556:
beyond the sterna (ventral plates). Notably, the abdomen lacks several defining characteristics, including patches or rows of asperities (roughened areas), well-developed lateral processes, transverse dorsal folds/lobes on the third tergum, paired abdominal glands, balloon-like tracheal gills, long and narrow lateral gills, patches/rows of asperities on sterna, paired ventral prolegs, ventral abdominal gill tufts, special armature on the eighth tergum, and a respiratory chamber at the tip.
437:, a posterior part of the thorax, is well-developed and abruptly elevated. The mesoventrite, a hard plate of the thorax, is divided by a lengthwise groove and has a large and deep cavity. The metaventrite, another hard plate of the thorax, is longer than the first abdominal ventrite, or hard plate, and has a moderately to very long average discrimen. The metacoxae, the base of the hind legs, are adjacent or narrowly separated and extend to the side to meet the elytra or sides of the body.
241:
530:
lack a maxillary articulating area. The mala, the single fixed lobe of the maxilla, remains simple at the tip and avoids any clefts, with its inner apical angle also maintaining a basic form. The maxillary palps comprise four segments, with the first lacking a digitiform appendage. The labium itself is formed by the prementum and postmentum, hard plates that are either completely or almost completely fused with the maxillae.
547:
highly miniaturized legs, barely reaching 0.2 times the head width in length, further accentuate the larvae's simplified form. Notably, the metathoracic legs mirror the mesothoracic legs in size, and neither pair participates in the formation of stridulatory organs. The rounded or truncated apical leg segments, devoid of any acute or claw-like features, round out this description of the larvae's unique thoracic morphology.
534:
segment. Additionally, a hypopharyngeal bracon (mouth appendage) is present, although the sclerome is, too, absent. The hypostomal region serves to separate the labium from the thorax, while ventral epicranial ridges and hypostomal rods are absent. Furthermore, the gula, wider than long with distinct gular sutures, is fused to the labium. Finally, the occipital foramen remains undivided by a tentorial bridge.
77:
36:
399:, or the first segment of the thorax, and is moderately to strongly declined. It has no snout or neck, and the temples are either absent or not closely pressed against the prothorax. There are no ridges on the top of the head, and the beetles do not have a stridulatory file, a part used to make sound. The eyes are large and protuberant, with finely facetted
221:
136:
512:
are separated from the mandibles by a narrow strip of membrane or cuticle. The line separating the top and lower portions of the head shield can be absent or vaguely indicated. The larvae's labrum is completely fused to the head capsule, lacking a crenulate groove. The epipharyngeal rods, or hardened structures inside of the mouth, are absent.
560:
urogomphi are separated by less than two basal widths and the ninth sternum is partially or entirely exposed. The abdominal tip lacks a hinged closing structure and the tenth segment lacks both oval lobes with a lengthwise groove. The eighth opening is functional and positioned sidewise or backward and to the side.
638:. The suffix, "thops", means "eye". The prefix, though, is harder to identify. It most likely is referring to "maimed/crippled" or "little necklaces/bands". This name may refer to the placement of the eyes on these beetles. The specimens in this genus are known as Beech-tree beetles. This is most likely due to
559:
Further distinguishing features include a ninth abdominal segment shorter than the eighth (excluding appendages), tergum nine extending onto the ventral surface and forming paired urogomphi (tail-like appendages) that are fixed at the base, unsegmented, and dorsally or posterodorsally oriented. These
555:
The abdomen of perothopid larvae exhibits a distinct morphology characterized by specific features. Most notably, the abdomen is elongated and exceeds twice the length of the thorax when appendages are excluded. Ten visible segments are present, with the terga (dorsal plates) not extending laterally
546:
Further underscoring the streamlined form, the mesocoxae are positioned distinctly apart, separated by a distance exceeding twice their basal diameter. The mesothoracic legs, with their three segments and minimal number of components (five or less including the claw), exemplify this reduction. These
520:
The mandibles are symmetrical, non-opposable, straight, or curved at the tip. They are diverging and divided lengthwise, narrow and hooked, or possibly broad at the base and narrow at the tip, which is narrow when viewed from the front, with a single lobe or tooth. There is an incisor edge with 1 or
498:
Larvae of these species have an elongate and parallel-sided body, exceeding 15 mm in length. The body is circular or slightly flattened in cross-section, not broadly ovate or strongly flattened ventrally. Part of the body is composed solely of fine hairs or setae, and the dorsal surfaces are lightly
542:
The prothorax remains narrow or barely surpasses the abdomen in width, and falls short of the combined length of the meso- and metathorax. Additionally, the absence of asperities or carinae on the thoracic terga adds to the streamlined form. Sclerotized plates are absent on the protergum, meso- and
511:
The antennae consist of two segments, with a length-to-head-width ratio of less than 0.15. The antennal segment sensors are present, shorter than the apical segment, and cone or club-shaped. The antennal segment's tip ends abruptly, with the sensors and apical segment arising together. The antennae
461:
The legs are slender, and the tarsi, the final segments of the legs, are 5-segmented. There are two mesotibial spurs, which are small spine-like projections, and if there are any on them, they are without hair. They can be absent. The claws are paired, subequal in length, and toothed or have narrow
529:
In perothopid larvae, the ventral mouthparts are retracted. The cardo (the joint of the maxilla) is either absent, indistinct, or membranous, lying transversely or slightly obliquely and leaving the cardines separated by the labium (lower lip). The stipes are elongated, surpassing their width, and
386:
These beetles are small, measuring 10–18 mm in length. Their bodies are slightly flattened or somewhat convex, with sides that are not evenly curved. They cannot roll into a ball and their upper surfaces are covered in hairs, setae, or scales, but not stiff bristles. They lack deep grooves or
533:
The postmentum, subquadrate or trapezoidal in shape, possesses a blunt posterior edge and avoids lengthwise division. The ligula is absent, while the labial palps (a pair of sensory structures attached to the labium) consist of two segments separated by a distance exceeding the width of the first
688:
is distributed across the
Eastern United States, and the other 2 species in the genus are spread out across California. The species of the genus generally appear in forested areas. As of January 2024, their diet is unknown, along with their conservation status – no research is taking place. They
507:
The head is prognathous or slightly declined – protracted or slightly retracted. It is visible from above because it is not concealed by the prothorax. It is narrower than the thorax, lacking a wedge-like, notched plate. The head capsule is strongly depressed and wedge-shaped anteriorly, with a
484:
is joined individually with the base of the male genitalia. It is not curved outwards. The aedeagus, the male genitalia of arthropods, is simple, lacking separate dorsal and ventral lobes. Similar to the base of the penis, the aedeagus's anterior edge also lacks any struts.
543:
metaterga, further emphasizing the reduction of structural complexity. This minimalism extends to the lateral tergal processes, which are either weakly developed or entirely absent. The prosternum also lacks any armature, contributing to the overall smooth body contour.
508:
distinct posterior notch, and the top of the head with a lengthwise groove for muscle attachment. V-shaped or U-shaped frontal arms are present and not joined anteriorly or extended to meet the mandibles. The bases of the frontal arms are distinctly separated.
708:
may be yearly occurrences at specific locations. No flights occurred before or after the beetles fell from the tree, and no mating was observed. It was estimated that about 500 beetles dropped. Based on these observations, it seems from May to June adult
452:
The hind wings are well-developed as well as their elongate membrane, enclosed by veins on the wing. The center of the hind wing has 5 or 6 free veins. The wedge cell, an enclosed area within of the hind wing, is well-developed and has an acute tip.
372:
in 1836. It used to be considered a family not part of
Eucnemidae. The genus's name is from Greek, translating to "maimed/crippled eye" or "eye of little necklaces/bands", referring to the placement of perothopid eyes.
449:
are longer than the prothorax and meet at the ridges of the pointed tip of the elytron. They have more than 5 grooves and the side edge of the elytron is straight or slightly curved.
571:
was put under the family
Eucnemidae in 1993 by Jyrki Muona and demoted to the rank of genus, after being formerly considered a separate family. The genus contains three species,
469:
has 5 visible hard plates, with the first two connate. The 4th hard plate is joined with both the 3rd and the 5th. Perothopids do not have a terminal spine. There are functional
1055:
430:– the anterior angles are absent or rounded, and the posterior angles are acute and strongly produced. The pronotum has no average lengthwise groove or line.
426:
The prothorax is wider at the back than at the front, and the sides are more or less straight. There are no deep pits or grooves on the sides or disc of the
713:
look for aggregation areas in places that are associated, somehow, with oak trees. As is typical of false click beetles, this genus bores across the grain.
1029:
1134:
1068:
521:
2 teeth located below the tip and the surface of the mandibular base has a brush of hairs or spines. The larvae do not have mandibular molars.
959:
158:
418:
have distinct paired appendages and the labial palps, =which are also paired appendages, are slightly to strongly expanded at the tip.
1185:
194:
176:
117:
63:
666:, on the other hand, has a divergent, acute, and long posterior angle. The two mentioned species are found in southern California.
694:
596:
369:
87:
1139:
1073:
368:. They are dark-colored beetles that are found across the United States, generally in forests. The genus was discovered by
415:
154:
150:
411:
690:
604:
317:
434:
240:
49:
704:
were seen falling from a large oak tree. Observations, including this one, suggest that the aggregations of
1180:
984:
364:. They are small as they are only 10–18 millimeters long. It is the only genus in the monotypic subfamily
923:
The
Coleopterist's Bulletin 26 (2), Aggregations of Perothops witticki LeConte (Coleoptera: Perothopidae}
403:, and the antennae are 11-segmented and reach past the middle of the prothorax but not the middle of the
1147:
588:
470:
662:
is reddish-brown and its hairs are yellowish-gray. It has rounded sides but a sharp posterior angle.
689:
appear from the middle of May into June. The subfamily this genus belongs to was described first by
1175:
927:
235:
145:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1152:
1115:
818:
Muona, Jyrki; Vahtera, Varpu; Ståhls, Gunilla; Teräväinen, Marianna; Lawrence, John F. (2007).
1060:
955:
499:
pigmented or hardened and generally smooth. The ventral surfaces are also lightly pigmented.
831:
700:
On June 16th, 1969, over 3 days in
Oakzanita Springs Park, southern California, hundreds of
639:
793:
480:
is three-lobed and symmetrical. Its anterior edges lack any struts or projections. Each
635:
55:
749:
1169:
820:"Anischia, Perothops and the phylogeny of Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia)"
1100:
1007:
949:
1109:
1042:
835:
353:
349:
302:
407:. They are shaped like thread and may have single branches on some segments.
400:
396:
272:
252:
157:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
17:
1126:
1094:
1016:
1001:
481:
477:
427:
1021:
860:
220:
1034:
931:
921:
466:
1047:
888:
446:
404:
292:
282:
262:
978:
819:
654:
There are multiple factors to help differentiate the species of
414:
are moderately long and curved, with a simple incisor edge. The
982:
129:
70:
29:
410:
The mouthparts are not modified for piercing or sucking. The
95:
677:
has a shorter posterior angle and shorter lateral lobes.
99:
750:"Elateriformia (Coleoptera) – Perothopinae EUCNEMIDAE"
1084:
991:
634:The name of the genus of beetles is derived from
673:is widely distributed across the Eastern U.S.A.
473:, or small openings, on abdominal segments 5–8.
915:
913:
911:
909:
462:projections. The metatibial spurs are single.
8:
681:Distribution, habitat and other information
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
979:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
219:
208:
195:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
356:containing 3 species. They are known as
94:Relevant discussion may be found on the
948:Evans, Arthur V. (September 28, 2021).
943:
941:
722:
883:
881:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
693:in 1857. This genus was described by
7:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
794:"Elateriformia (Coleoptera) larvae"
824:Insect Systematics & Evolution
159:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
25:
98:. Please help Knowledge (XXG) by
45:This article has multiple issues.
951:Beetles of Western North America
695:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
597:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
457:Legs, abdomen and male genitalia
370:Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz
239:
134:
75:
34:
889:"Perothopinae Lacordaire, 1857"
395:The head is not wider than the
90:of non-free copyrighted sources
53:or discuss these issues on the
954:. Princeton University Press.
387:pits on their upper surfaces.
1:
642:finding adult specimens of
1202:
836:10.1163/187631207794761001
1186:Beetles described in 1836
422:Prothorax and pterothorax
236:Scientific classification
234:
227:
218:
211:
691:Jean Théodore Lacordaire
605:Jean Théodore Lacordaire
610:There are synonyms for
100:rewriting this article
1148:Paleobiology Database
830:(2). Brill: 205–239.
589:John Lawrence LeConte
441:Elytra and hind wings
646:on old beech trees.
102:with your own words.
391:Head and mouthparts
382:General description
350:false click beetles
702:Perothops witticki
671:Perothops muscidus
664:Perothops cervinus
660:Perothops witticki
603:was discovered by
595:was discovered by
587:was discovered by
362:perothopid beetles
358:beech-tree beetles
229:Perothops muscidus
88:close paraphrasing
1163:
1162:
985:Taxon identifiers
961:978-0-691-22137-3
926:. pp. 1, 2.
861:"Genus Perothops"
658:from each other.
489:Larvae morphology
341:
340:
337:
336:Eschscholtz, 1836
321:
205:
204:
197:
187:
186:
179:
128:
127:
120:
68:
16:(Redirected from
1193:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1010:
980:
973:
972:
970:
968:
945:
936:
935:
920:Alpert, Gary D.
917:
904:
903:
901:
899:
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
857:
840:
839:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
790:
765:
764:
762:
760:
746:
640:Willis Blatchley
377:Adult morphology
335:
316:
244:
243:
223:
209:
200:
193:
182:
175:
171:
168:
162:
138:
137:
130:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
27:Genus of beetles
21:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1000:
987:
977:
976:
966:
964:
962:
947:
946:
939:
919:
918:
907:
897:
895:
887:
886:
879:
869:
867:
859:
858:
843:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
792:
791:
768:
758:
756:
748:
747:
724:
719:
683:
652:
650:Differentiation
632:
566:
553:
540:
527:
518:
505:
496:
491:
459:
443:
424:
393:
384:
379:
334:
315:
238:
201:
190:
189:
188:
183:
172:
166:
163:
149:Please help by
148:
139:
135:
124:
113:
107:
104:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1144:
1131:
1121:
1106:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1026:
1013:
997:
995:
989:
988:
983:
975:
974:
960:
937:
905:
877:
841:
810:
766:
721:
720:
718:
715:
682:
679:
651:
648:
631:
628:
626:respectively.
565:
562:
552:
549:
539:
536:
526:
523:
517:
514:
504:
501:
495:
492:
490:
487:
478:male genitalia
458:
455:
442:
439:
423:
420:
392:
389:
383:
380:
378:
375:
352:in the family
348:is a genus of
339:
338:
327:
323:
322:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
232:
231:
225:
224:
216:
215:
203:
202:
185:
184:
142:
140:
133:
126:
125:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Beetle genera
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1003:
999:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
963:
957:
953:
952:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
924:
916:
914:
912:
910:
906:
894:
890:
884:
882:
878:
866:
862:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
799:
795:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
767:
755:
751:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
723:
716:
714:
712:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
680:
678:
676:
672:
669:To contrast,
667:
665:
661:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
561:
557:
550:
548:
544:
537:
535:
531:
524:
522:
515:
513:
509:
502:
500:
493:
488:
486:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
456:
454:
450:
448:
440:
438:
436:
431:
429:
421:
419:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
381:
376:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
242:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
207:
199:
196:
181:
178:
170:
167:February 2024
160:
156:
152:
146:
143:This article
141:
132:
131:
122:
119:
111:
108:February 2024
101:
97:
91:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1116:Perothopinae
1086:Perothopinae
1085:
992:
967:December 24,
965:. Retrieved
950:
922:
898:December 19,
896:. Retrieved
892:
870:December 19,
868:. Retrieved
864:
827:
823:
813:
803:December 22,
801:. Retrieved
797:
759:December 19,
757:. Retrieved
753:
710:
705:
701:
699:
685:
684:
674:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
653:
643:
633:
623:
619:
615:
611:
609:
600:
592:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
558:
554:
545:
541:
532:
528:
519:
510:
506:
497:
475:
464:
460:
451:
444:
432:
425:
409:
394:
385:
366:Perothopinae
365:
361:
357:
344:
343:
342:
330:
329:
313:Perothopinae
312:
228:
212:
206:
191:
173:
164:
151:spinning off
144:
114:
105:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
18:Perothopinae
1110:Wikispecies
1043:iNaturalist
893:Insecta.pro
798:Delta-Inkey
754:Delta-Inkey
711:P. witticki
706:P. witticki
686:P. muscidus
675:P. muscidus
644:P. muscidus
616:P. cervinus
612:P. muscidus
601:P. cervinus
593:P. muscidus
585:P. witticki
581:P. muscidus
577:P. cervinus
573:P. witticki
309:Subfamily:
1176:Eucnemidae
1170:Categories
717:References
624:P. cervina
620:P. muscida
525:Mouthparts
354:Eucnemidae
318:Lacordaire
303:Eucnemidae
293:Coleoptera
273:Arthropoda
155:relocating
50:improve it
1101:Q21222880
1008:Q81814411
993:Perothops
697:in 1836.
656:Perothops
630:Etymology
569:Perothops
516:Mandibles
482:side part
471:spiracles
435:scutellum
412:mandibles
401:ommatidia
397:prothorax
345:Perothops
331:Perothops
259:Kingdom:
253:Eukaryota
213:Perothops
96:talk page
86:contains
56:talk page
1124:BioLib:
1095:Wikidata
1017:BugGuide
1002:Wikidata
865:BugGuide
564:Taxonomy
428:pronotum
416:maxillae
299:Family:
269:Phylum:
263:Animalia
249:Domain:
1061:1329810
1035:7452488
932:3999409
551:Abdomen
467:abdomen
326:Genus:
289:Order:
283:Insecta
279:Class:
1140:678543
1127:309477
1074:113914
1048:465483
1022:160719
958:
930:
599:, and
538:Thorax
447:elytra
405:elytra
320:, 1857
1153:69360
1056:IRMNG
928:JSTOR
636:Greek
1135:ITIS
1069:ITIS
1030:GBIF
969:2023
956:ISBN
900:2023
872:2023
805:2023
761:2023
622:and
614:and
579:and
503:Head
494:Body
476:The
465:The
445:The
433:The
832:doi
360:or
153:or
1172::
1150::
1137::
1112::
1097::
1071::
1058::
1045::
1032::
1019::
1004::
940:^
908:^
891:.
880:^
863:.
844:^
828:38
826:.
822:.
796:.
769:^
752:.
725:^
618:,
607:.
591:,
583:.
575:,
59:.
971:.
934:.
902:.
874:.
838:.
834::
807:.
763:.
198:)
192:(
180:)
174:(
169:)
165:(
161:.
147:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
92:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
