596:
255:
58:
680:, the character is already connected to the Grail. He meets the crippled Fisher King and sees a grail, not yet identified as "holy", but he fails to ask the question that would heal the injured king. Upon learning of his mistake, Perceval vows to find the Grail castle again and fulfill his quest. The story breaks off soon after, to be continued in a number of different ways by various authors, such as in
912:, Percival is a large, strong commoner. After helping to free Camelot from the occupation of Morgana, Morgause, and their immortal army (which is supplied by a grail-like goblet called the Cup of Life), he is knighted along with Lancelot, Elyan and Gwaine, against the common practice that knights are only of noble birth. He is also one of the few Round Table knights to survive Arthur's death.
494:
2587:
2599:
925:, he appears as Peredur, son of Peredur Long-knife, who is raised as a woman by his mother, who had already lost many sons and her husband to war. He befriends the main character, Gwyna/Gwyn. He is one of the few major characters to survive to the end and travels with Gwen (in a male disguise) as 'Peri', his childhood shortened name as a woman, playing a harp to Gwen's stories.
2611:
435:), indicating that, even if he does not originate in Celtic tradition, he alludes to it. Groos and Lacy argue that, "even though there may have been a pre-existing 'Perceval prototype,' Chrétien was primarily responsible for the creation of the most fascinating, complex, and productive characters in Arthurian fiction".
365:. The Peredur of Welsh romance differs from the Coeling chieftain if only in that his father is called Efrawg, rather than Eliffer, and there is no sign of a brother called Gwrgi. Efrawg, on the other hand, is not an ordinary personal name, but the historical Welsh name for the city of
663:
by his father's affair with a peasant woman. After the death of his father, Perceval's mother takes him to the forest, where she raises him ignorant of the ways of men until he is 15. Eventually, a group of knights passes through the forest and
Perceval is struck by their
555:
containing a man's severed head. The text agrees with the French poem in listing a bleeding lance among the items which are carried in procession. The young knight does not ask about significance of these items and proceeds to further adventure, including a stay with the
852:, Peredur fab Ragnal (Percival's Welsh name) achieves the Holy Grail and becomes the Fisher King. To honor his mentor Arthur, he establishes a secret order which will guide the world to greater prosperity and progress, which eventually becomes the
668:
bearing. Wanting to be a knight himself, he travels to King Arthur's court. In some versions, his mother faints in shock upon seeing her son leave. After proving his worthiness as a warrior, he is knighted and invited to join the
Knights of the
583:, who personifies the country and has to be won sexually by the rightful king or heir to secure peace and prosperity for the kingdom. N. Petrovskaia has recently suggested an alternative interpretation, linking the figure of the Empress with
993:
includes elements of the story of
Percival and the Fisher King. Young Pierce (Percival meaning "pierce the valley"), after a chance meeting with knights, leaves his mother, who has sheltered him from the world and travels to become a
400:"represent an attempt to adapt the name to Welsh onomastic traditions", as the Welsh romance appears to depend on Chrétien de Troyes, at least partially, as a source, and as the name Peredur is attested for unrelated characters in
385:). This may represent an epithet that denoted a local association, possibly pointing to Eliffer's son as the prototype, but which came to be understood and used as a patronymic in the Welsh Arthurian tales.
522:
tells the story of
Peredur's education as a knight. It begins with his birth and secluded upbringing as a naive boy by his widowed mother. When he meets a group of knights, he joins them on their way to
531:
and sets out on further adventures, promising to avenge Cei's insults to himself and those who defended him. While travelling he meets two of his uncles. The first, who is analogous to the
568:. Eventually, the hero learns the severed head at his uncle's court belonged to his cousin, who had been killed by the Witches. Peredur avenges his family and is celebrated as a hero.
860:, along with certain other members of the order being granted longer lifespans. He still appears young in 1996, when his organization comes into conflict with the reawakened Arthur.
1065:
The name "Peredur" is recognized to mean ""Steel Spear", while
Peredur's father's name Efrawg derives from the Welsh/British name for York, as aforementioned under
635:
There are many versions of
Perceval's birth. In Robert de Boron's account, he is of noble birth, and his father is variably stated to be either Alain le Gros, King
300:, Perceval is a "renowned vassal" who is defeated by the knight Cligés in a tournament. He then becomes the eponymous protagonist of Chrétien's final romance,
2388:
1759:
962:"Parzival" as a reference to Percival and to his role in Arthurian legend, particularly Wade's role improving OASIS as the story's Fisher-King character.
2508:
639:, or another worthy knight. His mother is usually unnamed, but plays a significant role in the stories. His sister is sometimes the bearer of the
1715:
1656:
1363:
1217:
723:
after healing the Fisher King. In later versions, he is a virgin who dies after achieving the Grail. In
Wolfram's version, Perceval's son is
2641:
1484:
708:, but, though his role in the romances is diminished, Percival remains a major character and is one of only two knights (the other is
1677:
1611:
1596:
1575:
1464:
1439:
337:, does not mention Peredur in any of its extended catalogues of famous and less famous warriors. Peredur does appear in the romance
2556:
1003:
459:) as meaning "He Who Has Lost The Vales", referring to the loss of land by his father, while also saying Perceval called himself
357:("of the Long Spear-Shaft"), whom Peter Bartrum identifies as the same figure. Peredur may derive in part from the sixth-century
302:
234:
2081:
1943:
571:
Several elements in the story, such as the severed head on a salver, a hunt for a unicorn, the witches, and a magical board of
1752:
564:. Peredur returns to Arthur's court, but soon embarks on another series of adventures that do not correspond to material in
539:, trains him in arms and warns him not to ask the significance of what he sees. The second uncle is analogous to Chrétien's
1048:
is a retelling of the story of
Percival. Its protagonist, Peretur, disguises herself as a man and hopes to become a knight.
425:
2033:
1998:
967:
2503:
575:, have all been described as Celtic ingredients that are not otherwise present in Chrétien's story. Goetinck sees in
2551:
2161:
1898:
933:
656:
225:
91:
1745:
402:
20:
1696:
595:
327:(hard, steel). It is generally accepted that Peredur was a well-established figure before he became the hero of
268:
1780:
1029:
955:
908:
254:
1041:
1016:
686:
464:
1201:
2513:
848:
349:
311:
27:
277:
229:
2266:
2251:
2226:
2176:
2051:
1873:
1798:
1407:
986:
696:
608:
417:
259:
118:
66:
2636:
836:
793:
771:
580:
57:
2571:
2566:
2166:
2126:
2056:
1388:
1351:
959:
868:
843:
728:
749:
416:, however, regards the name Perceval as a loose French approximation of the Welsh name Peredur.
2646:
2536:
2181:
2116:
1772:
1711:
1700:
1673:
1652:
1607:
1592:
1571:
1565:
1480:
1460:
1435:
1359:
1339:
1213:
880:
839:
is a modern retelling in which the parallels shift between characters, who discuss the legend.
333:
47:
2450:
2256:
2236:
2191:
1636:
1432:
Fries, Maureen, and
Thompson, Raymond H. (1991). "Richard Monaco". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.),
950:
921:
805:
759:
557:
478:
339:
166:
616:
Chrétien de Troyes wrote the first story of
Perceval as the main character, the unfinished
2541:
2531:
2485:
2460:
2440:
2418:
2406:
2216:
2121:
1878:
1813:
1561:
1549:
1347:
1045:
1021:
980:
928:
831:
754:
629:
584:
498:
413:
1737:
294:
of Wales), he appears in a list of Arthur's knights. In another of Chrétien's romances,
2615:
2603:
2413:
2378:
2332:
1665:
1644:
1632:
1452:
1008:
788:
474:
393:
370:
216:
856:. Part of achieving the Grail is the bestowal of longevity upon Peredur and his wife,
620:, in the late 12th century. Other famous accounts of his adventures include Wolfram's
2630:
2291:
2076:
1863:
1731:
1684:
1166:
938:
691:
603:
599:
449:(pierce the valley). These etymologies are not found in Chrétien de Troyes, however.
431:
In all of his appearances, Chrétien de Troyes identifies Perceval as "the Welshman" (
408:
282:
263:
2591:
2546:
2337:
2156:
2086:
1640:
1628:
1205:
1197:
972:
945:
916:
857:
822:
800:
775:
716:
389:
287:
543:, but what Peredur sees being carried before him in his uncle's castle is not the
903:
as a main character, portrayed as a clueless yet loyal knight of the Round Table.
2455:
2373:
2201:
2171:
2141:
1768:
1037:
1011:
plays Percy, another of Arthur's friends; who is later knighted as Sir Percival.
998:
670:
540:
524:
473:
provides the meaning "right through the middle" for the name (there: Parzival).
221:
1020:, Percival (called "Parsifal") appears as a young peasant farmer who joins the
740:
Most famously, the character Wagner's influential and controversial 1882 opera
485:(pure fool) when choosing the spelling "Parsifal" for the figure in his opera.
2358:
2327:
2271:
1988:
1908:
1160:
976:
975:
at the ball when she visits Camelot. Percival, however, recognises her as the
885:
853:
640:
544:
502:
493:
451:
439:
239:
1379:
Petrovskaia, Natalia I. (2009). "Dating Peredur: New Light on Old Problems".
712:) who accompany Galahad to the Grail castle and complete the quest with him.
388:
Scholars disagree as to the exact relationship between Peredur and Percival.
2561:
2353:
2322:
2296:
2231:
2206:
2096:
2066:
2018:
2008:
1843:
1838:
1808:
900:
817:
724:
636:
532:
343:, which includes "Peredur son of Efrawg" in a list of warriors accompanying
132:
102:
1928:
296:
1356:
The Arthur of the Welsh: the Arthurian legend in medieval Welsh literature
612:, in which Percival is tempted by a devil in the form of a beautiful woman
2480:
2470:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2286:
2241:
2211:
2136:
2106:
2071:
2046:
1978:
1958:
1913:
1868:
1788:
1623:. Translated by Davies, Sioned. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. 2007.
889:
742:
720:
705:
648:
644:
561:
469:
122:
110:
1522:
1497:
1392:
1158:
As according to medieval Welsh writings, suggested by way of pun in the
2430:
2396:
2368:
2363:
2196:
2151:
2111:
2061:
2041:
2023:
2003:
1993:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1823:
1803:
893:
701:
660:
652:
528:
421:
362:
358:
344:
316:
243:
114:
106:
797:
is an eccentrically staged interpretation of Chrétien's original poem.
477:
followed a discredited etymology proposed by journalist and historian
428:, a derivation that Groos and Lacy find "now seems even less likely".
2475:
2465:
2401:
2317:
2281:
2276:
2246:
2221:
2186:
2101:
1983:
1923:
1833:
1828:
552:
690:. In the later accounts of Arthurian prose cycles, and consequently
647:. In the tales in which he is Pellinore's son, his brothers include
238:, he is best known for being the original hero in the quest for the
2301:
2261:
2146:
2131:
1888:
1883:
1793:
767:
492:
253:
1033:, Billy Jenkins plays a boy, nicknamed Squirrel, who is Percival.
438:
In some French texts, the name "Perceval" is derived from either
396:
argue that it is most likely that the use of the name Peredur in
2091:
1918:
1818:
709:
665:
366:
1741:
1524:
Merlin: Season 5, Episode 13, The Diamond of the Day: Part Two
560:
and the encounter with the woman who was to be his true love,
187:
420:
attempted to derive both Perceval and Peredur from the Welsh
1499:
Merlin: Season 3, Episode 13, The Coming of Arthur: Part Two
175:
778:
as the titular character. It features some music by Wagner.
501:
in later stories (following just a plain red shield of the
1434:
The New Arthurian Encyclopedia p. 326. New York: Garland.
1246:
1244:
1212:. Santa Barbara: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1437–1438.
1309:
1307:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
931:
portrayed a female version of Percival in the video game
181:
16:
One of King Arthur's legendary Knights of the Round Table
1231:
1229:
1111:
1109:
965:
Percival appears in Season 5 of the American TV series
1602:
Chrétien de Troyes, D. D. R. Owen (translator) (1988)
971:. He is one of King Arthur's knights, who dances with
1587:
Chrétien de Troyes, Nigel Bryant (translator) (1996)
178:
184:
172:
2524:
2496:
2387:
2346:
2310:
2032:
1897:
1779:
1358:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 178.
169:
150:
142:
128:
97:
87:
79:
74:
40:
1521:Justin Molotnikov (director) (24 December 2012).
1710:. Columbia, SC: Camden House. pp. 245–258.
1455:(1991). "Eric Rohmer". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.),
937:(2009). The character's appearance was based on
1164:, and explicitly explained as "Steel Spear" in
816:A version of Percival appears in the 1982-1985
276:The earliest reference to Perceval is found in
331:. However, the earliest Welsh Arthurian text,
1753:
813:and gives Percival (Perceval) a leading role.
643:, but not originally; she is sometimes named
242:before being replaced in later literature by
8:
1606:, Tuttle Publishing, reprinted by Everyman.
1381:Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium
715:In early versions, Perceval's sweetheart is
315:, the corresponding figure goes by the name
979:and tries to kill her, but he is killed by
319:. The name "Peredur" may derive from Welsh
1760:
1746:
1738:
1689:Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes
1496:Jeremy Webb (director) (4 December 2010).
1127:
899:He appears in the French comedy TV series
56:
1406:Batlle Caminal, Jordi (19 January 1986).
1313:
1286:
1250:
1235:
1210:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1179:
1115:
1066:
527:'s court. Once there, he is ridiculed by
347:. A comparable list in the last pages of
1262:
1146:
863:He was the protagonist of the 2000 book
594:
101:Various depending on version, including
1192:
1190:
1188:
1081:
1058:
865:Parzival: The Quest of the Grail Knight
785:is a re-telling of the Percival legend.
228:. First mentioned by the French author
1691:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1651:. New York: Routledge. pp. 1–42.
1570:, Cardiff: University of Wales Press,
1554:Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads
1325:
1298:
1274:
37:
1556:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1408:"'Parsifal', el arte de la desmesura"
602:'s 1894 illustration of a scene from
579:a variant on the Celtic theme of the
215:
7:
1701:"Wolfram, Wagner, and the Germans"
659:, as well as a half-brother named
481:that the name derived from Arabic
14:
2609:
2597:
2585:
1589:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
1004:King Arthur: Legend of the Sword
888:portrays Perceval as an ally of
618:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
303:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
235:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
224:, often appearing as one of the
220:), is a figure in the legend of
165:
26:For a list of other people, see
1649:Perceval / Parzival: A Casebook
518:In a large series of episodes,
424:, a mythological figure in the
2557:King Arthur's messianic return
1670:The New Arthurian Encyclopedia
1457:The New Arthurian Encyclopedia
1027:In the 2020 television series
1014:In the 2017 television series
455:etymologizes the name (there:
1:
1459:, p. 389. New York: Garland.
906:In the BBC television series
783:Parsival: Or, a Knight's Tale
766:) is a free retelling set in
426:Four Branches of the Mabinogi
958:) names his virtual reality
944:Wade, the main character of
1479:– Vol 2, #7 – "The Rock" –
1067:§ Etymology and origin
781:Richard Monaco's 1977 book
719:and he becomes the King of
280:'s first Arthurian romance
2663:
2642:Knights of the Round Table
2552:Historicity of King Arthur
1342:Historia Peredur ab Efrawg
934:Sonic and the Black Knight
226:Knights of the Round Table
25:
18:
2580:
1705:A Companion to Wolfram's
1348:Bromwich, Rachel Bromwich
700:, the true Grail hero is
445:(through this valley) or
403:Historia Regum Britanniae
92:Knight of the Round Table
55:
45:
21:Percival (disambiguation)
1703:. In Hasty, Will (ed.).
1527:(Television Series). BBC
1502:(Television Series). BBC
1477:Gargoyles: Clan-Building
676:In Chrétien de Troyes's
207:), alternatively called
2192:Lady/Ladies of the Lake
286:, where, as "Percevaus
75:In-universe information
2461:Land/Castle of Maidens
1734:at The Camelot Project
763:
687:Sir Perceval of Galles
613:
510:
465:Wolfram von Eschenbach
374:
363:Peredur son of Eliffer
273:
1685:Loomis, Roger Sherman
1672:. New York: Garland.
1314:Groos & Lacy 2002
1287:Groos & Lacy 2002
1251:Groos & Lacy 2002
1236:Groos & Lacy 2002
1180:Groos & Lacy 2002
1116:Groos & Lacy 2002
871:, based on Wolfram's
846:based on the cartoon
598:
520:Peredur son of Efrawg
496:
398:Peredur son of Efrawg
377:; British/Old Welsh:
350:The Dream of Rhonabwy
329:Peredur son of Efrawg
312:Peredur son of Efrawg
309:In the Welsh romance
269:The Boy's King Arthur
257:
28:Percival (given name)
2227:Lynette and Lyonesse
2052:Angharad Golden-Hand
1874:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1567:Trioedd Ynys Prydein
1350:; Jarman, A. O. H.;
1338:Lovecy, Ian (1991).
1202:"Peredur fab Efrawg"
987:Patricia A. McKillip
418:Roger Sherman Loomis
353:refers to a Peredur
262:'s illustration for
260:Newell Convers Wyeth
250:Etymology and origin
213:Welsh pronunciation:
67:Rogelio de Egusquiza
19:For other uses, see
1277:, pp. 346–352.
1024:as a novice knight.
956:its film adaptation
837:Richard LaGravenese
794:Perceval le Gallois
772:barbarian invasions
581:sovereignty goddess
463:(made by himself).
35:Fictional character
2616:History portal
2604:England portal
2572:Tristan and Iseult
2567:Knight of the Swan
2167:Guiron le Courtois
2127:Elaine of Corbenic
2057:Anguish of Ireland
1604:Arthurian Romances
892:in his travels to
869:Katherine Paterson
729:Knight of the Swan
614:
511:
278:Chrétien de Troyes
274:
230:Chrétien de Troyes
217:[pɛˈrɛdɨr]
41:Perceval (Peredur)
2624:
2623:
2537:Battle of Camlann
2311:Animal characters
2267:Percival's sister
2117:Elaine of Astolat
1773:Matter of Britain
1717:978-1-57113-152-2
1658:978-1-136-51000-7
1365:978-1-78683-735-6
1219:978-1-85109-440-0
1091:, vv. 1506, 1526.
1053:Explanatory notes
881:Clothar the Frank
811:Le Morte d'Arthur
735:In modern culture
697:Le Morte d'Arthur
624:and the now-lost
609:Le Morte d'Arthur
334:Culhwch and Olwen
158:
157:
48:Matter of Britain
2654:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2592:Wales portal
2590:
2589:
2588:
2451:Esplumoir Merlin
2257:Nine sorceresses
2237:Mark of Cornwall
2122:Elaine of Benoic
2034:Other characters
1919:Bors the Younger
1814:Elaine of Garlot
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1721:
1692:
1662:
1624:
1591:, D. S. Brewer.
1580:
1562:Bromwich, Rachel
1557:
1550:Bromwich, Rachel
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1070:
1063:
968:Once Upon A Time
951:Ready Player One
922:Here Lies Arthur
489:Arthurian legend
381:; Modern Welsh:
340:Geraint and Enid
219:
214:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
60:
38:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2542:Dolorous Stroke
2532:Battle of Badon
2520:
2492:
2486:Tintagel Castle
2441:Chapel perilous
2419:Val sans retour
2407:Glastonbury Tor
2383:
2342:
2306:
2157:Green Knight(s)
2082:Black Knight(s)
2067:Balin and Balan
2028:
1900:
1893:
1879:Uther Pendragon
1775:
1766:
1728:
1718:
1695:
1683:
1666:Lacy, Norris J.
1659:
1645:Lacy, Norris J.
1633:Lacy, Norris J.
1627:
1619:
1578:
1564:, ed. (2014) ,
1560:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1453:Lacy, Norris J.
1451:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1128:Davies tr. 2007
1126:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1103:vv. 4774, 4828.
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1046:Nicola Griffith
1022:Knights Templar
981:Prince Charming
929:Erica Schroeder
878:The 2003 novel
832:The Fisher King
820:limited series
755:The Evil Forest
750:Daniel Mangrané
737:
630:Robert de Boron
593:
585:Empress Matilda
516:
499:attributed arms
491:
414:Rachel Bromwich
252:
212:
195:, also written
168:
164:
70:
36:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2379:Siege Perilous
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:Questing Beast
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Fisher King(s)
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Bors the Elder
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:Knights of the
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:External links
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1697:Müller, Ulrich
1693:
1681:
1668:(Ed.) (1991).
1663:
1657:
1637:"Introduction"
1625:
1621:The Mabinogion
1616:
1615:
1600:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1552:, ed. (1961).
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1513:
1488:
1485:978-1593621674
1469:
1445:
1425:
1398:
1371:
1364:
1352:Roberts, B. F.
1330:
1328:, p. 247.
1318:
1303:
1301:, p. 246.
1291:
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 490.
1255:
1240:
1225:
1218:
1184:
1172:
1151:
1149:, p. 478.
1132:
1130:, p. 245.
1120:
1105:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1009:Craig McGinlay
995:
989:'s 2016 novel
984:
963:
948:'s 2011 novel
942:
926:
913:
904:
897:
876:
861:
840:
829:The 1991 film
827:
814:
798:
786:
779:
747:
736:
733:
628:attributed to
592:
589:
515:
512:
505:in Chrétien's
490:
487:
475:Richard Wagner
394:Norris J. Lacy
251:
248:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
61:
53:
52:
43:
42:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2659:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:List of works
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Tegau Eurfron
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Red Knight(s)
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Lady Bertilak
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Morgan le Fay
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:0-8240-4377-4
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Groos, Arthur
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Groos, Arthur
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:0-460-87389-X
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:0-85991-224-8
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1577:9781783161461
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:0-8240-4377-4
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:0-8240-4377-4
1437:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:Bromwich 1961
1259:
1256:
1253:, p. 35.
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Koch, John T.
1203:
1199:
1198:Koch, John T.
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1167:Y Seint Greal
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:Bromwich 2014
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1001:'s 2017 film
1000:
996:
992:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
940:
939:Blaze the Cat
936:
935:
930:
927:
924:
923:
918:
914:
911:
910:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:
877:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
838:
834:
833:
828:
825:
824:
819:
815:
812:
808:
807:
803:'s 1981 film
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:'s 1978 film
790:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
748:
745:
744:
739:
738:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
704:, the son of
703:
699:
698:
693:
692:Thomas Malory
689:
688:
683:
679:
674:
672:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
610:
605:
604:Thomas Malory
601:
600:Arthur Hacker
597:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
513:
508:
504:
500:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
479:Joseph Görres
476:
472:
471:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
409:Roman de Brut
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
307:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
284:
283:Erec et Enide
279:
271:
270:
265:
264:Sidney Lanier
261:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
223:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
162:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
39:
33:
29:
22:
2547:Loathly lady
2504:Bibliography
2338:Twrch Trwyth
2087:Blanchefleur
2013:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1669:
1648:
1620:
1603:
1588:
1566:
1553:
1529:. Retrieved
1523:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1498:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1456:
1448:
1433:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1414:(in Spanish)
1411:
1401:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1355:
1341:
1333:
1321:
1316:, p. 4.
1294:
1289:, p. 5.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1238:, p. 3.
1209:
1182:, p. 9.
1175:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1123:
1118:, p. 2.
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1061:
1028:
1015:
1002:
990:
966:
949:
946:Ernest Cline
932:
920:
917:Philip Reeve
907:
879:
872:
864:
847:
844:comic series
830:
823:Camelot 3000
821:
810:
804:
801:John Boorman
792:
782:
776:Gustavo Rojo
753:
741:
717:Blanchefleur
714:
695:
685:
681:
677:
675:
634:
625:
621:
617:
615:
607:
576:
572:
570:
565:
558:Nine Witches
548:
547:(Old French
536:
519:
517:
506:
482:
468:
460:
456:
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
430:
407:
401:
397:
390:Arthur Groos
387:
382:
378:
354:
348:
338:
332:
328:
324:
323:(spear) and
320:
310:
308:
301:
295:
291:
281:
275:
267:
258:Percival in
233:
232:in the tale
208:
204:
200:
196:
160:
159:
136:
62:
46:
32:
2456:Joyous Gard
2414:Brocéliande
2374:Round Table
2202:Leodegrance
2172:Gwenhwyfach
1901:Round Table
1799:Constantine
1769:King Arthur
1387:: 223–243.
1326:Müller 1999
1299:Müller 1999
1275:Loomis 1949
1038:short novel
999:Guy Ritchie
835:written by
789:Éric Rohmer
770:during the
671:Round Table
541:Fisher King
525:King Arthur
497:Percival's
461:Par-lui-fet
379:Cair Ebrauc
222:King Arthur
151:Nationality
2637:Holy Grail
2631:Categories
2359:Holy Grail
2328:Petitcrieu
1909:Bagdemagus
1418:18 January
1161:Y Gododdin
1077:References
1017:Knightfall
991:Kingfisher
977:Evil Queen
886:Jack Whyte
854:Illuminati
682:Perlesvaus
641:Holy Grail
573:gwyddbwyll
545:Holy Grail
503:Red Knight
467:'s German
452:Perlesvaus
443:per ce val
440:Old French
361:chieftain
355:Paladr Hir
119:his sister
88:Occupation
2562:Pendragon
2354:Excalibur
2323:Gringolet
2297:Vortigern
2232:Maleagant
2207:Lohengrin
2102:Brunor(s)
2097:Brangaine
2019:Sagramore
2009:Pellinore
1999:Palamedes
1844:Guinevere
1839:Gingalain
1036:The 2022
901:Kaamelott
849:Gargoyles
818:DC Comics
806:Excalibur
725:Lohengrin
637:Pellinore
551:), but a
533:Gornemant
483:fal parsi
457:Pellesvax
447:perce val
433:li Galois
292:Percevaus
288:li Galois
146:Christian
133:Lohengrin
103:Pellinore
51:character
2647:Parzival
2497:In media
2481:Tintagel
2471:Lyonesse
2446:Corbenic
2436:Celliwig
2426:Caerleon
2287:Taliesin
2242:Meliodas
2177:Hellawes
2137:Feirefiz
2107:Catigern
2047:Agrestes
2014:Percival
1979:Lancelot
1959:Galehaut
1914:Bedivere
1869:Morgause
1789:Agravain
1771:and the
1732:Perceval
1707:Parzival
1699:(1999).
1687:(1949).
1647:(eds.).
1635:(2002).
1531:8 August
1506:8 August
1393:41219642
1354:(eds.).
1200:(2006).
890:Lancelot
873:Parzival
809:retells
764:Parsifal
743:Parsifal
721:Carbonek
706:Lancelot
678:Perceval
649:Aglovale
645:Dindrane
626:Perceval
622:Parzival
591:Perceval
566:Perceval
562:Angharad
537:Perceval
507:Perceval
470:Parzival
375:Eburācum
205:Parsifal
201:Parzival
197:Perceval
161:Percival
143:Religion
137:Parzival
129:Children
123:Feirefiz
111:Aglovale
63:Parsifal
2431:Camelot
2397:Astolat
2369:Prydwen
2364:Pridwen
2347:Objects
2252:Nentres
2197:Laudine
2182:Hengist
2162:Guiomar
2152:Gorlois
2112:Claudas
2062:Annowre
2042:Accolon
2024:Tristan
2004:Pelleas
1994:Moriaen
1974:Lamorak
1969:Griflet
1964:Geraint
1954:Galahad
1949:Dinadan
1939:Dagonet
1934:Caradoc
1859:Mordred
1849:Igraine
1824:Gaheris
1804:Culhwch
1543:Sources
1412:El País
1208:(ed.).
994:knight.
894:Camelot
842:In the
774:, with
760:Spanish
702:Galahad
653:Lamorak
577:Peredur
514:Peredur
422:Pryderi
359:Coeling
345:Geraint
317:Peredur
244:Galahad
209:Peredur
107:Lamorak
2525:Topics
2514:comics
2476:Sarras
2466:Logres
2402:Avalon
2389:Places
2318:Cavall
2282:Sebile
2277:Rience
2247:Merlin
2222:Lunete
2217:Lucius
2187:Iseult
1989:Lionel
1984:Lanval
1944:Daniel
1929:Cligès
1924:Brunor
1834:Gawain
1829:Gareth
1781:Family
1714:
1676:
1655:
1610:
1595:
1574:
1483:
1463:
1438:
1391:
1362:
1216:
1101:Cligés
1030:Cursed
983:first.
973:Regina
960:avatar
909:Merlin
727:, the
666:heroic
657:Dornar
553:salver
297:Cligés
272:(1922)
98:Family
69:(1910)
2302:Yniol
2262:Olwen
2147:Garel
2132:Enide
1889:Yvain
1884:Urien
1809:Ector
1794:Cador
1639:. In
1389:JSTOR
1346:. In
1204:. In
1044:" by
1042:Spear
954:(and
858:Fleur
768:Spain
549:graal
383:Efrog
371:Latin
240:Grail
154:Welsh
80:Title
1819:Hoel
1712:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1533:2013
1508:2013
1481:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1420:2022
1360:ISBN
1340:"8.
1214:ISBN
1089:Erec
710:Bors
684:and
655:and
406:and
392:and
367:York
2212:Lot
2072:Ban
1854:Kay
997:In
919:'s
915:In
884:by
867:by
752:'s
694:'s
661:Tor
606:'s
535:of
529:Cei
325:dur
321:par
290:" (
266:'s
176:ɜːr
135:in
115:Tor
83:Sir
65:by
2633::
1643:;
1631:;
1410:.
1385:29
1383:.
1306:^
1243:^
1228:^
1187:^
1135:^
1108:^
1007:,
762::
731:.
673:.
651:,
632:.
587:.
412:.
373::
306:.
246:.
203:,
199:,
188:əl
121:,
117:,
113:,
109:,
105:,
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1720:.
1680:.
1661:.
1614:.
1599:.
1535:.
1510:.
1467:.
1442:.
1422:.
1395:.
1368:.
1344:"
1222:.
1170:.
1069:.
1040:"
941:.
896:.
875:.
826:.
758:(
746:.
509:)
369:(
211:(
191:/
185:v
182:ɪ
179:s
173:p
170:ˈ
167:/
163:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.