78:
36:
463:). She would know whether the children and young servants of the household had behaved well and worked hard all year. If they had, they might find a small silver coin the next day, in a shoe or pail. If they had not, she would slit their bellies open, remove their stomach and guts, and stuff the hole with straw and pebbles. She was particularly concerned to see that girls had spun the whole of their allotted portion of
518:
1436:
427:
to animal form. He noticed that Bertha with a strange foot exists in many languages (Middle German "Berhte mit dem fuoze", French "Berthe au grand pied", Latin "Berhta cum magno pede", Italian " Berta dai gran piĂš", title of a medieval epic poem of
Italian area): "It is apparently a
560:, and this has become the name of her entourage, as well as the name of animal masks worn in parades and festivals in the mountainous regions of Austria. In the 16th century, the Perchten took two forms: Some are beautiful and bright, known as the
1488:
572:("ugly Perchten") who have fangs, tusks and horse tails which are used to drive out demons and ghosts. Men dressed as the ugly Perchten during the 16th century and went from house to house driving out bad spirits.
467:
or wool during the year. She would also slit people's bellies open and stuff them with straw if they ate something on the night of her feast day, other than the traditional meal of fish and gruel.
1278:
Mahan, William (2024). "Praising
Perchta as the Embodiment of Nature's Cycles: Worship and Demonization of Perchta and Holda in Medieval and Early Modern Culture". In Albrecht Classen (ed.).
1201:
MĂŒller, Felix and Ulrich. 1999. "Percht und
Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten." Wunderlich, Werner (Ed.): Mittelalter-Mythen 2. DĂ€monen-Monster-Fabelwesen. St. Gallen, S. 449â460. (
439:
In the Tyrol, she appears as a little old woman with a very wrinkled face, bright lively eyes, and a long hooked nose; her hair is dishevelled, her garments tattered and torn.
423:
In many old descriptions, Perchta had one large foot, sometimes called a goose foot or swan foot. Grimm thought the strange foot symbolized her being a higher being who could
657:. However, John B. Smith disagrees and suggests that Perchta represents the personification of the feast of the Epiphany (Perchta's Day), and is therefore not pre-Christian.
219:
Grimm says
Perchta or Berchta was known "precisely in those Upper German regions where Holda leaves off, in Swabia, in Alsace, in Switzerland, in Bavaria and Austria."
716:("ugly Perchten") are held every winter. Beautiful masks are said to encouraging financial windfalls, and the ugly masks are worn to drive away evil spirits.
1468:
459:, Perchta was said to roam the countryside at midwinter, and to enter homes during the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany (especially on the
566:("beautiful Perchten"). These come during the Twelve Nights and festivals to "bring luck and wealth to the people." The other form is the
1359:
Smith, John B. (2004). "Perchta the Belly-Slitter and Her Kin: A View of Some
Traditional Threatening Figures, Threats and Punishments".
954:
Smith, John B. (2004). "Perchta the Belly-Slitter and Her Kin: A View of Some
Traditional Threatening Figures, Threats and Punishments".
676:
In contemporary culture, Perchta is portrayed as a "rewarder of the generous, and the punisher of the bad, particularly lying children".
432:'s foot, which as a mark of her higher nature she cannot lay aside...and at the same time the spinning-woman's splayfoot that worked the
2600:
2575:
2565:
2535:
1415:
1182:
208:, Perchta is Holda's southern cousin or equivalent, as they both share the role of "guardian of the beasts" and appear during the
1140:
Ritual rebellion and social inversion in Alpine
Austria: rethinking the "Perchtenlauf" in its relationship to the carnivalesque
807:
547:
132:
1099:
2605:
2580:
2570:
2550:
2429:
1057:
1595:
1410:
2555:
2457:
817:
1202:
1186:
2560:
2530:
2215:
1461:
2292:
48:
687:
in the dead of night, the
Perchten are still a traditional part of holidays and festivals (such as the Carnival
2585:
2525:
2061:
1454:
1143:
832:
668:, the old woman living in the mountains that supposedly steals children and knows how to use medicinal plants.
209:
140:
2117:
1421:
1076:
2610:
2540:
2173:
489:
Later canonical and church documents characterized
Perchta as synonymous with other leading female spirits:
460:
1210:
Frau Holle, Frau Percht und verwandte
Gestalten: 160 Jahre nach Grimm aus germanistischer Sicht betrachtet.
1049:
2415:
2075:
317:
2590:
2464:
2271:
2033:
1155:
2355:
2229:
2194:
2110:
2103:
2089:
956:
684:
1396:
2362:
2334:
1994:
1756:
1177:
IX. Part 6. "The Scapegoat", pages 240â243. Macmillan & Co. (Facsimili Elibron Classics, 2005)
1129:
448:
213:
2369:
2285:
2201:
2187:
1384:
1376:
1347:
1315:
1266:
1258:
981:
973:
474:
and her followers in the hope of receiving wealth and abundance, was condemned in Bavaria in the
420:; she may appear either as beautiful and white as snow like her name, or as elderly and haggard.
324:
was said to be of long and wide feet, in effect taller than her husband called precisely, Pippin
162:
93:
1721:
1574:
1241:
Hill, Thomas D. (2007). "Perchta the Belly Slitter and Ăn hrĂsmagi: 'LaxdĆla saga' cap. 48-49".
77:
2595:
2545:
2397:
2341:
2208:
2068:
1686:
1178:
502:
494:
479:
336:
235:
189:
1229:. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse.
2348:
2250:
2047:
2026:
1896:
1875:
1623:
1609:
1368:
1339:
1330:
1307:
1283:
1280:
Nature in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times: Exploration of a Critical Relationship
1250:
1147:
965:
661:
645:
and thought to be a white-robed goddess who oversaw spinning and weaving, like the myths of
321:
291:
231:
1133:. Grimm's Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 1. Translated by Stallybrass, James (4th ed.).
287:
82:
2496:
2478:
2166:
1833:
1791:
1477:
638:
176:
2299:
1973:
1966:
1665:
1602:
822:
536:
246:
Perchta had many different names depending on the era and region: Grimm listed the names
447:
Initially, Perchta was the upholder of cultural taboos, such as the prohibition against
35:
2503:
2443:
2436:
2422:
2306:
2159:
2145:
1882:
1840:
1637:
1511:
777:
148:
2519:
2450:
2327:
2320:
2278:
1777:
1763:
1406:
1388:
1351:
1328:
Rumpf, Marianne (1976). "Spinnstubenfrauen Kinderschreckgestalten und Frau Perchta".
1270:
985:
756:
650:
417:
1219:
328:
and may have been the reason why Charlemagne inherited from her his unusual height.
2390:
2376:
2264:
2008:
1917:
1630:
1227:
Perht, Holda und verwandte Gestalten: ein Beitrag zur deutschen Religionsgeschichte
1084:
1061:
57:
1553:
1311:
1440:
1159:
835:
aka Saint Petka, SfĂąnta Vineri - Holy Friday/Venusday (the day of Freya or Venus)
2257:
2001:
1931:
1924:
1903:
1847:
1784:
1693:
1644:
1400:
1372:
1124:
1107:
969:
812:
746:
634:
429:
313:
275:
201:
197:
185:, meaning 'hidden' or 'covered'. The exact origin or time of origin is unknown.
1343:
316:
may have had a related albeit unwitted influence, as it did the Visigoth queen
2180:
2138:
2096:
1945:
1910:
1861:
1854:
1826:
1742:
1735:
1700:
1672:
1588:
1581:
1546:
1295:
1287:
1192:
792:
760:
424:
348:
283:
226:, Perchta emerged from an amalgamation of Germanic and pre-Germanic, probably
223:
205:
166:
2222:
1980:
1770:
1525:
827:
782:
688:
654:
578:
353:
517:
1435:
1151:
2236:
2152:
2054:
1987:
1952:
1812:
1714:
1707:
1651:
1567:
1560:
1539:
1518:
1504:
680:
621:
498:
1380:
1262:
977:
17:
2124:
1868:
1819:
1805:
1749:
1658:
1532:
1319:
802:
797:
764:
726:
506:
456:
452:
433:
332:
128:
169:
provides an alternative etymology, attributing the origin of the name
2471:
2383:
2313:
2243:
2131:
2040:
1938:
1798:
1728:
1679:
1254:
787:
701:
309:
271:
116:
180:
691:). The wooden animal masks made for the festivals are today called
470:
The cult of Perchta, under which followers left food and drink for
135:
in the Upper German and also Austrian and Slovenian regions of the
87:
2082:
1959:
1616:
1446:
1298:(1984). "The Winter Goddess: Percht, Holda, and Related Figures".
730:
646:
530:
516:
490:
267:
227:
193:
76:
464:
136:
1450:
29:
351:). Grimm thought that her male counterpart or equivalent is
660:
Perchta was also depicted in very well known Slovene film
339:
among the Slovenes, a male form of Perchta was known as
53:
881:
879:
188:
Perchta is often identified as stemming from the same
541:
may derive directly from Berchta in her white form.
2488:
2407:
2018:
1496:
1422:"Perchta, Perechta, Peruchta, Parychta, Ć perechta."
196:and other female figures of Germanic folklore (see
649:. He believed she was the feminine equivalent of
1282:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 549â580.
1175:The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion.
254:as the main names (in his heading), followed by
1405:, Praha, publisher FrantiĆĄek Ć imĂĄÄek, 1910. (
767:attraction drawing large crowds every winter.
1462:
1243:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology
230:, traditions of the Alpine regions after the
8:
750:
740:
734:
720:
711:
705:
692:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
576:
567:
561:
554:
545:
534:
278:and Slovenian regions, she was often called
170:
156:
121:
109:
101:
1100:"Christmas Demons II - Krampus and Perchta"
940:
938:
936:
1469:
1455:
1447:
127:and other variations, was once known as a
1216:PerchtenlÀufe: Salzburg's Pagan Heritage.
1043:
1041:
1018:
1016:
729:region, the stilt dancers in the town of
360:Regional variations of the name include
320:on her own, into its medieval folklore,
845:
704:region of Austria large processions of
1098:Gallon, Stephanie (18 December 2014).
719:Other regional variations include the
683:, where she is said to wander through
653:, and was sometimes the leader of the
416:In some descriptions, Perchta has two
155:) and is probably related to the name
139:. Her name may mean 'the bright one' (
998:
927:
915:
885:
861:
7:
1035:. Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 377.
1411:National Institute of Folk Culture
1077:"The Perchten Dancers of Salzburg"
347:, in Slovene (the man of the four
25:
763:have turned the tradition into a
637:(1882), Perchta was spoken of in
2188:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)
1434:
1173:Frazer, Sir James George. 1920.
1104:International Gothic Association
451:on holidays. In the folklore of
34:
1189:). File retrieved May 18, 2007.
1056:. Vol. 17. Simon Bronner.
808:Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
679:Today in Austria, particularly
258:in Old High German, as well as
1222:) File retrieved May 18, 2007.
1205:) File retrieved May 18, 2007.
873:Motz according to Hilton 1984.
1:
1312:10.1080/0015587X.1984.9716309
1058:Pennsylvania State University
294:. Elsewhere she was known as
1596:Companions of Saint Nicholas
1050:"Folklore and the Historian"
533:is her equivalent while the
2458:Hirschsprung (Black Forest)
1373:10.1080/0015587042000231264
1225:Waschnitius, Viktor. 1913.
1083:. Vol. 21 – via
970:10.1080/0015587042000231264
818:Swabian-Alemannic-Fastnacht
710:("beautiful Perchten") and
47:to comply with Knowledge's
2627:
2601:Slavic folklore characters
2576:Female legendary creatures
2566:Slavic legendary creatures
2536:German legendary creatures
2430:VolksmÀrchen der Deutschen
2265:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)
1344:10.1515/fabl.1976.17.1.215
1214:Wagner, Alexander. 2007.
745:("trunked Percht") in the
163:'the feast of the Epiphany
119:), also commonly known as
1489:German-speaking countries
1484:
1288:10.1515/9783111387635-019
619:is also the Queen of the
2062:Christman Genipperteinga
1144:Arizona State University
1075:Herbert, Vivian (1908).
897:Timm according to Natko.
852:Mogk according to Natko.
833:Paraskeva of the Balkans
755:("bell-running") in the
210:Twelve Days of Christmas
60:may contain suggestions.
45:may need to be rewritten
2408:Legends and fairy tales
2216:Kunigunde von OrlamĂŒnde
2174:Heinrich von Winkelried
1081:The Wide World Magazine
641:in the 10th century as
181:
144:
2293:RĂŒdiger von Bechelaren
2076:Eppelein von Gailingen
1393:Accessed 30 Dec. 2022.
1324:Accessed 30 Dec. 2022.
1197:Germanische Mythologie
1054:The Folklore Historian
1048:Hopkin, David (2000).
751:
741:
735:
721:
712:
706:
693:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
583:is viewed as the most
577:
568:
562:
555:
546:
535:
526:
443:Traditional narratives
171:
157:
122:
110:
102:
97:
2465:Venusberg (mythology)
2272:Pied Piper of Hamelin
2118:Götz von Berlichingen
2034:Arnold von Winkelried
1138:Natko, David (2014).
520:
80:
27:German Alpine goddess
2606:Ice and snow deities
2581:Supernatural legends
2571:Textiles in folklore
2551:Christmas characters
2356:Walram of Thierstein
2230:Matthias Klostermayr
2111:Giselher of Burgundy
2104:Genevieve of Brabant
2090:Frederick Barbarossa
1443:at Wikimedia Commons
1409:) Online publisher:
759:. A number of large
685:Hohensalzburg Castle
290:or 'Kvaternica', in
212:, when they oversee
2416:Grimms' Fairy Tales
2363:Walter of Aquitaine
2335:The Smith of Kochel
1208:Timm, Erika. 2003.
1130:Deutsche Mythologie
1033:Deutsches Sagenbuch
1010:Frazer 1920:242-243
1001:, pp. 283â288.
930:, pp. 280â281.
672:Modern celebrations
484:De decem praeceptis
322:Bertha or Berthrada
2556:Germanic goddesses
2370:Werner Stauffacher
2286:Punker of Rohrbach
2202:Knight of the Swan
1402:Masopust drĆŸĂme...
1031:Ludwig Bechstein:
527:
476:Thesaurus pauperum
308:The mother of the
98:
94:Kingdom of Bohemia
2561:Slovene mythology
2531:Bavarian folklore
2513:
2512:
2398:Xaver Hohenleiter
2342:Till Eulenspiegel
2209:Konrad Baumgarten
2195:Klaus Störtebeker
2069:Dietrich von Bern
1687:Feuermann (ghost)
1439:Media related to
482:von Haselbach in
480:Thomas Ebendorfer
282:(the lady of the
236:Early Middle Ages
75:
74:
49:quality standards
16:(Redirected from
2618:
2506:
2499:
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2349:Volker von Alzey
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2251:Otto the Younger
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2050:
2048:Baron Munchausen
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:Albrecht Gessler
2011:
2004:
1997:
1995:Will-o'-the-wisp
1990:
1983:
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1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
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1906:
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1878:
1876:Nixie (folklore)
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1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
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1766:
1759:
1757:Jack o' the bowl
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1731:
1724:
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1624:Dwarf (folklore)
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1612:
1610:Drak (mythology)
1605:
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1392:
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1291:
1274:
1255:10.2307/27712691
1163:
1134:
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1111:
1106:. Archived from
1095:
1089:
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1045:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
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951:
945:
944:Frazer 1920:240.
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931:
925:
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913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
883:
874:
871:
865:
859:
853:
850:
754:
744:
742:Schnabelperchten
738:
725:in the Austrian
724:
715:
709:
696:
612:
606:
600:
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588:
582:
571:
565:
558:
551:
540:
343:, in German, or
303:Fronfastenweiber
242:Names of Perchta
232:Migration Period
200:). According to
184:
174:
160:
125:
113:
105:
91:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2586:Masks in Europe
2526:Alpine folklore
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:German folklore
2495:
2484:
2479:Walpurgis Night
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2403:
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2389:
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2354:
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2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2167:Hans von Trotha
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1834:Mare (folklore)
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1792:Knecht Ruprecht
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1722:HeinzelmÀnnchen
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
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1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
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1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1575:BuschgroĂmutter
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
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1510:
1503:
1492:
1480:
1478:German folklore
1475:
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1413:
1358:
1327:
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1234:Further reading
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868:
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856:
851:
847:
843:
838:
773:
749:region and the
713:Schiachperchten
674:
639:Old High German
631:
629:Interpretations
569:Schiachperchten
515:
445:
414:
244:
177:Old High German
141:Old High German
133:Alpine paganism
85:
71:
65:
62:
52:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2611:Winter deities
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
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552:is plural for
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514:
513:Related beings
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66:February 2015
59:
55:
50:
46:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2591:Ritual masks
2391:Wolfdietrich
2377:William Tell
2300:SchildbĂŒrger
2009:Wolpertinger
1974:WiedergÀnger
1967:WeiĂe Frauen
1918:Rhinemaidens
1889:
1666:Ewiger JĂ€ger
1631:Easter Bunny
1603:DoppelgÀnger
1487:Folklore of
1486:
1401:
1364:
1360:
1335:
1329:
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1299:
1279:
1246:
1242:
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1196:
1174:
1139:
1128:
1125:Grimm, Jacob
1118:Bibliography
1108:the original
1103:
1093:
1085:Google Books
1080:
1070:
1062:Google Books
1060:– via
1053:
1032:
1027:
1022:Wagner 2007.
1006:
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893:
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823:WeiĂe Frauen
718:
699:
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675:
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643:Frau Berchta
642:
632:
620:
616:
615:
601:as the most
598:Frau Perchta
574:
553:
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537:WeiĂe Frauen
528:
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405:
402:Zampermuatta
401:
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385:
381:
377:
374:Zlobna Pehta
373:
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366:Berchtlmuada
365:
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359:
352:
344:
340:
331:In southern
330:
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307:
302:
298:
295:
279:
264:Frau Perchta
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
221:
218:
192:goddess as
187:
152:
120:
108:
100:
99:
81:Peruchty in
63:
54:You can help
44:
2258:Peter Klaus
2002:Witte Wiwer
1932:Santa Claus
1904:Poltergeist
1848:Moss people
1785:King Laurin
1694:Feldgeister
1645:Elwetritsch
1414: [
1397:ÄenÄk ZĂbrt
1338:: 215â242.
1296:Motz, Lotte
1193:Mogk, Eugen
813:Spillaholle
761:ski-resorts
747:Unterinntal
666:teta Pehta'
635:Jacob Grimm
575:Sometimes,
472:Fraw Percht
430:swan maiden
412:Description
378:Bechtrababa
370:Perhta-Baba
314:Charlemagne
299:Quatemberca
276:Switzerland
202:Jacob Grimm
198:Frija-Frigg
158:Berchtentag
86: [
2520:Categories
2451:FreischĂŒtz
2328:TannhÀuser
2181:Hildebrand
2139:Gundomar I
2097:Friar Rush
1946:Tatzelwurm
1911:Rasselbock
1862:Nachzehrer
1855:Nachtkrapp
1827:Lutzelfrau
1736:Hinzelmann
1701:Frau Holle
1589:Christkind
1582:Changeling
1547:Belsnickel
1420:, section
1160:1532779538
999:Grimm 1882
928:Grimm 1882
916:Grimm 1882
886:Grimm 1882
862:Grimm 1882
841:References
793:Frau Holle
579:der Teufel
425:shapeshift
349:Ember days
284:Ember days
280:Frau Faste
224:Erika Timm
206:Lotte Motz
167:Eugen Mogk
161:, meaning
2223:Lohengrin
1981:Wild Hunt
1771:Klagmuhme
1554:Bergmönch
1526:Aufhocker
1389:216643443
1352:162369440
1271:254495171
1127:(1882) .
986:216643443
906:Ginzburg.
828:Wild Hunt
783:Baba Yaga
722:Tresterer
689:Fastnacht
655:Wild Hunt
651:Berchtold
589:("ugly")
544:The word
398:Pudelfrau
354:Berchtold
345:Kvaternik
337:Carinthia
326:the Short
318:Brunhilda
296:Posterli,
58:talk page
2596:Ugliness
2546:Alemanni
2489:See also
2237:Nibelung
2153:Hannikel
2055:Brunhild
1988:Wild man
1925:RĂŒbezahl
1813:Lindworm
1715:Heimchen
1652:Erdhenne
1568:Bogeyman
1561:Bieresel
1540:Beerwolf
1519:Askafroa
1505:Alberich
1381:30035166
1361:Folklore
1300:Folklore
1263:27712691
1195:. 1907.
1156:ProQuest
978:30035166
957:Folklore
771:See also
694:Perchten
681:Salzburg
622:Heimchen
548:Perchten
523:Perchten
503:Richella
499:Herodias
486:(1439).
449:spinning
394:Zamperin
312:emperor
214:spinning
190:Germanic
18:Perchten
2125:Gunther
1890:Perchta
1869:Nis Puk
1820:Lorelei
1806:Krampus
1750:Irrwurz
1743:Hödekin
1673:FĂ€nggen
1659:Erlking
1533:Bahkauv
1441:Perchta
1320:1260199
1168:Sources
803:Oliebol
798:Krampus
765:tourist
727:Pinzgau
700:In the
617:Perchta
586:schiach
556:Perchta
507:Abundia
457:Austria
453:Bavaria
434:treadle
406:Rauweib
333:Austria
292:Slovene
256:Berchta
252:Berchte
248:Perahta
234:in the
175:to the
172:Perchta
153:berhtaz
147:, from
129:goddess
117:Bertha'
111:Berchta
103:Perchta
2472:Vineta
2384:Witege
2314:Sigurd
2244:Ortnit
2132:Gudrun
2041:Attila
2019:People
1939:Schrat
1799:Kobold
1729:Hemann
1680:Fasolt
1497:Beings
1387:
1379:
1350:
1331:Fabula
1318:
1269:
1261:
1220:Online
1187:Online
1181:
1158:
1142:(MA).
984:
976:
788:Befana
733:, the
702:Pongau
610:Percht
592:Percht
386:Stampa
362:Berigl
310:Franks
272:Swabia
260:Behrta
228:Celtic
182:pergan
123:Percht
96:, 1910
56:. The
2083:Faust
1960:Uhaml
1953:TĂŒrst
1708:GĂŒtel
1617:Drude
1418:]
1385:S2CID
1377:JSTOR
1348:S2CID
1316:JSTOR
1267:S2CID
1259:JSTOR
982:S2CID
974:JSTOR
731:Unken
662:Kekec
647:Holda
604:schön
531:Holda
495:Diana
491:Holda
418:forms
390:Lutzl
382:Sampa
335:, in
288:Pehta
286:) or
268:Baden
266:. In
194:Holda
179:verb
90:]
83:Hrdly
1179:ISBN
664:as '
595:and
525:mask
505:and
465:flax
455:and
404:and
301:and
262:and
250:and
204:and
137:Alps
1369:doi
1365:115
1340:doi
1308:doi
1284:doi
1251:doi
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1185:. (
1148:hdl
966:doi
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131:in
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1015:^
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521:A
509:.
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497:,
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1273:.
1253::
1218:(
1162:.
1150::
1087:.
1064:.
988:.
968::
864:.
356:.
151:*
68:)
64:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
