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long wavelengths (LWIR) are preferred for outdoor operation since they are less affected by radiation from the Sun. LWIR cameras are typically uncooled systems using Focal Plane Array microbolometers commonly used in industrial IR applications, although cooled LWIR cameras using
Mercury Cadmium Tellurium (MCT) detectors exists as well. On the contrary, the majority of the MWIR cameras require cooling, using either liquid nitrogen or a Stirling cycle cooler. Cooling to approximately −196 °C (77 K) offers excellent thermal resolution, but might restrict the span of applications to controlled environments.
93:) provides a low attenuation losses medium for the infrared, whilst the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) band allows to work on long-distance telecommunications (remote sensing) using a combination of detector materials. The Medium Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) and the Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) bands find applications in Infrared Thermography for military or civil applications, e.g. target signature identification, surveillance, NonDestructive Evaluation, etc. The Very Long Wavelength Infrared (VLWIR) band is used in spectroscopy and astronomy.
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in the second half of the 1960s, however, the availability of new generations of infrared cameras coupled with growing computer power is providing new civilian (and military) applications, to name only a few: buildings and infrastructure, works of art, aerospace components and processes, maintenance,
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The MWIR band is preferred when inspecting high temperature objects and the LWIR band when working with near room temperature objects. Other important criteria for band selection are: the operating distance, indoor-outdoor operation, temperature and emissivity of the bodies of interest. For instance,
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highlighting the infrared part located between the visible and the radio waves, is depicted in the figure. The IR spectrum can be subdivided into 5 regions, although this definition is somewhat arbitrary and it differs from one author to another. The subdivision presented here is based on a
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defect detection and characterization, law enforcement, surveillance and public services, medical and veterinary thermal imaging. The electronic technique that uses infrared vision to "see" thermal energy, to monitor temperatures and thermal patterns is called infrared thermography.
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portions of the electromagnetic spectrum) to electrons, amplify the signal and transform it back to photons. Infrared vision on the other hand, uses an infrared detector working at mid or long wavelengths (invisible to the human eye) to capture the heat emitted by an object.
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The human body, as well as many moving or static objects of military or civil interest, are normally warmer than the surrounding environment. Since hotter objects emit more infrared energy than colder ones, it is relatively easy to identify them with an
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is better transmitted through the atmosphere, the detector materials used to build the infrared sensors and the main applications. In this way, the Near
Infrared (NIR) band is mostly used in fiber optic telecommunication systems since silica
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Avdelidis N. P., Delegou E. T. and
Moropoulou A. "A thermographic survey for the monitoring porous stone", 16th WCNDT - World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, , Montreal (Quebec), August 30 – September 3, 2004
58:. In fact, night vision equipment can be manufactured using one of two technologies: light intensifiers or infrared vision. The former technology uses a photocathode to convert light (in the visible or
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Garziera R., Amabili M. and
Collini L. "Structural health monitoring techniques for historical buildings", Proc. IV Pan American Conference in NDE, , Buenos Aires, Argentina October 22–27, 2007
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are also commonly used in this context since infrared emissions from a body are directly related to their temperature: hotter objects emit more energy in the infrared spectrum than colder ones.
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Grinzato E. "Temperature monitors works of art health as human beings", 16th WCNDT - World
Conference on Nondestructive Testing, , Montreal (Quebec), August 30 – September 3, 2004
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129:. For years, it developed slowly due to the high cost of the equipment and the low quality of available images. Since the development of the first commercial
50:) in the place of "infrared vision", since one of the original purposes in developing this kind of systems was to locate enemy targets at night. However,
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Ruddock W. 2004, "Infrared
Imaging and Open Heart Surgery", from InfraredThermography.com by Advanced Infrared Resources : accessed on June 28, 2004.
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Shepard S. M. "Flash
Thermography of Aerospace Composites", Proc. IV Pan American Conference in NDE, , Buenos Aires, Argentina October 22–27, 2007
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combination of the atmospheric transmittance windows, i.e. the wavelengths regions in which
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Chrzanowski K. 2002, "Infrared Devices and Techniques", Contributed Paper:
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Piotrowski J. and
Rogalski A. 2004, "Uncooled Long Wavelength Infrared Photon Detectors",
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with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.
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concerns the ability to see in the dark although not necessarily in the
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Theory and
Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing
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is the capability of biological or artificial systems to detect
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Canada Research Chair in Multipolar Infrared Vision - MiViM
338:"How Stirling Engines Work" Howstuffworks. 17 Apr. 2008,
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Infrared vision is used extensively by the military for
264:"How Night Vision Works" Howstuffworks. 17 Apr. 2008,
251:. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 Apr. 2008,
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The infrared bands in the electromagnetic spectrum.
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407:. 14 February 2013. Archived from
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208:Encarta World English Dictionary
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42:, day or night. Hence, the term
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279:Infrared System Engineering
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