232:(NSA), all used the phrase "penetration" to describe an attack against a computer system. In a paper, Ware referred to the military's remotely accessible time-sharing systems, warning that "Deliberate attempts to penetrate such computer systems must be anticipated." His colleagues Petersen and Turn shared the same concerns, observing that online communication systems "...are vulnerable to threats to privacy," including "deliberate penetration." Bernard Peters of the NSA made the same point, insisting that computer input and output "...could provide large amounts of information to a penetrating program." During the conference, computer penetration would become formally identified as a major threat to online computer systems.
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possible input streams, such as cookie and session data, the uploaded file stream, RPC channels, or memory. Errors can happen in any of these input streams. The test goal is to first get an unhandled error and then understand the flaw based on the failed test case. Testers write an automated tool to test their understanding of the flaw until it is correct. After that, it may become obvious how to package the payload so that the target system triggers its execution. If this is not viable, one can hope that another error produced by the fuzzer yields more fruit. The use of a fuzzer saves time by not checking adequate code paths where exploits are unlikely.
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and adequacy of implemented data security safeguards." In addition, a number of the RAND analysts insisted that the penetration test exercises all offered several benefits that justified its continued use. As they noted in one paper, "A penetrator seems to develop a diabolical frame of mind in his search for operating system weaknesses and incompleteness, which is difficult to emulate." For these reasons and others, many analysts at RAND recommended the continued study of penetration techniques for their usefulness in assessing system security.
243:, DoD, academia, and industry to formally assess the security of time-sharing computer systems. By relying on many papers presented during the Spring 1967 Joint Computer Conference, the task force largely confirmed the threat to system security that computer penetration posed. Ware's report was initially classified, but many of the country's leading computer experts quickly identified the study as the definitive document on computer security. Jeffrey R. Yost of the
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Institute, in his own work on the history of computer security, also acknowledges that both the RAND Corporation and the SDC had "engaged in some of the first so-called 'penetration studies' to try to infiltrate time-sharing systems in order to test their vulnerability." In virtually all these early studies, tiger teams successfully broke into all targeted computer systems, as the country's time-sharing systems had poor defenses.
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preventive and detective security measures employed to protect assets and data. As part of this service, certified ethical hackers typically conduct a simulated attack on a system, systems, applications or another target in the environment, searching for security weaknesses. After testing, they will typically document the vulnerabilities and outline which defenses are effective and which can be defeated or exploited.
599:(GSA) has standardized the "penetration test" service as a pre-vetted support service, to rapidly address potential vulnerabilities, and stop adversaries before they impact US federal, state and local governments. These services are commonly referred to as Highly Adaptive Cybersecurity Services (HACS) and are listed at the US GSA Advantage website.
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132-45A Penetration
Testing is security testing in which service assessors mimic real-world attacks to identify methods for circumventing the security features of an application, system, or network. HACS Penetration Testing Services typically strategically test the effectiveness of the organization's
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and documentation for the system. The list of hypothesized flaws is then prioritized on the basis of the estimated probability that a flaw actually exists, and on the ease of exploiting it to the extent of control or compromise. The prioritized list is used to direct the actual testing of the system.
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This effort has identified key service providers which have been technically reviewed and vetted to provide these advanced penetration services. This GSA service is intended to improve the rapid ordering and deployment of these services, reduce US government contract duplication, and to protect and
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is a common technique that discovers vulnerabilities. It aims to get an unhandled error through random input. The tester uses random input to access the less often used code paths. Well-trodden code paths are usually free of errors. Errors are useful because they either expose more information, such
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Legal operations that let the tester execute an illegal operation include unescaped SQL commands, unchanged hashed passwords in source-visible projects, human relationships, and old hashing or cryptographic functions. A single flaw may not be enough to enable a critically serious exploit. Leveraging
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briefly summarized the ongoing efforts of tiger teams to assess system security. As Broad reported, the DoD-sponsored report by Willis Ware had "...showed how spies could actively penetrate computers, steal or copy electronic files and subvert the devices that normally guard top-secret information.
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time-sharing computer system. In hopes that further system security study would be useful, attendees requested "...studies to be conducted in such areas as breaking security protection in the time-shared system." In other words, the conference participants initiated one of the first formal requests
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Several operating system distributions are geared towards penetration testing. Such distributions typically contain a pre-packaged and pre-configured set of tools. The penetration tester does not have to hunt down each individual tool, which might increase the risk of complications—such as compile
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Presumably the leading computer penetration expert during these formative years was James P. Anderson, who had worked with the NSA, RAND, and other government agencies to study system security. In the early 1971, the U.S. Air Force contracted
Anderson's private company to study the security of its
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Of early tiger team actions, efforts at the RAND Corporation demonstrated the usefulness of penetration as a tool for assessing system security. At the time, one RAND analyst noted that the tests had "...demonstrated the practicality of system-penetration as a tool for evaluating the effectiveness
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A leading scholar on the history of computer security, Donald MacKenzie, similarly points out that, "RAND had done some penetration studies (experiments in circumventing computer security controls) of early time-sharing systems on behalf of the government." Jeffrey R. Yost of the
Charles Babbage
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to use computer penetration to test system security. Deborah
Russell and G. T. Gangemi Sr. stated that during the 1970s "...'tiger teams' first emerged on the computer scene. Tiger teams were government and industry-sponsored teams of crackers who attempted to break down the defenses of computer
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on certain strings. Submitting random strings to those boxes for a while will hopefully hit the bugged code path. The error shows itself as a broken HTML page half rendered because of an SQL error. In this case, only text boxes are treated as input streams. However, software systems have many
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The goals of a penetration test vary depending on the type of approved activity for any given engagement, with the primary goal focused on finding vulnerabilities that could be exploited by a nefarious actor, and informing the client of those vulnerabilities along with recommended mitigation
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While these various studies may have suggested that computer security in the U.S. remained a major problem, the scholar Edward Hunt has more recently made a broader point about the extensive study of computer penetration as a security tool. Hunt suggests in a recent paper on the history of
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has more recently described the Ware report as "...by far the most important and thorough study on technical and operational issues regarding secure computing systems of its time period." In effect, the Ware report reaffirmed the major threat posed by computer penetration to the new online
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Testing Guide. CREST, a not for profit professional body for the technical cyber security industry, provides its CREST Defensible
Penetration Test standard that provides the industry with guidance for commercially reasonable assurance activity when carrying out penetration tests.
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penetration testing that the defense establishment ultimately "...created many of the tools used in modern day cyberwarfare," as it carefully defined and researched the many ways that computer penetrators could hack into targeted systems.
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computer systems that made resources accessible over communication lines created new security concerns. As the scholars
Deborah Russell and G. T. Gangemi Sr. explain, "The 1960s marked the true beginning of the age of computer security."
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to practice against. Such systems help new security professionals try the latest security tools in a lab environment. Examples include Damn
Vulnerable Linux (DVL), the OWASP Web Testing Environment (WTW), and Metasploitable.
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Reconnaissance: The act of gathering important information on a target system. This information can be used to better attack the target. For example, open source search engines can be used to find data that can be used in a
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penetration test is a combination of the two (where limited knowledge of the target is shared with the auditor). A penetration test can help identify a system's vulnerabilities to attack and estimate how vulnerable it is.
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describes penetration testing as: "A method for gaining assurance in the security of an IT system by attempting to breach some or all of that system's security, using the same tools and techniques as an adversary might."
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Once an attacker has exploited one vulnerability they may gain access to other machines so the process repeats i.e. they look for new vulnerabilities and attempt to exploit them. This process is referred to as pivoting.
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There are different types of penetration testing, depending upon the goal of the organization which include: Network (external and internal), Wireless, Web
Application, Social Engineering, and Remediation Verification.
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Security issues that the penetration test uncovers should be reported to the system owner. Penetration test reports may also assess potential impacts to the organization and suggest countermeasures to reduce the risk.
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Several standard frameworks and methodologies exist for conducting penetration tests. These include the Open Source
Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM), the Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES), the
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multiple known flaws and shaping the payload in a way that appears as a valid operation is almost always required. Metasploit provides a ruby library for common tasks, and maintains a database of known exploits.
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Gaining access: Using the data gathered in the reconnaissance and scanning phases, the attacker can use a payload to exploit the targeted system. For example, Metasploit can be used to automate attacks on known
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Penetration testing is the simulation of an attack on a system, network, piece of equipment or other facility, with the objective of proving how vulnerable that system or "target" would be to a real attack.
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The study touched off more than a decade of quiet activity by elite groups of computer scientists working for the
Government who tried to break into sensitive computers. They succeeded in every attempt."
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The process typically identifies the target systems and a particular goal, then reviews available information and undertakes various means to attain that goal. A penetration test target may be a
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The outcomes of penetration tests vary depending on the standards and methodologies used. There are five penetration testing standards: Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM),
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requires penetration testing on a regular schedule, and after system changes. Penetration testing also can support risk assessments as outlined in the NIST Risk Management Framework SP 800-53.
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Over time, Anderson's description of general computer penetration steps helped guide many other security experts, who relied on this technique to assess time-sharing computer system security.
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time-sharing system at the Pentagon. In his study, Anderson outlined a number of major factors involved in computer penetration. Anderson described a general attack sequence in steps:
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In June 1965, for example, several of the U.S.'s leading computer security experts held one of the first major conferences on system security—hosted by the government contractor, the
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Maintaining access: Maintaining access requires taking the steps involved in being able to be persistently within the target environment in order to gather as much data as possible.
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At the Spring 1967 Joint Computer Conference, many leading computer specialists again met to discuss system security concerns. During this conference, the computer security experts
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A penetration test can determine how a system reacts to an attack, whether or not a system's defenses can be breached, and what information can be acquired from the system
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560:, or altering data. Some companies maintain large databases of known exploits and provide products that automatically test target systems for vulnerabilities:
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Covering tracks: The attacker must clear any trace of compromising the victim system, any type of data gathered, log events, in order to remain anonymous.
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In the following years, computer penetration as a tool for security assessment became more refined and sophisticated. In the early 1980s, the journalist
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Many other specialized operating systems facilitate penetration testing—each more or less dedicated to a specific field of penetration testing.
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In the UK penetration testing services are standardized via professional bodies working in collaboration with National Cyber Security Centre.
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212:(SDC). During the conference, someone noted that one SDC employee had been able to easily undermine various system safeguards added to SDC's
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108:), including the potential for unauthorized parties to gain access to the system's features and data, as well as strengths, enabling a full
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The illegal operation, or payload in Metasploit terminology, can include functions for logging keystrokes, taking screenshots, installing
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To better understand system weaknesses, the federal government and its contractors soon began organizing teams of penetrators, known as
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errors, dependency issues, and configuration errors. Also, acquiring additional tools may not be practical in the tester's context.
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621:(NIST00), Information System Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF), and Penetration Testing Methodologies and Standards (PTES).
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239:(DoD) in late 1967. Essentially, DoD officials turned to Willis Ware to lead a task force of experts from NSA,
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A number of Linux distributions include known OS and application vulnerabilities, and can be deployed as
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This article is about testing of computer systems. For testing of geotechnical properties of soil, see
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Hunt, Edward (2012). "US Government Computer Penetration Programs and the Implications for Cyberwar".
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1120:"Mathematics, Technology, and Trust: Formal Verification, Computer Security, and the U.S. Military"
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Special Publication 800-115, the Information System Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF) and the
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The threat that computer penetration posed was next outlined in a major report organized by the
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Scanning: Uses technical tools to further the attacker's knowledge of the system. For example,
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network vulnerability scans at least quarterly and after any significant change in the network
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119:(about which background and system information are provided in advance to the tester) or a
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1319:"Open-Source Security Testing Methodology Manual - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
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Broad, William J. (September 25, 1983). "Computer Security Worries Military Experts",
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The process of penetration testing may be simplified into the following five phases:
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715:"What's the difference between a vulnerability assessment and a penetration test?"
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as HTTP server crashes with full info trace-backs—or are directly usable, such as
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123:(about which only basic information other than the company name is provided). A
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are available to assist with penetration testing, including free-of-charge,
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843:"Penetration Testing: Assessing Your Overall Security Before Attackers Do"
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systems in an effort to uncover, and eventually patch, security holes."
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Advanced Penetration Testing: Hacking the World's Most Secure Networks
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Advanced penetration testing: hacking the world's most secure networks
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support the US infrastructure in a more timely and efficient manner.
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Imagine a website has 100 text input boxes. A few are vulnerable to
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to use computer penetration as a tool for studying system security.
1105:, in The History of Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook
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and penetration prediction technique where a list of hypothesized
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1100:
Yost, Jeffrey R. (2007). de Leeuw, Karl; Bergstra, Jan (eds.).
1238:"Summarizing The Five Phases of Penetration Testing - Cybrary"
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36:
1393:
The Hacker Playbook 3: Practical Guide To Penetration Testing
673:
The Hacker Playbook 3: Practical Guide To Penetration Testing
1343:"Definitive Guide to Penetration Testing | Core Sentinel"
1418:
Penetration testing: a hands-on introduction to hacking
64:
763:
Penetration Testing: Protecting Networks and Systems
104:. The test is performed to identify weaknesses (or
1395:(3rd ed.). United States: Secure Planet LLC.
1021:
792:Cris Thomas (Space Rogue), Dan Patterson (2017).
735:The CISSP® and CAPCM Prep Guide: Platinum Edition
591:Standardized government penetration test services
556:, stealing credentials, creating backdoors using
338:Notable penetration testing OS examples include:
100:of the system; this is not to be confused with a
1000:"CREST releases guidance on penetration testing"
873:
871:
795:Password Cracking is easy with IBM's Space Rogue
527:When working under budget and time constraints,
96:on a computer system, performed to evaluate the
619:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1154:Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust
1118:Mackenzie, Donald; Pottinger, Garrel (1997).
930:The basics of hacking and penetration testing
224:, Harold Petersen, and Rein Turn, all of the
8:
153:Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
147:Penetration tests are a component of a full
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785:
667:The Definitive Guide to Penetration Testing
290:Exploit the entry for information recovery.
27:Authorized cyberattack for testing purposes
1015:
1013:
949:Alan Calder and Geraint Williams (2014).
1203:Penetration Tester's Open Source Toolkit
1103:A History of Computer Security Standards
1020:Russell, Deborah; Gangemi, G.T. (1991).
200:By the mid 1960s, growing popularity of
1125:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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1063:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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1053:
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1049:
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686:
879:"Writing a Penetration Testing Report"
1159:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
737:. John Wiley & Sons. 2006-11-06.
615:Open Web Application Security Project
183:are compiled through analysis of the
7:
951:PCI DSS: A Pocket Guide, 3rd Edition
65:move details into the article's body
500:can be used to scan for open ports.
237:United States Department of Defense
1420:. San Francisco: No Starch Press.
275:Find an exploitable vulnerability.
25:
171:Flaw hypothesis methodology is a
978:"NIST Risk Management Framework"
41:
656:Damn Vulnerable Web Application
597:General Services Administration
248:time-sharing computer systems.
1295:. 1 March 2018. Archived from
1269:. 1 March 2018. Archived from
1267:"GSA HACS SIN 132-45 Services"
1196:"Chapter 1:Tools of the Trade"
695:"What Is Penetration Testing?"
210:System Development Corporation
137:National Cyber Security Center
1:
1151:Mackenzie, Donald A. (2004).
1107:. Elsevier. pp. 601–602.
822:"Pen Testing Types explained"
646:White hat (computer security)
92:, is an authorized simulated
1244:. 2015-05-06. Archived from
802:. Event occurs at 4:30-5:30
330:Specialized OS distributions
228:, and Bernard Peters of the
1370:. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.
278:Design an attack around it.
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1194:Faircloth, Jeremy (2011).
480:Penetration testing phases
88:, colloquially known as a
29:
1453:Computer network security
1416:Weidman, Georgia (2014).
953:. IT Governance Limited.
316:security assessment tools
245:Charles Babbage Institute
32:Standard penetration test
1024:Computer Security Basics
651:Breach attack simulation
367:December 2012) based on
230:National Security Agency
102:vulnerability assessment
761:Kevin M. Henry (2012).
1293:"Pen Testing Services"
1028:. O'Reilly Media Inc.
984:. 2020. Archived from
1366:Allsopp, Wil (2017).
1323:www.sciencedirect.com
928:Patrick Engebretson,
904:"Penetration Testing"
765:. IT Governance Ltd.
1076:10.1109/MAHC.2011.82
856:on February 27, 2014
284:Seize a line in use.
1391:Kim, Peter (2018).
676:Penetration Testing
413:Software frameworks
324:commercial software
151:. For example, the
18:Penetration testing
1205:(Third ed.).
1183:The New York Times
935:2017-01-04 at the
662:General references
491:social engineering
429:Metasploit Project
374:Parrot Security OS
314:A wide variety of
1427:978-1-59327-564-8
1402:978-1-9809-0175-4
1377:978-1-119-36768-0
1168:978-0-262-13393-7
1138:10.1109/85.601735
960:978-1-84928-554-4
772:978-1-849-28371-7
744:978-0-470-00792-1
287:Enter the attack.
112:to be completed.
82:
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61:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
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1458:Software testing
1448:Security testing
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504:vulnerabilities.
281:Test the attack.
226:RAND Corporation
173:systems analysis
86:penetration test
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59:Please read the
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53:lead section
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1070:(3): 4–21.
254:tiger teams
222:Willis Ware
94:cyberattack
1442:Categories
1352:2018-10-23
1328:2021-10-13
1252:2018-06-25
914:30 October
910:. Aug 2017
888:12 January
860:16 January
828:2018-10-23
806:1 December
720:2020-05-21
700:2018-12-18
681:References
641:Tiger team
565:Metasploit
459:Burp Suite
363:(replaced
361:Kali Linux
347:Arch Linux
1222:4 January
798:(Video).
617:(OWASP),
558:shellcode
464:Wireshark
444:OWASP ZAP
396:Slackware
394:based on
385:based on
376:based on
365:BackTrack
354:based on
345:based on
343:BlackArch
214:AN/FSQ-32
121:black box
117:white box
63:and help
1207:Elsevier
1084:16367311
933:Archived
625:See also
125:gray box
98:security
1303:1 March
1277:1 March
1242:Cybrary
1006:. 2022.
631:IT risk
580:OpenVAS
548:Payload
529:fuzzing
493:attack.
474:Hashcat
419:BackBox
406:targets
352:BackBox
196:History
135:The UK
90:pentest
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570:Nessus
554:adware
434:Nessus
387:Gentoo
383:Pentoo
378:Debian
369:Debian
356:Ubuntu
322:, and
1199:(PDF)
1080:S2CID
846:(pdf)
449:SAINT
424:Hping
310:Tools
179:in a
177:flaws
165:OWASP
1422:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1305:2018
1279:2018
1224:2018
1211:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1030:ISBN
982:NIST
955:ISBN
916:2018
908:NCSC
890:2015
862:2014
808:2017
767:ISBN
739:ISBN
636:ITHC
595:The
585:W3af
575:Nmap
498:Nmap
454:w3af
439:Nmap
392:WHAX
161:NIST
1134:doi
1072:doi
241:CIA
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