Permanent Court of International Justice

813:, the judges would exchange their views informally on the salient legal points of the case, and a time limit for producing a judgment would then be set. Then, each judge would write an anonymous summary containing his opinion; the opinions would be circulated among the court for 2 or 3 days before the president drafted a judgment containing a summary of those submitted by individual judges. The court would then agree on the decision that they wished to reach, along with the main points of argument they wished to use. Once this was done, a committee of four, including the president, the registrar and two judges elected by secret ballot, drafted a final judgment, which was then voted on by the entire court. Once a final judgment was set, it was given to the public and the press. Every judgment contained the reasons behind the decision and the judges assenting; dissenting judges were allowed to deliver their own judgment, with all judgments read in open court before the agents of the parties to the dispute. Judgments could not be revised except on the discovery of some fact unknown when the court sat but not if the fact was known but not discussed because of negligence. 653:, who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election. The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the league, along with "every major civilisation". Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges, with a maximum of 2 from its own nation. Judges were elected by a straight majority vote, held independently in the Council and Assembly. The judges served for a period of nine years, with their term limits all expiring at the same time, necessitating a completely new set of elections. The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases, owing allegiance to no individual member state, but it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state. As a sign of their independence from national ties, judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in court business. The only requirements for judges were "high moral character" and "the qualifications required in their respective countries the highest judicial offices" or to be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law". 865:

received by judges of the court) and Sections D and E of the official journal, comprising the legislative clauses conferring jurisdiction on the court and the court's Annual Report. The second editing secretary, known as the oral secretary, was mainly responsible for the oral interpretation and translation of the court's discussions. For public hearings, he was assisted by interpreters, but for private meetings, only he, the registrar and the deputy-registrar were admitted. As a result of this duty, the oral secretary was also tasked with writing Section C of the official journal, which comprised the oral interpretations of court minutes, along with cases and questions put before the court. The third secretary, known as the written secretary, was tasked with the written translations of the court's business, which were "both numerous and voluminous". He was assisted in this by the other secretaries and by translators for languages not his own; all secretaries were expected to speak English and French fluently and to have working knowledge of German and Spanish.

43: 850:, was initially tasked with drawing up a plan to create an efficient secretariat, using the smallest number of staff possible and costing as little as possible. As a result, he decided to have each member of the secretariat as the head of a particular department, so the numbers of actual employees could be increased or decreased as necessary without impacting on the actual registry. In 1927, the post of deputy-registrar was created, tasked with dealing with legal research for the court and answering all diplomatic correspondence received by the registry. 829:

at this issue, and it reported that "where there are in fact contending parties, the difference between contentious cases and advisory cases is only nominal... so the view that advisory opinions are not binding is more theoretical than real". In practice, advisory opinions were usually followed, mostly due to the fear that if this "revolutionary" international court's decisions were not followed, it would undermine its authority. The court retained the discretion to avoid giving an advisory opinion, which it used on occasion.

162: 563:, to come into effect in 1935. That did not directly affect the court, since the protocol accepting court jurisdiction was separately ratified, but it influenced whether a nation would be willing to bring a case before it, as evidenced by Germany's withdrawal from two pending cases. There were few cases in 1934 since the world's governments were more concerned with the growing international tension. The court's business continued to be small in 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 although 1937 was marked by 616: 786:

suitable disputes being over the interpretation of an international treaty, a question on international law, the validity of facts, which, if true, would breach international obligations and the nature of any reparations to be made for breaching international obligations. The original statutes of the court provided that all 11 judges were required to sit in every case. There were three exceptions: when reviewing Labour Clauses from a peace treaty such as the

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court was sitting, with 150 for the vice-president. This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the vice-president; as such, it provided for 200 days of court hearings, with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer. The deputy judges received no salary but, when called up for service, were provided with travel expenses, 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance.

331: 873:, was created to allow the circulation of the court's publishings. The Copying Department comprised shorthand, typing and copying services, and included secretaries for the registrar and judges, emergency reporters capable of taking notes down verbatim and copyists; the smallest of the departments, it comprised between 12 and 40 staff depending on the business of the court. 250:, allowed the league to investigate setting up an international court. In June 1920, an Advisory Committee of jurists appointed by the League of Nations finally established a working guideline for the appointment of judges, and the committee was then authorised to draft a constitution for a permanent court not of arbitration but of justice. The 635: 346:, which was not presented with a case for its first six terms. The court was given nine cases during 1922, however, with judgments called "cases" and advisory opinions called "questions". Three cases were disposed of during the court's first session, one during an extraordinary sitting between 8 January and 7 February 1923 (the 209:

those three categories. The court could issue either judgments or advisory opinions. Judgments were directly binding but not advisory opinions. In practice, member states of the League of Nations followed advisory opinions anyway for fear of possibly undermining the moral and legal authority of the court and the league.

238:. At the Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907, a draft convention for a permanent Court of Arbitral Justice was written although disputes and other pressing business at the Conference meant that such a body was never established, owing to difficulties agreeing on a procedure to select the judges. The outbreak of the 820:", which arose from Article 14 of the covenant creating the court, which provided, "The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute referred to it by the Council or Assembly". Goodrich interprets that as indicating that the drafters intended a purely advisory capacity for the court, not a binding one. 869:

difficult departments to organise. The Accounting and Establishment Department dealt with the requests for and allocation of the court's yearly budget, which was drawn up by the registrar, approved by the court and submitted to the League of Nations. The Printing Department, run from a single printing plant in

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international treaties". The Optional Clause was a clause attached to the protocol establishing the court and required all signatories to refer certain classes of dispute to the court, with compulsory judgments resulting. There were approximately 30 international conventions under which the court had

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The proviso that the court was for disputes that could not "be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy" never made it require evidence that diplomatic discussions had been attempted before bringing the case. In the Loan Cases, it asserted jurisdiction despite the fact that there was no alleged breach of

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argued that in certain situations, an advisory opinion could be binding on the League of Nations Council and, under certain circumstances, some states; M. Politis agreed, saying that the court's advisory opinions were equivalent to a binding judgment. In 1927, the court appointed a committee to look

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a month later. On 14 February the court was officially opened, and rules of procedure were established on 24 March, when the court ended its first session. The court first sat to decide cases on 15 June. During its first year of business, the court issued three advisory opinions, all related to the

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allowed it to have jurisdiction in cases over "the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of international obligations" and argued that since the fact "may be of any kind", it had jurisdiction if the dispute is one of municipal law. It had been long established that

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The registry was split into several departments: the Archives, the Accounting and Establishment, the Printing Service and the Copying Department. The Archives included a distribution service for the court's documents and the legal texts used by the court itself and was described as one of the most

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Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year, with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses, and an additional 45,000 florins for the president, who was required to live at The Hague. Travelling expenses were also provided, and a "duty allowance" of 100 florins was provided when the

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The court was unable to meet between 1941 and 1944, but the framework remained intact, and it soon became apparent that the court would be dissolved. In 1943, an international panel met to consider "the question of the Permanent Court of International Justice", meeting from 20 March to 10 February

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The court's mandatory jurisdiction came from three sources: the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and special bipartite international treaties. Cases could also be submitted directly by states, but they were not bound to submit material unless it fell into

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Throughout its existence, the court widened its jurisdiction as much as possible. Strictly speaking, the court's jurisdiction was only for disputes between states, but it regularly accepted disputes that were between a state and an individual if a second state brought the individual's case to the

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Under the Covenant of the League of Nations, all League members agreed that if there was a dispute between states they "recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy", the matter would be submitted to the court for arbitration, with

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Between 1922 and 1940 the court heard a total of 29 cases and delivered 27 separate advisory opinions. With the heightened international tension in the 1930s, the court became less used. By a resolution from the League of Nations on 18 April 1946, both the court and the league ceased to exist and

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The three principal officers of the registry, after the registrar and deputy-registrar, were the three editing secretaries. The first editing secretary, known as the drafting secretary, was tasked with drafting the court's publications (including the Confidential Bulletin, a document exclusively

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The court's jurisdiction was largely optional, but there were some situations in which they had "compulsory jurisdiction", and states were required to refer cases to them. That came from three sources: the Optional Clause of the League of Nations, general international conventions and "special

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judge, selected by the member state, was expected to fulfil all the requirements of a normal judge; the president of the court had ultimate discretion over whether to authorise him to sit. The court was mandated to open on 15 June each year and continue until all cases were finished, with

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of Norway was eventually appointed. Deputy judges were only substitutes for absent judges and were not afforded a vote in altering court procedure or contributing at other times. As such, they were allowed to act as counsel in international cases where they were not sitting as judges.

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Other than the judges, the court also included a registrar and his secretariat, the registry. When the court met for its initial session, opened on 30 January 1922 to allow for the establishment of procedure and the appointment of court officials, the secretary-general of the

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wrote that "the one dream of our ages has been realised in our time". Much praise was heaped upon the appointment of an American judge despite the fact that the United States had not become a signatory to the court's protocol, and it was thought that it would soon do so.

431:. 1926 saw reduced business, with only one ordinary session and one extraordinary session; it was, however, the first year that all 11 judges had been present to hear cases. The court heard two cases, providing one judgment and one advisory opinion; a second 806:

extraordinary sessions if required; by 1927, there were more extraordinary sessions than ordinary ones. The court's business being conducted in English and French as official languages, and hearings were public unless it was otherwise specified.

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judge of their own nationality to hear the case. In a full court hearing, that increased the number to 12; in one of the 5-man chambers, the new judge took the place of one of the original 5. That did not apply to summary procedure cases. The

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attributes the failure to a strong isolationist element in the US Senate, arguing that the ineffectiveness shown by US nonparticipation in the court and other international institutions could be linked to the start of the Second World War.

193:. Created in 1920 (although the idea of an international court was several centuries old), the court was initially well-received from states and academics alike, with many cases submitted to it for its first decade of operation. 595:, to succeed the Permanent Court of International Justice. As a result of these conferences and others, the judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice officially resigned in October 1945 and, via a resolution by the 402:

1925 was an exceedingly busy year for the court, which sat for 210 days, with four extraordinary sessions as well as the ordinary session, producing 3 judgments and 4 advisory opinions. The first judgment was given in the

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The United States never joined the World Court, primarily because enemies of the League of Nations in the Senate argued that the court was too closely linked to the League of Nations. The leading opponent was Senator

1161:. It was also foreseen that there would be clauses inserted in bipartite international treaties, which would allow the referral of disputes to the court; that occurred, with such provisions found in treaties between 442:

Despite the reduction of work in 1926, 1927 was another busy year, the court sitting continuously from 15 June to 16 December, handing down 4 orders, 4 judgments and 1 advisory opinion. The judgments were in the

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became the second president of the court. Judicial pensions were created at the same time, with a judge being given 1/30th of his annual pay for every year he had served once he had both retired and turned 65.

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To prevent the appearance of any bias in the court's makeup, if there was a judge belonging to one member state on the panel and the other member state was not "represented", they had the ability to select an

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In 1930, the number of judges was increased to 15, and a new set of elections were held. The election was held on 25 September 1930, with 14 candidates receiving a majority on the first ballot and a 15th,

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did not risk his political capital and gave only passive support even though a two-thirds vote of approval was needed in the Senate. A barrage of telegrams flooded Congress, inspired by attacks made by

242:, and, in particular, its conclusion made it clear to many academics that some kind of world court was needed, and it was widely expected that one would be established. Article 14 of the Covenant of the 587:

1944. The panel agreed that the name and functioning of the court should be preserved but for some future court rather than a continuation of the current one. Between 21 August and 7 October 1944, the

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had first suggested US involvement in 1923, and on 9 December 1929, three court protocols were signed. The U.S. demanded a veto over cases involving the U.S. but other nations rejected the idea.

567:'s acceptance of the court protocol. The court's judicial output in 1940 consisted entirely of a set of orders, completed in a meeting between 19 and 26 February, caused by the beginning of 127: 60: 824:(who sat as a judge) said that an advisory opinion "was what it purported to be. It is advisory. It is not in any sense a judgement... hence it is not in any way binding on any state", but 842:

passed an emergency resolution through the Assembly, which designated an official of the league and his staff as the registrar and registry respectively, with the first registrar being

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municipal law may be considered as a side point to a dispute over international law, but the Loan Cases discussed municipal law without the application of any international points.

629: 3478: 390:. During the same year, a new president and vice-president were elected, since they were mandated to serve for a term of three years. At the elections on 4 September 1924, 234:

in 1899, where it was declared that arbitration between states was the easiest solution to disputes, providing a temporary panel of judges to arbitrate in such cases, the

3473: 3458: 269:, covering preliminary business during the first session (such as establishing procedure and appointing officers) Nine judges sat, along with three deputies, since 1173:

international law, and it could not be shown that there was any international element to the claim. The court justified itself by saying that the Covenant of the

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The United States finally accepted the court's jurisdiction on 28 December 1935, but the treaty was never ratified, and the U.S. never joined.

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of the United Kingdom were elected by a majority vote of both the Council and Assembly on the first ballot taken. The second ballot elected

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was selected to succeed him. Olivan resigned in 1931 to take over from Hammarskjöld as registrar, and was replaced by M. L. J. H. Jorstad.

817: 810: 1112: 523:, Republican of Idaho. The United States finally recognised the court's jurisdiction, following a long and drawn out process. President 342:

The court faced increasing work as it went on, allaying the fears of those commentators who had believed the court would become like the

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said, "May we not as lawyers regard the establishment of an International Court of Justice as an advance in the science that we pursue?"

1081: 1050: 428: 685: 572: 488: 343: 436: 420: 404: 299: 231: 1752:[Analysis and visualization of networks in history. The example of the intellectual cooperation of the League of Nations]. 468: 432: 408: 383: 3288:

Kahn, Gilbert N. "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight."

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Gilbert N. Kahn, "Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight."

559:. This period was marked by growing international tension, however, with Japan and Germany announcing their withdrawal from the 363: 47:

The seal of the Permanent Court of International Justice. The successor International Court of Justice adopted the seal as well.

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Hudson, Manley O. (1957). "The Succession of the International Court of Justice to the Permanent Court of International".

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on 10 September 1923. The workload the following year was reduced, containing two judgments and one advisory opinion; the

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court. It argued that the second state assertsled its rights, and the cases therefore became one between two states.

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The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with the 4 deputies being elected on the 16th. On the first vote,

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Goodrich, Leland M. (1938). "The Nature of the Advisory Opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Competence of the International Labour Organisation to Regulate Incidentally the Personal Work of the Employer 1926

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on 16 July, the president and registrar left the Netherlands and moved to Switzerland, accompanied by their staff.

223: 3439: 1601:"Signature and Ratification of the Protocol of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Member States" 722: 588: 491:) left the court increasingly understaffed. Replacements for Moore and Finlay were elected on 19 September 1929; 424: 2462:

Hudson, Manley O. (July 1923). "The Work and the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Jacoby, Sidney B. (1936). "Some Aspects of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States."

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The United States and The World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations": Dreams, Illusions and Disillusion

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The United States and The World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations": Dreams, Illusions and Disillusion

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Hudson, Manley O. (January 1936). "The Fourteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1922–1946 Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders in PDF

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said that the creation of the court "should have given every lawyer a thrill of cosmic vibration", and

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Scott, James Brown (1921). "The Election of Judges for the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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The initial reaction to the court was good, from politicians, practising lawyers and academics alike.

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Hudson, Manley O. (1930). "The Election of Members of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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After the second round of elections in September 1930, the court was reorganised. On 16 January 1931

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Hudson, Manley O. (January 1923). "The First Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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The court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, recommended by member states of the

338:, who had first suggested American involvement; the U.S. demanded a veto, however, and never joined. 3223:

Hudson, Manley O. (1945). "The Twenty-Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1939). "The Seventeenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1941). "The Nineteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1940). "The Eighteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1935). "The Thirteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (Jan 1930). "The Eighth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Moore, John Bassett (1922). "The Organization of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1938). "The Sixteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1937). "The Fifteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1933). "The Eleventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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of Yugoslavia were elected. The Assembly and Council disagreed on the fourth deputy judge, but

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Hudson, Manley O. (1934). "The Twelfth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1929). "The Seventh Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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1933 was a busy year for the court, which cleared its 20th case (and "greatest triumph"); the

524: 374:(who had died on 1 March 1923 without hearing any cases) was also found, with the election of 335: 318: 243: 190: 2589:

Hudson, Manley O. (1926). "The Fourth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1924). "The Second Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Interpretation of the Convention of 1919 concerning Employment of Women during the Night 1932

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Hudson, Manley O. (1932). "The Tenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1931). "The Ninth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1928). "The Sixth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1927). "The Fifth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hudson, Manley O. (1925). "The Third Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hill, Norman L. (1931). "National Judges in the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Hammarskjold, A. (1923). "The Early Work of the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Bustamante Y Sirven, Antonio S. de (1923). "The Permanent Court of International Justice".

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in 1623. An idea of an international court of justice arose in the political world at the

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was elected vice-president on 12 September 1928 to succeed Weiss, while a second death (

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Hammarskjold, A. (1927). "Sidelights on the Permanent Court of International Justice".

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on 18 April 1946, the court and the league both ceased to exist, being replaced by the

592: 575:, the court was unable to meet although the registrar and president were afforded full 435:, this time a judgment rather than an advisory opinion, and an advisory opinion on the 350:), four during the second ordinary sitting between 15 June 1923 and 15 September 1923 ( 202: 2174:

Accinelli, Robert D. "The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935."

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Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the Oder River Case 1929

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was held, which, among other things, created an international court attached to the

568: 262: 166: 407:, the second (by the Court of Summary Procedure) was on the interpretation of the 948: 750: 669: 571:, which left the court with "uncertain prospects for the future". Following the 496: 371: 274: 1749: 975: 924: 673: 452: 3404: 3388: 3367: 3317: 3265: 3236: 3199: 3154: 3117: 3072: 3027: 2982: 2953: 2932: 2895: 2850: 2805: 2776: 2755: 2734: 2697: 2668: 2631: 2602: 2565: 2520: 2483: 2454: 2425: 2380: 2343: 2306: 2261: 2218: 142: 129: 75: 62: 847: 580: 266: 170: 112: 2404:

Hudson, Manley O. (1922). "The Permanent Court of International Justice".

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Scott, James Brown (1920). "A Permanent Court of International Justice".

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The Permanent Court (bottom left) in the League of Nations organisation.

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Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York

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Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD)

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Searchable text of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and PCIJ documentation

634: 3427: 1054: 983: 979: 944: 870: 796: 564: 386:(the first case of the court's Chamber of Summary Procedure) and the 255: 3309: 3257: 3191: 3146: 3109: 3064: 3019: 2974: 2887: 2842: 2797: 2689: 2623: 2557: 2512: 2475: 2417: 2372: 2335: 2298: 2253: 1761: 173:, Netherlands, home to the Permanent Court of International Justice 1220: 1040: 725:, receiving a majority on the second. The full court was Urrutia, 633: 614: 539:

and others. The treaty failed by seven votes on January 29, 1935.

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elected vice-president. Weiss died the following year, and

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Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland Question 1931

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Growing international tension and dissolution of the court

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Legal Status of the South-Eastern Territory of Greenland

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After receiving files in a case calculated to lead to a

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Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia 1931

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Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice

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Judges of the Permanent Court of International Justice

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Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube

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and Austria, and between Czechoslovakia and Poland.

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Interpretation of the Greco-Bulgarian Agreement 1932

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question on German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia

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Customs Regime between Germany and Austria Question

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Competence of the European Commission on the Danube

118: 108: 100: 92: 28: 3186:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–11. 3141:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–22. 3104:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–11. 3059:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–18. 3014:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–16. 2882:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–18. 2684:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–29. 2507:(1). American Society of International Law: 1–37. 2183: 1106:Interpretation of the Greco-Turkish Agreement 1928 1082:the Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question 1125:Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex 941:Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex 903:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 1924 429:German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia Question 2234:The United States and the World Court, 1920–1935 1579:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 132–33. 913:Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia 3399:, vol. 580, World Peace Foundation, 1925, 261:The court first sat on 30 January 1922, at the 222:An international court had long been proposed; 1198:Permanent Court of International Justice cases 1017:Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case 421:Expulsion of the Ecumenical Patriarch Question 405:Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case 21:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism 281:were unable to attend, the last being at the 8: 3383:(4). American Society of International Law. 3362:(4). American Society of International Law. 3252:(3). American Society of International Law. 3231:(1). American Society of International Law. 2948:(1). American Society of International Law. 2927:(1). American Society of International Law. 2792:(1). American Society of International Law. 2771:(1). American Society of International Law. 2750:(4). American Society of International Law. 2729:(1). American Society of International Law. 2663:(1). American Society of International Law. 2597:(1). American Society of International Law. 2470:(3). Academy of Political Science: 115–123. 1103:Greco-Bulgarian "Communities" Question 1930 409:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 384:Interpretation of the Treaty of Neuilly Case 3479:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1946 857:; after his resignation on 17 August 1928, 846:. The registrar, required to reside within 651:Secretary general of the League of Nations 364:Acquisition of Polish Nationality Question 3377:The American Journal of International Law 3356:The American Journal of International Law 3246:The American Journal of International Law 3225:The American Journal of International Law 3180:The American Journal of International Law 3135:The American Journal of International Law 3098:The American Journal of International Law 3053:The American Journal of International Law 3008:The American Journal of International Law 2963:The American Journal of International Law 2942:The American Journal of International Law 2921:The American Journal of International Law 2876:The American Journal of International Law 2831:The American Journal of International Law 2786:The American Journal of International Law 2765:The American Journal of International Law 2744:The American Journal of International Law 2723:The American Journal of International Law 2678:The American Journal of International Law 2657:The American Journal of International Law 2612:The American Journal of International Law 2591:The American Journal of International Law 2546:The American Journal of International Law 2501:The American Journal of International Law 2361:The American Journal of International Law 2242:The American Journal of International Law 2213:(9). University of Minnesota Law School. 1098:Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig Case 1070:Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations 459:. 3 of the advisory opinions were on the 293:as vice-president; Huber was replaced by 35:Cour permanente de justice internationale 3474:Courts and tribunals established in 1922 3459:Permanent Court of International Justice 1221:Permanent Court of International Justice 1076:Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question 469:German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia 417:Polish Postal Service in Danzig Question 179:Permanent Court of International Justice 29:Permanent Court of International Justice 1213: 1013:Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway case 1939 185:, existed from 1922 to 1946. It was an 3397:World Peace Foundation Pamphlet Series 1002:Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case 700:of Switzerland. As the deputy judges, 682:Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven 457:Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions Case 449:Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow 413:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case 380:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions Case 311:Attorney General for England and Wales 271:Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven 25: 3339:. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 132–33. 995:Minority Schools in Albania case 1935 935:Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia 394:was again elected vice-president and 302:created by the Treaty of Versailles. 16:International court from 1922 to 1946 7: 2186:World politics and international law 1548:Republican foreign policy, 1921–1933 1145:similar jurisdiction, including the 1022:Société Commerciale de Belgique 1939 692:of the United States, and the sixth 3304:(6). Columbia Law School: 497–526. 1603:. Archives of the League of Nations 3484:International courts and tribunals 573:German invasion of the Netherlands 348:Tunis-Morocco Nationality Question 344:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 1064:Monastery of Saint-Naoum Question 907:Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions 898:Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions 437:International Labour Organization 388:Monastery of Saint-Naoum Question 300:International Labour Organization 3464:Organisations based in The Hague 41: 2182:Boyle, Francis Anthony (1985). 1283:League of Nations Treaty Series 1188:Commissions of the Danube River 1157:and all mandates signed by the 1087:the Treaty of Lausanne Question 1010:Phosphates in Morocco case 1938 853:The first deputy-registrar was 1039:Nationality Decrees Issued in 601:International Court of Justice 236:Permanent Court of Arbitration 199:International Court of Justice 1: 506:was appointed president, and 465:Jurisdiction of Danzig Courts 3424:Decisions of the World Court 232:First Hague Peace Conference 2227:Journal of American Studies 2017:Hudson (January 1923) p. 17 467:. The 4 orders were on the 425:Treaty of Lausanne Question 283:Washington Naval Conference 3500: 3333:Pomerance, Michla (1996). 2134:Hudson (January 1923) p.24 2116:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 350 2107:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 347 2098:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 345 2089:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 344 2080:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 343 2071:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 342 2035:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 341 2008:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 340 1999:Hammarskjold (1927) p. 329 1748:Grandjean, Martin (2017). 1348:Hudson (January 1923) p.28 1339:Hudson (January 1923) p.27 1330:Hudson (January 1923) p.19 1312:Hudson (January 1923) p.16 1294:Hudson (January 1923) p.15 1193:League of Nations archives 627: 455:and a continuation of the 18: 1990:Hammarskjold (1927) p.338 1954:Hammarskjold (1927) p.331 1945:Hammarskjold (1927) p.334 1936:Hammarskjold (1927) p.330 1918:Hammarskjold (1927) p.328 1657:Hudson (January 1936) p.1 1573:Michla Pomerance (1996). 1321:Hammarskjold (1923) p.704 1151:Air Navigation Convention 589:Dumbarton Oaks Conference 514:United States never joins 463:, and the 4th was on the 226:suggested it in 1305 and 56: 52: 40: 33: 2143:Hudson (July 1923) p.122 2125:Hudson (July 1923) p.121 2026:Bustamante (1923) p. 132 755:Edouard Rolin-Jaequemyns 731:Rafael Altamira y Crevea 658:Rafael Altamira y Crevea 360:German Settlers Question 352:Eastern Carelia Question 218:Founding and early years 143:52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E 76:52.0866000°N 4.2955000°E 1227:, accessed 4 March 2021 937:(Minority Schools) 1928 919:Factory at Chorzów case 816:The court also issued " 763:Michał Jan Rostworowski 411:, and the third in the 3432:Contents & Indexes 1528:Hudson (Jan 1930) p.39 1519:Hudson (Jan 1930) p.38 1285:, vol. 6, pp. 380–413. 833:Registrar and registry 723:Francisco José Urrutia 642: 620: 557:Eastern Greenland Case 475:elected president and 339: 258:on December 13, 1920. 174: 2229:21#3 (1987): 327–351. 2192:Duke University Press 2178:40.3 (1978): 463–478. 1981:Goodrich (1938) p.740 1972:Goodrich (1938) p.739 1963:Goodrich (1938) p.738 1155:Treaty of St. Germain 747:José Gustavo Guerrero 637: 618: 532:Franklin D. Roosevelt 370:). A replacement for 356:S.S. "Wimbledon" case 333: 197:were replaced by the 164: 148:52.0866000; 4.2955000 81:52.0866000; 4.2955000 3292:4.2 (1980): 137–160. 2211:Minnesota Law Review 1563:4.2 (1980): 137–160. 1147:Treaty of Versailles 1007:Borchgrave case 1937 955:Brazilian Loans case 822:Manley Ottmer Hudson 788:Treaty of Versailles 668:of the Netherlands, 285:. The court elected 248:Treaty of Versailles 246:, created after the 3298:Columbia Law Review 2324:Michigan Law Review 2161:Jacoby (1936) p.237 2152:Jacoby (1936) p.234 2053:Hudson (1937) p. 15 1792:Hudson (1930) p.719 1738:Hudson (1957) p.569 1729:Hudson (1957) p.571 1720:Hudson (1957) p.570 1263:Hudson (1922) p.247 1254:Hudson (1922) p.246 1236:Hudson (1922) p.245 826:Charles De Visscher 710:Michaelo Yovanovich 577:diplomatic immunity 187:international court 181:, often called the 139: / 72: / 3442:2018-10-23 at the 3290:Diplomatic History 2443:Harvard Law Review 2406:Harvard Law Review 2287:Harvard Law Review 2062:Hudson (1932) p. 2 2044:Hudson (1929) p.29 1927:Moore (1922) p.507 1900:Moore (1922) p.506 1891:Moore (1922) p.501 1882:Moore (1922) p.500 1873:Moore (1922) p.506 1864:Hudson (1931) p.23 1855:Hudson (1931) p.22 1846:Hudson (1931) p.21 1837:Moore (1922) p.509 1828:Moore (1922) p.508 1819:Scott (1921) p.558 1810:Scott (1921) p.557 1801:Moore (1922) p.504 1783:Scott (1921) p.556 1639:Hudson (1934) p.18 1561:Diplomatic History 1510:Hudson (1929) p.28 1501:Hudson (1928) p.26 1492:Hudson (1928) p.22 1483:Hudson (1928) p.21 1474:Hudson (1928) p.10 1456:Hudson (1927) p.30 1447:Hudson (1927) p.27 1438:Hudson (1927) p.26 1429:Hudson (1926) p.19 1411:Hudson (1925) p.58 1402:Hudson (1925) p.57 1393:Hudson (1925) p.48 1384:Hudson (1925) p.55 1375:Hudson (1924) p.33 1303:Hudson (1925) p.49 1272:Scott (1920) p.582 1245:Scott (1920) p.581 1032:Status of Eastern 998:Losinger case 1936 961:Serbian Loans case 859:Julio Lopez Olivan 739:Willem van Eysinga 735:Dionisio Anzilotti 714:Frederik Beichmann 690:John Bassett Moore 662:Dionisio Anzilotti 643: 621: 481:John Bassett Moore 473:Dionisio Anzilotti 445:Belgium-China Case 368:Jaworznia Question 340: 315:John Henry Wigmore 175: 2201:978-0-8223-0655-9 1909:Hill (1931) p.673 1754:Memoria e Ricerca 1711:Hudson (1945) p.1 1702:Hudson (1941) p.2 1693:Hudson (1941) p.1 1684:Hudson (1938) p.1 1675:Hudson (1940) p.1 1666:Hudson (1939) p.1 1648:Hudson (1935) p.1 1630:Hudson (1933) p.1 1621:Boyle (1985) p.54 1537:Hudson (1932) p.1 1465:Hudson (1928) p.1 1420:Hudson (1926) p.6 1366:Hudson (1924) p.2 1357:Hudson (1924) p.1 1175:League of Nations 1159:League of Nations 840:League of Nations 818:advisory opinions 767:Walther Schücking 727:Mineichiro Adachi 706:Demetre Negulesco 647:League of Nations 597:League of Nations 561:League of Nations 525:Warren G. Harding 504:Mineichirō Adachi 336:Warren G. Harding 319:James Brown Scott 289:as president and 244:League of Nations 191:League of Nations 159: 158: 3491: 3426:Relevant to the 3407: 3392: 3371: 3350: 3329: 3285: 3240: 3219: 3174: 3129: 3092: 3047: 3002: 2957: 2936: 2915: 2870: 2825: 2780: 2759: 2738: 2717: 2672: 2651: 2606: 2585: 2540: 2495: 2458: 2437: 2400: 2355: 2318: 2281: 2232:Dunne, Michael. 2222: 2205: 2189: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1765: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1570: 1564: 1557: 1551: 1550:(1968) pp 70–75. 1546:L. 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Kellogg 537:Charles Coughlin 510:vice-president. 508:Gustavo Guerrero 254:was accepted in 189:attached to the 155: 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 88: 87: 86: 84: 83: 82: 77: 73: 70: 69: 68: 65: 45: 26: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3449: 3448: 3444:Wayback Machine 3415: 3410: 3395: 3374: 3353: 3347: 3332: 3310:10.2307/1111551 3295: 3258:10.2307/2195063 3243: 3222: 3192:10.2307/2192595 3177: 3147:10.2307/2192961 3132: 3110:10.2307/2190835 3095: 3065:10.2307/2190628 3050: 3020:10.2307/2190710 3005: 2975:10.2307/2191089 2960: 2939: 2918: 2888:10.2307/2190290 2873: 2843:10.2307/2189781 2828: 2798:10.2307/2190212 2783: 2762: 2741: 2720: 2690:10.2307/2190232 2675: 2654: 2624:10.2307/2188593 2609: 2588: 2558:10.2307/2189082 2543: 2513:10.2307/2189220 2498: 2476:10.2307/1171805 2461: 2440: 2418:10.2307/1329614 2403: 2373:10.2307/2189917 2358: 2336:10.2307/1328280 2321: 2299:10.2307/1279363 2284: 2254:10.2307/2190594 2239: 2208: 2202: 2181: 2170: 2165: 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