368:
suitable at small scales; however, methods to support larger scale production were soon needed. An adaption of the
Japanese longline shellfish aquaculture system led to the methods used today for commercial greenshell aquaculture and facilitated the transition to large-scale production by incorporating mechanized harvesting. This adaptation of the Japanese longline method consists of a series of large plastic buoys connected by two ropes forming a backbone which is held in place by concrete anchor blocks or steel anchors screwed into the seabed. Once the spat have been transported from the beach to mussel farms around the country, they are transferred into a stocking that holds the spat-covered seaweed material around a “dropper rope” which is suspended in the water column hanging at regular intervals off the backbone ropes. Soon after, the stocking and seaweed rots away, leaving only the rope for the mussels to attach. Subsequent loss of spat from the dropper ropes is typically high, generally over 50% and as high as 95%. This loss is partly due to the secondary settlement behaviour of mussels, whereby the spat can release their point of attachment to the growing rope and exude a mucous “parachute” to help move to an alternative settlement site using water currents. This loss of spat from mussel farms is a significant problem for the industry. A 2007 study identified two stressors that reduce the retention of mussels on the rope; desiccation and starvation (both of which are experienced on the journey from where the spat are harvested to where they are farmed). Steps to reduce these stressors on the spat during transport could potentially improve retention rates.
360:
relies heavily on the production of mussel seed, or spat, by wild mussel populations. Around 270 tonnes of wild spat which is attached to beach-cast seaweed are collected from Ninety Mile Beach in northern New
Zealand each year to supply the aquaculture industry. Nowhere else in the country are such large quantities of mussel-covered seaweed washed ashore. The density of spat varies from 200 to 2,000,000 per kilogram (91 to 907,185 per pound) of seaweed. This single beach provides around 80% of the seed mussels required for this aquaculture industry. The remaining 20% is caught using fibrous ropes which are suspended in the sea near mussel farms. Even with this industry's heavy dependency on wild spat, the biological and environmental processes by which the spat arrives on Ninety Mile Beach and on spat collection ropes are largely unknown. Furthermore, the amount of mussel spat that lands on Ninety Mile Beach is highly variable. This uncertainty of supply has resulted in major production problems for the industry which must endure periods up to a year without the arrival of any spat. 'Spatfall' events are also affected by
306:
388:
by the U.S Food and Drug
Administration, European Union, and NZ Food Safety Authority. The standards are in place to meet the increasing global demand for safe and healthy seafood products. The Resource Management Act 1991 and Fisheries Act 1996 have been put in place by the New Zealand government to mitigate the environmental effects of aquaculture in New Zealand. New Zealand's high aquaculture standards have been recognized by the International Conservation Organisation Blue Ocean Institute, which ranked New Zealand greenshell mussels as one of the top two 'eco-friendly seafoods' in the world.
477:. Many of the products of these pathways have inflammation-supporting properties. However, a 2006 systematic review of scientific research on supplementation with green-lipped mussel found "little consistent and compelling evidence" of any benefit for rheumatoid or osteoarthritis. However, subsequent placebo-controlled trials have shown that green-lipped mussels do show promise as an alternative therapy for joint issues. Another study on canines shows that a diet rich in green-lipped mussels yielded an improvement in pain and functioning in Osteoarthritic Dogs.
330:
954:
344:
31:
49:
397:
384:
greenshell mussel aquaculture for two main reasons. First is the potential for producing a more valuable product because hatcheries are able to selectively breed for desired traits. Second, the reliability of hatchery seed is a more stable base for an industry relying on wild seed, particularly in years when wild spat numbers are low, and when the hatchery spat will attract a premium.
430:, which were observed when dwelling in the mussel. Given the cryptic behaviour of the male crabs, a trapping system was developed to determine whether male crabs would exit their mussel hosts in response to an upstream female crab. Observations of the nocturnal mate-finding behaviour of male crabs were made in darkness using
383:
After 15 years of research and development into hatchery production of spat, the industry still remains almost completely reliant on wild spat, because collecting wild spat is markedly cheaper than breeding mussels in a hatchery. However, it is likely hatcheries will become increasingly important in
379:
Mussel farming is a fast-growing industry in New
Zealand. In 2000, 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) of mussel farms were in production, with proposals for another 30,000 hectares (74,000 acres). Typically, individual farms are less than 50 hectares (120 acres) and placed in sheltered waters close to the
387:
The New
Zealand greenshell mussel industry operates within some of the strictest quality standards in the world. Both the mussels and seawater around the farms are tested for biotoxins, bacteria, and heavy metals. The water quality is constantly monitored with tests carried out to the standards set
371:
Growing mussels are removed from the dropper ropes and reseeded once and sometimes twice before reaching harvesting size of around 100 millimetres (4 in). Harvesting is achieved using specially designed vessels which allow the dropper ropes to be pulled on board to strip the mussels from the
359:
is endemic to New
Zealand. When grown for aquaculture there, it is marketed under the trademark name Greenshell. This industry produces over 140,000 metric tons (150,000 short tons) annually and in 2009 was valued in excess of NZ$ 250 million. The aquaculture of the New Zealand greenshell mussel
400:
399:
296:
This shellfish is economically important to New
Zealand. It differs from other mussel species in that it has dark brown/green shells with green lips around the edges, and has only one adductor muscle. It is also one of the largest mussel species, reaching 240 millimetres (9 in) in length.
367:
New
Zealand greenshell mussel cultivation began in the 1970s and has since undergone massive expansion, with production growth of 708% from 1988 to 2000 (an average annual growth of 18%). Initial farms were based on the 700-year-old European floating raft method of mussel cultivation which was
401:
1163:
Barenie, Ms, Rd, Matthew J.; Freemas, Ms, Jessica A.; Baranauskas, Phd, Marissa N.; Goss, Msk, Curtis S.; Freeman, Ms, Kadie L.; Chen, Ms, Xiwei; Dickinson, Ms, Stephanie L.; Fly, Phd, Cfs, Alyce D.; Kawata, Phd, Keisuke; Chapman, Phd, Facsm, Robert F.; Mickleborough, Phd, Timothy D. (2022).
398:
484:, but noted that clinical trials to date had been limited. In 2000, two companies were successfully prosecuted and fined in New Zealand for making medicinal claims about Lyprinol without proof, including that it could act as a cancer cure.
375:
Productivity of the mussel farming industry in the year 2000 in New
Zealand was calculated to be 9.85 tonnes per hectare per year, or $ NZ59,649 per hectare per year; this is 200 times the productivity of protein from land-based farming.
550:
Smita Apte and
Bastiaan Star and Jonathan P. A. Gardner (2003). "A Comparison Of Genetic Diversity Between Cultured And Wild Populations, And A Test For Genetic Introgression In The New Zealand Greenshell Mussel
1226:
402:
1166:"Effectiveness of a combined New Zealand green-lipped mussel and Antarctic krill oil supplement on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation in untrained men"
1002:
Cobb CS and Ernst E (2006). "Systematic review of a marine nutriceutical supplement in clinical trials for arthritis: the effectiveness of the New Zealand green-lipped mussel
1211:
801:
737:
2450:
2573:
2463:
480:
A lipid extract from this shellfish is sold under the brand name Lyprinol. A 2011 literature review found weak evidence of anti-inflammatory effects similar to
530:
The word "canaliculus" is a noun, not an adjective, so it is invariable and does not agree grammatically in gender with the genus that it is combined with.
1055:"Combining mussel with fucoidan as a supplement for joint pain and prediabetes: Study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial"
1417:
2424:
860:
823:
Jeffs, A. (2003) Assessment of the potential for mussel aquaculture in Northland. NIWA client report AKL2003-057, NIWZ project ENT03101: 1–15.
2486:
380:
shore. With more recent technological developments larger mussel farms can now be constructed further offshore and in more exposed waters.
2568:
438:
edge of the mussel whilst attempting to gain entry, successfully increasing mussel valve gape during entry from 3.7 to 5.5 millimetres (
658:
Alfaro A.C., Jeffs A.G. (2003). "Variability in mussel settlement on suspended ropes placed at Ahipara Bay, Northland, New Zealand".
280:
occurs around all of New Zealand's mainland. It is usually found below the intertidal zone, but it can occur in the intertidal zone.
1386:
762:
Carton A.G., Jeffs A.G., Foote G., Palmer H., Bilton J. (2007). "Evaluation of methods for assessing the retention of seed mussels (
2558:
2525:
305:
1410:
1227:"Effect of a diet enriched with green-lipped mussel on pain behavior and functioning in dogs with clinical osteoarthritis"
1352:
2578:
2563:
1326:
702:) spat harvested for aquaculture in New Zealand and its relationship with hydrodynamic and meteorological conditions".
2385:
364:
periods and can result in delays in mussel farm production due to the insufficient seed landing on Ninety Mile Beach.
1225:
Rialland, P.; Bichot, S.; Lussier, B.; Moreau, M.; Beaudry, F.; Castillo, J. D. Del; Gauvin, D.; Troncy, E. (2013).
1106:"A green-lipped mussel prevents rheumatoid arthritis via regulation of inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis"
2213:
497:
266:
2468:
2002:
1977:
2338:
2034:
1790:
1403:
329:
622:
48:
2295:
2198:
1873:
1784:
1596:
1538:
1449:
698:
Alfaro A.C., McArdle B., Jeffs A.G. (2010). "Temporal patterns of arrival of beachcast green-lipped mussel (
423:
160:
953:
842:
2353:
2288:
1934:
1901:
1501:
419:
372:
dropper rope. From the initial seeding of mussels onto farms until harvesting takes from 12 to 24 months.
2390:
2248:
2224:
2208:
1779:
1767:
1654:
1205:
795:
731:
343:
143:
868:
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1929:
1832:
1757:
1629:
1591:
1528:
1464:
1165:
1117:
775:
711:
667:
564:
510:
427:
843:
Potential effects of mussel farming on New Zealand's marine mammals and seabirds: a discussion paper
2243:
2029:
30:
639:
Alfaro. A.C., Jeffs, A.G., Hooker, S.H. (2001) Reproductive behaviour of the green-lipped mussel,
604:
2553:
2517:
1949:
1852:
1842:
1827:
1822:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1586:
1506:
1496:
1454:
1256:
1193:
1104:
Yang, Seungcheon; Min, Hong Ki; Park, Jin-Sil; Na, Hyun Sik; Cho, Mi-La; Park, Sung-Hwan (2023).
1031:
488:
was also found to have breached broadcasting standards by publishing the claims in a news story.
169:
43:
2455:
2499:
2398:
2281:
2258:
2175:
2061:
2018:
2012:
1983:
1972:
1708:
1703:
1639:
1491:
1382:
1308:
1248:
1185:
1145:
1086:
1023:
984:
942:
924:
2504:
2170:
2122:
2072:
2066:
2007:
1944:
1837:
1773:
1573:
1480:
1298:
1290:
1238:
1177:
1135:
1125:
1076:
1066:
1015:
976:
932:
916:
783:
719:
675:
572:
435:
1954:
1939:
1924:
1919:
1523:
1512:
431:
120:
1121:
779:
715:
671:
568:
2312:
2253:
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2193:
2097:
1868:
1847:
1762:
1698:
1678:
1303:
1278:
1243:
1140:
1105:
1081:
1054:
937:
896:
470:
787:
723:
679:
576:
2547:
2317:
2218:
2111:
2104:
2024:
1896:
1891:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1649:
1601:
1581:
1197:
503:
285:
1260:
1035:
2403:
1964:
1486:
1231:
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research = Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire
1050:
474:
1181:
1130:
2512:
2437:
2130:
1857:
1737:
1713:
1644:
1624:
1606:
1543:
1518:
980:
920:
2322:
2162:
2088:
1805:
1474:
1071:
1019:
361:
2376:
928:
2135:
2078:
2053:
1659:
1548:
1469:
258:
110:
60:
1312:
1252:
1189:
1149:
1090:
1027:
946:
623:
http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/aquaculture-in-nz/industry-overview/overview/
1294:
1049:
Tay, Audrey; Jiang, Yannan; Signal, Nada; O'Brien, Daniel; Chen, Jinsong;
988:
2370:
2327:
1432:
1379:
Lines in the Water: a history of Greenshell mussel farming in New Zealand
1360:
481:
418:. In 2015, New Zealand researchers Oliver Trottier and Andrew Jeffs from
415:
407:
100:
90:
80:
1353:"Ministry of Health and Television New Zealand Ltd – 2000-030, 2000–031"
2429:
2185:
2153:
1862:
1814:
1749:
1562:
1459:
254:
2442:
2272:
1911:
1670:
1616:
1533:
643:, in northern New Zealand. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69: 1095–1108.
410:
entering a green-lipped mussel hosting a female crab, infrared video
70:
2347:
621:
Aquaculture New Zealand (2010) New Zealand aquaculture farm facts,
2235:
2044:
1994:
1883:
1554:
1395:
395:
304:
2416:
2491:
1441:
1381:. New Zealand: River Press (for NZ Marine Farming Association).
485:
2351:
1399:
897:"Mate locating and access behaviour of the parasitic pea crab,
609:
Cultured Aquatic Species, FAO, Rome. Retrieved September 2012.
434:
video recordings. Male crabs were often observed stroking the
319:
414:
New Zealand greenshell mussel are often parasitized by
1283:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
890:
888:
886:
2360:
2305:
2271:
2234:
2184:
2161:
2152:
2121:
2087:
2052:
2043:
1993:
1963:
1910:
1882:
1813:
1804:
1748:
1669:
1615:
1572:
1440:
1431:
1279:"Lyprinol—Is It a Useful Anti-Inflammatory Agent?"
967:Busse WW (1998). "Leukotrienes and Inflammation".
38:Close-up of the green lip of this mussel species
845:". Department of Conservation, Wellington: 1–34.
855:
853:
851:
594:. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins. p. 653.
1411:
590:Morton, John; Charles Michael Miller (1973).
8:
1210:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
861:"NZ Greenshell™ Mussels - Attributes - Safe"
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
800:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
693:
691:
689:
653:
651:
649:
635:
633:
631:
1272:
1270:
895:Trottier, Oliver; Jeffs, Andrew G. (2015).
2348:
2158:
2049:
1810:
1437:
1418:
1404:
1396:
29:
20:
1302:
1242:
1139:
1129:
1080:
1070:
936:
473:pathway, which leads to the formation of
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
542:
523:
1203:
901:, an important parasite of the mussel
793:
729:
2574:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
617:
615:
7:
2479:f93c282e-5699-476e-b90b-67e9256fc8c1
766:) prior to seeding for grow-out".
14:
788:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.026
724:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.028
267:cultivated species in New Zealand
1357:Broadcasting Standards Authority
952:
342:
328:
47:
24:New Zealand green-lipped mussel
231:New Zealand green-lipped mussel
1170:Journal of Dietary Supplements
625:, Website accessed 30/08/2010.
1:
1182:10.1080/19390211.2020.1853649
969:Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med
680:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00419-2
577:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00003-6
265:has economic importance as a
1327:"Lyprinol firms admit guilt"
1277:Doggrell, Sheila A. (2011).
1131:10.1371/journal.pone.0280601
899:Nepinnotheres novaezelandiae
422:studied the mate location
2595:
2569:Bivalves described in 1791
981:10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.mar-1
498:Aquaculture in New Zealand
284:feeds on various types of
2336:
1920:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
1072:10.3389/fnut.2022.1000510
1020:10.1007/s10067-005-0001-8
592:The New Zealand Sea Shore
175:
168:
149:
142:
44:Scientific classification
42:
37:
28:
23:
1791:Placopecten magellanicus
1635:New Zealand green-lipped
921:10.1051/parasite/2015013
2559:Bivalves of New Zealand
2296:Acanthopleura granulata
1865:(group of four species)
865:Aquaculture New Zealand
2289:Acanthopleura echinata
2199:Atlantic white-spotted
1650:Asian/Philippine green
1377:Dawber, Carol (2004).
1331:The New Zealand Herald
1059:Frontiers in Nutrition
420:University of Auckland
411:
316:Aquaculture production
310:
257:mollusc in the family
192:(original combination)
2225:Amphioctopus fangsiao
1869:South African abalone
1741:("true oyster" genus)
1507:California butterclam
428:New Zealand pea crabs
405:
308:
179:Mytilus canaliculatus
1950:Ribbed Mediterranean
1465:Grooved carpet shell
1363:on 11 February 2016.
511:Mytilus unguiculatus
261:(the true mussels).
233:, also known as the
2579:New Zealand seafood
2564:Commercial molluscs
1945:Rayed Mediterranean
1539:Japanese littleneck
1333:. 22 September 2000
1295:10.1093/ecam/nep030
1122:2023PLoSO..1880601Y
841:Loyd, B.D. (2003) "
780:2007Aquac.262..521C
716:2010Aquac.302..208A
672:2003Aquac.216..115A
569:2003Aquac.219..193A
309:Restored mussel bed
215:Tenison-Woods, 1876
187:Mytilus canaliculus
135:P. canaliculus
2318:Land snail farming
1732:Gillardeau oysters
1450:Atlantic jackknife
1053:; Lu, Jun (2022).
412:
311:
235:New Zealand mussel
212:Mytilus tasmanicus
16:Species of bivalve
2541:
2540:
2500:Open Tree of Life
2362:Perna canaliculus
2354:Taxon identifiers
2345:
2344:
2323:Gastropod anatomy
2282:Chiton magnificus
2267:
2266:
2244:New Zealand arrow
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2019:Kelletia lischkei
1984:Littorina sitkana
1930:Yellow-foot opihi
1800:
1799:
1694:Colchester native
1004:Perna canaliculus
903:Perna canaliculus
764:Perna canaliculus
700:Perna canaliculus
641:Perna canaliculus
606:Perna canaliculus
553:Perna canaliculus
467:Perna canaliculus
462:Medicinal effects
403:
335:↑ Production
278:Perna canaliculus
239:greenshell mussel
226:Perna canaliculus
222:
221:
216:
208:
200:
191:
183:
153:Perna canaliculus
2586:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2349:
2159:
2073:Chorus giganteus
2050:
1811:
1774:Pecten jacobaeus
1481:Mactra stultorum
1438:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1365:
1364:
1359:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1046:
1040:
1039:
999:
993:
992:
964:
958:
957:
956:
950:
940:
892:
881:
880:
878:
876:
867:. Archived from
857:
846:
839:
824:
821:
806:
805:
799:
791:
774:(2–4): 521–527.
759:
742:
741:
735:
727:
710:(3–4): 208–218.
695:
684:
683:
666:(1–4): 115–126.
655:
644:
637:
626:
619:
610:
602:
596:
595:
587:
581:
580:
563:(1–4): 193–220.
555:(Gmelin 1791)".
547:
531:
528:
457:
456:
452:
447:
446:
442:
404:
346:
332:
318:reported by the
214:
206:
198:
189:
181:
155:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2332:
2328:Bivalve anatomy
2301:
2263:
2249:Japanese flying
2230:
2180:
2140:
2117:
2083:
2039:
1989:
1959:
1940:Common European
1906:
1878:
1796:
1780:Peruvian calico
1744:
1665:
1662:(mussel family)
1611:
1568:
1513:Senilia senilis
1427:
1426:Edible mollusks
1424:
1389:
1376:
1373:
1371:Further reading
1368:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1116:(1): e0280601.
1103:
1102:
1098:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1001:
1000:
996:
966:
965:
961:
951:
894:
893:
884:
874:
872:
859:
858:
849:
840:
827:
822:
809:
792:
761:
760:
745:
728:
697:
696:
687:
657:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
613:
603:
599:
589:
588:
584:
549:
548:
544:
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
520:
494:
464:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
439:
396:
394:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
347:
338:
337:
336:
333:
324:
323:
317:
303:
294:
275:
199:Lightfoot, 1786
164:
157:
151:
138:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Oyster farming
2309:
2307:
2306:Related topics
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2098:Cornu aspersum
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
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1899:
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1888:
1886:
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1860:
1855:
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1825:
1819:
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1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
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1794:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1607:Giant Atlantic
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Triangle shell
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1344:
1318:
1266:
1217:
1176:(2): 184–211.
1155:
1096:
1041:
1014:(3): 275–284.
1008:Clin Rheumatol
994:
975:(6): 210–213.
959:
882:
847:
825:
807:
743:
685:
645:
627:
611:
597:
582:
541:
539:
536:
533:
532:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
500:
493:
490:
471:5-lipoxygenase
463:
460:
393:
390:
357:P. canaliculus
348:
341:
340:
339:
334:
327:
326:
325:
315:
314:
313:
312:
302:
299:
293:
290:
282:P. canaliculus
274:
271:
263:P. canaliculus
220:
219:
218:
217:
209:
201:
193:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
147:
146:
140:
139:
132:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2591:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Pacific giant
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2112:Helix pomatia
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:Helix lucorum
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1725:Ostra chilena
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Mediterranean
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:(razor genus)
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Pacific razor
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Atlantic surf
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1390:
1388:9780958225274
1384:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Murphy, Rinki
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
891:
889:
887:
883:
871:on 2010-06-04
870:
866:
862:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
826:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
808:
803:
797:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
744:
739:
733:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:
601:
598:
593:
586:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
543:
537:
527:
524:
517:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
504:Perna viridis
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
489:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
469:inhibits the
468:
461:
459:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
358:
345:
331:
321:
307:
300:
298:
291:
289:
287:
286:phytoplankton
283:
279:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
213:
210:
207:Dillwyn, 1817
205:
204:Mytilus latus
202:
197:
196:Mytilus durus
194:
188:
185:
180:
177:
176:
174:
171:
167:
162:
156:
154:
148:
145:
144:Binomial name
141:
137:
136:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2361:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2223:
2214:Southern red
2110:
2103:
2096:
2071:
2045:Other snails
2017:
1982:
1789:
1772:
1758:Atlantic bay
1736:
1724:
1689:Southern mud
1634:
1561:
1553:
1511:
1492:Ocean quahog
1479:
1378:
1361:the original
1356:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1237:(1): 66–74.
1234:
1230:
1220:
1206:cite journal
1173:
1169:
1158:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1062:
1058:
1044:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
972:
968:
962:
912:
908:
902:
898:
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
864:
796:cite journal
771:
767:
763:
732:cite journal
707:
703:
699:
663:
659:
640:
605:
600:
591:
585:
560:
556:
552:
545:
526:
509:
502:
479:
475:leukotrienes
466:
465:
413:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
356:
355:
349:↑ Value
322:, 1980–2010
295:
281:
277:
276:
273:Distribution
262:
249:
248:
243:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
224:
223:
211:
203:
195:
190:Gmelin, 1791
186:
178:
152:
150:
134:
133:
121:
18:
2513:SeaLifeBase
2438:iNaturalist
2259:Neon flying
1965:Periwinkles
1925:Turtle/talc
1858:Green ormer
1768:New Zealand
1738:Crassostrea
1719:Sydney rock
1597:New Zealand
1519:Smooth clam
1487:Blunt gaper
1337:5 September
768:Aquaculture
704:Aquaculture
660:Aquaculture
557:Aquaculture
458: in).
301:Aquaculture
292:Description
2548:Categories
2176:Bottletail
2163:Cuttlefish
2123:Freshwater
2067:Korean mud
2030:Pear whelk
1806:Gastropods
1763:Great/king
1709:Windowpane
1704:Portuguese
1640:California
1544:Razor clam
1524:Soft-shell
875:August 30,
538:References
182:Gray, 1843
2554:Mytilidae
2171:Spineless
2035:Lightning
2003:Channeled
1660:Mytilidae
1549:Pod razor
1470:Hard clam
1198:228080491
929:1776-1042
424:behaviour
416:pea crabs
392:Parasites
259:Mytilidae
129:Species:
111:Mytilidae
67:Kingdom:
61:Eukaryota
2456:11323004
2417:46466851
2371:Wikidata
2339:Category
2254:Humboldt
2204:Big blue
2062:Mud-flat
2013:Kellet's
1853:Greenlip
1848:Blacklip
1750:Scallops
1433:Bivalves
1313:19383840
1261:30123772
1253:23814358
1190:33292022
1150:36662733
1110:PLOS ONE
1091:36211508
1036:13114767
1028:16220229
947:25786327
909:Parasite
492:See also
482:fish oil
432:infrared
426:of male
408:pea crab
170:Synonyms
107:Family:
101:Mytilida
91:Bivalvia
81:Mollusca
77:Phylum:
71:Animalia
57:Domain:
2430:5729679
2377:Q674602
2273:Chitons
2186:Octopus
2154:Inkfish
2136:Nerites
2025:Knobbed
1912:Limpets
1897:Elegant
1884:Conches
1874:Chilean
1815:Abalone
1699:Pacific
1684:Olympia
1679:Eastern
1671:Oysters
1617:Mussels
1574:Cockles
1563:Paphies
1460:Geoduck
1304:3163099
1289:: 1–7.
1244:3525174
1141:9858385
1118:Bibcode
1082:9533066
989:9620941
938:4365294
776:Bibcode
712:Bibcode
668:Bibcode
565:Bibcode
453:⁄
443:⁄
362:El Niño
255:bivalve
253:, is a
163:, 1791)
117:Genus:
97:Order:
87:Class:
2531:397169
2505:329453
2492:397169
2476:NZOR:
2443:394900
2194:Common
2079:Bailer
2008:Common
1995:Whelks
1978:Banded
1973:Common
1955:Rustic
1727:/Bluff
1602:Sydney
1592:Goolwa
1582:Common
1534:Tuatua
1385:
1311:
1301:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1196:
1188:
1148:
1138:
1089:
1079:
1034:
1026:
987:
945:
935:
927:
915:: 13.
436:mantle
247:, and
237:, the
229:, the
161:Gmelin
2526:WoRMS
2518:83833
2469:38949
2451:IRMNG
2404:4F6T5
2391:31956
2236:Squid
2219:Mimic
2131:Apple
1935:China
1892:Queen
1838:Green
1833:Black
1823:White
1785:Yesso
1645:Brown
1587:Blood
1555:Ensis
1502:Venus
1475:Horse
1442:Clams
1257:S2CID
1194:S2CID
1032:S2CID
518:Notes
406:Male
250:kutai
122:Perna
2487:OBIS
2464:NCBI
2425:GBIF
2386:BOLD
2089:Land
1863:Pāua
1843:Pink
1714:Rock
1655:Date
1625:Blue
1383:ISBN
1339:2023
1309:PMID
1287:2011
1249:PMID
1212:link
1186:PMID
1146:PMID
1087:PMID
1024:PMID
985:PMID
943:PMID
925:ISSN
877:2010
802:link
738:link
486:TVNZ
244:kuku
2412:EoL
2399:CoL
2054:Sea
1902:Dog
1828:Red
1299:PMC
1291:doi
1239:PMC
1178:doi
1136:PMC
1126:doi
1077:PMC
1067:doi
1016:doi
1006:".
977:doi
973:157
933:PMC
917:doi
784:doi
772:262
720:doi
708:302
676:doi
664:216
573:doi
561:219
448:to
320:FAO
2550::
2528::
2515::
2502::
2489::
2466::
2453::
2440::
2427::
2414::
2401::
2388::
2373::
1355:.
1329:.
1307:.
1297:.
1285:.
1281:.
1269:^
1255:.
1247:.
1235:77
1233:.
1229:.
1208:}}
1204:{{
1192:.
1184:.
1174:19
1172:.
1168:.
1144:.
1134:.
1124:.
1114:18
1112:.
1108:.
1085:.
1075:.
1065:.
1061:.
1057:.
1030:.
1022:.
1012:25
1010:.
983:.
971:.
941:.
931:.
923:.
913:22
911:.
907:.
885:^
863:.
850:^
828:^
810:^
798:}}
794:{{
782:.
770:.
746:^
734:}}
730:{{
718:.
706:.
688:^
674:.
662:.
648:^
630:^
614:^
571:.
559:.
455:32
445:64
288:.
269:.
241:,
1419:e
1412:t
1405:v
1391:.
1341:.
1315:.
1293::
1263:.
1214:)
1200:.
1180::
1152:.
1128::
1120::
1093:.
1069::
1063:9
1038:.
1018::
991:.
979::
949:.
919::
905:"
879:.
804:)
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