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213:
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to aid perestroika that was shaped by a minimalist approach, foreign-policy convictions that set Bush up against other U.S. internal affairs, and a frugal attitude, all influencing his unwillingness to aid
Gorbachev. Other factors influenced the West's lack of aid, for example; the "in-house Gorbi-skeptics" advocacy, the expert community's consensus about the undesirability of rushing U.S. aid to Gorbachev, strong opposition to any bailout at many levels including foreign-policy conservatives, the U.S. Congress, and the American public at large. The West seemed to miss an opportunity to gain significant influence over the Soviet government. The Soviets aided in the expansion of Western capitalism to allow for an inflow of Western investments, but the perestroika managers failed. President Bush had the opportunity to aid the Soviet Union in a way to bring closer ties between the governments, like
296:
1566:... I often hear the question: How can the United States of America help us today? My reply is as paradoxical as the whole of my life has been: You can help us most of all if you help the Soviet Union on its irreversible, but immensely complicated road to democracy....he sooner, the more quickly, and the more peacefully the Soviet Union begins to move along the road toward genuine political pluralism, respect for the rights of nations to their own integrity and to a working—that is a market—economy, the better it will be, not just for Czechs and Slovaks, but for the whole world.
1578:, Gorbachev proved to be instrumental in bringing solutions to the "German problem" and Bush acknowledged that "Gorbachev was moving the USSR in the right direction". Bush, in his own words, even gave praise to Gorbachev "to salute the man" in acknowledgment of the Soviet leader's role as "the architect of perestroika... conducted the affairs of the Soviet Union with great restraint as Poland and Czechoslovakia and GDR... and other countries achieved their independence", and who was "under extraordinary pressure at home, particularly on the economy."
145:
1336:
agricultural branches to conduct foreign trade in sectors under their responsibility, rather than having to operate indirectly through the bureaucracy of trade ministry organizations. In addition, regional and local organizations and individual state enterprises were permitted to conduct foreign trade. This change was an attempt to redress a major imperfection in the Soviet foreign trade regime: the lack of contact between Soviet end users and suppliers and their foreign partners.
7726:
957:
1300:
the state still held control over the means of production for these enterprises, thus limiting their ability to enact full-cost accountability. Enterprises bought input from suppliers at negotiated contract prices. Under the law, enterprises became self-financing; that is, they had to cover expenses (wages, taxes, supplies, and debt service) through revenues. Finally, the law shifted control over the enterprise operations from
1371:– at Lenin, and then – with liberalism and "moral socialism" – at revolutionarism in general... The Soviet totalitarian regime could be destroyed only through glasnost and totalitarian party discipline, while hiding behind the interests of improving socialism. Looking back, I can proudly say that a clever, but very simple tactic – the mechanisms of totalitarianism against the system of totalitarianism – has worked.
7738:
1391:
After potential
Western partners complained, the government revised the regulations to allow majority foreign ownership and control. Under the terms of the Joint Venture Law, the Soviet partner supplied labor, infrastructure, and a potentially large domestic market. The foreign partner supplied capital, technology, entrepreneurial expertise, and in many cases, products and services of world competitive quality.
1476:. Gorbachev's extension of regional autonomy removed the suppression from existing ethnic-regional tension, while Deng's reforms did not alter the tight grip of the central government on any of their autonomous regions. The Soviet Union's dual nature, part supranational union of republics and part unitary state, played a part in the difficulty of controlling the pace of restructuring, especially once the new
43:
1540:
pledged solidarity with
Gorbachev, but never brought his administration into supporting Gorbachev's reform. In fact, "no bailout for Gorbachev" was a consistent policy line of the Bush administration, further demonstrating the lack of true support from the West. President Bush had a financial policy
1436:
and a "dual pricing" system leading to the steady phasing out of state-dictated prices. Greater latitude was given to managers of state-owned factories, while capital was made available to them through a reformed banking system and through fiscal policies (in contrast to the fiscal anarchy and fall
1423:
Reform was largely focused on industry and on cooperatives, and a limited role was given to the development of foreign investment and international trade. Factory managers were expected to meet state demands for goods, but to find their own funding. Perestroika reforms went far enough to create new
1327:
of businesses in the services, manufacturing, and foreign-trade sectors. The law initially imposed high taxes and employment restrictions, but it later revised these to avoid discouraging private-sector activity. Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of
1414:
have similar origins but very different effects on their respective countries' economies. Both efforts occurred in large socialist countries attempting to liberalize their economies, but while China's GDP has grown consistently since the late 1980s (albeit from a much lower level), national GDP in
1299:
passed the Law on State
Enterprise. The law stipulated that state enterprises were free to determine output levels based on demand from consumers and other enterprises. Enterprises had to fulfil state orders, but they could dispose of the remaining output as they saw fit. However, at the same time
1209:
marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body. The results of the election stunned the ruling elite. Throughout the country, voters crossed off the ballot unopposed
Communist candidates, many of them prominent party officials, taking
1390:
with Soviet ministries, state enterprises, and cooperatives. The original version of the Soviet Joint
Venture Law, which went into effect in June 1987, limited foreign shares of a Soviet venture to 49 percent and required that Soviet citizens occupy the positions of chairman and general manager.
1549:
Early on, as perestroika was getting under way, I felt like the West might come along and find it a sensible thing to do—easing Russia's difficult transition from totalitarianism to democracy. What I had in mind in the first place, was the participation in conversion of defense industries, the
1129:
work more efficiently to better meet the needs of Soviet citizens by adopting elements of liberal economics. The process of implementing perestroika added to existing shortages, and created political, social, and economic tensions within the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it is often blamed for the
1335:
to the Soviet Union's foreign economic sector with measures that Soviet economists considered bold at that time. His program virtually eliminated the monopoly that the
Ministry of Foreign Trade had once held on most trade operations. It permitted the ministries of the various industrial and
1508:
One of the final important measures taken on the continuation of the movement was a report from the central committee meeting of the CPSU titled "On
Reorganization and the Party's Personnel Policy". Gorbachev emphasized the need of a faster political personnel turnover and of a policy of
1193:
political orientation. He changed his strategy from trying to work through the CPSU as it existed and instead embraced a degree of political liberalization. In
January 1987, he appealed over the heads of the party to the people and called for democratization. Earlier members of local
1394:
Gorbachev's economic changes did not do much to restart the country's sluggish economy in the late 1980s. The reforms decentralized things to some extent, although price controls remained, as did the ruble's inconvertibility and most government controls over the means of production.
1550:
modernization of light and food industries, and Russia's inclusion on an equal-member footing in the frameworks of the international economic relations... nlike some democrats, I did not expect "manna from Heaven," but counted on the
Western statesmen to use their common sense.
1156:, priority of universal human interests over the interests of any class, increasing interdependence of the world, and mutual security based on political rather than military instruments. The doctrine constituted a significant shift from the previous principles of the
1468:
without glasnost, because conditions in the Soviet Union were not identical to those in China. Gorbachev cited a line from a 1986 newspaper article that he felt encapsulated this reality: "The apparatus broke Khrushchev's neck and the same thing will happen now."
1427:
Chinese economic reform was, by contrast, a bottom-up attempt at reform, focusing on light industry and agriculture (namely allowing peasants to sell produce grown on private holdings at market prices). Economic reforms were fostered through the development of
1419:
and maintained many of the macroeconomic aspects of the planned economy (including price controls, inconvertibility of the ruble, exclusion of private property ownership, and the government monopoly over most means of production).
1355:, in an ultra-narrow circle of our closest friends and associates, we often discussed the problems of democratization of the country and society. We chose a simple – like a sledgehammer – method of propagating the "ideas" of late
2483:
1496:
1346:
and perestroika. In the summer of 1985, Yakovlev became head of the propaganda department of the CPSU Central Committee. He argued in favor of the reform programs and played a key role in executing those policies.
1512:
This report was in such high demand in Prague and Berlin that many people could not get a copy. One effect was the abrupt demand for Russian dictionaries in order to understand the content of Gorbachev's report.
5100:
6645:
1086:
6435:
1524:
7049:
7032:
1289:
1096:
779:
391:
376:
7079:
651:
212:
2711:
1352:
1249:
1214:
1182:
2503:
7022:
7542:
7042:
994:
407:
5286:
7068:
7037:
4717:
1206:
488:
402:
7027:
6979:
676:
371:
1892:
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381:
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909:
4697:
6420:
5947:
1634:
4264:
2749:
448:
6506:
4015:
3824:
6974:
6587:
1441:). Perestroika was expected to lead to results such as market pricing and privately sold produce, but the Union dissolved before advanced stages were reached.
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6496:
1473:
619:
1587:
7159:
7129:
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5357:
3453:
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224:
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7097:
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1912:
1292:, Gorbachev presented his "basic theses", which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union.
987:
904:
794:
500:
325:
3154:
7404:
7299:
7171:
6957:
6549:
1477:
337:
6501:
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3342:
914:
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7056:
6923:
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929:
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589:
438:
2102:
1315:, enacted in May 1988, was perhaps the most radical of the economic reforms during the early part of the Gorbachev era. For the first time since
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6792:
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2497:
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2436:
2392:
2315:
2281:
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2222:
1750:
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5448:
5192:
4452:
3392:
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1555:
1386:
The most significant of Gorbachev's reforms in the foreign economic sector allowed foreigners to invest in the Soviet Union in the form of
894:
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4872:
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1460:. Gorbachev acknowledged this difference but maintained that it was unavoidable and that perestroika would have been doomed to defeat and
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7351:
7017:
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4114:
4042:
1481:
1092:
584:
360:
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5002:
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7394:
7114:
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1359:. A group of true, not imaginary reformers developed (of course, orally) the following plan: to strike with the authority of Lenin at
1296:
774:
614:
543:
458:
330:
3306:
1106:(meaning "transparency") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the
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7651:
7602:
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7346:
7074:
6676:
6580:
5639:
5202:
4472:
4413:
2681:
2666:
2413:
2338:
2019:
1056:
646:
342:
188:
166:
126:
5337:
4210:
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3428:
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7483:
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1488:" and identified it as the factor that most undermined the gradualism of restructuring and the preservation of the Soviet Union.
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899:
835:
658:
532:
7686:
7674:
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7515:
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4922:
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1277:; "acceleration"). Gorbachev and his team of economic advisors then introduced more fundamental reforms, which became known as
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1142:
769:
478:
295:
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Another difference is that Soviet Union faced strong secession threats from its ethnic regions and a primacy challenge by the
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7361:
7304:
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6743:
6671:
4842:
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The Decline of the Soviet Union: A Hypothesis on Industrial Paradigms, Technological Revolutions and the Roots of Perestroika
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1997:
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924:
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were appointed by local Communist Party branches, now they were to be elected by the people from among various candidates.
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1941:
1222:
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809:
320:
107:
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3510:
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Another fundamental difference is that where perestroika was accompanied by greater political freedoms under Gorbachev's
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4102:
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967:
855:
287:
79:
60:
31:
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1815:
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7142:
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6787:
6703:
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1967:
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784:
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845:
86:
6511:
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5704:
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4155:
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3209:
2978:
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2195:
Perestroika in Progress: An Analysis of the Evolution of Gorbachev's Political and Economic Thought (1984–1991)
1516:
In an interview with Mieczyslaw Rakowski he states the success of perestroika was impossible without glasnost.
1415:
the USSR and in many of its successor states fell precipitously throughout the 1990s. Gorbachev's reforms were
558:
553:
548:
159:
153:
5045:
5025:
3076:
2900:
1920:
1562:, laid bare the linkage for the Americans in his address to a joint session of Congress on 21 February 1990:
93:
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4270:
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53:
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2815:
1963:
1882:). University of Minnesota. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics. Retrieved on 14 August 2009.
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2010:
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in 1986. Perestroika lasted from 1985 until 1991, and is often argued to be a significant cause of the
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2085:
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democratization that opened the political elections to multiple candidates and to non-party members.
1267:
During the initial period (1985–87) of Mikhail Gorbachev's time in power, he talked about modifying
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bottlenecks in the Soviet economy but arguably did not go far enough to effectively streamline it.
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Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika (New York: Harper Collins, 1987), quoted in Mark Kishlansky, ed.,
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Professor Gerhard Rempel, Department of History, Western New England College (2 February 1996).
1130:
political ascent of nationalism and nationalist political parties in the constituent republics.
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2208:"Gorbachev as a Thinker: The Evolution of Gorbachev's Ideas in Soviet and Post-Soviet Times"
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1268:
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718:
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267:
233:
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The Perilous Road to the Market: The Political Economy of Reform in Russia, India and China
1874:
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in which he admitted the slowing of economic development, and inadequate living standards.
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The Law on Cooperatives, Retail Food Prices, and the Farm Financial Crisis in the U.S.S.R.
1542:
1308:'s responsibilities were to supply general guidelines and national investment priorities.
1285:
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3021:
2540:
2093:. University of Padua, Faculty of International Private and Labour Law. pp. 22, 18.
2050:
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1559:
1117:
Perestroika allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced many
100:
2215:
Karl Marx and Russia: Pre-Socialist, Socialist and PostSocialist Experiences and Visions
2087:
The right of peoples to self-determination in the Post Soviet area: the case of Abkhazia
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advantage of the nominal privilege of withholding approval of the listed candidates.
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was considered to be the intellectual force behind Gorbachev's reform program of
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in Gorbachev's report to the congress, in which he spoke about "perestroika", "
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Mishota, Yugina; Mantovani, Manuela; Pietrobon, Alessandra (31 January 2019).
1834:"Leningrad under Gorbachev: Perestroika and the fall of Communism (1984–1991)"
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1432:", designed for export and to attract foreign investment, municipally managed
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Chris Harman & Andy Zebrowski. Glasnost – before the storm (Summer 1988)
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President George H.W. Bush continued to dodge helping the Russians and the
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Gidadhubli, R. G. (2 May 1987). Perestroika and glasnost. Retrieved from
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2071:(Gorbachev's report to the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU).
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in July 1990, it was clear that Gorbachev's reforms came with sweeping,
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McForan, D.W.J. (Autumn 1988). "Glasnost, Democracy, and Perestroika".
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Gorbachev had concluded that implementing his reforms outlined at the
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Leningrad Chronicles: from the postwar fifties to the "wild nineties"
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policies, Chinese economic reform has been accompanied by continued
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5101:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
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Katrina vanden Heuvel & Stephen F. Cohen. (16 November 2009).
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Foolishness or treason? Investigation into the death of the USSR
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1782:"Gorbachev and New Thinking in Soviet Foreign Policy, 1987-88"
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Gorbachev first used the term in a speech during his visit to
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36:
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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
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Cocktail Poltoranin: Secrets of the Yeltsin Behind the Scenes
2014:, University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993.
1290:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3738:
2235:Ленинградские хроники: от послевоенных 50-х до "лихих 90-х"
1500:"Wall of Sorrow" at the first exhibition of the victims of
1048:
1027:
1367:. And then, if successful, – to strike with Plekhanov and
2712:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
2306:
Voices of Glasnost: Interviews With Gorbachev's Reformers
2201:(Master Thesis) (in Portuguese). University of São Paulo.
1849:"New struggle in the Kremlin: How to change the economy"
2383:
Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World
2372:
The World's Slide towards The Second October Revolution
1536:
During the 1980s and 1990s the United States President
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was formed and posed a challenge to the primacy of the
1437:
in revenue experienced by the Soviet government during
1148:
With respect to the foreign policy Gorbachev promoted "
1713:"Perestroika: Glasnost, Definition & Soviet Union"
1185:
in February 1986 required more than discrediting the "
1804:, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1996.
1649:
Sources of the West: Readings in Western Civilization
1095:(CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with
1057:
1045:
1033:
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2063:"On Reorganization and the Party's Personnel Policy"
1662:"How 'Glasnost' and 'Perestroika' Changed the World"
1651:, 4th ed., vol. 2 (New York: Longman, 2001), p. 322.
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2302:Cohen, Stephen F.; Katrina Vanden Heuvel (1989).
2263:Коктейль Полторанина: Тайны ельцинского закулисья
1207:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
7445:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
6421:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2276:(Heritage of the tsar Boris). Москва: Алгоритм.
1964:"IMF World Economic Outlook Database April 2006"
1271:but did not make any truly fundamental changes (
4858:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4265:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
2750:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2079:
2077:
2011:The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China
1349:
3531:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2485:Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР
1229:and ultimately dismantle the Communist Party.
1110:of the Soviet Union, in an attempt to end the
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1091:) was a political reform movement within the
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6497:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4048:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
2161:America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2000
1798:New Thinking: Foreign Policy under Gorbachev
1633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5358:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2374:]. London & New York: Edward Harle.
1376:Yakovlev, as quoted in the introduction to
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1893:"LEGISLATORS WEIGH IN ON COOPERATIVES LAW"
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2541:The Economic Collapse of the Soviet Union
2046:
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1484:. Gorbachev described this process as a "
1323:was abolished in 1928, the law permitted
1223:constituent republics of the Soviet Union
189:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1545:did for many nations in Western Europe.
1260:" (transparency), and "expansion of the
152:This article includes a list of general
4587:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3155:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
1599:
1588:History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)
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6614:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
6431:Russian espionage in the United States
4703:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2838:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
2775:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2402:Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich (1996).
1990:The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills
1626:
200:
6426:Soviet espionage in the United States
4582:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
4361:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4026:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
3185:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
1686:Kolesnikov, Andrei (August 8, 2022).
1078:
266:
7:
6502:Soviet Union–United States relations
4853:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2121:https://www.jstor.org/stable/4376986
1250:27th Congress of the Communist Party
65:adding citations to reliable sources
6466:Soviet involvement in regime change
2557:Key Dates and Events of Perestroika
2134:International Social Science Review
1520:The role of the West in Perestroika
1454:suppression of political dissidents
1093:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
6507:Soviet Union–United States summits
3981:1947 Polish parliamentary election
3866:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2179:Abalkin, Leonid Ivanovich (1986).
2163:. New York, New York: McGraw Hill.
2108:from the original on 20 July 2021.
1297:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
158:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5268:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5203:United States invasion of Grenada
4473:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
4414:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2682:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
2667:Criticism of communist party rule
2583:10 March 1985 – 25 December 1991
2339:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1304:to elected workers' collectives.
1248:The program was furthered at the
7737:
7736:
7724:
5343:United States invasion of Panama
5193:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
4833:1971 Turkish military memorandum
4796:Communist insurgency in Thailand
4766:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
4698:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
4525:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
4453:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
3971:Restatement of Policy on Germany
3728:Human rights in the Soviet Union
2687:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
2519:Mikhail Gorbachev on perestroika
2344:Library of Economics and Liberty
1988:David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu,
1434:Township and Village Enterprises
1014:
955:
294:
143:
41:
27:Soviet political reform movement
7788:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6063:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5444:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5373:Fall of the inner German border
5273:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4923:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
4913:Spanish transition to democracy
4873:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
4500:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
4006:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
3887:Occupation of the Baltic states
3636:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3566:Fall of the inner German border
2454:Who brought Gorbachev to power?
1818:. Thenation.com. Archived from
1611:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
1143:dissolution of the Soviet Union
52:needs additional citations for
4843:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
4478:Mozambican War of Independence
3917:Indonesian National Revolution
3626:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
2765:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2492:]. Moscow: Крымский мост.
2310:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2069:(in Russian). 27 January 1987.
1:
7277:Political abuse of psychiatry
7069:Congress of People's Deputies
6441:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
5456:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
5409:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5131:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
5096:Seven Days to the River Rhine
4828:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4115:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
4043:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
3646:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3245:Inter-regional Deputies Group
3230:National League for Democracy
1992:(NY: Basic Books, 2013), 31.
1183:Twenty-Seventh Party Congress
1160:. This marked the end of the
910:Political abuse of psychiatry
489:Congress of People's Deputies
5434:Fall of communism in Albania
5404:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
5353:Polish Round Table Agreement
4693:1968 Polish political crisis
4510:Eritrean War of Independence
4276:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4171:East German uprising of 1953
4103:Chinese Communist Revolution
3556:Alexanderplatz demonstration
3521:Polish Round Table Agreement
3195:People's Movement of Ukraine
2185:The strategy of acceleration
1919:. 2022-03-29. Archived from
1847:Bill, Keller (4 June 1987).
1215:Twenty-Eighth Party Congress
1139:collapse of the Eastern Bloc
288:Politics of the Soviet Union
32:Perestroika (disambiguation)
7778:Economy of the Soviet Union
7440:Academy of Medical Sciences
5308:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
5036:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
4781:Corrective Movement (Syria)
4745:New People's Army rebellion
4740:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4468:Angolan War of Independence
4331:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4211:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
3856:Jamaican political conflict
3601:January Events in Lithuania
3536:Hungarian Round Table Talks
3175:Democratic Party of Albania
2579:History of the Soviet Union
2546:Perestroika – TM in Ukraine
2379:Gorbachev, Mikhail (1988).
2366:Golitsyn, Anatoliy (1984).
2206:Albuquerque, Cesar (2019).
2192:Albuquerque, Cesar (2015).
1968:International Monetary Fund
1913:"Deadlock of "Perestroika""
1800:, in: Glenn E. Curtis, ed.
1745:. Oxford University Press.
1609:"Gorbachev and Perestroika"
1556:President of Czechoslovakia
1532:in Red Square, Moscow, 1988
1504:in Moscow, 19 November 1988
1225:pulled harder than ever to
449:Central Executive Committee
253:
225:commemorative postage stamp
7834:
7818:Reform in the Soviet Union
5504:Sino-Indian border dispute
5333:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5263:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
5021:1976 Argentine coup d'état
4933:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4883:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
4567:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4535:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
4224:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
3991:Asian Relations Conference
3255:Hungarian Democratic Forum
3250:Alliance of Free Democrats
3240:Union of Democratic Forces
2482:Островский, А. В. (2011).
2446:Островский, А. В. (2010).
2423:Jha, Prem Shankar (2003).
2187:]. Moscow: Politizdat.
1766:"Gorbachev's New Thinking"
1221:, as nationalities of the
1171:
29:
7813:Russian political phrases
7793:1980s in the Soviet Union
7768:1980s in economic history
7718:
7479:
6540:
6388:William Appleman Williams
6333:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4848:Bangladesh Liberation War
4838:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
4725:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
4713:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
4151:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
3776:
3616:1991 protests in Belgrade
2585:
2572:
2564:
2272:
2242:]. Moscow: Карамзин.
2213:. In Segrillo, A. (ed.).
1942:"ЧЕРНАЯ КНИГА КОММУНИЗМА"
1872:Brooks, Karen M. (1988).
1227:break away from the Union
1070:
805:Material balance planning
506:1989 Legislative election
278:rebuilding, restructuring
239:
210:
203:
7783:Soviet internal politics
5163:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4998:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
4968:1978 Somali coup attempt
4928:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4893:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4718:Revolutionary Government
4612:South African Border War
4404:1960 Turkish coup d'état
4321:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4176:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4156:1952 Egyptian revolution
3606:January Events in Latvia
3596:Reunification of Germany
3581:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
3511:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
3235:National Salvation Front
3220:Belarusian Popular Front
3210:Popular Front of Estonia
2979:Polish underground press
2740:List of socialist states
2484:
2448:
2368:The Perestroia Deception
2262:
2260:Z-Library single sign on
2234:
2217:. São Paulo: FFLCH/USP.
2159:LaFeber, Walter (2002).
1737:Kotkin, Stephen (2001).
1688:"Gorbachev's Revolution"
1492:Perestroika and glasnost
1080:[pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə]
620:Administrator of Affairs
268:[pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə]
7731:Soviet Union portal
5368:Fall of the Berlin Wall
5313:People Power Revolution
5298:Central American crisis
5238:1986 Black Sea incident
4888:1973 Afghan coup d'état
4786:Western Sahara conflict
4597:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4520:1963 Syrian coup d'état
4463:Portuguese Colonial War
4426:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
4191:1954 Syrian coup d'état
4068:Annexation of Hyderabad
4011:1947–1949 Palestine war
3682:Economic liberalization
3621:1991 Belarusian strikes
3561:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3215:Public Against Violence
3205:Popular Front of Latvia
2984:Political demonstration
2833:Chinese economic reform
2745:People Power Revolution
2589:Dissolution of the USSR
2529:Yakovlev on perestroika
2456:]. Алгоритм-Эксмо.
2449:Кто поставил Горбачёва?
1802:Russia: A Country Study
1576:Germany's reunification
1486:parade of sovereignties
1478:Russian Communist Party
1379:Black Book of Communism
1264:" (commercialization).
1219:unintended consequences
1158:Soviet foreign politics
962:Soviet Union portal
474:Soviet of Nationalities
173:more precise citations.
7623:Stalinist architecture
7377:Science and technology
7287:Ideological repression
7215:Soviet Airborne Forces
7153:Destruction battalions
5662:Neoclassical economics
5173:Gulf of Sidra incident
4730:1969 Libyan revolution
4421:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4206:1954 Geneva Conference
3966:Turkish straits crisis
3961:Corfu Channel incident
2816:New political thinking
1568:
1552:
1533:
1505:
1430:Special Economic Zones
1384:
1150:new political thinking
1097:CPSU general secretary
905:Ideological repression
795:Science and technology
7405:List of metro systems
6958:Collective leadership
6512:Russia–NATO relations
6393:Jonathan Reed Winkler
5677:Democratic capitalism
5672:Supply-side economics
5640:American conservatism
5439:Breakup of Yugoslavia
5328:Bougainville conflict
5243:South Yemen civil war
5178:Martial law in Poland
5041:Nicaraguan Revolution
5016:Dirty War (Argentina)
4823:1971 JVP insurrection
4637:Years of Lead (Italy)
4515:North Yemen civil war
4433:Berlin Crisis of 1961
4409:Albanian–Soviet split
4341:1959 Tibetan uprising
4306:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4161:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
4021:1948 Arab–Israeli War
3687:Post-Soviet conflicts
3641:Tajikistani Civil War
3591:Revolution on Granite
3551:Monday Demonstrations
3077:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
2911:Mengistu Haile Mariam
2677:Eastern Bloc politics
2232:Baikov, V.D. (2017).
1768:, by David Holloway,
1564:
1547:
1527:
1499:
1399:Comparison with China
338:Collective leadership
7367:Net material product
7310:Censorship of images
7227:Political repression
7187:Soviet Border Troops
7120:First Deputy Premier
6704:1965 economic reform
6699:Soviet space program
5933:Non-Aligned Movement
5555:Peaceful coexistence
5509:North Borneo dispute
5424:German reunification
5419:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5117:Salvadoran Civil War
5066:Grand Mosque seizure
5061:Yemenite War of 1979
4953:Mozambican Civil War
4908:Carnation Revolution
4863:Yemenite War of 1972
4801:1970 Polish protests
4632:1967 Hong Kong riots
4607:Argentine Revolution
4557:Guatemalan Civil War
4485:Cuban Missile Crisis
4399:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4271:1956 Poznań protests
4249:Geneva Summit (1955)
3851:Hukbalahap Rebellion
3830:Non-Aligned Movement
3097:Vytautas Landsbergis
3092:Viacheslav Chornovil
2921:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2387:. Harper & Row.
2326:Goldman, Marshall I.
2273:Наследие царя Бориса
1256:", "human factor", "
915:Political repression
880:Censorship of images
610:First Deputy Premier
348:Presidential Council
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
7435:Academy of Sciences
7250:Population transfer
7194:Soviet Armed Forces
7057:Congress of Soviets
7038:Presidium/Politburo
7002:Soviet anti-Zionism
6851:West Siberian Plain
6729:Revolutions of 1989
6666:Great Patriotic War
6651:New Economic Policy
6378:Alex von Tunzelmann
6368:Vladimir Tismăneanu
6293:Thomas J. McCormick
6288:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6188:Robert Hugh Ferrell
6051:Crusade for Freedom
5848:Illiberal democracy
5732:Ho Chi Minh Thought
5535:Eisenhower Doctrine
5388:Peaceful Revolution
5383:Romanian Revolution
5363:Revolutions of 1989
5348:1988 Polish strikes
5258:Operation INFEKTION
5253:1987 Lieyu massacre
5158:Eritrean Civil Wars
5141:Peruvian Revolution
5091:1979 Herat uprising
5081:Sino-Vietnamese War
5046:Uganda–Tanzania War
5026:Egyptian–Libyan War
4993:Third Indochina War
4988:Sino-Albanian split
4978:Ethiopian Civil War
4878:Eritrean Civil Wars
4818:Ping-pong diplomacy
4791:Cambodian Civil War
4617:Korean DMZ Conflict
4602:Cultural Revolution
4572:Dominican Civil War
4550:Tlatelolco massacre
4336:1959 Mosul uprising
4326:1958 Lebanon crisis
4053:Al-Wathbah uprising
3976:First Indochina War
3946:Iran crisis of 1946
3541:Pan-European Picnic
3516:1988 Polish strikes
2896:Wojciech Jaruzelski
2636:Revolutions of 1989
2568:Brezhnev stagnation
1898:The Washington Post
1816:"Gorbachev on 1989"
1321:New Economic Policy
1313:Law on Cooperatives
1213:By the time of the
1203:March 1989 election
1125:but rather to make
930:Suppressed research
920:Population transfer
790:New Economic Policy
469:Soviet of the Union
439:Congress of Soviets
7773:Soviet phraseology
7080:Military Collegium
6948:Capital punishment
6826:Caucasus Mountains
6739:Post-Soviet states
6619:Russian Revolution
6532:Russian Revolution
6328:Mary Elise Sarotte
6313:William B. Pickett
6238:Patrick J. Hearden
6218:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6213:Timothy Garton Ash
6198:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
5793:Ethnic nationalism
5545:Hallstein Doctrine
5429:Yemeni unification
5218:1985 Geneva Summit
5183:Casamance conflict
5086:New Jewel Movement
5071:Iranian Revolution
5056:Chadian–Libyan War
5003:Cambodian conflict
4983:Lebanese Civil War
4973:Western Sahara War
4948:June 1976 protests
4943:Cambodian genocide
4708:17 July Revolution
4662:Nigerian Civil War
4577:Rhodesian Bush War
4562:Colombian conflict
4505:Ramadan Revolution
4244:Bandung Conference
4120:Operation Valuable
4001:Partition of India
2901:Slobodan Milošević
2770:Vatican Opposition
2553:by Angelo Segrillo
2534:2007-02-10 at the
2506:on 17 August 2019.
2334:David R. Henderson
2257:Buzev, Е. (2013).
2008:Susan L. Shirk in
1917:UaWarExplained.com
1853:The New York Times
1741:Armageddon Averted
1534:
1506:
1456:, most notably at
1450:authoritarian rule
1340:Alexander Yakovlev
1331:Gorbachev brought
1328:the Soviet scene.
1295:In July 1987, the
664:Procurator General
652:Military Collegium
7808:Mikhail Gorbachev
7798:1980s in politics
7750:
7749:
7714:
7713:
7706:Hammer and sickle
7648:and their groups
7646:Soviet dissidents
7425:Communist Academy
7342:Economic planning
7318:
7317:
7211:Soviet Air Forces
7130:Security services
7050:General Secretary
7033:Central Committee
6975:Political parties
6907:Brezhnev Doctrine
6902:Foreign relations
6859:
6858:
6800:Autonomous okrugs
6714:Soviet–Afghan War
6694:Sino-Soviet split
6636:Russian Civil War
6563:
6562:
6550:List of conflicts
6398:Rudolph Winnacker
6343:Giles Scott-Smith
6318:Ronald E. Powaski
6273:Melvyn P. Leffler
6203:John Lewis Gaddis
6178:Robert D. English
6143:Warren H. Carroll
6133:Michael Beschloss
6102:Nuclear arms race
6083:
6082:
5989:Neues Deutschland
5891:
5890:
5873:White nationalism
5843:Liberal democracy
5580:Ulbricht Doctrine
5570:Brezhnev Doctrine
5378:Velvet Revolution
5122:Soviet–Afghan War
4938:Angolan Civil War
4735:Goulash Communism
4592:ASEAN Declaration
4545:Mexican Dirty War
4443:Annexation of Goa
4394:1960 U-2 incident
4368:Sino-Soviet split
4346:Laotian Civil War
4186:Bricker Amendment
4166:Mau Mau rebellion
4110:Malayan Emergency
4098:Chinese Civil War
4058:Tito–Stalin split
3912:Division of Korea
3736:
3735:
3662:Colour revolution
3492:
3491:
3459:Congo-Brazzaville
3180:Democratic Russia
3137:Pope John Paul II
3132:George H. W. Bush
3082:Vladimir Bukovsky
2871:Mikhail Gorbachev
2866:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2652:Era of Stagnation
2603:
2602:
2594:
2586:Succeeded by
2575:History of Russia
2499:978-5-89747-068-6
2463:978-5-699-40627-2
2438:978-0-7453-1851-6
2394:978-0-06-091528-5
2317:978-0-393-30735-1
2283:978-5-4438-0357-9
2249:978-5-00071-516-1
2224:978-85-7506-349-1
2181:Kursom uskoreniya
1752:978-0-19-280245-3
1692:Carnegie Politika
1615:on 28 August 2008
1574:needed help with
1538:George H. W. Bush
1325:private ownership
1284:At the June 1987
1281:(restructuring).
1241:gave a speech in
1239:Mikhail Gorbachev
1168:Political reforms
1112:Era of Stagnation
1108:political economy
1100:Mikhail Gorbachev
1005:
1004:
947:
946:
800:Era of Stagnation
742:
741:
627:
626:
515:
514:
421:
420:
392:General Secretary
377:Central Committee
282:
281:
199:
198:
191:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
7825:
7740:
7739:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7477:
7385:
7240:Collectivization
6985:Marxism–Leninism
6870:
6759:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6567:
6308:David S. Painter
6233:John Earl Haynes
6163:Nicholas J. Cull
6148:Adrian Cioroianu
6128:Thomas A. Bailey
6075:Voice of America
5966:
5878:White separatism
5858:Social democracy
5853:Guided democracy
5833:Authoritarianism
5783:Ultranationalism
5773:Anti-imperialism
5700:Marxism–Leninism
5613:
5600:Kinmen Agreement
5565:Johnson Doctrine
5550:Kennedy Doctrine
5466:Frozen conflicts
5449:1991 August Coup
5338:Afghan Civil War
5233:Reykjavík Summit
5228:Somali Rebellion
5168:Ugandan Bush War
5146:Gdańsk Agreement
4667:Protests of 1968
4647:War of Attrition
4356:Cuban Revolution
4292:We will bury you
4259:Cyprus Emergency
4239:Kashmir Princess
4229:Jebel Akhdar War
4078:Western betrayal
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3611:Transnistria War
3270:
3112:Aung San Suu Kyi
3027:Alexander Dubček
2964:Civil resistance
2821:Sinatra Doctrine
2801:Demokratizatsiya
2702:Shortage economy
2629:
2622:
2615:
2606:
2592:
2565:Preceded by
2562:
2507:
2502:. Archived from
2478:
2476:
2475:
2466:. Archived from
2442:
2430:
2419:
2398:
2386:
2375:
2347:
2342:(1st ed.).
2321:
2309:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2275:
2274:
2253:
2228:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2188:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2047:Gorbachev (1996)
2044:
2038:
2032:Gorbachev (1996)
2029:
2023:
2006:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1948:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1528:A young boy and
1458:Tiananmen Square
1412:economic reforms
1382:
1369:Social Democracy
1269:central planning
1233:Economic reforms
1191:Marxist-Leninist
1189:", those with a
1175:Demokratizatsiya
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
997:
990:
983:
960:
959:
958:
895:Collectivization
755:
719:De-Stalinization
693:Marxism–Leninism
688:Soviet democracy
682:
585:State Committees
528:
434:
366:
298:
284:
270:
256:
242:
241:
215:
201:
194:
187:
183:
180:
174:
169:this article by
160:inline citations
147:
146:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7803:1986 quotations
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7725:
7723:
7710:
7658:
7632:
7552:
7466:
7411:
7383:
7357:Internet domain
7352:Five-year plans
7314:
7281:
7221:
7124:
7086:
7018:Communist Party
7006:
6965:Passport system
6855:
6831:European Russia
6809:
6748:
6689:Khrushchev Thaw
6668:(World War II)
6646:Creation treaty
6600:
6594:
6564:
6559:
6536:
6527:Second Cold War
6485:
6413:
6407:
6383:Odd Arne Westad
6373:Patrick Vaughan
6358:Athan Theoharis
6338:Ellen Schrecker
6323:Yakov M. Rabkin
6298:Timothy Naftali
6243:Tvrtko Jakovina
6228:Jussi Hanhimäki
6111:
6089:
6079:
6057:Paix et Liberté
6032:
5976:Active measures
5957:
5887:
5868:White supremacy
5828:Totalitarianism
5756:
5681:
5604:
5590:Reagan Doctrine
5585:Carter Doctrine
5525:Truman Doctrine
5513:
5460:
5392:
5287:Soviet reaction
5198:Ndogboyosoi War
5105:
5076:Saur Revolution
4903:1973 oil crisis
4868:Munich massacre
4776:Alcora Exercise
4771:Black September
4749:
4495:Sino-Indian War
4389:Simba rebellion
4372:
4216:Capture of the
4124:
4063:Berlin Blockade
3996:May 1947 crises
3986:Truman Doctrine
3951:Greek Civil War
3940:Blacklist Forty
3907:Gouzenko Affair
3894:Cursed soldiers
3846:Morgenthau Plan
3834:
3772:
3767:
3737:
3732:
3716:
3677:Democratization
3667:Decommunization
3650:
3586:Helsinki Summit
3526:April 9 tragedy
3498:
3488:
3417:
3326:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3147:
3141:
3009:
3003:
2956:
2950:
2906:Mathieu Kérékou
2853:
2847:
2779:
2755:Reagan Doctrine
2730:Active measures
2722:
2716:
2707:Totalitarianism
2644:
2638:
2633:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2536:Wayback Machine
2515:
2510:
2500:
2486:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2431:. Pluto Press.
2422:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2378:
2365:
2324:
2318:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2172:Further reading
2169:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2030:
2026:
2007:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:. 29 April 2003
1962:
1961:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:on 25 May 2012.
1813:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1770:Foreign Affairs
1764:
1760:
1753:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1584:
1543:Harry S. Truman
1522:
1494:
1401:
1383:
1375:
1286:plenary session
1235:
1179:
1170:
1123:planned economy
1085:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1068:; Russian:
1062:
1058:
1017:
1013:
1001:
972:
968:Other countries
956:
954:
949:
948:
860:
752:
744:
743:
715:
679:
669:
668:
637:
629:
628:
563:
525:
517:
516:
431:
423:
422:
417:
363:
361:Communist Party
353:
352:
311:
275:Literal meaning
228:
195:
184:
178:
175:
165:Please help to
164:
148:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7831:
7829:
7821:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7400:Rail transport
7397:
7395:Railway system
7387:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7291:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7231:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7115:Deputy Premier
7112:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7098:Heads of state
7094:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7072:
7066:
7063:Supreme Soviet
7060:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7025:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6980:State ideology
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6876:
6874:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6846:Ural Mountains
6843:
6838:
6836:North Caucasus
6833:
6828:
6823:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6767:
6765:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6353:Timothy Snyder
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6283:Vojtech Mastny
6280:
6278:Geir Lundestad
6275:
6270:
6268:Walter Laqueur
6265:
6263:Walter LaFeber
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6193:André Fontaine
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6123:Gar Alperovitz
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Third-Worldism
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:Libertarianism
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5630:Chicago school
5627:
5621:
5619:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Nixon Doctrine
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5518:Foreign policy
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5303:Operation RYAN
5300:
5295:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Able Archer 83
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
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6677:The Holocaust
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6363:Andrew Thorpe
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6258:Gabriel Kolko
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6153:John Costello
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6088:Technological
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5969:Pro-communist
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5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:Eurocommunism
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Domino theory
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:South Ossetia
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:8888 Uprising
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Iran–Iraq War
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Falklands War
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:NDF Rebellion
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:German Autumn
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Metapolitefsi
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4679:Prague Spring
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Al-Wadiah War
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:12-3 incident
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Domino theory
4199:
4197:
4196:Petrov Affair
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Madiun Affair
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Marshall Plan
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:United States
3779:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Yugoslav Wars
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Neo-Stalinism
3695:
3693:
3692:Neo-Sovietism
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Black January
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Ronald Reagan
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Zhelyu Zhelev
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Boris Yeltsin
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Joachim Gauck
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2999:Strike action
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Todor Zhivkov
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Deng Xiaoping
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Soviet Empire
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:International
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2598:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2470:on 2020-02-13
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2415:9780385480192
2411:
2408:. Doubleday.
2407:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2330:"Perestroika"
2327:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2290:on 2020-09-17
2289:
2285:
2279:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2110:(PhD thesis).
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:0-520-07706-7
2017:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1923:on 2022-11-27
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, vol.68 no.1
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:United States
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1530:Ronald Reagan
1526:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:Deng Xiaoping
1405:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:In May 1985,
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1011:
1010:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
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78: –
77:
76:"Perestroika"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7722:
7494:Demographics
7484:Antisemitism
7337:Central Bank
7255:Forced labor
7203:Spetsnaz GRU
7023:organisation
6931:Human rights
6880:Constitution
6763:Subdivisions
6718:
6641:Russian SFSR
6597:Soviet Union
6522:Brinkmanship
6414:intelligence
6303:Marius Oprea
6253:Harvey Klehr
6183:Herbert Feis
6173:Willem Drees
6138:Archie Brown
6055:
6043:
6025:
6015:Trybuna Ludu
6013:
6006:
6002:Radio Moscow
5994:
5987:
5980:
5808:Anti-Zionism
5724:
5647:Keynesianism
5635:Conservatism
5499:Transnistria
5479:China-Taiwan
5322:
5136:Gera Demands
5009:
4810:
4685:
4490:El Porteñazo
4384:Congo Crisis
4299:
4234:Algerian War
4217:
4093:Western Bloc
4088:Eastern Bloc
4083:Iron Curtain
3939:
3931:
3923:
3900:
3880:
3872:
3789:Soviet Union
3787:
3780:
3655:Later events
3571:Malta Summit
3403:Turkmenistan
3331:Soviet Union
3317:Soviet Union
3297:East Germany
3117:Meles Zenawi
3072:Sali Berisha
3022:Václav Havel
2969:Human chains
2876:Károly Grósz
2806:Khozraschyot
2795:
2697:Nomenklatura
2672:Eastern Bloc
2573:
2504:the original
2489:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2453:
2426:
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2382:
2371:
2367:
2337:
2305:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:the original
2267:
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2127:
2115:
2086:
2066:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2009:
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1989:
1984:
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1958:
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1945:
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1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1916:
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1896:
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1852:
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1828:
1820:the original
1809:
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1793:
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1769:
1761:
1740:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1719:. 2022-11-01
1716:
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1691:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1668:. 2022-08-30
1665:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1602:
1569:
1565:
1560:Václav Havel
1553:
1548:
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1466:nomenklatura
1443:
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1262:khozraschyot
1247:
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1132:
1116:
1008:
1007:
1006:
900:Human rights
890:Gulag system
865:
836:Demographics
823:
758:
730:
724:
723:
598:
568:
533:Constitution
531:
487:
457:
437:
390:
248:Romanization
221:
204:
185:
176:
157:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
7763:Perestroika
7598:Phraseology
7543:Prohibition
7531:Linguistics
7516:Drug policy
7509:1989 census
7430:Cybernetics
7332:Agriculture
7245:Great Purge
7207:Soviet Navy
7199:Soviet Army
7071:(1989–1991)
7065:(1938–1991)
7059:(1922–1936)
7043:Secretariat
6914:Gun control
6821:Caspian Sea
6805:Closed city
6734:Dissolution
6719:Perestroika
6661:Great Purge
6348:Shen Zhihua
6158:Michael Cox
6090:competition
6037:Pro-Western
6027:Soviet Life
5953:Safari Club
5923:Warsaw Pact
5778:Nationalism
5768:Imperialism
5667:Reaganomics
5530:Containment
5323:Perestroika
4812:Realpolitik
4642:Six-Day War
4627:Greek junta
4438:Berlin Wall
4286:Suez Crisis
4254:Vietnam War
4141:McCarthyism
3956:Baruch Plan
3901:Unthinkable
3861:Dekemvriana
3800:Warsaw Pact
3631:August Coup
3484:South Yemen
3429:Afghanistan
3273:Central and
3266:by location
3170:Civic Forum
3057:Feng Congde
3032:Ion Iliescu
3017:Lech Wałęsa
2974:Magnitizdat
2936:Zhao Ziyang
2926:Heng Samrin
2886:Miloš Jakeš
2796:Perestroika
2034:, pp.
1946:agitclub.ru
1697:February 2,
1439:perestroika
1404:Perestroika
1353:XX Congress
1333:perestroika
1279:perestroika
1071:перестройка
1009:Perestroika
885:Great Purge
851:Phraseology
770:Agriculture
725:Perestroika
600:Premiership
430:Legislature
408:Secretariat
254:perestroyka
240:перестройка
222:perestroika
205:Perestroika
171:introducing
18:Perestroyka
7757:Categories
7638:Opposition
7628:Television
7608:Propaganda
7581:Literature
7455:Naukograds
7450:Sharashkas
7384:(currency)
7362:Inventions
7305:Censorship
7235:Red Terror
6919:Government
6793:Autonomous
6776:Autonomous
6709:Stagnation
6672:Evacuation
6116:Historians
6107:Space Race
6008:Rudé právo
5962:Propaganda
5818:Neo-Nazism
5788:Chauvinism
5742:Trotskyism
5657:Monetarism
5625:Liberalism
5617:Capitalism
5609:Ideologies
5560:Ostpolitik
5283:Solidarity
5248:Toyota War
5151:Solidarity
5008:Operation
4963:Ogaden War
4652:Dhofar War
4540:Shifta War
4298:Operation
4146:Korean War
3938:Operation
3930:Operation
3922:Operation
3899:Operation
3879:Operation
3871:Operation
3672:Lustration
3546:Baltic Way
3497:Individual
3474:Mozambique
3413:Uzbekistan
3398:Tajikistan
3383:Kyrgyzstan
3378:Kazakhstan
3343:Azerbaijan
3322:Yugoslavia
3200:Solidarity
3160:Charter 77
3146:Opposition
3042:Wu'erkaixi
3008:Opposition
2955:Opposition
2946:Siad Barre
2891:Egon Krenz
2861:Ramiz Alia
2852:Government
2791:Uskoreniye
2723:background
2645:background
2597:Yeltsinism
2593:In Russia:
2474:2019-08-24
2294:2019-08-29
2140:(4): 166.
2099:1138915891
2049:, p.
1998:0465063977
1927:2022-03-29
1858:7 February
1723:2024-02-02
1672:2024-02-02
1594:References
1462:revanchism
1417:gradualist
1351:After the
1302:ministries
1274:uskoreniye
1254:uskoreniye
935:Red Terror
925:Propaganda
875:Censorship
866:Repression
580:Ministries
570:Government
524:Governance
310:Leadership
154:references
87:newspapers
7699:Republics
7687:Republics
7675:Republics
7526:Languages
7390:Transport
7272:Holodomor
7165:Militsiya
7103:President
6995:Stalinism
6897:Elections
6771:Republics
6754:Geography
6744:Nostalgia
6656:Stalinism
6403:Ken Young
6248:Tony Judt
6097:Arms race
6070:Red Scare
5938:NN States
5883:Apartheid
5838:Autocracy
5747:Stalinism
5715:Guevarism
5705:Castroism
5695:Communism
5687:Socialism
5213:Star Wars
4806:Koza riot
3932:Beleaguer
3924:Masterdom
3712:Pink tide
3506:Jeltoqsan
3422:Elsewhere
3373:Lithuania
3225:Rastokhez
3165:New Forum
3148:movements
3047:Chai Ling
2657:Communism
2361:163149563
2353:317650570
1570:When the
1502:Stalinism
1365:Stalinism
1243:Leningrad
1187:Old Guard
1127:socialism
841:Education
810:Transport
706:Stalinism
636:Judiciary
479:Presidium
403:Politburo
321:President
7742:Category
7295:Religion
7182:Chairmen
7028:Congress
6990:Leninism
6970:Propiska
6865:Politics
6724:Glasnost
6684:Cold War
6624:February
6555:Timeline
6545:Category
6490:See also
5982:Izvestia
5823:Islamism
5720:Hoxhaism
5595:Rollback
5474:Abkhazia
5414:Gulf War
5318:Glasnost
4688:incident
4458:Sand War
4316:Ifni War
3825:Rio Pact
3770:Cold War
3469:Mongolia
3464:Ethiopia
3449:Cambodia
3353:Chechnya
3287:Bulgaria
3062:Tank Man
3052:Wang Dan
3037:Liu Gang
2994:Samizdat
2989:Protests
2828:Glasnost
2811:500 Days
2735:Cold War
2643:Internal
2532:Archived
2357:50016270
2328:(1992).
2146:41881835
2103:Archived
1974:31 March
1788:archive
1629:cite web
1619:31 March
1582:See also
1446:glasnost
1374:—
1344:glasnost
1258:glasnost
1162:Cold War
1141:and the
1135:Tolyatti
1104:glasnost
1102:and his
856:Religion
732:Glasnost
701:Leninism
677:Ideology
590:Cabinets
372:Congress
7663:Symbols
7576:Fashion
7558:Culture
7472:Society
7417:Science
7382:Rouble
7324:Economy
7300:Science
7110:Premier
7091:Offices
6953:Leaders
6873:General
6841:Siberia
6814:Regions
6788:Oblasts
6629:October
6606:History
6045:Amerika
5928:Comecon
5813:Fascism
5803:Zionism
5752:Titoism
5293:Contras
4761:Détente
4038:Comecon
3721:Related
3479:Somalia
3408:Ukraine
3388:Moldova
3363:Georgia
3358:Estonia
3348:Belarus
3338:Armenia
3312:Romania
3302:Hungary
3282:Albania
3190:Sąjūdis
3010:leaders
2957:methods
2854:leaders
2843:Đổi Mới
2784:Reforms
2405:Memoirs
2336:(ed.).
2270:].
2036:494–495
1717:HISTORY
1464:by the
1306:Gosplan
1288:of the
1205:of the
1196:soviets
825:Culture
760:Economy
751:Society
501:Speaker
413:Orgburo
382:History
316:Leaders
234:Russian
167:improve
101:scholar
7682:Emblem
7670:Anthem
7618:Sports
7571:Cinema
7566:Ballet
7548:Racism
7521:Family
7011:Bodies
6599:topics
5996:Pravda
5798:Racism
5737:Maoism
5489:Kosovo
5010:Condor
4686:Pueblo
4672:May 68
4300:Gladio
4218:Tuapse
3881:Jungle
3873:Priboi
3499:events
3434:Angola
3393:Russia
3368:Latvia
3307:Poland
3264:Events
2916:Ne Win
2496:
2460:
2435:
2412:
2391:
2351:
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2246:
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2144:
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1361:Stalin
1119:market
846:Family
303:
227:, 1988
219:kopeck
156:, but
103:
96:
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82:
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7613:Radio
7591:Opera
7586:Music
7489:Crime
7260:Gulag
7138:Cheka
6783:Krais
6481:Stasi
5948:SAARC
5943:ASEAN
5908:SEATO
5761:Other
5726:Juche
5484:Korea
5397:1990s
5110:1980s
4754:1970s
4377:1960s
4129:1950s
3839:1940s
3820:NEATO
3815:SEATO
3805:ANZUS
3454:China
3444:Burma
3439:Benin
2488:[
2452:[
2370:[
2332:. In
2266:[
2238:[
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2199:(PDF)
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2142:JSTOR
2106:(PDF)
2091:(PDF)
1786:USDOS
1474:RSFSR
1363:, at
1357:Lenin
1063:STROY
108:JSTOR
94:books
7694:Flag
7652:List
7460:List
7372:OGAS
7265:List
7148:NKVD
6936:LGBT
6924:List
6890:1977
6885:1936
6021:TASS
5913:METO
5903:NATO
5129:and
5127:1980
4684:USS
3810:METO
3795:NATO
2494:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2349:OCLC
2312:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2095:OCLC
2016:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1976:2010
1860:2017
1747:ISBN
1699:2024
1666:TIME
1635:link
1621:2010
1482:CPSU
1406:and
1311:The
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1076:IPA:
1059:PERR
559:1977
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549:1924
326:list
80:news
7177:KGB
7172:MGB
7160:MVD
7143:GPU
6943:Law
6476:KGB
6471:MVD
6456:MI6
6451:MI5
6446:CIA
5918:EEC
2692:KGB
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