708:) is the central character. Klose-kur-beh provides the Penobscot with "spiritual knowledge" and "practical knowledge (like how to construct a canoe)" as well instilling their "ethical precepts through" twelve 'episodes' which instill the importance of each unique value. Klose-kur-beh provides humans and animals with practical skills needed to thrive in the unforgiving climate of the North East and punishes those who operated outside of his code. Since Klose-kur-beh dates back to creation, according to Penobscot cosmology he was aware of other races and warned of the arrival of the white man, "What makes the white man dangerous is the lethal combination of his greed ('he wanted the whole earth') and his lust for power ('he wants the power over all the earth'). That combination leads him to 'reach forth his hand to grasp all things for his comfort' and, in the process, virtually destroy the world". This warning from such a prominent figurehead in Penobscot beliefs highlights that they upheld the values of preservation and protection of Maine's land and ecological resources.
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472:(MICSA), in 1980, resulting in an $ 81.5-million-dollar settlement that the Penobscot could use to acquire more tribal land. The terms of the settlement provided for such acquisition, after which the federal government would hold some of this land in trust for the tribe, as is done for reservation land. The tribe could also purchase other lands in the regular manner. The act established the Maine Indian Tribal-State Commission, whose function was to oversee the effectiveness of the Act and to intervene in certain areas such as fishing rights, etc. in order to settle disputes between the state and the Penobscot or Passamaquoddy.
343:. It was lucrative and the Penobscot were willing to trade pelts for European goods such as metal axes, guns, and copper or iron cookware. Hunting for fur pelts reduced the game, however, and the European trade introduced alcohol to Penobscot communities for the first time. It has been argued that the people are genetically vulnerable to alcoholism, a racist sentiment with no evidence which Europeans frequently tried to exploit in dealings and trade. Penobscot people and other nations made pine beer, which had vitamin C; in addition to being an alcoholic beverage, it had the benefit of allaying the onset of
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Maine are extremely valuable to the survival and beliefs of the
Penobscot; their namesake river is personified, and most dear to them. Annette Kolodny describes "how deeply rooted the Penobscot cosmology is within the Maine landscape; their ethic of mutual obligation to a land full of spirits, animal-people, and daunting power is fundamentally geographic, every place name helping to orient a traveler in relation to both physical space and spiritual power."
85:
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585:.) Fluent in many languages, Williams had lived with native people to improve his native language skill before embarking on missionary work and authoring prayer conversion booklets. His opinion, Williams wrote, was that the Narragansett (hence the Algonquian) in many cases had words that were Hebrew or in a few cases Greek that he recognized from his work in old Hebrew and Greek biblical text translations. His book
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316:, where the climate was more temperate. Food was potentially scarce only toward the end of the winter, in February and March. For the rest of the year, the Penobscot and other Wabanaki likely had little difficulty surviving because the land and ocean waters offered much bounty, and the number of people was sustainable. The bands moved seasonally, following the patterns of game and fish.
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for the logging industry and through massacres carried out by settlers. This catastrophic population depletion may have contributed to
Christian conversion (among other factors); the people could see that the European priests did not suffer from the pandemics. The latter said that the Penobscot had died because they did not believe in Jesus Christ.
465:, calling for some sort of compensation in the form of land, money, and autonomy for the state's violation of the Nonintercourse Act in the 19th century. The disputed land accounted for 60% of all of the land in Maine, and 35,000 people (the vast majority of whom were not tribal members) lived in the disputed territory.
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of "imbecility" set up a power dynamic in which the government treated the
Penobscot as wards of the state and decided how their affairs would be managed. The government treated as charitable payments those Penobscot funds derived from land treaties and trusts, which the state had control over and used as it saw fit.
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In 1973 the nation opened
Penobscot High Stakes Bingo on Indian Island. This was one of the first commercial gambling operations on a reservation in the United States. Bingo is open one weekend every six weeks. The Penobscot tribe has pushed for state legislation allowing them to add slot machines to
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The
Penobscot have a rich history of connection to the land and all of its bounties in Maine which is apparent in their folklore and reverence towards all things. Their rich spiritual cosmology informs their efforts of preserving land and natural resources in their sacred homeland. The landscapes of
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and other infectious diseases was high. The population also declined due to further encroachment by settlers who cut off access to the
Penobscot's main food source of running fish through the process of damming the Penobscot River, the loss of big game through the process of clear cutting of forests
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to oversee the tribe. The government believed that they were helping the
Penobscot, as stated in 1824 by the highest court in Maine that "...imbecility on their parts, and the dictates of humanity on ours, have necessarily prescribed to them their subjection to our paternal control." This sentiment
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Indigenous peoples are thought to have inhabited Maine and surrounding areas for at least 11,000 years. They had a hunting-gathering society, with the men hunting beaver, otters, moose, bears, caribou, fish, seafood (clams, mussels, fish), birds, and possibly marine mammals such as seals. The women
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brief in support of the
Penobscot in this case. In addition to its reservation, the Nation owns islands in the river extending 60 mi (97 km) upriver; it also acquired hundreds of thousands of acres of land elsewhere in the state, as a result of the 1980 settlement of its land claim. Some
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Because it is a federally recognized sovereign nation with direct relations with the federal government, the
Penobscot have disagreed with state assertions that it has the power to regulate hunting and fishing by tribal members. The Nation filed suit against the state in August 2012, contending in
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tribes ceded the majority of their lands to
Massachusetts (then to Maine after it became a state in 1820) through treaties that were never ratified by the US Senate and that were illegal under the constitution, as only the federal government had the power to make such treaties. They were left only
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people (and tribes they'd overtaken or forced into submission) used a language differing only from the northern Algonquian people, in dialect. He wrote that if one tribe's language was known, communication with the other tribe was possible; this was the case all the way north to remote areas of
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arrived, they brought alcohol in quantity. Europeans may have slowly developed enzymes, metabolic processes, and social mechanisms for dealing with a normalized high intake of alcohol, but Penobscot people, though familiar with alcohol, had never had access to the gross quantity of alcohol that
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Through their folklore, the Penobscot are taught "that the plants and animals were their helpers and companions, just as the people, in their turn, were to act as kin and companions to the living world around them.... Such stories embed their listeners in a universe of mutually interacting and
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The baskets were traditionally made for practical use, but after European contact, the Penobscot began making "fancy baskets" for trade with the Europeans. Basket-making is traditionally a woman's skill passed down in families. Many members of the tribe have been learning traditional forms and
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At the beginning of the 17th century, Europeans began to live year-round in Wabanaki territory. At this time, there were probably about 10,000 Penobscot (a number which fell to below 500 by the early 19th century). As contact became more permanent, after about 1675, conflicts arose through
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and played an important role in the conflicts which occurred around the border between British Canada and the United States. Despite this the new American government did not seem to recognize their contributions. Anglo-American settlers continued to encroach on Penobscot lands.
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At the request of the Nation, the US Department of Justice has joined the suit on behalf of the tribe. In addition, in an unprecedented step, five members of the Congressional Native American Caucus representing other jurisdictions filed an
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intimate reciprocal relationships." This starkly contrasts the European view which saw the land as something to be owned and commodified, highlighting the need for advocacy to improve and protect the culture and land of the Penobscot.
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era to Boston, Connecticut, New York City, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh; and the Cleveland, Ohio area to settled in the West Side (of the Cuyahoga River) or "Cuyahoga" neighborhood; and in Baltimore and Washington DC.
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canoe was at one time an important mode of transportation for all nations of the Wabanaki Confederacy. Each nation makes a characteristic shape of canoe. The vessels are each made from one piece of bark from a
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differences in cultures, conceptions of property, and competition for resources. Along the Atlantic Coast in present-day Canada, most settlers were French; in New England they were generally English speaking.
581:. Natives in Labrador spoke Algonquian and the Labrador neighbors were of same linguistic stock as the Narragansett tribe. (Williams wrote that this was not the case with the drastically different
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that the 1980 MICSA settlement gave the Nation jurisdiction and regulatory authority over hunting and fishing in the "Main Stem" of the Penobscot River as well as on its reservation.
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The Europeans carried endemic infectious diseases of Eurasia to the Americas, and the Penobscot had no acquired immunity. Their fatality rates from the introduction of
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bounty on Penobscot. With a smaller population and greater acceptance of intermarriage, the French posed a lesser threat to the Penobscots' land and way of life.
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In the following centuries, the Penobscot attempted to make treaties in order to hold on to some form of land, but, because they had no power of enforcement in
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on Indian Island are making an effort to reintroduce the language by teaching it to the children. The written Penobscot language was developed with a modified
547:. There are no fluent speakers and the last known Penobscot speaker of Eastern Abenaki, Madeline Tower Shay, died in the 1990s. A dictionary was compiled by
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affirming their rights to fishing and hunting in their former territories. The five members of the Congressional Native American Caucus who filed are
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921:, poet, social worker, visual artist, writer, editor and storyteller, her work was focused on and inspired by the advancement of Indigenous peoples
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755:. The novel features a protagonist of mixed Penobscot-English descent and describes the island as "the last encampment of the Penobscot Red men".
284:, Maine. The tribal chief is Kirk Francis. The vice-chief is Bill Thompson. The Penobscot are invited to send a nonvoting representative to the
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People on the present-day Maine coast practiced some agriculture, but not to the same extent as that of Indigenous peoples in southern
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880:, a Penobscot Tribal Elder and decorated (Bronze Star, Silver Star, Légion d'honneur) veteran of both World War II and the Korean War.
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In the 1970s, at a time of increasing assertions of sovereignty by Native Americans, the Penobscot Nation sued the state of Maine for
420:, specifically, Indian Island, which is an island in the Penobscot River near Old Town, Maine. The Maine state government appointed a
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715:. In the 21st century, some members practice traditional spirituality; others on Indian Island are Catholic or Protestant.
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256:, means "the people of where the white rocks extend out". It originally referred to their territory on the portion of the
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910:(Mary Alice "Molly Dellis" Nelson Archambaud), 1903–1977, internationally known dancer who starred in the classic film,
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295:. It accepted aid in the form of heating oil. Tribal chief Kirk Francis traveled to New York City to meet with Chavez.
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Kucich, John J. (2011). "Lost in the Maine Woods: Henry David Thoreau, Joseph Nicolar, and the Penobscot World".
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798:, politician, was elected by the Penobscot Tribe of Maine to serve as a non-voting tribal representative to the
667:. This insect threatens to destroy all ash trees in Maine, much as it already has devastated ash forests in the
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A Key into the Language of America. Roger Williams & Howard Chapin. 1643 Gregory Dexter,London. Publisher,
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in 1759, the Penobscot were left in a weakened position as they had lost their main European ally. During the
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Their reverence is also based on their cosmology starting with their origin story where Klose-kur-beh (
559:; distinct characters have been developed to represent sounds that do not exist in the Roman alphabet.
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445:, which stated that the transfer of reservation lands to non-tribal members had to be approved by the
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includes a phonetic English dictionary that Williams wished to publish so that his knowledge of this
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Gale Courey Toensing, "Congress Members Support 'Penobscot v. Maine' in Unprecedented Court Filing."
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or Maine, Americans kept encroaching on their lands. From about 1800 onward, the Penobscot lived on
382:) after British colonists demanded the Penobscot join their side or be considered hostile. In 1755,
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659:. These materials grow in wetlands throughout Maine. However, the species are threatened due to
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gathered and processed bird eggs, berries, nuts, and roots, all of which were found locally.
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tree. If done correctly, the large piece of bark can be removed without killing the tree.
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1388:. Proceedings of the nineteenth International congress of Americanists. pp. 303–321.
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Kolodny, Annette (2007). "Rethinking the 'Ecological Indian': A Penobscot Precursor".
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In 2005, Penobscot Nation began a relationship with Venezuela's government led by
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933:, National Vice President of Native Services, Boys & Girls Clubs of America
838:, sachem who urged his tribesmen to side with the Americans against the English
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During the 16th century the Penobscot had contact with Europeans through the
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Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
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844:, entertainer billed as "Princess Watahwaso", businesswoman, and activist
807:, political leader and the father of dancer and actress Molly Spotted Elk
767:, first Penobscot tribal ambassador, daughter of former chief Barry Dana.
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874:, artist, basketmaker, geologist and activist, related to Horace Nelson
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826:, Tribal Representative to Maine Legislature and celebrated author of
1243:"Maine Indian Claims Settlement: Concepts, Context, and Perspectives"
927:, American actor most notably from Saints of Newark, Power, and Guild
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194:
1300:"How Did a Self-Taught Linguist Come to Own an Indigenous Language?"
523:(D-WI), vice chair of the Congressional Native American Caucus; and
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543:. It is very similar to the languages of the other members of the
519:, (D-AZ), vice chair of the Congressional Native American Caucus;
507:(D-MN), co-chair of the Congressional Native American Caucus with
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773:, author, broadcaster, and tribal representative of the Penobscot
527:(D-NM), vice chair of the Congressional Native American Caucus.
900:, the first Native American to play in major league baseball (
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Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
865:, Wabanaki scholar, activist, and associate professor at the
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as the fishing rights cases of Native American tribes in the
1698:"Indian Reservation Priests Follow a 300 year old tradition"
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The French missionaries converted many Penobscot people to
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491:
analysts predict that this case will be as significant to
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Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v. Morton
930:
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in the mid-18th century (the North American front of the
1425:"Penobscot River Restoration Project - Birch Bark Canoe"
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Maine Wabanaki-State Truth and Reconciliation Commission
449:. Between the years of 1794 and 1833, the Penobscot and
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In 1790, the young United States government enacted the
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of Penobscot in the United States. They are part of the
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Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment
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Entirely by hand... from the ground up, Tom Hennessey"
783:, led his people against the English settlers during
170:) are an Indigenous people in North America from the
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272:as "Penobscot", which gives them their name today.
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1385:Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians
1122:"Penobscot Nation's relationship with Hugo Chavez"
468:The Penobscot and the state reached a settlement,
535:Penobscot people historically spoke a dialect of
1752:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1732:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
937:Many Penobscots moved to urban areas around the
328:Portrait of Sarah Molasses, c.1886, daughter of
374:The Penobscot sided with the French during the
240:, located within the state of Maine along the
886:, a marathon runner who competed in the 1912
236:. The Penobscots' main settlement is now the
8:
572:. In this work, Williams explained that the
40:
1249:. The Maine Indian Tribal-State Commission.
792:, an attorney, author, teacher and activist
334:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1193:"Burnt Harvest: Penobscot People and Fire"
733:their bingo hall, which has been granted.
55:
39:
280:The Penobscot Nation is headquartered in
1622:Molly Spotted Elk: A Penobscot in Paris.
1548:(PhD thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1324:"Penobscot Nation Boys & Girls Club"
1247:Indian Tribal-State Commission Documents
1147:The Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes
232:nations, all of whom historically spoke
1643:"The Ancient Penobscot, or Panawanskek"
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1004:
964:
1258:
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1014:Eastern Abenaki (Penobscot, Kennebec,
959:Maps of the Wabanaki Confederacy areas
829:The Life and Traditions of the Red Man
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1109:National Congress of American Indians
252:The Penobscot's name for themselves,
7:
1665:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1624:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
1180:Wabanakis of Maine and the Maritimes
499:in the 1970s, which resulted in the
77:Regions with significant populations
1431:. 25 September 2013. Archived from
751:is set on Indian Island during the
478:Penobscot Nation v. State of Maine,
456:Penobscot Indian Island Reservation
282:Penobscot Indian Island Reservation
238:Penobscot Indian Island Reservation
61:Seal of the Penobscot Indian Nation
1241:Scully, Diana (14 February 1995).
1151:American Friends Service Committee
1090:US Environmental Protection Agency
1063:St. Anne's Church and Mission Site
625:American Museum of Natural History
587:A Key into the Language of America
569:A Key into the Language of America
470:Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act
332:and Molly Molasses, collection of
25:
1653:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1382:Speck, Frank G. (December 1917).
1269:, 5 May 2015, accessed 5 May 2015
1191:Sr, Francis; Eric, James (2008).
1757:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
1737:Native American history of Maine
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981:
967:
551:. The elementary school and the
174:region. They are organized as a
83:
1747:Native American tribes in Maine
1545:The Life and Works of John Neal
817:and tribal leader mentioned by
603:The Penobscot smear the sap of
404:, the Penobscot sided with the
396:After the French defeat in the
800:Maine House of Representatives
286:Maine House of Representatives
1:
1298:Gregory, Alice (2021-04-12).
741:The climax of the 1825 novel
607:over sores, burns, and cuts.
1542:Richards, Irving T. (1933).
643:The Penobscot traditionally
634:Wabanaki wampum belts (1915)
574:language of the Narragansett
208:is the federally recognized
1285:. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
1111:. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
1092:. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
1778:
1620:See McBride, Bunny. 1995.
892:Maine Running Hall of Fame
753:American Revolutionary War
493:Indian law and sovereignty
176:federally recognized tribe
32:Penobscot (disambiguation)
29:
1656:"Penobscot Indians"
1230:Phips Bounty Proclamation
1086:"Penobscot Indian Nation"
675:creating new variations.
384:governor of Massachusetts
206:Penobscot Tribe of Maine,
137:
121:
105:
71:
54:
1518:"Townsquare Interactive"
850:, anthropologist at the
593:would not die with him.
591:Native American language
320:Contact and colonization
204:, formerly known as the
18:Penobscot Tribe of Maine
1693:, National Park Service
1637:Penobscot Indian Nation
1404:www.penobscotnation.org
954:(from north to south):
1429:www.penobscotriver.org
1349:"Indian Island School"
1018:, Pigwacket/Pequawket)
925:Kiayaun Williams-Clark
635:
627:
447:United States Congress
438:
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172:Northeastern Woodlands
72:2,278 enrolled members
1662:Catholic Encyclopedia
1456:The Concord Saunterer
867:University of Alberta
633:
618:
436:
376:French and Indian War
327:
268:. It was misheard by
133:Related ethnic groups
1762:Algonquian ethnonyms
1742:Wabanaki Confederacy
1691:Wabanaki Ethnography
1552:. pp. 685–686.
1267:Indian Country Today
952:Wabanaki Confederacy
890:, inducted into the
545:Wabanaki Confederacy
266:Verona Island, Maine
260:between present-day
234:Algonquian languages
214:Wabanaki Confederacy
30:For other uses, see
1647:Historical Magazine
1496:10.1093/isle/14.1.1
1328:penobscotnation.org
902:Cleveland Guardians
878:Charles Norman Shay
852:University of Maine
842:Lucy Nicolar Poolaw
819:Henry David Thoreau
661:habitat destruction
553:Boys and Girls Club
541:Algonquian language
501:1974 Boldt decision
437:Indian Island, 1919
402:American Revolution
355:Europeans offered.
352:European colonizers
270:European colonizers
42:
1727:Algonquian peoples
1680:2008-08-20 at the
1639:, official website
1550:Harvard University
1522:penobscotbingo.com
1400:"Penobscot Nation"
1105:"Tribal Directory"
1058:Penobscot Building
888:Stockholm Olympics
785:King William's War
737:In popular culture
636:
628:
443:Nonintercourse Act
439:
337:
191:Atlantic provinces
123:Wabanaki mythology
1702:Bangor Daily News
1686:Bangor Daily News
1572:"Charles N. Shay"
1279:"Abnaki, Eastern"
1126:Bangor Daily News
908:Molly Spotted Elk
884:Andrew Sockalexis
863:Rebecca Sockbeson
759:Notable Penobscot
665:emerald ash borer
619:Penobscot beaded
583:Iroquois language
497:Pacific Northwest
216:, along with the
156:
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16:(Redirected from
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1696:Harrison, Judy.
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1599:. Archived from
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913:The Silent Enemy
898:Louis Sockalexis
811:Old John Neptune
747:by Maine native
744:Brother Jonathan
679:Birchbark canoes
398:Battle of Quebec
380:Seven Years' War
202:Penobscot Nation
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87:
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67:Total population
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1707:Indian Treaties
1682:Wayback Machine
1670:Penobscot Bingo
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1649:, February 1872
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1601:the original
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1521:
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1433:the original
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1353:the original
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989:Wolastoqiyik
949:
939:World War II
936:
911:
848:Darren Ranco
836:Joseph Orono
827:
815:medicine man
777:Madockawando
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143:Wolastoqiyik
127:Christianity
96:2,278 (0.2%)
47:
37:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
1490:(1): 1–23.
1053:Maine penny
931:Carla Knapp
857:June Sapiel
690:white birch
649:sweet grass
598:Ethnobotany
463:land claims
429:Land claims
314:New England
304:Pre-contact
293:Hugo Chavez
1716:Categories
1607:2006-12-23
1582:2015-03-24
1359:2009-08-05
1333:14 January
1309:2021-06-29
1283:Ethnologue
1203:(1): 4–18.
1074:References
859:, activist
685:birch bark
657:birch bark
611:Visual art
276:Government
1722:Penobscot
1214:"History"
1032:Pennacook
749:John Neal
653:brown ash
621:moccasins
562:In 1643,
513:Chickasaw
389:placed a
341:fur trade
182:and as a
160:Penobscot
101:Languages
41:Penobscot
1678:Archived
1504:44086555
1464:23395210
1042:See also
728:Gambling
663:and the
579:Labrador
531:Language
521:Ron Kind
511:(R-OK) (
509:Tom Cole
406:Patriots
364:smallpox
262:Old Town
117:Religion
1558:7588473
1153:, 1989.
1132:2 March
975:Miꞌkmaq
919:ssipsis
894:in 1989
706:Gluskbe
669:Midwest
647:out of
639:Baskets
360:measles
299:History
230:Miꞌkmaq
218:Abenaki
189:in the
164:Abenaki
147:Mi'kmaq
139:Abenaki
111:English
107:Abenaki
93:(Maine)
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1527:5 July
1502:
1462:
1439:5 July
1409:5 July
832:(1893)
781:sachem
719:Nature
655:, and
566:wrote
345:scurvy
228:, and
195:Quebec
88:
1500:JSTOR
1460:JSTOR
539:, an
391:scalp
350:When
210:tribe
180:Maine
1554:OCLC
1529:2017
1441:2017
1411:2017
1335:2011
1134:2020
946:Maps
779:, a
683:The
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248:Name
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162:(
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