1549: 1518: 1463: 1409: 1383: 1348: 1315: 1288: 1262: 1236: 1210: 1130: 1124: 1110: 1102: 1096: 1060: 1054: 1043:Ich bin ins Feld glaafe 1042: 1010: 957: 951: 945: 939: 933: 927: 913: 903: 897: 891: 885: 830: 824: 818: 435: 425:Pennsilfaanisch-Deitsch 419: 413: 47:Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch 46: 6759:Women in Amish society 6754:Health among the Amish 6498:American Sign Language 6450:Northeast Pennsylvania 6273:Preterite-present verb 6156:Proto-Germanic grammar 6110:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 5222:German Standard German 4898:East Frisian Low Saxon 3882:"Pennsylvania "Dutch"" 3651:publicdomainreview.org 3102:Louise Adeline Weitzel 2919: 2839: 2800:Noah Hoover Mennonites 2719: 2467: 2386:Immediately after the 2142:Dei Reich sell kumme, 2139:Dei Reich loss komme. 2136:Dei Reich loss kumma. 2113:Hallowed be thy name. 2065:English (traditional) 2009: 1977: 1936: 1918: 1882: 1861: 1843: 1825: 1808: 1784: 1748: 1722: 1671: 1646: 1620: 1594: 1569: 1542: 1511: 1456: 1433: 1402: 1376: 1341: 1308: 1281: 1255: 1229: 1203: 1178:Standard German vowel 1094:of the verbs 'to do' ( 1090: 1084: 1078: 1048: 988: 982: 976: 970: 797: 762: 647: 618: 602: 380:This article contains 127:and some locations in 6278:Grammatischer Wechsel 5261:Namibian Black German 5232:Swiss Standard German 5201:Early New High German 4759:Mainland West Frisian 4620:Harlingerland Frisian 4227:Namibian Black German 4209:spoken outside Europe 4015:http://csumc.wisc.edu 3397:Post, Rudolf (1990). 3077:Clarence G. Reitnauer 2859:('the mother tongue') 2838: 2717: 2465: 2168:Dein Wille geschehe, 1983:Industrial Revolution 1972: 1803: 792: 588: 266:Old Rhine Franconian 57:United States, Canada 6827:Amish preaching soup 6440:Central Pennsylvania 6283:Indo-European ablaut 6263:Germanic strong verb 6232:Germanic spirant law 5369:Southeast Limburgish 4865:Gelders-Overijssels 4494:Irish Middle English 4484:Early Modern English 4341:Asia and the Pacific 4045:Druckenbrod, Richard 3970:at amishamerica.com. 3161:United States portal 2519:Old Order Mennonites 2517:and horse-and-buggy 2509:Speakers without an 2506:in Ontario, Canada. 2083:(close translation) 2048:Albert F. Buffington 1114:) combined with the 615:Electoral Palatinate 263:Old High Franconian 183:Weser-Rhine Germanic 6959:Languages of Canada 6639:New Wilmington (PA) 6418:Immigrant languages 6374:Indigenous language 6251:Synchronic features 6222:Germanic a-mutation 6175:Diachronic features 5525:in the broad sense 5458:East Central German 5412:Lorraine Franconian 5386:Transylvanian Saxon 5346:West Central German 5121:East Low Franconian 5031:West Low Franconian 4320:Paraná Volga German 4149:Further information 4136:Pennsylvania German 3127:Thomas C. Zimmerman 3082:Emmanuel Rondthaler 3072:Harry Hess Reichard 3042:Ezra Light Grumbine 3027:Richard Druckenbrod 2773:Orthodox Mennonites 2653:Orthodox Mennonites 2613:Stauffer Mennonites 2569: 2542:Kutztown University 2419:Kutztown University 2088:(standard wording) 1859:. Likewise, German 1478: 1174: 986:'go'. Others, like 974:'to go with', from 441:Pennsylvania German 323:Pennsylvania German 249:Proto-Indo-European 193:West Central German 40:Pennsylvania German 6914:Fusional languages 6909:Diaspora languages 6669:Fredericktown (OH) 6472:Pennsylvania Dutch 6268:Germanic weak verb 6077:Language subgroups 5427:Pennsylvania Dutch 5376:Moselle Franconian 5354:Central Franconian 5187:Middle High German 4938:Central Pomeranian 4893:Northern Low Saxon 4606:Wangerooge Frisian 4400:Germanic languages 4269:Pennsylvania Dutch 4003:Pennsylvania Dutch 3932:US Census Bureau, 3914:. Associated Press 3811:Donald B. Kraybill 3647:"Fraktur Folk Art" 3429:. Stuttgart, 1988. 3097:William S. Troxell 3047:Lee Light Grumbine 2975:The Forest of Time 2972:wrote the novella 2956:In popular culture 2856:Die mudder sprooch 2842:Two YouTube videos 2840: 2720: 2567: 2563:Speaker population 2488:Upper Barton Creek 2468: 2392:federal government 2388:American Civil War 2377:Hessian Palatinate 2153:Thy will be done, 2148:Dein Reich komme. 2133:Thy kingdom come. 1978: 1974:Pennsylvania Dutch 1821:⟨ts⟩ 1819:generally becomes 1817:⟨gs⟩ 1809: 1560:(before a liquid) 1477: 1368:(in some dialects 1328:Middle High German 1173: 1076:is extant only as 856:English possessive 798: 758:Middle High German 603: 453:Pennsylvania Dutch 409:Pennsylvania Dutch 217:Pennsylvania Dutch 139:Pennsylvania Dutch 35:Pennsylvania Dutch 6881: 6880: 6749:Amish way of life 6681:Missouri/Illinois 6573: 6526: 6525: 6323: 6322: 6308:extinct languages 6295: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6242:Great Vowel Shift 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6003: 6002: 5849:Greenlandic Norse 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5599:Southern Bavarian 5582:Northern Bavarian 5558:Highest Alemannic 5509: 5508: 5243:standard variants 5158: 5157: 5004:Standard variants 4963: 4962: 4822:Middle Low German 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4593:Saterland Frisian 4366: 4365: 3234:Assabe and Sabina 3087:G. Gilbert Snyder 2984:Thirteen Colonies 2980:alternate history 2935: 2934: 2886: 2885: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2633:Hoover Mennonites 2531:John A. Hostetler 2496:Noah Hoover group 2449:Di Heilich Shrift 2352: 2351: 1914:⟨r⟩ 1910:⟨r⟩ 1906:⟨w⟩ 1798: 1797: 1470: 1469: 1128:('I would eat'), 1100:) and 'to have' ( 1049:Ich lief ins Feld 877:German weak verbs 831:der Mann sei Hund 802:personal pronouns 673:dialect levelling 538:Midwestern states 406: 405: 388:rendering support 384:phonetic symbols. 16:(Redirected from 6971: 6873: 6872: 6625:Dover (Delaware) 6585:Elkhart-LaGrange 6571: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6514: 6513: 6430:African American 6350: 6343: 6336: 6327: 6100:Elbe (Irminonic) 6073: 6060: 5988:Mainland Gutnish 5878:Swedish dialects 5840:Middle Icelandic 5814:Middle Norwegian 5703:Historical forms 5700: 5691: 5674: 5633:South Franconian 5619:Hutterite German 5587:Central Bavarian 5407:Rhine Franconian 5342: 5172:Historical forms 5169: 5084:Surinamese Dutch 4977:Historical forms 4974: 4807:Historical forms 4804: 4556:Historical forms 4553: 4440: 4431: 4418: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4370: 4310:Brazilian German 4300:Alemán Coloniero 4284:Wisconsin German 4264:Hutterite German 4199: 4192: 4185: 4176: 4142:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 4102: 4088: 4077: 4060: 4036: 4018: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3824: 3818: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3441: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3273: 3266: 3245:Hunsrik language 3217:Wisconsin German 3207:Hutterite German 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3177: 3175:Languages portal 3172: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3122:Astor C. Wuchter 3067:Abraham R. Horne 3037:Arthur D. Graeff 3012:David B. Brunner 2943: 2901: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2826: 2694: 2570: 2554: 2523:Old Beachy Amish 2411:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2406:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2383:art and script. 2073:Writing system 2 2070:(English-based) 2068:Writing system 1 2062: 2037:Written language 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1818: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1479: 1466: 1459: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1304:(in some words) 1303: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1175: 1133: 1127: 1113: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1074:subjunctive mood 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 985: 979: 973: 960: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 916: 906: 900: 894: 888: 843:indirect objects 833: 827: 825:em Mann sei Hund 821: 819:em Mann sei Hund 765: 750:written standard 661:Rhine Franconian 650: 581:European origins 492:Southern Germany 455:, including the 438: 432: 430: 429: 428: 426: 416: 372: 359: 347: 338: 312: 296: 289: 198:Rhine Franconian 162: 65:United States: 49: 32: 21: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6944:Amish in Canada 6904:German dialects 6884: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6867: 6861: 6847:Amish Mennonite 6817:Amish furniture 6800: 6725: 6699: 6675:Kansas/Oklahoma 6570: 6562: 6557: 6527: 6522: 6502: 6486: 6413: 6369: 6359: 6354: 6324: 6319: 6287: 6246: 6227:Germanic umlaut 6192:Holtzmann's law 6170: 6139: 6067: 6046: 5999: 5976: 5910:South Jutlandic 5895:Danish dialects 5861: 5742: 5685: 5656: 5638:East Franconian 5592:Viennese German 5505: 5486:Silesian German 5452: 5441:Central Hessian 5331: 5256:Namibian German 5245: 5236: 5214:Standard German 5208: 5194:New High German 5180:Old High German 5154: 5133: 5115: 5026: 4998: 4959: 4943:East Pomeranian 4933:Brandenburgisch 4920:East Low German 4914: 4841:Dutch Low Saxon 4833:West Low German 4827: 4785: 4751:Schiermonnikoog 4732: 4627: 4613:Wursten Frisian 4576: 4542: 4425: 4412: 4402: 4397: 4367: 4362: 4336: 4288: 4254:Alsatian German 4237: 4233:Nataler Deutsch 4223:Namibian German 4210: 4203: 4111: 4099:Richard Mammana 4092: 4080: 4063: 4043: 4030: 4027: 4025:Further reading 4022: 4021: 4011:Wayback Machine 4000: 3996: 3991:Wayback Machine 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3941:Wayback Machine 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3534:American Speech 3531: 3530: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3443: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3283: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3092:Pierce E. Swope 3022:Moses Dissinger 3002:C. Richard Beam 2993: 2978:, depicting an 2958: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2866: 2849: 2843: 2829:External videos 2824: 2804:New Order Amish 2705:Alsatian German 2698: 2696: 2565: 2515:Old Order Amish 2500:horse and buggy 2460: 2413:was founded by 2401: 2357: 2087: 2082: 2075:(German-based) 2074: 2069: 2056:Standard German 2039: 1967: 1961: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1820: 1816: 1475: 1171: 1159: 1143:J. William Frey 1120:past participle 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 966:separable verbs 881:past participle 787: 754:German dialects 742:Standard German 733:and the Elsass/ 707: 688:Palatine German 665:Palatine German 653:German Lorraine 583: 542:Southern states 506:, and parts of 449:Palatine German 436:Pennsilfaanisch 424: 422: 421: 420: 386:Without proper 374: 373: 362: 350: 334: 308: 292: 285: 275: 244: 237: 212:Palatine German 163: 160:Language family 158: 151: 147: 146:Native speakers 129:Central America 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6690: 6688:Tobe Hostetler 6685: 6682: 6679: 6678:Milverton (ON) 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600:Swartzentruber 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6491:Sign languages 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Proto-Germanic 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6026:Crimean Gothic 6015: 6013: 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5900:Insular Danish 5897: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5883:Rinkebysvenska 5880: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5729:Old East Norse 5726: 5724:Old West Norse 5714: 5706: 5704: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:South Tyrolean 5596: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5546:High Alemannic 5543: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5383: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5337:Central German 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5276:Barossa German 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5055:French Flemish 5047: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4971: 4969:Low Franconian 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4810: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4770:Westereendersk 4764: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4648: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4571:Middle Frisian 4567: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4531: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4477:Modern English 4473: 4470:Middle English 4466: 4459: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:Barossa German 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4259:Bernese German 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4231:South Africa: 4229: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4146: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4110: 4109:External links 4107: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4078: 4061: 4041: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4019: 3994: 3972: 3960: 3944: 3925: 3898: 3872: 3859: 3839: 3819: 3803: 3778: 3753: 3739: 3728: 3716: 3698:(4): 299–314. 3678: 3663: 3638: 3635:. p. 112. 3623: 3612:. May 24, 2014 3597: 3579:(4): 299–314. 3559: 3521: 3487: 3431: 3418: 3412:978-3876291833 3411: 3386: 3371: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3290: 3274: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3189:Germany portal 3178: 3164: 3150: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3107:Michael Werner 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3062:Edward Hermany 3059: 3057:Henry Harbaugh 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3017:Solomon DeLong 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2933: 2932: 2917: 2899: 2898: 2884: 2883: 2862: 2861: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2806:immigrants in 2754:Schwenkfelders 2728:Bernese German 2710: 2709: 2701:Bernese German 2691: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2564: 2561: 2459: 2456: 2415:Michael Werner 2400: 2397: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2038: 2035: 1960: 1957: 1916:and so German 1796: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457:eine gute Frau 1453: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1363: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1167: 1158: 1155: 1131:ich hett gesse 879:, receiving a 795:Henry Harbaugh 786: 783: 706: 703: 623:Duchy of Baden 582: 579: 519:Dutch language 488:North Carolina 451:spoken by the 404: 403: 390:, you may see 376: 375: 361: 360: 352: 351: 348: 340: 339: 332: 326: 325: 320: 314: 313: 306: 298: 297: 290: 282: 281: 280:Language codes 277: 276: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 268: 267: 254:Proto-Germanic 247: 245: 242: 239: 238: 236: 235: 234: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 188:Central German 166: 164: 157: 154: 153: 148: 145: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 122: 121: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 59: 58: 55: 54:Native to 51: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6976: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684:Somerset (PA) 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6633:Nappanee (IN) 6632: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Swiss (Allen) 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Swiss (Adams) 6609: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6519: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6408:Susquehannock 6405: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258:Germanic verb 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Sievers's law 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144:Reconstructed 6142: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5957:Middle Danish 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5833:Old Icelandic 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807:Old Norwegian 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5624:Gottscheerish 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5563:Walser German 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529:Low Alemannic 5527: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:High Prussian 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5476:Erzgebirgisch 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Luxembourgish 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5319:Klezmer-loshn 5316: 5314: 5313:Scots Yiddish 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5150:Meuse-Rhenish 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077:Kleverlandish 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038:Central Dutch 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Stellingwarfs 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4766:Wood Frisian 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4633:North Frisian 4630: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Anglo-Frisian 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293:South America 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242:North America 4240: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4205:Varieties of 4200: 4195: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114:Organizations 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4039:online review 4034: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952:Stephen Scott 3948: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855:0-8018-9398-4 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3835:0-8018-9398-4 3832: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3664: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3401:(in German). 3400: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367:Amish Society 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3151: 3148: 3147:Canada portal 3137: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112:Tobias Witmer 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3032:H. L. Fischer 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3007:John Birmelin 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2997:Preston Barba 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2970:Michael Flynn 2966: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2846: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2732:Low Alemannic 2729: 2725: 2716: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:New Testament 2433: 2431: 2428:In 2006, the 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:literary form 2354: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2086:Modern German 2085: 2081:Modern German 2080: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052:Lord's Prayer 2049: 2045: 2044:Preston Barba 2036: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1904:The softened 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1157:Pronunciation 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1125:ich daet esse 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1085:Konjunktiv II 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1012: 990: 984: 978: 972: 967: 962: 959: 953: 949:or simply as 947: 941: 935: 929: 924: 920: 915: 910: 905: 899: 893: 889:prefix and a 887: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 864:In contrast, 862: 860: 857: 853: 852:semi-speakers 848: 844: 840: 835: 832: 826: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 796: 791: 784: 782: 780: 774: 772: 767: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 704: 702: 700: 699: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 663:, especially 662: 658: 654: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 600: 596: 592: 587: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:West Virginia 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 431: 427: 415: 410: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 383: 377: 371: 370: 366: 358: 353: 346: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 324: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 305: 304: 299: 295: 291: 288: 283: 278: 265: 264: 262: 261: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 250: 246: 240: 218: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178:West Germanic 176: 175: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168:Indo-European 165: 161: 155: 149: 143: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 125:North America 123:Elsewhere in 120: 117: 116: 115: 110: 107: 105: 104:West Virginia 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6852:Beachy Amish 6832:Barn raising 6812:Jakob Ammann 6790: 6704:Distribution 6692: 6648:Ashland (OH) 6642:Daviess (IN) 6568:Affiliations 6515: 6471: 6460:Philadelphia 6406: 6399: 6390: 6365: 6303: 6187:Verner's law 6132: 6127:Gotho-Nordic 6125: 6118: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6008: 5993:Fårö Gutnish 5955: 5948: 5854: 5847: 5838: 5831: 5812: 5805: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5649: 5551:Swiss German 5515:Upper German 5448:Amana German 5426: 5422:Volga German 5391:Hunsrückisch 5317: 5271:Unserdeutsch 5266:Berlinerisch 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5138:Cover groups 5094:Mohawk Dutch 5089:Jersey Dutch 5067:East Flemish 5050:West Flemish 4994:Middle Dutch 4948:Low Prussian 4820: 4813: 4779:Terschelling 4763:Clay Frisian 4738:West Frisian 4726:Wiedingharde 4718: 4706: 4666:Heligolandic 4643: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4582:East Frisian 4569: 4562: 4535:Middle Scots 4533: 4526: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4358:Unserdeutsch 4332:Plautdietsch 4315:Ostpommersch 4279:Texas German 4274:Plautdietsch 4268: 4249:Amana German 4148: 4147: 4135: 4134: 4113: 4112: 4098: 4083: 4065: 4048: 4032: 4002: 3997: 3981: 3975: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3911: 3901: 3891:December 17, 3889:. Retrieved 3885: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3790: 3781: 3769:. Retrieved 3765: 3756: 3742: 3731: 3719: 3707:. Retrieved 3695: 3691: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3654:. Retrieved 3650: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3614:. Retrieved 3609: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3576: 3572: 3562: 3540:(1): 38–55. 3537: 3533: 3514:February 26, 3512:. Retrieved 3507: 3503: 3490: 3452:(1): 43–55. 3449: 3445: 3426: 3425:Helga Seel: 3421: 3398: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3293: 3285: 3264: 3240:Jersey Dutch 3232: 3222:Texas German 3052:Earl C. Haag 2973: 2967: 2960: 2959: 2920: 2905: 2894: 2796:Plautdietsch 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2762: 2747: 2745:Mennonites. 2721: 2687: 2682: 2557: 2552:Hoch Deitsch 2547: 2539: 2535: 2508: 2469: 2453: 2448: 2434: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2399:Publications 2385: 2369:Pennsylvania 2358: 2040: 2027: 1987: 1979: 1903: 1810: 1464:en gudi Fraa 1427: 1160: 1151:Earl C. Haag 1146: 1138: 1136: 1106: 1091:Konjunktiv I 1079:Konjunktiv I 1069: 1065: 1035: 1030: 963: 922: 918: 908: 874: 863: 858: 839:prepositions 836: 799: 775: 768: 739: 708: 697: 685: 681:Ludwigshafen 604: 591:World War II 575:World War II 536:, and other 527: 512: 472:Pennsylvania 469: 440: 408: 407: 379: 367: 330:Linguasphere 301: 216: 207:Lothringisch 113: 99:Pennsylvania 29: 6769:Hochstetler 6730:Way of life 6672:Kalona (IA) 6645:Kenton (IN) 6636:Arthur (IL) 6629:Andy Weaver 6435:Appalachian 6202:Kluge's law 6182:Grimm's law 5965:Dalecarlian 5944:Perkerdansk 5917:East Danish 5735:Old Gutnish 5711:Proto-Norse 5651:Langobardic 5643:Vogtlandian 5471:Upper Saxon 5325:Lachoudisch 5286:Lotegorisch 5164:High German 4910:Westphalian 4905:Eastphalian 4869:Achterhooks 4746:Hindeloopen 4681:Bökingharde 4650:Föhr–Amrum 4564:Old Frisian 4528:Early Scots 4463:Old English 4037:— 197 pp., 3918:February 3, 3610:padutch.net 3229:handwriting 2880:John Schmid 2576:Population 2492:Springfield 2367:written in 1934:and German 1841:and German 1024:pull around 980:'with' and 898:ge-change-t 866:Anabaptists 847:inflections 779:dative case 766:in German. 763:Vorderpfalz 731:Switzerland 719:Württemberg 696:Palatinate 657:Switzerland 639:Württemberg 595:High German 544:such as in 515:Netherlands 508:Switzerland 502:in eastern 465:Fancy Dutch 394:instead of 243:Early forms 6888:Categories 6837:Rumspringa 6822:Amish doll 6694:and others 6465:Pittsburgh 6034:Burgundian 5950:Old Danish 5939:Gøtudanskt 5922:Bornholmsk 5784:Vestlandsk 5764:Kebabnorsk 5501:Halcnovian 5466:Thuringian 5129:Limburgish 5099:Stadsfries 5072:Brabantian 4799:Low German 4645:Eiderstedt 4500:Fingallian 3256:References 2511:Anabaptist 2373:Palatinate 1963:See also: 1473:Consonants 1116:infinitive 1002:with-share 989:mit-teilen 946:geschwetzt 841:, to mark 810:nominative 806:accusative 611:Palatinate 461:Mennonites 6857:New Order 6774:Stoltzfus 6607:Geauga II 6580:Lancaster 6314:varieties 6306:indicate 6120:Northwest 6065:Philology 5970:Elfdalian 5905:Jutlandic 5827:Icelandic 5802:(written) 5796:(written) 5774:Trøndersk 5754:Norwegian 5718:Old Norse 5539:Coloniero 5523:Alemannic 5496:Wymysorys 5364:Colognian 5359:Ripuarian 5281:Rotwelsch 5111:Midslands 5062:Zeelandic 5043:Hollandic 5017:Afrikaans 4989:Old Dutch 4815:Old Saxon 4714:Karrharde 4696:Goesharde 4677:Mainland 4410:philology 4221:Namibia: 4074:278894633 3912:USA Today 3791:gameo.org 3766:gameo.org 3546:0003-1283 3482:143488878 3466:0272-2631 2891:Mario Pei 2878:(sung by 2812:Argentina 2480:Wisconsin 1937:geschwind 1880:. German 971:mit-gehen 928:ge-farm-t 746:developed 715:Rhineland 669:Alemannic 617:(German: 567:Lancaster 559:Allentown 550:Tennessee 445:variation 336:52-ACB-he 303:Glottolog 287:ISO 639-3 203:Pfälzisch 135:Ethnicity 109:Wisconsin 6721:Maryland 6660:Nebraska 6655:Michigan 6604:Geauga I 6595:Buchanan 6517:Category 6381:Delaware 6041:Vandalic 5984:Gutnish 5789:Vikværsk 5769:Sognamål 5759:Bergensk 5609:Cimbrian 5577:Bavarian 5534:Alsatian 5481:Lusatian 5417:Palatine 5107:Amelands 4984:Frankish 4874:Sallaans 4856:Gronings 4707:Southern 4700:Northern 4691:Halligen 4640:Insular 4457:dialects 4057:18665104 4047:(1977). 4007:Archived 3987:Archived 3937:Archived 3837:pg 15–16 3796:April 1, 3771:April 1, 3474:44487534 3133:See also 2895:Language 2893:'s book 2822:Examples 2750:Lutheran 2741:and the 2735:Alsatian 2587:278,805 2525:and the 2458:Survival 2445:Proverbs 2365:Palatine 2022:tschumbe 2016:tschaepp 1953:/tʃɹɪnt/ 1949:tschrind 1943:gschwind 1862:gescheid 1705:(before 1316:schloofe 1309:schlafen 1163:cognates 1122:, e.g., 1011:um-ziehe 961:prefix. 952:schwetzt 940:Schwetze 937:prefix. 919:realized 727:Saarland 677:Mannheim 645:(German 619:Kurpfalz 599:Palatine 546:Kentucky 500:Lorraine 480:Virginia 476:Maryland 400:Help:IPA 310:penn1240 259:Frankish 173:Germanic 114:Canada: 89:New York 84:Missouri 74:Illinois 6742:Ordnung 6482:Italian 6477:Spanish 6425:English 6366:Italics 6304:Italics 5927:Scanian 5873:Swedish 5822:Faroese 5800:Nynorsk 5779:Valdris 5614:Mòcheno 5570:Swabian 5436:Hessian 5396:Hunsrik 5308:Western 5303:Eastern 5298:Yiddish 5248:creoles 5145:Bergish 4861:Drèents 4851:Tweants 4703:Central 4685:Mooring 4548:Frisian 4507:Kildare 4452:English 4327:Hunsrik 3606:"Texts" 3227:Kurrent 2808:Bolivia 2739:Horning 2688:322,035 2597:22,610 2476:Indiana 2381:Fraktur 1919:gewesen 1899:/tʃɹɪk/ 1878:/tʃaɪt/ 1874:tscheid 1868:gscheid 1807:in 1845 1767:(after 1647:Pfarrer 1595:waschen 1118:or the 1038:perfect 1018: 996: 909:adopted 883:with a 785:Grammar 713:River ( 698:(Pfalz) 621:), the 563:Reading 554:Ontario 534:Indiana 523:autonym 517:or the 443:, is a 414:Deitsch 396:Unicode 119:Ontario 69:Indiana 6779:Troyer 6616:Troyer 6590:Holmes 6386:Munsee 6020:Gothic 5890:Danish 5794:Bokmål 5293:Yenish 5103:Bildts 4886:Veluws 4881:Urkers 4720:Strand 4444:Anglic 4215:Africa 4207:German 4072: 4055: 3853: 3833: 3709:May 1, 3656:May 1, 3616:May 1, 3590:May 1, 3554:455747 3552: 3544: 3480: 3472: 3464: 3409: 3403:Landau 3288:, 2012 2816:Belize 2814:, and 2771:, the 2767:, the 2756:, and 2743:Wisler 2657:1,580 2647:1,760 2637:1,815 2627:3,260 2617:4,260 2607:6,500 2441:Psalms 2430:German 2390:, the 2371:, the 2348:Amen. 2345:Amen. 2342:Amen. 2339:Amen. 2336:Amen. 2333:Amen. 2004:depend 1895:tsrick 1883:zurück 1844:gesagt 1826:gesund 1763:final 1730:bischt 1661:final 1654:Parrer 1621:putzen 1602:wasche 1584:final 1543:morgen 1519:Kiwwel 1448:final 1441:final 1169:Vowels 1072:. 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