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773:
674:
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613:
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656:
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694:
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3479:
374:
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709:
3173:(GC/MS) can reveal the "general" formula for any particular perfume. The difficulty of GC/MS analysis arises due to the complexity of a perfume's ingredients. This is particularly due to the presence of natural essential oils and other ingredients consisting of complex chemical mixtures. However, "anyone armed with good GC/MS equipment and experienced in using this equipment can today, within days, find out a great deal about the formulation of any perfume... customers and competitors can analyze most perfumes more or less precisely."
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823:
289:
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362:
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always the case. Different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Therefore, although the oil concentration of a perfume in EdP dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in EdT from within a company's same range, the actual amount will vary among companies. An EdT from one house may have a higher concentration of aromatic compounds than an EdP from another.
3370:. Nevertheless, this may be misleading, since the harm presented by many of these chemicals (either natural or synthetic) is dependent on environmental conditions and their concentrations in a perfume. For instance, linalool, which is listed as an irritant, causes skin irritation when it degrades to peroxides, however the use of antioxidants in perfumes or reduction in concentrations can prevent this. As well, the
898:
752:
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2187:
1089:
3181:(GC) smellers, which allow individual chemical components to be identified both through their physical properties and their scent. Reverse engineering of best-selling perfumes in the market is a very common practice in the fragrance industry due to the relative simplicity of operating GC equipment, the pressure to produce marketable fragrances, and the highly lucrative nature of the perfume market.
804:
6734:
43:
1179:: The scent of a perfume that appears close to the departure of the middle notes. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes bring depth and solidity to a perfume. Compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after application. Examples of base notes include tobacco, amber and musk.
3389:
3582:. Proper preservation of perfumes involves keeping them away from sources of heat and storing them where they will not be exposed to light. An opened bottle will keep its aroma intact for several years, as long as it is well stored. However, the presence of oxygen in the head space of the bottle and environmental factors will in the long run alter the smell of the fragrance.
3010:
1217:
3190:
1209:
6724:
6305:
2203:
3042:(Heart): Can consist of one or a few main ingredients for a certain concept, such as "rose". Alternatively, multiple ingredients can be used together to create an "abstract" primary scent that does not bear a resemblance to a natural ingredient. For instance, jasmine and rose scents are commonly blends for abstract floral fragrances.
2643:: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfleurage. Ethanol extraction from fresh plant materials contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol.
1757:
772:
612:
2738:, different fractions distilled from a material can be selectively excluded to modify the scent of the final product. Although the product is more expensive, this is sometimes performed to remove unpleasant or undesirable scents of a material and affords the perfumer more control over their composition process.
1157:. The scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Top notes consist of small, light molecules that evaporate quickly. They form a person's initial impression of a perfume and thus are very important in the selling of a perfume. Examples of top notes include mint, lavender and coriander.
736:
3438:
could cause cancer in some specific animal tests. These reports were evaluated by the EU Scientific
Committee for Consumer Safety (SCCS, formerly the SCCNFP) and musk xylene was found to be safe for continued use in cosmetic products. It is in fact part of the procedures of the Cosmetic Regulation in
2532:
Dependent on synthesis method. Generally cheaper, but not necessarily. Synthetic aromatics are not necessarily cheaper than naturals, with some synthetics being more costly than most natural ingredients due to various factors such as the long synthesis routes, low availability of precursor chemicals,
3497:
are pleasant in smell and relatively inexpensive, as such they are often employed in large quantities to cover the unpleasant scent of laundry detergents and many personal cleaning products. Due to their large-scale use, several types of synthetic musks have been found in human fat and milk, as well
1051:
A variety of factors can influence how fragrance interacts with the wearer's own physiology and affect the perception of the fragrance. Diet is one factor, as eating spicy and fatty foods can increase the intensity of a fragrance. The use of medications can also impact the character of a fragrance.
957:
The terms "perfume" and "cologne" lead to much confusion in
English. "Perfume" is often used as a generic, overarching term to refer to fragrances marketed to women, regardless of their exact concentration. The term "cologne" is applied to those sold to men. The actual product worn by a woman may be
3528:
In the EU, as from 11 March 2005, the mandatory listing of a set of 26 recognized fragrance allergens was enforced. The requirement to list these materials is dependent on the intended use of the final product. The limits above which the allergens are required to be declared are 0.001% for products
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Dependent on extraction method. More expensive, but not always, as prices are determined by the labor and difficulty of properly extracting each unit of the natural materials, as well as its quality. Typically the relationship between, longevity of a perfume, cost and the concentration of essential
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behind the knees is the ideal point to apply perfume in order that the scent may rise. The modern perfume industry encourages the practice of layering fragrance so that it is released in different intensities depending upon the time of the day. Lightly scented products such as bath oil, shower gel,
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The wide range in the percentages of aromatic compounds that may be present in each concentration means that the terminology of extrait, EdP, EdT, and EdC is quite imprecise with regard to oil concentration. Although an EdP will often be more concentrated than an EdT and in turn an EdC, this is not
1000:
The eau de parfum concentration and terminology is the most recent, being originally developed to offer the radiance of an EdT with the longevity of an extrait. Parfum de toilette and EdP began to appear in the 1970s and gained popularity in the 1980s. In the 21st century, EdP is probably the most
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All these techniques will, to a certain extent, distort the odor of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their
2452:
Natural scents will vary from each supplier based on when and where they are harvested, how they are processed, and the extraction method itself. This means that a certain flower grown in
Morocco and in France will smell different, even if the same method is used to grow, harvest, and extract the
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bottles or in their original packaging when not in use, and refrigerated to relatively low temperatures: between 3–7 °C (37–45 °F). Although it is difficult to completely remove oxygen from the headspace of a stored flask of fragrance, opting for spray dispensers instead of rollers and
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these reviews include those of the EU Scientific
Committee on Consumer Safety, the EU's Priority Substances Review, the EU Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risk, and more recently also the US EPA. The outcome of all of these reviews over the past decade or so is that there are no
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The conventional application of pure perfume (parfum extrait) in
Western cultures is behind the ears, at the nape of the neck, under the armpits and at the insides of wrists, elbows and knees, so that the pulse point will warm the perfume and release fragrance continuously. According to perfumer
1004:
Historically, women's fragrances tended to have higher levels of aromatic compounds than men's fragrances. Fragrances marketed to men were typically sold as EdT or EdC, rarely as EdP or perfume extracts. This is changing in the modern fragrance world, especially as fragrances are becoming more
1196:
The grouping of perfumes can never be completely objective or definitive. Many fragrances contain aspects of different families. Even a perfume designated as "single flower" will have subtle undertones of other aromatics. There are hardly any true unitary-scent perfumes consisting of a single
1048:
and body lotion are recommended for the morning; eau de toilette is suggested for the afternoon; and perfume applied to the pulse points for evening. Cologne fragrance is released rapidly, lasting around 2 hours. Eau de toilette lasts from 2 to 4 hours, while perfume may last up to six hours.
1005:
unisex. Women's fragrances used to be common in all levels of concentration, but in the 21st century are mainly seen in EdP and EdT concentrations. Many modern perfumes are never offered in extrait or eau de cologne formulations, and EdP and EdT account for the vast majority of new launches.
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or a mix of water and ethanol. Various sources differ considerably in the definitions of perfume types. The intensity and longevity of a fragrance is based on the concentration, intensity, and longevity of the aromatic compounds, or perfume oils, used. As the percentage of aromatic compounds
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in 1889. In the first half of the 20th century, fragrance companies began offering their products in more than one concentration, often pairing an extrait with a lighter eau de toilette suitable for day wear, which made their products available to a wider range of customers. As this process
3318:
To avoid this, many "numbers" can be made with (di)propylenglicol base and come as "perfume oil(s)". PG or DPG based numbered perfumery comes in 50ml plastic bottles and is purposed for tiny rollers; (D)PG is not usable in spray bottles (while not affected by the "smell of cheapness" issue
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of various industries. The perfumer will then go through the process of blending multiple perfume mixtures and sell the formulation to the customer, often with modifications of the composition of the perfume. The perfume composition will then be either used to enhance another product as a
1681:
1183:
The scents in the top and middle notes are influenced by the base notes; conversely, the scents of the base notes will be altered by the types of fragrance materials used as middle notes. Manufacturers who publish perfume notes typically do so with the fragrance components presented as a
2924:
Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals. The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their
2468:
Much more consistent than natural aromatics. However, differences in organic synthesis may result in minute differences in concentration of impurities. If these impurities have low smell (detection) thresholds, the differences in the scent of the synthetic aromatic will be significant.
2477:
Contains many different organic compounds, each adding a different note to the overall scent. Certain naturally derived substances have a long history of use, but this cannot always be used as an indicator of whether they are safe or not. Possible allergenic or carcinogenic compounds.
996:
and many of its other fragrances. In contrast to a classical eau de cologne, this type of modern cologne is a lighter, less concentrated interpretation of a more concentrated product, typically a pure parfum, and is usually the lightest concentration from a line of fragrance products.
673:
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may not only differ in their dilutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether. For instance, in order to make the EdT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EdP, the EdT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or fewer base notes.
655:
632:
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Antique or badly preserved perfumes undergoing this analysis can also be difficult due to the numerous degradation by-products and impurities that may have resulted from breakdown of the odorous compounds. Ingredients and compounds can usually be ruled out or identified using
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It is still questionable if perfume's "functional purpose" can be protected with technical patent (one which lasts 15 years). Apparently, Russian "Novaya Zarya" labels their colognes as "hygienic lotions" for a similar reason. A counterexample: NovZar's more-than-century-old
3021:
Although there is no single "correct" technique for the formulation of a perfume, there are general guidelines as to how a perfume can be constructed from a concept. Although many ingredients do not contribute to the smell of a perfume, many perfumes include colorants and
958:
an eau de parfum rather than an extrait, or by a man an eau de toilette rather than an eau de cologne. The reasons why the terms "perfume" and "cologne" are often used in a generic sense is related to the modern development of perfumery in Europe since the 18th century.
2453:
scent. As such, each perfumer will prefer flowers grown in one country over another, or one extraction method to the next. However, due to a natural scent's mixed composition, it is easy for unscrupulous suppliers to adulterate the actual raw materials by changing its
3333:
Perfume ingredients, regardless of natural or synthetic origins, may all cause health or environmental problems when used. Although the areas are under active research, much remains to be learned about the effects of fragrance on human health and the environment.
3292:
labeling a knock-off perfume as an "aroma in the direction of " or a "version" of certain branded perfume. This way, the production costs of initially cheap scents are reduced, since the bottle is used neither for plain counterfeiting nor for subtle re-designing.
1144:. The notes unfold over time, with the immediate impression of the top note leading to the deeper middle notes, and the base notes gradually appearing as the final stage. These notes are created carefully with knowledge of the evaporation process of the perfume.
3088:
and water, aged in tanks for several weeks and filtered through processing equipment to, respectively, allow the perfume ingredients in the mixture to stabilize and to remove any sediment and particles before the solution can be filled into the perfume bottles.
3132:
The effort used in developing bases by fragrance companies or individual perfumers may equal that of a marketed perfume, since they are useful in that they are reusable. On top of its reusability, the benefit in using bases for construction are quite numerous:
2362:, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. For example,
568:(Renato il fiorentino), took Italian refinements to France. His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulae could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and
2785:
1787:. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of
4389:
In 1693 an
Italian, Giovanni Paolo de Feminis created a fragrance called "Aqua Mirabilis". This fragrance was said to have therapeutic properties to aid with headaches and heart palpitations. It was designed as a non-gender aroma that would enhance one's
3140:
A base may be better scent approximations of a certain thing than the extract of the thing itself. For example, a base made to embody the scent for "fresh dewy rose" might be a better approximation for the scent concept of a rose after rain than plain
961:
The term "cologne" was first used in Europe in the 18th century to refer to a family of fresh, citrus-based fragrances distilled using extracts from citrus, floral, and woody ingredients. These "classical colognes" were supposedly first developed in
2591:
lasts anywhere from hours to months. Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this manner as are all aromatics from animal sources. The technique can also be used to extract odorants that are too volatile for
693:
393:. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used
924:
is a good example: its parfum, EdP, EdT, and now-discontinued EdC concentrations are in fact different compositions (the parfum dates to 1921, the EdT from the 1950s, and the EdP was not developed until the 1980s). In some cases, words such as
3342:
Evidence in peer-reviewed journals shows that some fragrances can cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals, especially those with severe or atopic asthma. Many fragrance ingredients can also cause headaches, allergic skin reactions or
2500:
Similar to natural scents yet different at the same time. Some synthetics attempt to mimic natural notes, while others explore the entire spectrum of scent. Novel scent compounds not found in nature will often be unique in their scent.
2750:
are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically
835:
increases, so does the intensity and longevity of the scent. Specific terms are used to describe a fragrance's approximate concentration by the percent of perfume oil in the volume of the final product. The most widespread terms are:
3590:"open" bottles will minimize oxygen exposure. Sprays also have the advantage of isolating fragrance inside a bottle and preventing it from mixing with dust, skin, and detritus, which would degrade and alter the quality of a perfume.
2387:. These materials are found in all forms of commercial perfumes as a neutral background to the middle notes. These musks are added in large quantities to laundry detergents in order to give washed clothes a lasting "clean" scent.
1013:
Perfume oils are often diluted with a solvent, though this is not always the case, and its necessity is disputed. By far the most common solvent for perfume-oil dilution is alcohol, typically a mixture of ethanol and water or a
5226:
Apostolidis S, Chandra T, Demirhan I, Cinatl J, Doerr HW, Chandra A (2002). "Evaluation of carcinogenic potential of two nitro-musk derivatives, musk xylene and musk tibetene in a host-mediated in vivo/in vitro assay system".
5321:
3066:: A large group of ingredients that smooth out the transitions of a perfume between different "layers" or bases. These themselves can be used as a major component of the primary scent. Common blending ingredients include
866:(PdT): 10–20% aromatic compounds (typically ~15%). It is sometimes called "eau de perfume" or "millésime." Parfum de toilette is a less common term, most popular in the 1980s, that is generally analogous to eau de parfum.
265:
Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as
949:. This complexity adds a layer of nuance to the understanding and appreciation of perfumery, where variations in concentration and formulation can significantly alter the olfactory ("the sense of smell") experience.
2833:
compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily
708:
425:. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their
3406:
reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics. A study in 2001 found that 3.8% of the general population patch tested was allergic to it. Many perfumes contain components identical to balsam of Peru.
966:, hence the name. This type of cologne, which is still in production, describes unisex compositions "which are basically citrus blends and do not have a perfume parent." Examples include Mäurer & Wirtz's
3541:
3314:
When it comes to propellant, a "number" usually has an alcohol base without stabilization (which may give strong "alcohol base stench", altering perfume's scent into the "smell of cheapness" phenomenon).
3034:
Perfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients and these are typically organized in a perfume for the specific role they will play. These ingredients can be roughly grouped into four groups:
2004:
and perfumery. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Commonly used resins in perfumery include
1173:" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Examples of middle notes include seawater, sandalwood and jasmine.
1100:. Even if they were widely published, they would be dominated by such complex ingredients and odorants that they would be of little use in providing a guide to the general consumer in description of the
888:: 3% or less aromatic compounds. This general term encompasses products sold as "splashes," "mists," "veils" and other imprecise terms. Such products may be diluted with water rather than oil or alcohol.
2694:. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called
2587:: The most used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds.
221:
5813:"Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks : SCHER Opinion on Risk Assessment Report on 1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLCYCLOPENTA-γ-2-BENZOPYRAN (HHCB) Human Health Part"
2230:, which is used in jewelry. Because the harvesting of ambergris involves no harm to its animal source, it remains one of the few animalic fragrancing agents around which little controversy now exists.
5152:
Frosch PJ, Rastogi SC, Pirker C, et al. (April 2005). "Patch testing with a new fragrance mix – reactivity to the individual constituents and chemical detection in relevant cosmetic products".
1551:
Since 1945, new categories have emerged to describe modern scents, due to great advances in the technology of compound design and synthesis, as well as the natural development of styles and tastes:
5783:"European Union Risk Assessment Report : 1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO-4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLCYCLOPENTA-γ-2-BENZOPYRAN (1,3,4,6,7,8-HEXAHYDRO-4,6,6,7,8,8-HEXAMETHYLIN-DENO[5,6-C]PYRAN - HHCB)"
1234:: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Examples:
3160:
A perfumer can quickly rough out a concept from a brief by combining multiple bases, then present it for feedback. Smoothing out the "edges" of the perfume can be done after a positive response.
2854:
compounds. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids or thick oily liquids.
478:
was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly
2716:: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous
746:
perfume vase; circa 1761; soft-paste porcelain; overall: 43.2 cm × 29.2 cm × 17.8 cm (17.0 in × 11.5 in × 7.0 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art
1922:
rarely yield the expected odors when extracted; if such fragrance notes are found in a perfume, they are more likely to be of synthetic origin. Notable exceptions include blackcurrant leaf,
3462:
and many others contain allergens or carcinogenic compounds, the safety of which is either governed by regulations (e.g. allowed methyl eugenol levels in the EU Cosmetics
Regulation (Entry
2635:. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively nonreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odor of the raw material.
4712:
Perfume connoisseurs speak of a fragrance's "sillage", or the discernible trail it leaves in the air when applied. Fortineau, Anne-Dominique (2004). "Chemistry
Perfumes Your Daily Life".
4048:
2929:
and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product. As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing.
2497:
Reminiscent of its originating material, although extraction may capture a different "layer" of the scent, depending on how the extraction method denatures the odoriferous compounds.
4784:
4994:
Islam, G., Endrissat, N., & Noppeney, C. (2016). Beyond "the Eye" of the
Beholder: Scent innovation through analogical reconfiguration. Organization Studies, 0170840615622064.
3426:
since 1982 from use as a fragrance compound, but may be present as an extract or distillate in other products, where mandatory labelling is not required for usage of 0.4% or less.
1719:, the first four from the classic terminology and the last from the modern oceanic category. Each of these are divided into subgroups and arranged around a wheel. In this scheme,
766:
base, gilded brass mounts, gilded copper liner; 33 cm × 14.3 cm × 14.3 cm (13.0 in × 5.6 in × 5.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art
3710:
3451:
safety concerns for human health. Reviews with similar positive outcomes also exist for another main polycyclic musk (AHTN)—for instance, on its safe use in cosmetics by the EU.
2796:", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. Of these extracts, only
602:(in Italy) were growing aromatic plants to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, Italy and France remain the center of European perfume design and
2489:. Due to the almost pure composition of one chemical compound, the same molecules found diluted in nature will have a different scent and effect on the body, if used undiluted.
250:. Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. The 1939
3446:, have been reported to be positive in some in-vitro hormone assays, these reports have been reviewed by various authorities. For example, for one of the main polycyclic musks
3325:
In small online "bulk", however (in purchases over 5000RUB), a whole 100ml bottle of such perfume (or 50ml bottle of "scent oil" of same "direction") costs only around 6 EUR.
451:, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the
5196:
5458:
2775:
through high heat. This technique is not commonly used in the modern industry due to prohibitive costs and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods.
4453:
2566:
and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either
4466:
You'll see all sorts of names in the fragrance section: perfume, eau de toilette, parfum, eau de cologne. What makes them different — and in many cases, more expensive?
3513:
The demands for aromatic materials such as sandalwood, agarwood, and musk have led to the endangerment of these species, as well as illegal trafficking and harvesting.
4291:
5968:
5072:
2690:: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds. The condensate from distillation are settled in a
976:(1830). "Toilet water," or eau de toilette, referred to wide range of scented waters not otherwise known as colognes, and were popular throughout the 19th century.
6128:
5707:"Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays"
2282:. Both beeswax and honey can be solvent extracted to produce an absolute. Beeswax is extracted with ethanol and the ethanol evaporated to produce beeswax absolute.
1104:
of a scent. Nonetheless, connoisseurs of perfume can become extremely skillful at identifying components and origins of scents in the same manner as wine experts.
1001:
widespread strength concentration. It is often the first concentration offered when a new fragrance is launched, and usually referred to generically as "perfume."
979:
The term "perfume" emerged in the late 19th century. The first fragrance labeled a "parfum" extract with a high concentration of aromatic compounds was
Guerlain's
5125:
Kumar P, Caradonna-Graham VM, Gupta S, Cai X, Rao PN, Thompson J (November 1995). "Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma".
2720:, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil
2902:
Products from different extraction methods are known under different names even though their starting materials are the same. For instance, orange blossoms from
5319:
4017:
1111:
of the scent or the "family" it belongs to, all of which affect the overall impression of a perfume from first application to the last lingering hint of scent.
258:
stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of
3381:
Some research on natural aromatics have shown that many contain compounds that cause skin irritation. However some studies, such as IFRA's research claim that
5574:
4895:
4754:
2380:) are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids.
5823:
5790:
5607:
1571:: Lighter, more modern interpretation of the Chypre type, with pronounced cut grass, crushed green leaf and cucumber-like scents. Examples: Estée Lauder
5889:
5757:
5348:
4176:
2339:, which is commonly referred to as bladder wrack. Natural seaweed fragrances are rarely used due to their higher cost and lower potency than synthetics.
1946:
rind is still used for aromatics, more and more commercially used grapefruit aromatics are artificially synthesized since the natural aromatic contains
517:
used fragrance in devotion to God. Perfumes added a layer of cleanliness that was needed for their devotion. Andalusian women were also offered greater
5914:
Rastogi SC, Bossi R, Johansen JD, et al. (June 2004). "Content of oak moss allergens atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes and similar products".
579:
resulting from infrequent bathing. In 1693, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, today best known as
572:
manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France.
6557:
3525:(GRAS). Due to the need for protection of trade secrets, companies rarely give the full listing of ingredients regardless of their effects on health.
3385:
is too dangerous to be used in perfumery, still lack scientific consensus. It is also true that sometimes inhalation alone can cause skin irritation.
4572:
3170:
3117:. Each base is essentially modular perfume that is blended from essential oils and aromatic chemicals, and formulated with a simple concept such as "
498:
4927:
3605:, which stocks over 3,000 perfumes from the past two millennia in their original formulations. All scents in their collection are preserved in non-
2562:
Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through
2140:: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensable in perfumery. Commonly used woods include
6020:
Duedahl-Olesen L, Cederberg T, Pedersen KH, Højgård A (October 2005). "Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk".
3137:
Ingredients with "difficult" or "overpowering" scents that are tailored into a blended base may be more easily incorporated into a work of perfume
986:
accelerated, perfume houses borrowed the term "cologne" to refer to an even more diluted interpretation of their fragrances than eau de toilette.
3439:
Europe that materials classified as carcinogens require such a safety evaluation by the authorities to be allowed in cosmetic consumer products.
1723:, traditionally classified as an aldehydic floral, is placed under the Soft Floral sub-group, while amber scents are within the Oriental group.
4486:
2886:
process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats. Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid.
5597:"OPINION OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON COSMETIC PRODUCTS AND NON-FOOD PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR CONSUMERS CONCERNING MUSK XYLENE AND MUSK KETONE"
4367:
So, What's All the Sniff About?: An In-Depth Plea for Sanity and Equal Rights for Your Sense of Smell, Our Most Neglected and Endangered Sense
4040:
6669:
6290:
6275:
6224:
6180:
5024:
4848:
3810:
2908:
that have undergone solvent extraction produces "orange blossom absolute" but that which have been steam distilled is known as "neroli oil".
4266:
937:
that might indicate a higher aromatic concentration are actually completely different fragrances, related only because of a similar perfume
6233:
Klymentiev, Maksym. "Creating Spices for the Mind: The Origins of Modern Western Perfumery". The Senses and Society. Vol. 9, 2014, issue 2.
5856:
3634:
2976:
by the perfumer's employer or an outside customer. The customers to the perfumer or their employers, are typically fashion houses or large
2403:
6562:
4776:
3296:
The questionable part of numbered perfumery naming is the idea to openly mark perfume #XXX (say, #105) as either "type" or "version", or "
2957:
The job of composing perfumes that will be sold is left up to an expert on perfume composition or known in the fragrance industry as the
6542:
4953:
4872:
3423:
847:
3529:
intended to remain on the skin, and 0.01% for those intended to be rinsed off. This has resulted in many old perfumes like chypres and
6699:
6613:
6356:
5418:
4541:
2414:
1693:
1252:: Fragrances dominated by the scent of a particular flower, i.e., rose, carnation, iris. In French this type of fragrance is called a
664:
perfume vase, which is inscribed the word "suthina" ("for the tomb"); early 2nd century BC; bronze; height: 16 cm (6.3 in);
3983:
3892:
6260:
6245:
6194:
6152:
5528:
5491:
5452:
5384:
5048:
4983:
4734:
4692:
4631:
4603:
4375:
4209:
3948:
3923:
3886:
1898:
are also commonly used. Most orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes, except in the case of
126:
5204:
4807:
3521:
The US FDA controls the safety of perfumes through their ingredients and requires that they be tested to the extent that they are
702:
perfume bottle; 1st century AD; glass; 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art
5518:
5442:
5408:
5294:
1627:: Featuring fruits other than citrus, such as peach, cassis (black currant), mango, passion fruit, and others. Example: Ginestet
5680:
5481:
3776:
1692:
This newer classification method is widely used in retail and the fragrance industry, created in 1983 by the perfume consultant
521:
than women in other Muslim controlled regions and were allowed to leave their homes and socialize outside. This freedom allowed
4445:
2523:
1052:
The relative dryness of the wearer's skin is important, since dry skin will not hold fragrance as long as skin with more oil.
4896:"Hyraceum, the fossilized metabolic product of rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis), shows GABA-benzodiazepine receptor affinity"
4402:
2624:
433:
64:
5108:
474:. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend.
5374:
5064:
377:
Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey; 1550–1295 BC; faience; height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm;
5957:
4147:
3478:
3080:
The top, middle, and base notes of a fragrance may have separate primary scents and supporting ingredients. The perfume's
3060:
and citrus scents can be added to create a "fresher" floral. The cherry scent in cherry cola can be considered a modifier.
2527:
This chart shows the typical relationship between price of perfume, its longevity and the concentration of essential oils.
719:
373:
1169:. The scent of a perfume that emerges just prior to the dissipation of the top note. The middle note compounds form the "
6440:
3696:
3522:
2629:
2391:
1984:, and citrus leaves. Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include
1621:, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances.
6120:
5958:"B REGULATION (EC) No 1223/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products"
4511:
1775:
Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. These aromatics are usually
1748:
3076:: Used to support the primary scent by bolstering it. Many resins, wood scents, and amber bases are used as fixatives.
2772:
2597:
107:
3839:
5998:
3470:
III of the EU Cosmetics Regulation.) or through various limitations set by the International Fragrance Association.
2290:: Originally derived from a gland (sac or pod) located between the genitals and the umbilicus of the Himalayan male
1060:
79:
4100:
4080:
4009:
3118:
1329:
623:
561:
378:
274:, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics.
3311:
Such perfumes usually get three-digit numbers as an officially registered name, which is stickered to the bottles.
1846:: Undoubtedly the largest and most common source of perfume aromatics. Includes the flowers of several species of
53:
3246:
Sometimes, a knock-off perfume would use an altered name of the original perfume (for instance, now-discontinued
3052:: These ingredients alter the primary scent to give the perfume a certain desired character: for instance, fruit
1727:
perfumes are more ambiguous, having affinities with both the Oriental and Woody families. For instance, Guerlain
1559:
830:
Perfume types reflect the concentration of aromatic compounds in a solvent, which in fine fragrance is typically
313:
5566:
6567:
6212:
4838:
4746:
4650:
3505:
These pollutants may pose additional health and environmental problems when they enter human and animal diets.
2533:
and low overall yield. However, due to their low odor threshold, they should be diluted when making a perfume.
1696:. The new scheme simplifies classification and naming, as well as showing the relationships among the classes.
86:
60:
31:
5812:
3987:
246:, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable
5878:
5782:
5746:
5596:
5337:
5254:
Schmeiser HH, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V (May 2001). "Evaluation of health risks caused by musk ketone".
4168:
3319:
nonetheless). Some companies offer all of their own "numbers" in both alcohol based and (D)PG based variants.
6536:
4910:
3549:
3382:
2916:
2255:
782:
557:
251:
4564:
3654: – Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species
6415:
6349:
5318:
Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products
3630:
2512:
Pure and pronounced fragrance notes. Often monotonous in nature, yet reminiscent of other natural scents.
1875:
2850:. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various
1200:
The family classification is a starting point to describe a perfume, but does not fully characterize it.
93:
6684:
4931:
4285:
4121:
3288:
A "number-making" company with perfumery equipment would use their own, one-style-for-all cheap bottle;
3235:
has twice taken the position that perfumes lack the creativity to constitute copyrightable expressions (
3202:
3129:
line, with their simple fragrance concepts, are good examples of what perfume fragrance bases are like.
2943:
2639:
2628:: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employs
2509:
Deep and complex fragrance notes. Soft, with subtle scent nuances. Highly valued for ideal composition.
2482:
1776:
850:: typically ~20%). In English, parfum is also known as perfume extract, pure perfume, or simply perfume.
2673:
255:
6733:
3304:
Resellers in offline stores (in malls, airport shops) can offer "fillable" perfumery, sometimes using
2425:
Each of these companies patents several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually.
2246:: Also called civet musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family
6727:
6488:
6309:
6076:
6029:
5648:
3232:
3154:
2837:
2812:
2735:
2617:
2545:
1879:
1685:
1605:
642:
494:
239:
4478:
75:
6618:
6293:. A novel of perfume, obsession and serial murder. Also released as a movie with same name in 2006.
4137:
3566:
Fragrance compounds in perfumes will degrade or break down if improperly stored in the presence of
3213:
2870:
and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called
1515:
1270:
901:
J.B. Filz in Vienna. Perfumeries with long traditions, such as J.B. Filz, created their own scents.
822:
816:
812:
584:
549:
544:
produced around 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as
533:
385:
In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in
351:
882:(EdC): 3–8% aromatic compounds (typically ~5%). This concentration is often simply called cologne.
6763:
6758:
6717:
6379:
5939:
5672:
5177:
4864:
4330:
4241:
3799:
3614:
3559:
3109:
Instead of building a perfume from "ground up", many modern perfumes and colognes are made using
2583:
2355:
1930:. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as
1467:
1324:
992:
874:(EdT): 5–15% aromatic compounds (typically ~10%). This is the staple for most masculine perfumes.
619:
355:
283:
6547:
5848:
2678:
4426:
New Remedies: An Illustrated Monthly Trade Journal of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics
4069:
al-Hassani, Woodcok and Saoud (2006) 1001 Inventions; Muslim Heritage in Our World, FSTC, p.22.
2759:: Absorption of aroma materials into solid fat or wax and then extraction of odorous oils with
856:(ESdP): 15–30% aromatic compounds, a seldom used strength concentration between EdP and parfum.
641:
perfume bottle in shape of an athlete binding a victory ribbon around his head; circa 540s BC;
6773:
6768:
6633:
6452:
6342:
6286:
6271:
6256:
6241:
6220:
6190:
6176:
6102:
6045:
5931:
5728:
5664:
5524:
5487:
5448:
5414:
5380:
5271:
5236:
5169:
5134:
5044:
5020:
4979:
4844:
4730:
4688:
4627:
4599:
4371:
4322:
4305:
Sullivan, Catherine (1 March 1994). "Searching for nineteenth-century Florida water bottles".
4205:
4096:
3944:
3919:
3882:
3745:
3205:. The issue has not yet been addressed by any US court. A perfume's scent is not eligible for
3178:
2695:
2563:
2335:
2242:
2042:
1871:
1863:
781:
perfume bottle; circa 1900; glass with gilt metal cover; overall: 13.4 cm (5.3 in);
638:
518:
259:
6236:
Moran, Jan (2000). "Fabulous Fragrances II: A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men".
4945:
3201:
It is doubtful whether perfumes qualify as appropriate copyright subject matter under the US
6623:
6603:
6530:
6493:
6384:
6092:
6084:
6037:
5923:
5718:
5656:
5263:
5161:
4314:
4256:
3874:
3701:
3626:
3150:
2904:
2691:
1902:, an orchid, which must be pollinated first and made into seed pods before use in perfumery.
1441:
1131:
1069:
1015:
963:
386:
288:
189:
183:
151:
5039:
Calkin, Robert R. & Jellinek, J. Stephen (1994). "Perfumery: practice and principles".
4537:
6608:
6483:
6410:
6156:
5325:
5112:
4403:"A Brief History of Men's Cologne – Discover the History of Men's Fragrances-COLOGNE BLOG"
3862:
3771:
3739: – lamp that disperses scented alcohol using a heated stone attached to a cotton wick
3659:
3411:
2550:
2045:
of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Some of what is called
2026:
1894:
trees. Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the
1675:
1642:
1492:
1451:
1430:
1333:
1044:
870:
680:
418:
410:
145:
6149:
4894:
Olsen, Andreas; Linda C. Prinsloo; Louis Scott; Anna K. Jägera (November–December 2008).
2358:
odorants. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance,
1536:
1107:
The most practical way to start describing a perfume is according to the elements of the
1018:. Perfume oil can also be diluted by means of neutral-smelling oils such as fractionated
575:
Between the 16th and 17th centuries, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask
525:
to occur outside of the home. As a result, Andalusian women used perfumes for courtship.
304:, meaning "to smoke through". Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient
6080:
6033:
5652:
4815:
4117:
3800:"Perfume at the Forefront of Macrocyclic Compound Research: From Switzerland to Du Pont"
3273:
and Troinoi cologne are being produced by other companies in Russia in similar bottles.
1767:
762:
pair of perfume burners; probably circa 1770; derbyshire spar, tortoiseshell, and wood,
497:. That said, the art of perfumery in Western Europe was reinvigorated after the Islamic
361:
6462:
6405:
6097:
6064:
4684:
The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses
3736:
3665:
3494:
3443:
3399:
3378:
can cause severe allergic reactions and increase sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.
3371:
2951:
2658:
2613:
2384:
2376:
2349:
2295:
2022:
1977:
1931:
1792:
1655:
1411:
1403:
in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Traditional examples:
1119:
878:
808:
763:
622:; 664–630 BC; glass: 8 cm × 4 cm (3.1 in × 1.6 in);
580:
486:
426:
344:
340:
235:
6150:
Colton, Sarah, "L'Osmothèque—Preserving The Past To Ensure The Future", Beauty Fashion
6041:
5567:"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) - Public Health - European Commission"
5290:
3097:
2862:: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through
2433:
Natural and synthetics are used for their different odor characteristics in perfumery
1654:, as well as synthetic components designed to resemble food flavors. A sweet Example:
897:
6752:
6649:
6552:
6400:
6171:
Burr, Chandler (2004). "The Emperor of Scent: A True Story of Perfume and Obsession"
5927:
5633:
5165:
5014:
4682:
4334:
3682:
3671:
3602:
3402:, often used in perfumes, as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing
3359:
3081:
2858:
2793:
2747:
2567:
2462:
2330:
2101:
1812:
1576:
1404:
1312:
1281:
759:
545:
502:
317:
309:
231:
100:
5943:
3766:
2186:
1076:
in 1884, it is one of the most important modern perfumes and inspired the eponymous
6593:
6498:
6478:
5676:
5181:
3688:
3355:
2768:
2666:
2649:
2121:
2074:
2010:
1939:
1257:
1097:
1073:
920:
699:
661:
490:
467:
321:
4617:
4615:
4410:
2784:
2370:
are both naturally occurring compounds that can be inexpensively synthesized from
803:
339:
tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and
6202:
5105:
4365:
4199:
3169:
Creating perfumes through reverse engineering with analytical techniques such as
2698:
and sometimes sold. This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as
2665:. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through
6694:
6598:
5100:
3941:
Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources
3716:
3499:
3435:
3305:
3194:
3023:
2977:
2894:: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in
2851:
2847:
2830:
2792:
Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "
2486:
2325:
2223:
1973:
1891:
1614:
1530:
1316:
1088:
1019:
778:
553:
514:
305:
42:
5705:
Schreurs RH, Sonneveld E, Jansen JH, Seinen W, van der Burg B (February 2005).
3878:
2168:. These are used in the form of macerations or dry-distilled (rectified) forms.
1646:): Scents with "edible" or "dessert-like" qualities, often containing vanilla,
6628:
6430:
5634:"In vitro and in vivo antiestrogenic effects of polycyclic musks in zebrafish"
4141:
3533:
classes, which traditionally make use of oakmoss extract, being reformulated.
3530:
3447:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3217:
2882:
2764:
2755:
2707:
2390:
The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few
2267:
2198:
for their pods in recent history has resulted in the detriment of the species.
2141:
2113:
2097:
1943:
1915:
1821:
1804:
1796:
1784:
1647:
1558:: Combining single floral and floral bouquet traditional categories. Example:
1523:
1481:
1379:
1356:
1352:
1304:
1277:
1221:
1079:
1027:
683:
glass gold-band mosaic alabastron (perfume bottle); 1st century BC; glass and
541:
506:
475:
5016:
The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris & New York
4326:
1828:
root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent,
6654:
6577:
6216:
5723:
5706:
5267:
4515:
3727: – Mixture of dried flowers and other naturally fragrant plant material
3724:
3651:
3586:
3554:
3206:
3009:
2994:
2926:
2717:
2555:
2481:
Depending on purity, consists primarily of one chemical compound. Sometimes
2409:
2383:
One of the most commonly used classes of synthetic aromatics by far are the
2291:
2274:
2234:
2214:
2206:
2195:
2105:
1969:
1855:
1825:
1788:
1780:
1292:
1216:
786:
684:
576:
569:
522:
510:
479:
406:
336:
228:
6106:
6049:
5935:
5732:
5668:
5275:
5240:
5173:
4995:
3685: – Hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants
3017:) are commonly used by perfumers to sample and smell perfumes and odorants.
1367:
smell, is commonly found in these perfumes. Traditional examples: Myrurgia
723:
6737:
6304:
5138:
3835:
3189:
3026:
to improve the marketability and shelf life of the perfume, respectively.
1208:
6679:
6664:
6659:
6514:
6420:
5990:
4840:
The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England
4261:
3730:
3594:
3459:
3367:
3251:
3146:
3142:
3122:
3067:
2997:, car interiors, etc.), or marketed and sold directly to the public as a
2938:
2890:
2842:: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through
2398:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2318:
2279:
2262:
2251:
2173:
2149:
2145:
2125:
2014:
2006:
1981:
1965:
1883:
1867:
1859:
1817:
1651:
1601:
1507:
1503:
1463:
1459:
1348:
1320:
1296:
1114:
The trail of scent left behind by a person wearing perfume is called its
990:, for example, offered an eau de cologne version of its flagship perfume
987:
599:
565:
537:
470:, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the
463:
456:
436:
271:
267:
6185:
Edwards, Michael (1997). "Perfume Legends: French Feminine Fragrances".
6065:"Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sediment Cores"
3366:
while present in many perfumes, are also known or potential respiratory
292:
Egyptian scene depicting the preparation of lily perfume, 4th century BC
17:
6689:
6674:
5991:"standards - IFRA International Fragrance Association - in every sense"
5632:
Schreurs RH, Legler J, Artola-Garicano E, et al. (February 2004).
5517:
Jeanne Duus Johansen; Peter J. Frosch; Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin (2010).
4318:
3606:
3598:
3363:
3351:
3281:
A different kind of copying perfumes is known in ex-USSR countries as "
3209:
protection: the scent serves as the functional purpose of the product.
3085:
2990:
2986:
2895:
2826:
2760:
2419:
2314:
2219:
2161:
2109:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2054:
2038:
2001:
1927:
1899:
1851:
1842:
1829:
1511:
1455:
1396:
1364:
1360:
1308:
1300:
831:
715:
452:
422:
414:
366:
332:
328:
243:
6088:
5660:
2266:: Commonly known as "Africa stone", is the petrified excrement of the
2202:
6572:
6425:
3617:
compartments maintained at 12 °C (54 °F) in a large vault.
3575:
3375:
3344:
3267:
3102:
3057:
2699:
2609:
2605:
2359:
2309:
2157:
2117:
2085:
1989:
1954:
1947:
1923:
1919:
1887:
1836:
1800:
1724:
1618:
1446:
1436:
1421:
1372:
1031:
743:
727:
665:
646:
595:
591:
509:) became major producers of perfumes that were traded throughout the
466:) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of
402:
390:
5551:
M. H. Beck; S. M. Wilkinson (2010), "Contact Dermatitis: Allergic",
4654:
3648: – Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell
3101:
A "perfume organ", where perfumers utilize hundreds of essences, in
2222:
fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the
160:
2969:) due to their fine sense of smell and skill in smell composition.
2294:
Moschus moschiferus, it has now mainly been replaced by the use of
1450:(1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of
1136:
Perfume is described in a musical metaphor as having three sets of
485:
There is a controversy on whether perfumery was completely lost in
5094:
3610:
3571:
3548:
3540:
3483:
3477:
3455:
3387:
3300:" (literally "aroma in the direction of") of a well-known perfum.
3188:
3096:
3053:
3008:
2942:
2915:
2783:
2721:
2672:
2654:
2549:
2522:
2227:
2201:
2185:
2153:
2129:
2050:
2046:
2018:
1996:
1960:
1935:
1911:
1906:
1895:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1680:
1679:
1392:
1215:
1207:
1188:, using imaginative and abstract terms for the components listed.
1087:
1059:
981:
896:
821:
802:
603:
448:
398:
372:
287:
247:
30:
This article is about the fragrant substance. For other uses, see
4974:
Camps, Arcadi Boix (2000). "Perfumery Techniques in Evolution".
3645:
3579:
3567:
3415:
3043:
2725:
2703:
2662:
2286:
2191:
2165:
2136:
2092:
2069:
2061:
2030:
1847:
1756:
1613:(1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many
1522:, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Modern examples:
1498:
968:
790:
529:
471:
444:
394:
6338:
6278:. A cultural history of fragrance from 1750 to the present day.
5849:"TSCA Work Plan Chemicals - Existing Chemicals - OPPT - US EPA"
4143:
Introduction à l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge
3601:
devoted to the preservation of historical perfumes, namely the
3398:
A number of national and international surveys have identified
3056:
may be included in a floral primary to create a fruity floral;
2570:, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of
1795:
leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of
6266:
Stamelman, Richard: "Perfume – Joy, Obsession, Scandal, Sin".
4930:. International Flavors & Fragrances. 2007. Archived from
4446:"The Difference Between Perfume, Cologne and Other Fragrances"
2571:
2238:: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver.
2034:
1985:
1400:
1023:
714:
Partially broken perfume amphora; 2nd century AD; glass; from
347:, then filtered and put them back in the still several times.
195:
36:
6281:
Süskind, Patrick (2006). "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer".
2558:, India, who can compose an original perfume for the customer
1832:, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds.
207:
169:
6321:
4594:
Agata A. Listowska, MA & Mark A. Nicholson, ASO (2011).
4240:
Voudouri, Dimitra; Tesseromatis, Christine (December 2015).
1307:, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and
262:
as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory."
6334:
2961:. They are also sometimes referred to affectionately as a "
2728:
where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odor is desired.
2653:: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from
1291:: Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of
443:, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant
6315:
3046:
flavourant is a good example of an abstract primary scent.
2073:: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include
2000:: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in
6327:
4725:
Edwards, Michael (2006). "Fragrances of the World 2006".
4229:. London: John Lane the Bodley Head Limited. p. 140.
1950:
and its degradation product is quite unpleasant in smell.
204:
166:
4645:
4643:
587:(Giovanni Maria Farina) took over the business in 1732.
556:
Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to
505:
in 711 and 827. The Islamic controlled cities of Spain (
6063:
Peck AM, Linebaugh EK, Hornbuckle KC (September 2006).
5338:"SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PRODUCTS : SCCP"
4350:
The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour
3676:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2053:
in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil
5065:"The Copyrightability of Perfumes: I Smell a Symphony"
3966:
Agriculture Diversification: Problems and Perspectives
3434:
There is scientific evidence that nitro-musks such as
3350:
In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause
2333:
in perfumes. An example of a commonly used seaweed is
1227:
The traditional categories which emerged around 1900:
3748: – Derivative or offshoot of an existing perfume
3585:
Perfumes are best preserved when kept in light-tight
2972:
The composition of a perfume typically begins with a
1514:, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for
1096:
The precise formulae of commercial perfumes are kept
201:
163:
5373:
Gottfried Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008).
4747:"Fragrance 101: Understanding The Fragrance Pyramid"
4010:"Ancient Perfumes Recreated, Put on Display in Rome"
3861:
Balasubramanian, Narayanaganesh (20 November 2015).
3741:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3706:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3145:. Flowers whose scents cannot be extracted, such as
2258:
investigated African civets caught for this purpose.
192:
157:
6642:
6586:
6523:
6507:
6471:
6439:
6393:
6372:
3964:A.K. Sharma; Seema Wahad; Raśmī Śrīvāstava (2010).
3454:Many natural aromatics, such as oakmoss absolutes,
2457:(adding Indian jasmine into Grasse jasmine) or the
540:, Italy, were recorded from 1221. In the east, the
210:
198:
172:
154:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5555:, vol. 2 (8th ed.), Wiley, p. 26.40
3807:International Workshop on the History of Chemistry
1735:, a more floral chypre, is under Floral Oriental.
1212:Opium by YSL, of amber or oriental fragrance class
455:(which still bears its Arabic name. described by
441:Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations
4622:Turkington, Carol & Jeffrey S. Dover (2009).
4126:(8th ed.), Harper & Brothers, p. 73
4116:Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott, eds. (1897),
4105:, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Brill, p. 486a
4085:, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), Brill, p. 111b
3254:perfume has a similar-designed copy produced as "
2771:was not possible because some fragrant compounds
2746:: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the
1791:have remarkably different odors from each other.
1347:: Fragrances dominated by woody notes, typically
4041:"Ancient perfume recreated for anniversary show"
2880:: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the
2461:(adding linalool to rosewood) to increase their
5063:David A. Einhorn; Lesley Portnoy (April 2010),
4352:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–167.
3984:"Oldest Perfumes Found on "Aphrodite's Island""
3916:Mendeleyev's Dream – The Quest For the Elements
3767:"Perfume – Definition and More from Dictionary"
3733: – Ball or container of herbs and perfumes
3691:– Use of aromas during meditation or relaxation
3414:. Its presence in a cosmetic is denoted by the
3153:, are composed as bases from data derived from
1600:: The newest category, first appearing in 1988
1269:: Compound of several flower scents. Examples:
4424:Charles Rice, Frederick Albert Castle (1879).
4249:International Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy
3442:Although other ingredients such as polycyclic
3241:Beaute Prestige International v. Senteur Mazal
2817:: Fragrant materials that are purified from a
2554:Itar (herbal perfume) vendor on the street of
6350:
5291:"Furanocoumarins as potent chemical defenses"
4506:
4504:
4201:Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives
3374:present in natural extracts of grapefruit or
618:Ancient Egyptian perfume vase in shape of an
8:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4596:Complementary Medicine, Beauty and Modelling
4370:. So Whats all the Sniff about. p. 46.
4290:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2485:mixtures of isomers, such as in the case of
1479:
1440:in French, this category is named after the
1122:", as in the trail left by a boat in water.
1077:
462:The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as
6251:Turin, Luca (2006). "The Secret of Scent".
5444:Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult
4624:The Encyclopedia of Skin and Skin Disorders
4565:"Perfume 'Nose' Conjures Up Perfect Scents"
4439:
4437:
4435:
3968:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 140.
2616:. The product of this process is called a "
2037:resins are a particularly valued source of
909:Furthermore, some fragrances with the same
6357:
6343:
6335:
5512:
5510:
5441:Edward T. Bope; Rick D. Kellerman (2013).
5104:— this particular example can be found on
4653:. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from
4514:. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from
3977:
3975:
3711:John Maria Farina opposite Jülich's Square
6558:Research Institute of Fragrance Materials
6096:
5722:
5447:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 264.
5008:
5006:
5004:
4260:
2808:are directly used to formulate perfumes.
2578:odor character or renders them odorless.
1779:produced by plants as protection against
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5314:
5312:
4198:Giovanni Dugo, Ivana Bonaccorsi (2013).
3422:. Balsam of Peru has been banned by the
2435:
2226:. Ambergris should not be confused with
360:
6685:Sensient Flavors & Fragrances Group
5480:T. Platts-Mills; Johannes Ring (2006).
4996:http://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615622064
4676:
4674:
4672:
4598:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 153–4.
3758:
3410:Balsam of Peru is used as a marker for
2898:. Tinctures are typically thin liquids.
953:History of the terms and concentrations
608:
354:, perfume and perfumery existed in the
6670:International Flavors & Fragrances
4757:from the original on 29 September 2018
4283:
4179:from the original on 24 September 2021
3842:from the original on 29 September 2020
3713: – World's oldest perfume factory
3498:as in the sediments and waters of the
6318:: International Fragrance Association
5859:from the original on 1 September 2015
5686:from the original on 25 February 2021
5577:from the original on 22 November 2016
5058:
5056:
4956:from the original on 4 September 2019
4544:from the original on 25 December 2017
4489:from the original on 19 December 2013
4428:. W. Wood & Company. p. 358.
4150:from the original on 23 November 2020
3354:reactions of the skin. For instance,
1641:
1491:
1429:
7:
6723:
5793:from the original on 19 January 2022
5613:from the original on 28 October 2020
5461:from the original on 10 January 2023
5376:Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
4875:from the original on 15 October 2012
4626:. Infobase Publishing. p. 148.
4051:from the original on 26 January 2021
4020:from the original on 23 October 2012
3635:List of celebrity-branded fragrances
3285:" (literally "numbered perfumery"):
3237:Bsiri-Barbir v. Haarman & Reimer
3171:Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
2600:by heat. Commonly used solvents for
2404:International Flavors and Fragrances
2329:: Distillates are sometimes used as
1783:, infections, as well as to attract
552:. The art of perfumery prospered in
65:adding citations to reliable sources
6543:International Fragrance Association
6457:
5971:from the original on 3 October 2018
5829:from the original on 16 August 2021
5297:from the original on 11 August 2011
4787:from the original on 2 January 2016
4575:from the original on 11 August 2015
4272:from the original on 16 August 2021
3895:from the original on 18 August 2021
3424:International Fragrance Association
2677:An old perfume still on display at
1391:: A family of fragrances featuring
6448:
6211:]. Translated by Erik Butler.
5075:from the original on 10 March 2014
4837:Dugan, Holly (14 September 2011).
4242:"Perfumery from Myth to Antiquity"
4099:; M. Plessner (1986), "AL-ANBĪḲ",
3704: – museum in Cologne, Germany
1964:: Commonly used for perfumery are
972:(created in 1799), and Guerlain's
799:Dilution classes and terminologies
331:is considered to be a woman named
327:One of the world's first-recorded
25:
6042:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.004
6001:from the original on 1 March 2018
5895:from the original on 21 July 2018
5763:from the original on 5 March 2022
5354:from the original on 4 March 2016
4456:from the original on 12 July 2018
3719: – Fragrance industry awards
3338:Immunological; asthma and allergy
3121:" or "juicy sour apple". Many of
1731:is under Mossy Woods, but Hermès
1319:" imagery. Traditional examples:
941:. An example of this is Chanel's
335:, a perfume maker mentioned in a
6732:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6328:The British Society of Perfumers
6303:
6131:from the original on 21 May 2019
5928:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00379.x
5166:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00563.x
4903:South African Journal of Science
4808:"Interview with Michael Edwards"
4563:Berger, Paul (26 October 2011).
4348:Stoddart, David Michael (1990).
4079:M. Ullmann (1986), "AL-KĪMIYĀ",
3816:from the original on 25 May 2022
3779:from the original on 6 June 2022
3662: – Lightly scented perfume
3216:granted copyright protection to
2313:: Commonly used lichens include
2298:sometimes known as "white musk".
846:(P): 15–40% aromatic compounds (
771:
751:
735:
707:
692:
672:
654:
631:
611:
320:. It was further refined by the
188:
150:
41:
5289:Berenbaum, May (14 June 2010).
4777:"Coco Mademoiselle from Chanel"
4227:The Mystery and Lure of Perfume
3838:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
3674: – Lightly scented perfume
3329:Health and environmental issues
2194:pod. Extensive hunting of male
2084:roots, various rhizomes of the
826:Vintage atomizer perfume bottle
52:needs additional citations for
5553:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology
4169:"History of Perfumes in Spain"
2625:Supercritical fluid extraction
2521:oils follows the graph below:
2096:: Commonly used seeds include
1816:: Commonly used barks include
1502:in French, built on a base of
1140:, making the harmonious scent
532:of Santa Maria Delle Vigne or
1:
6201:Ellena, Jean-Claude (2022) .
4806:Osborne, Grant (1 May 2001).
4714:Journal of Chemical Education
3982:Roach, John (29 March 2007).
3798:Shyndriayeva, Galina (2015).
3277:Numbered perfumery, "analogs"
3197:perfumes (in a "kiosk" store)
2602:maceration/solvent extraction
2584:Maceration/Solvent extraction
2354:Many modern perfumes contain
1617:perfumes. Generally contains
1118:, after the French word for "
720:Ephesus Archaeological Museum
528:Recipes of perfumes from the
513:. Like in the ancient world,
27:Mixture of fragrant substance
5413:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
4444:Tynan Sinks (12 July 2018).
3943:. Brill Archive. p. 9.
3580:extraneous organic materials
3523:Generally recognized as safe
2714:Dry/destructive distillation
2278:: From the honeycomb of the
1760:Resins in perfumery include
687:; Metropolitan Museum of Art
6563:Théâtre-Musée des Capucines
6209:Atlas de botanique parfumée
5127:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol
5069:Intellectual Property Today
5041:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4045:Kathimerini English Edition
3918:. New York: Berkley Books.
3863:"Scented Oils and Perfumes"
2788:Indian Patchouli - Tincture
2374:. Orchid scents (typically
1886:as well as the blossoms of
1699:The five main families are
1220:A floral bouquet, Joy from
6790:
4687:. New York: Random House.
4538:"A Guide to Perfume Types"
4204:. CRC Press. p. 467.
4146:, Steinheil, p. 164,
4102:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
4082:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
4039:Elis, Kiss (2 June 2018).
3879:10.1021/bk-2015-1211.ch008
3624:
3609:glass flasks flushed with
2936:
2574:in the extracted product.
2543:
2540:Obtaining natural odorants
2347:
1673:
1129:
624:Metropolitan Museum of Art
550:Queen Elizabeth of Hungary
379:Metropolitan Museum of Art
300:is derived from the Latin
281:
29:
6708:
6238:Crescent House Publishing
6187:Crescent House Publishing
5523:. Springer. p. 556.
4727:Crescent House Publishing
4265:(inactive 28 July 2024).
4225:Thompson, C.J.S. (1927).
3867:American Chemical Society
314:Indus Valley civilization
6568:The Fragrance Foundation
6322:The Fragrance Foundation
6204:Atlas of Perfumed Botany
5486:. Springer. p. 35.
5407:Thomas P. Habif (2009).
5256:Int J Hyg Environ Health
3914:Strathern, Paul (2000).
3869:. ACS Symposium Series.
1684:Fragrance Wheel perfume
1240:Eau de Cologne Impériale
974:Eau de Cologne Impériale
947:Pour Monsieur concentrée
590:By the 18th century the
369:used to distill perfumes
32:Perfume (disambiguation)
6537:Fragrances of the World
6173:Random House Publishing
5268:10.1078/1438-4639-00047
5013:Burr, Chandler (2008).
4681:Burr, Chandler (2003).
4651:"Fragrance Info / FAQs"
3668: – Type of perfume
3070:and hydroxycitronellal.
2767:was commonly used when
2734:: Through the use of a
2669:of the distilled vapor.
2256:World Animal Protection
1910:: Fresh fruits such as
1609:(1988), Christian Dior
913:but having a different
783:Cleveland Museum of Art
432:In the 9th century the
6121:"DIRECTIVE 2003/15/EC"
4307:Historical Archaeology
3939:Levey, Martin (1973).
3631:List of essential oils
3563:
3546:
3486:
3395:
3198:
3106:
3084:are then blended with
3018:
2954:
2921:
2829:. By using a slightly
2789:
2681:
2559:
2528:
2209:
2199:
1824:. The fragrant oil in
1772:
1764:
1753:
1689:
1518:'s landmark fragrance
1480:
1363:. Patchouli, with its
1299:, often combined with
1224:
1213:
1204:Traditional categories
1163:: Also referred to as
1093:
1085:
1078:
1064:An original bottle of
902:
827:
819:
382:
370:
293:
6069:Environ. Sci. Technol
5724:10.1093/toxsci/kfi035
5641:Environ. Sci. Technol
5019:. Henry Holt and Co.
4950:Topcolognesformen.com
4123:Greek-English Lexicon
3625:Further information:
3552:
3544:
3481:
3391:
3308:to justify the price.
3192:
3100:
3012:
2946:
2919:
2787:
2676:
2553:
2526:
2303:Other natural sources
2205:
2189:
1777:secondary metabolites
1770:
1759:
1751:
1683:
1219:
1211:
1091:
1063:
900:
893:Imprecise terminology
825:
806:
459:in the 4th century).
439:(Alkindus) wrote the
376:
364:
358:(3300 BC – 1300 BC).
291:
6489:Fragrance extraction
6312:at Wikimedia Commons
6155:15 June 2010 at the
5410:Clinical Dermatology
5324:3 March 2016 at the
5111:15 June 2020 at the
4934:on 23 February 2008.
4479:"Scents from Vienna"
4364:Pepe, Tracy (2000).
4262:10.15640/ijmp.v3n2a4
3593:There exist several
3545:Perfumes in a museum
3509:Species endangerment
3233:French Supreme Court
3155:headspace technology
2983:functional fragrance
2736:fractionation column
2546:Fragrance extraction
1686:classification chart
1084:class of fragrances.
1056:Describing a perfume
643:Ancient Agora Museum
558:Catherine de' Medici
495:Western Roman Empire
61:improve this article
6619:Johann Maria Farina
6285:(English edition).
6081:2006EnST...40.5629P
6034:2005Chmsp..61..422D
5653:2004EnST...38..997S
5483:Allergy in Practice
5207:on 13 February 2008
4946:"Account Suspended"
4413:on 3 February 2014.
4138:Marcellin Berthelot
3697:Fragrance companies
3615:thermally insulated
3283:номерная парфюмерия
3214:Dutch Supreme Court
3165:Reverse engineering
3013:Paper blotters (fr:
2825:by soaking them in
1752:Citrus tree blossom
1289:Amber or "Oriental"
1197:aromatic material.
1038:Applying fragrances
813:Johann Maria Farina
585:Johann Maria Farina
548:– at the behest of
534:Santa Maria Novella
352:Indian subcontinent
6453:Herbal distillates
6283:Vintage Publishing
5520:Contact Dermatitis
5092:One example being
4818:on 6 February 2007
4751:Blog.lebermuth.com
4657:on 8 November 2012
4450:The New York Times
4319:10.1007/BF03374182
3990:on 12 October 2013
3564:
3560:Edwin Austin Abbey
3547:
3537:Preserving perfume
3517:Safety regulations
3487:
3420:Myroxylon pereirae
3396:
3298:аромат направления
3199:
3107:
3019:
2955:
2922:
2912:Composing perfumes
2844:solvent extraction
2790:
2688:Steam distillation
2682:
2640:Ethanol extraction
2560:
2529:
2210:
2200:
1773:
1765:
1754:
1690:
1369:Maderas De Oriente
1330:Yves Saint Laurent
1261:Sa Majeste La Rose
1225:
1214:
1192:Olfactive families
1151:: Also called the
1094:
1086:
903:
864:parfum de toilette
828:
820:
811:flacon 1811, from
594:region of France,
383:
371:
356:Indus civilization
294:
284:History of perfume
227:) is a mixture of
6746:
6745:
6634:Edmond Roudnitska
6308:Media related to
6291:978-0-307-27776-3
6276:978-0-8478-2832-6
6253:Faber & Faber
6226:978-0-262-04673-2
6181:978-0-375-75981-9
6125:Eur-lex.europa.eu
6089:10.1021/es060134y
5965:Eur-lex.europa.eu
5879:"Opinion on ahtn"
5855:. 29 April 2015.
5747:"Opinion on hhcb"
5661:10.1021/es034648y
5195:Deborah Gushman.
5026:978-0-8050-8037-7
4871:. 5 August 2014.
4865:"Civet suffering"
4850:978-1-4214-0234-5
3746:Flanker_(perfume)
3621:Lists of perfumes
3482:Perfume stall in
3448:Galaxolide (HHCB)
3226:Lancôme v. Kecofa
3179:gas chromatograph
2948:The Perfume Maker
2780:Fragrant extracts
2564:organic synthesis
2537:
2536:
2506:Scent complexity
2494:Scent uniqueness
2344:Synthetic sources
2336:Fucus vesiculosus
2250:, related to the
2043:organic synthesis
1739:Aromatics sources
1339:Coco Mademoiselle
1186:fragrance pyramid
1092:Fragrance pyramid
499:invasion of Spain
324:and the Muslims.
260:organic chemistry
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6781:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6716:
6715:
6624:Jacques Guerlain
6531:Fragrance Museum
6385:List of perfumes
6359:
6352:
6345:
6336:
6307:
6230:
6159:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6100:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5962:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5883:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5751:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5638:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5612:
5601:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5342:
5334:
5328:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5203:. Archived from
5197:"The Nose Knows"
5192:
5186:
5185:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5122:
5116:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5060:
5051:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5010:
4999:
4992:
4986:
4976:Allured Pub Corp
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4909:. Archived from
4900:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4814:. Archived from
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4743:
4737:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4409:. Archived from
4399:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4246:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3986:. Archived from
3979:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3763:
3742:
3707:
3702:Fragrance Museum
3677:
3627:List of perfumes
3469:
3465:
2905:Citrus aurantium
2763:. Extraction by
2692:Florentine flask
2630:Supercritical CO
2436:
2394:. They include:
1876:scented geranium
1713:Aromatic Fougère
1645:
1643:[ɡuʁmɑ̃]
1640:
1495:
1493:[fu.ʒɛʁ]
1490:
1485:
1433:
1428:
1399:, wood and wood
1311:resins, evoking
1132:Note (perfumery)
1083:
1016:rectified spirit
964:Cologne, Germany
854:Esprit de parfum
817:Farina gegenüber
775:
755:
739:
711:
696:
676:
658:
635:
615:
226:
225:
224:
223:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
187:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
149:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6704:
6638:
6614:Michael Edwards
6609:Ernest Daltroff
6582:
6548:Musée du Parfum
6519:
6503:
6484:Fragrance wheel
6467:
6435:
6411:Eau de toilette
6389:
6368:
6363:
6300:
6227:
6200:
6168:
6166:Further reading
6163:
6162:
6157:Wayback Machine
6148:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6075:(18): 5629–35.
6062:
6061:
6057:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5794:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5647:(4): 997–1002.
5636:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5326:Wayback Machine
5317:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5113:Wayback Machine
5091:
5087:
5078:
5076:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5012:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4989:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4916:on 6 June 2011.
4913:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4695:
4680:
4679:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4518:on 31 July 2010
4510:
4509:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4459:
4457:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3772:Merriam-Webster
3765:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3740:
3705:
3675:
3660:Eau de toilette
3642:
3637:
3623:
3613:gas, stored in
3539:
3519:
3511:
3495:Synthetic musks
3492:
3476:
3467:
3463:
3444:synthetic musks
3432:
3430:Carcinogenicity
3412:perfume allergy
3340:
3331:
3279:
3187:
3167:
3119:fresh cut grass
3111:fragrance bases
3095:
3093:Fragrance bases
3032:
3030:Basic framework
3007:
2941:
2935:
2920:Perfume formula
2914:
2872:expression oils
2846:using volatile
2782:
2659:orange blossoms
2633:
2548:
2542:
2431:
2429:Characteristics
2352:
2346:
2305:
2296:synthetic musks
2184:
2177:. Orchid scents
1926:, vanilla, and
1746:
1741:
1694:Michael Edwards
1678:
1676:Fragrance wheel
1672:
1670:Fragrance wheel
1638:
1582:, Calvin Klein
1580:Eau de Campagne
1549:
1488:
1426:
1274:Quelques Fleurs
1242:, Penhaligon's
1206:
1194:
1134:
1128:
1126:Fragrance notes
1109:fragrance notes
1058:
1045:Sophia Grojsman
1040:
1011:
955:
895:
871:Eau de toilette
801:
794:
776:
767:
756:
747:
740:
731:
712:
703:
697:
688:
677:
668:
659:
650:
636:
627:
626:(New York City)
616:
381:(New York City)
286:
280:
256:Leopold Ružička
254:for Chemistry,
236:aroma compounds
220:
219:
218:
191:
182:
181:
153:
144:
143:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6751:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6720:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6458:Animal sources
6455:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Essential oils
6413:
6408:
6406:Eau de Cologne
6403:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6299:
6298:External links
6296:
6295:
6294:
6279:
6264:
6249:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6198:
6183:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6142:
6112:
6055:
6012:
5982:
5949:
5906:
5870:
5840:
5804:
5787:Echa.europa.eu
5774:
5738:
5697:
5624:
5588:
5558:
5543:
5529:
5506:
5492:
5472:
5453:
5433:
5420:978-0323080378
5419:
5399:
5385:
5365:
5329:
5308:
5281:
5246:
5235:(5): 2657–62.
5229:Anticancer Res
5218:
5187:
5144:
5117:
5085:
5052:
5032:
5025:
5000:
4987:
4967:
4937:
4919:
4886:
4856:
4849:
4829:
4798:
4768:
4738:
4718:
4700:
4693:
4668:
4639:
4632:
4611:
4604:
4586:
4555:
4529:
4512:"Glossary (C)"
4500:
4470:
4431:
4416:
4394:
4376:
4355:
4340:
4297:
4232:
4217:
4210:
4190:
4160:
4129:
4108:
4088:
4071:
4062:
4031:
4001:
3971:
3956:
3949:
3931:
3924:
3906:
3887:
3853:
3827:
3790:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3737:Fragrance lamp
3734:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3666:Eau de Cologne
3657:
3656:
3655:
3641:
3638:
3622:
3619:
3538:
3535:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3491:
3488:
3475:
3472:
3431:
3428:
3400:balsam of Peru
3372:furanocoumarin
3339:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3309:
3306:weasel wording
3278:
3275:
3193:An assorti of
3186:
3183:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3138:
3127:Aqua Allegoria
3094:
3091:
3082:fragrance oils
3078:
3077:
3071:
3061:
3047:
3040:Primary scents
3031:
3028:
3006:
3003:
2999:fine fragrance
2965:" (French for
2952:Rodolphe Ernst
2937:Main article:
2934:
2931:
2927:sense of smell
2913:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2855:
2835:
2802:essential oils
2794:essential oils
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2752:
2748:essential oils
2741:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2711:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2614:dimethyl ether
2568:essential oils
2544:Main article:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2350:Aroma compound
2348:Main article:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2239:
2231:
2183:
2182:Animal sources
2180:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2133:
2089:
2058:
2023:balsam of Peru
1993:
1951:
1903:
1833:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1674:Main article:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1656:Thierry Mugler
1632:
1622:
1587:
1566:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1520:Fougère Royale
1476:
1431:[ʃipʁ]
1418:
1386:
1376:Bois des Îles.
1342:
1286:
1267:Floral Bouquet
1264:
1247:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1158:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1066:Fougère Royale
1057:
1054:
1039:
1036:
1010:
1007:
954:
951:
894:
891:
890:
889:
883:
879:Eau de cologne
875:
867:
857:
851:
809:Eau de Cologne
800:
797:
796:
795:
777:
770:
768:
764:Carrara marble
757:
750:
748:
741:
734:
732:
713:
706:
704:
698:
691:
689:
678:
671:
669:
660:
653:
651:
637:
630:
628:
617:
610:
581:eau de cologne
503:Southern Italy
487:Western Europe
282:Main article:
279:
276:
252:Nobel Laureate
238:(fragrances),
232:essential oils
135:
134:
117:September 2024
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6786:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6604:François Coty
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:Organizations
6522:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:Plant sources
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Solid perfume
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:0-571-21537-8
6258:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6246:0-9639065-4-2
6243:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6195:0-646-27794-4
6192:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6028:(3): 422–31.
6027:
6023:
6016:
6013:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5922:(6): 367–70.
5921:
5917:
5910:
5907:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5717:(2): 264–72.
5716:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5625:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5547:
5544:
5532:
5530:9783642038273
5526:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5495:
5493:9783540265849
5489:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5473:
5460:
5456:
5454:9780323225724
5450:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5434:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5403:
5400:
5388:
5386:9783540777823
5382:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5160:(4): 216–25.
5159:
5155:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5133:(5): 429–33.
5132:
5128:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5049:0-471-58934-9
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:0-931710-72-3
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4928:"Iso E Super"
4923:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4843:. JHU Press.
4842:
4841:
4833:
4830:
4817:
4813:
4812:Basenotes.net
4809:
4802:
4799:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4735:0-9756097-1-8
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4694:0-375-50797-3
4690:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4633:9780816075096
4629:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4605:9781456888954
4601:
4597:
4590:
4587:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4379:
4377:9780968707609
4373:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4211:9781439862292
4207:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4178:
4174:
4173:La Casa Mundo
4170:
4164:
4161:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3950:90-04-03796-9
3946:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3925:0-425-18467-6
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3894:
3890:
3888:9780841231122
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:Essential oil
3681:
3673:
3672:Scented water
3670:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3474:Environmental
3473:
3471:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:ethyl acetate
3357:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:Copyright Act
3196:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:ethyl alcohol
3083:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3011:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:Essential oil
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:ethyl alcohol
2758:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2732:Fractionation
2730:
2727:
2724:and fragrant
2723:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2463:profit margin
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:essential oil
2328:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:juniper berry
1925:
1924:litsea cubeba
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:, as well as
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1744:Plant sources
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1556:Bright Floral
1554:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:Drakkar Noir,
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:François Coty
1439:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:Robert Piguet
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:camphoraceous
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:Victorian era
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Single Floral
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:, Guerlain's
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:. Created by
1071:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:Solvent types
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
983:
977:
975:
971:
970:
965:
959:
952:
950:
948:
944:
943:Pour Monsieur
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
922:
916:
915:concentration
912:
907:
899:
892:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
861:
860:Eau de parfum
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
824:
818:
814:
810:
805:
798:
792:
788:
784:
780:
774:
769:
765:
761:
754:
749:
745:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
705:
701:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
670:
667:
663:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Ancient Greek
634:
629:
625:
621:
614:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
583:; his nephew
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
560:(1519–1589),
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Hungary Water
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
430:
428:
424:
421:, as well as
420:
416:
415:conifer resin
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
375:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:Ancient China
316:and possibly
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
222:
215:
185:
177:
147:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
6594:Ernest Beaux
6535:
6499:Scentography
6479:Aromachology
6365:
6332:
6282:
6267:
6252:
6237:
6208:
6203:
6186:
6172:
6145:
6133:. Retrieved
6124:
6115:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5994:
5985:
5973:. Retrieved
5964:
5952:
5919:
5916:Contact Derm
5915:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5886:Ec.europa.eu
5885:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5852:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5820:Ec.europa.eu
5819:
5807:
5795:. Retrieved
5786:
5777:
5765:. Retrieved
5754:Ec.europa.eu
5753:
5741:
5714:
5711:Toxicol. Sci
5710:
5700:
5688:. Retrieved
5644:
5640:
5627:
5615:. Retrieved
5604:Ec.europa.eu
5603:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5571:Ec.europa.eu
5570:
5561:
5552:
5546:
5534:. Retrieved
5519:
5497:. Retrieved
5482:
5475:
5463:. Retrieved
5443:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5409:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5379:. Springer.
5375:
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5345:Ec.europa.eu
5344:
5332:
5299:. Retrieved
5284:
5262:(4): 293–9.
5259:
5255:
5249:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5205:the original
5200:
5190:
5157:
5154:Contact Derm
5153:
5147:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5099:
5093:
5088:
5077:, retrieved
5068:
5040:
5035:
5015:
4990:
4975:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4949:
4940:
4932:the original
4922:
4911:the original
4906:
4902:
4889:
4877:. Retrieved
4868:
4859:
4839:
4832:
4820:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4811:
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4780:
4771:
4761:28 September
4759:. Retrieved
4750:
4741:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4683:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:the original
4623:
4595:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:the original
4491:. Retrieved
4482:
4473:
4465:
4458:. Retrieved
4449:
4425:
4419:
4411:the original
4407:COLOGNE BLOG
4406:
4397:
4388:
4381:. Retrieved
4366:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4313:(1): 78–98.
4310:
4306:
4300:
4286:cite journal
4274:. Retrieved
4252:
4248:
4235:
4226:
4220:
4200:
4193:
4183:24 September
4181:. Retrieved
4172:
4163:
4152:, retrieved
4142:
4132:
4122:
4111:
4101:
4097:E. Wiedemann
4091:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4044:
4034:
4022:. Retrieved
4013:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:the original
3965:
3959:
3940:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3870:
3866:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3806:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3689:Aromatherapy
3592:
3584:
3565:
3553:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3493:
3453:
3441:
3433:
3419:
3409:
3397:
3380:
3356:acetophenone
3349:
3341:
3332:
3324:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3212:In 2006 the
3211:
3200:
3175:
3168:
3131:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3079:
3073:
3063:
3049:
3039:
3033:
3024:antioxidants
3020:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2978:corporations
2973:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2933:The perfumer
2923:
2903:
2901:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2864:distillation
2863:
2857:
2848:hydrocarbons
2843:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2769:distillation
2754:
2743:
2731:
2713:
2687:
2667:condensation
2650:Distillation
2648:
2638:
2623:
2601:
2594:distillation
2593:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2561:
2458:
2454:
2432:
2424:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2353:
2334:
2324:
2308:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2228:yellow amber
2213:
2171:
2135:
2091:
2060:
2041:used in the
2011:frankincense
1995:
1959:
1953:
1916:strawberries
1905:
1841:
1835:
1811:
1774:
1771:Frankincense
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1663:
1659:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:Estée Lauder
1555:
1550:
1539:
1537:Penhaligon's
1533:
1526:
1519:
1497:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1445:
1435:
1420:
1415:Jolie Madame
1414:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1258:Serge Lutens
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:Middle notes
1160:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1074:Paul Parquet
1065:
1050:
1041:
1022:, or liquid
1012:
1003:
999:
991:
980:
978:
973:
967:
960:
956:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:Chanel No. 5
919:
914:
911:product name
910:
908:
904:
885:
877:
869:
863:
859:
853:
843:
839:
829:
760:Neoclassical
589:
574:
527:
484:
468:distillation
461:
440:
434:Arab chemist
431:
384:
365:A Byzantine
349:
326:
301:
297:
295:
264:
139:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
6695:T. Hasegawa
6599:Coco Chanel
6508:Professions
6441:Ingredients
6135:19 February
6022:Chemosphere
6005:19 February
5995:Ifraorg.org
5975:4 September
5899:17 February
5863:19 February
5833:4 September
5797:4 September
5767:17 February
5617:4 September
5581:19 February
5536:31 December
5358:19 February
5201:Hanahou.com
5101:Guy Laroche
4960:4 September
4879:19 February
4822:17 December
4569:Forward.com
4493:19 December
3873:: 219–244.
3717:FiFi Awards
3500:Great Lakes
3436:musk xylene
3220:'s perfume
3195:counterfeit
3015:mouillettes
2852:hydrophobic
2831:hydrophilic
2487:Iso E Super
2474:Components
2444:Synthetics
2385:white musks
2377:salicylates
2356:synthesized
2224:sperm whale
2218:: Lumps of
2102:carrot seed
1942:. Although
1892:ylang-ylang
1805:orange oils
1785:pollinators
1721:Chanel No.5
1688:, ver. 1983
1615:androgynous
1531:Guy Laroche
1496:): Meaning
1462:. Example:
1434:): Meaning
1256:. Example:
1166:heart notes
1020:coconut oil
886:Eau fraîche
779:Art Nouveau
681:Hellenistic
620:amphoriskos
554:Renaissance
515:Andalusians
429:receptors.
343:with other
306:Mesopotamia
6753:Categories
6738:Wiktionary
6629:Luca Turin
6553:Osmothèque
6451:including
4869:Profumo.it
4781:Chanel.com
4661:7 November
4522:7 November
4276:11 October
4154:13 October
3846:11 October
3753:References
3603:Osmothèque
3466:102, Annex
3404:patch test
3393:Patch test
3113:or simply
2995:detergents
2883:enfleurage
2868:expression
2765:enfleurage
2756:Enfleurage
2744:Expression
2657:, such as
2596:or easily
2589:Maceration
2268:rock hyrax
2248:Viverridae
2142:sandalwood
2098:tonka bean
1944:grapefruit
1822:cascarilla
1797:petitgrain
1781:herbivores
1648:tonka bean
1606:Cool Water
1380:Balenciaga
1353:sandalwood
1305:tonka bean
1278:Jean Patou
1222:Jean Patou
1177:Base notes
1154:head notes
1102:experience
1032:almond oil
1028:jojoba oil
935:concentrée
577:body odors
566:Florentine
542:Hungarians
507:Al-Andalus
489:after the
476:Rose water
401:, such as
87:newspapers
6764:Cosmetics
6759:Perfumery
6655:Firmenich
6643:Companies
6578:Basenotes
6463:Synthetic
6217:MIT Press
6213:Cambridge
5690:2 October
5301:24 August
4483:wien.info
4362:Compare:
4335:162639733
4327:0440-9213
4255:(2): 52.
3836:"perfume"
3809:. Tokyo.
3725:Potpourri
3652:Pheromone
3587:aluminium
3555:Potpourri
3490:Pollution
3368:allergens
3243:, 2008).
3207:trademark
3185:Copyright
3074:Fixatives
3050:Modifiers
3005:Technique
2806:tinctures
2798:absolutes
2751:feasible.
2718:pyrolysis
2679:Fragonard
2598:denatured
2556:Hyderabad
2449:Variance
2441:Naturals
2410:Firmenich
2392:companies
2326:"Seaweed"
2292:musk deer
2275:Honeycomb
2235:Castoreum
2215:Ambergris
2207:Ambergris
2196:musk deer
2106:coriander
1970:patchouli
1872:narcissus
1856:osmanthus
1826:sassafras
1789:coriander
1563:Beautiful
1516:Houbigant
1471:, Rochas
1357:cedarwood
1337:, Chanel
1293:ambergris
1271:Houbigant
1254:soliflore
1149:Top notes
1070:Houbigant
862:(EdP) or
807:Original
787:Cleveland
685:gold leaf
570:cosmetics
523:courtship
511:Old World
480:chemistry
427:olfaction
407:coriander
345:aromatics
337:cuneiform
302:perfumare
296:The word
240:fixatives
76:"Perfume"
6774:Perfumes
6769:Toiletry
6718:Category
6700:Takasago
6680:Robertet
6665:Givaudan
6660:Frutarom
6515:Perfumer
6421:Pomander
6373:Overview
6366:Perfumes
6310:Perfumes
6153:Archived
6129:Archived
6107:17007119
6050:16182860
5999:Archived
5969:Archived
5944:38375267
5936:15274728
5890:Archived
5857:Archived
5824:Archived
5791:Archived
5758:Archived
5733:15537743
5681:Archived
5669:14998010
5608:Archived
5575:Archived
5459:Archived
5349:Archived
5322:Archived
5295:Archived
5276:11434209
5241:12529978
5174:15859994
5109:Archived
5073:archived
4954:Archived
4873:Archived
4785:Archived
4755:Archived
4579:8 August
4573:Archived
4548:25 April
4542:Archived
4487:Archived
4454:Archived
4267:Archived
4177:Archived
4148:archived
4140:(1889),
4049:Archived
4024:16 April
4018:Archived
4014:Fox News
3893:Archived
3840:Archived
3820:17 March
3811:Archived
3777:Archived
3731:Pomander
3640:See also
3595:archives
3460:rose oil
3383:opoponax
3352:allergic
3252:Oriflame
3239:, 2006;
3151:hyacinth
3147:gardenia
3143:rose oil
3123:Guerlain
3105:, France
3068:linalool
3064:Blenders
2987:shampoos
2959:perfumer
2939:Perfumer
2891:Tincture
2839:Concrete
2823:concrete
2814:Absolute
2773:denature
2696:hydrosol
2618:concrete
2604:include
2459:contents
2415:Takasago
2399:Givaudan
2372:terpenes
2368:coumarin
2364:linalool
2319:treemoss
2280:honeybee
2263:Hyraceum
2252:mongoose
2220:oxidized
2174:terpenes
2150:agarwood
2146:rosewood
2126:cardamom
2078:rhizomes
2066:rhizomes
2055:conifers
2039:terpenes
2015:olibanum
2007:labdanum
1982:rosemary
1966:lavender
1920:cherries
1884:ambrette
1868:tuberose
1860:plumeria
1843:blossoms
1818:cinnamon
1729:Mitsouko
1705:Oriental
1652:coumarin
1635:Gourmand
1629:Botrytis
1602:Davidoff
1584:Eternity
1508:coumarin
1504:lavender
1468:Mitsouko
1464:Guerlain
1460:labdanum
1452:bergamot
1378:Modern:
1349:agarwood
1325:Shalimar
1321:Guerlain
1317:Oriental
1297:labdanum
1026:such as
993:Shalimar
988:Guerlain
758:British
742:British
662:Etruscan
600:Calabria
538:Florence
519:freedoms
464:Avicenna
457:Synesius
437:Al-Kindi
419:bergamot
329:chemists
272:coumarin
268:vanillin
244:solvents
229:fragrant
18:Perfumes
6728:Commons
6690:Symrise
6675:Mane SA
6472:Science
6431:Fougère
6380:History
6268:Rizzoli
6098:2757450
6077:Bibcode
6030:Bibcode
5853:Epa.gov
5677:8660062
5649:Bibcode
5499:6 March
5465:6 March
5426:6 March
5392:5 March
5182:5661020
5139:7583865
5106:Reni.su
5079:9 March
4791:13 July
4460:13 July
4383:11 July
4118:"ἄμβιξ"
3994:21 June
3783:14 June
3607:actinic
3599:museums
3531:fougère
3364:acetone
3290:de jure
3218:Lancôme
2991:make-up
2896:ethanol
2834:liquid.
2827:ethanol
2819:pommade
2700:flowers
2420:Symrise
2321:thalli.
2315:oakmoss
2310:Lichens
2162:juniper
2110:caraway
2088:family.
2082:vetiver
2027:benzoin
2002:incense
1978:violets
1932:oranges
1900:vanilla
1852:jasmine
1837:Flowers
1830:safrole
1662:(sweet)
1639:French:
1594:Oceanic
1590:Aquatic
1524:Fabergé
1512:oakmoss
1482:Fougère
1456:oakmoss
1412:Balmain
1397:tobacco
1389:Leather
1361:vetiver
1309:incense
1301:vanilla
1244:Quercus
1116:sillage
1080:Fougère
931:intense
927:extrême
844:extrait
832:ethanol
716:Ephesus
493:of the
453:alembic
423:flowers
367:alembic
350:On the
341:calamus
333:Tapputi
298:perfume
278:History
140:Perfume
101:scholar
6587:People
6573:ISIPCA
6426:Chypre
6324:"FiFi"
6289:
6274:
6259:
6244:
6223:
6193:
6179:
6105:
6095:
6048:
5942:
5934:
5731:
5675:
5667:
5527:
5490:
5451:
5417:
5383:
5274:
5239:
5180:
5172:
5137:
5047:
5023:
4982:
4847:
4733:
4716:.81(1)
4691:
4630:
4602:
4374:
4333:
4325:
4208:
4055:6 June
3947:
3922:
3899:23 May
3885:
3633:, and
3578:, and
3576:oxygen
3562:, 1899
3468:
3464:
3376:celery
3345:nausea
3271:chypre
3222:Tresor
3103:Grasse
3058:calone
3054:esters
2878:Pomade
2804:, and
2706:, and
2704:leaves
2655:plants
2612:, and
2610:hexane
2606:ethane
2517:Price
2483:chiral
2455:source
2360:Calone
2164:, and
2128:, and
2118:nutmeg
2086:ginger
1997:Resins
1990:tomato
1968:leaf,
1955:Leaves
1948:sulfur
1938:, and
1936:lemons
1912:apples
1907:Fruits
1888:citrus
1880:cassie
1864:mimosa
1803:, and
1801:neroli
1793:Orange
1725:Chypre
1715:, and
1701:Floral
1650:, and
1625:Fruity
1619:calone
1598:Ozonic
1577:Sisley
1573:Aliage
1547:Modern
1458:, and
1447:Chypre
1437:Cyprus
1422:Chypre
1408:Bandit
1373:Chanel
1359:, and
1232:Citrus
1142:accord
1098:secret
939:accord
840:Parfum
793:, USA)
744:Rococo
728:Turkey
724:Selçuk
666:Louvre
647:Athens
598:, and
596:Sicily
592:Grasse
449:salves
417:, and
411:myrtle
403:almond
399:spices
391:Cyprus
387:Pyrgos
322:Romans
312:, the
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
6650:Caron
6494:Note
6394:Types
6207:[
5961:(PDF)
5940:S2CID
5893:(PDF)
5882:(PDF)
5827:(PDF)
5816:(PDF)
5761:(PDF)
5750:(PDF)
5684:(PDF)
5673:S2CID
5637:(PDF)
5611:(PDF)
5600:(PDF)
5352:(PDF)
5341:(PDF)
5211:7 May
5178:S2CID
5095:Fidji
4914:(PDF)
4899:(PDF)
4390:mood.
4331:S2CID
4270:(PDF)
4245:(PDF)
3814:(PDF)
3803:(PDF)
3611:argon
3572:light
3558:, by
3484:Cairo
3458:oil,
3456:basil
3418:term
3269:Shipr
3248:Freya
3115:bases
2974:brief
2950:, by
2726:woods
2722:amber
2708:stems
2663:roses
2572:waxes
2406:(IFF)
2243:Civet
2158:cedar
2154:birch
2137:Woods
2130:anise
2114:cocoa
2093:Seeds
2070:bulbs
2062:Roots
2051:copal
2047:amber
2019:myrrh
1992:leaf.
1961:twigs
1940:limes
1896:clove
1762:myrrh
1733:Rouge
1717:Fresh
1709:Woody
1660:Angel
1569:Green
1540:Douro
1473:Femme
1393:honey
1383:Rumba
1345:Woody
1334:Opium
1171:heart
1138:notes
1024:waxes
982:Jicky
933:, or
700:Roman
679:Late
604:trade
530:monks
395:herbs
310:Egypt
248:scent
217:
108:JSTOR
94:books
6316:IFRA
6287:ISBN
6272:ISBN
6257:ISBN
6242:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6191:ISBN
6177:ISBN
6137:2018
6103:PMID
6046:PMID
6007:2018
5977:2019
5932:PMID
5901:2019
5865:2018
5835:2019
5799:2019
5769:2019
5729:PMID
5692:2019
5665:PMID
5619:2019
5583:2018
5538:2015
5525:ISBN
5501:2014
5488:ISBN
5467:2014
5449:ISBN
5428:2014
5415:ISBN
5394:2014
5381:ISBN
5360:2018
5303:2011
5272:PMID
5237:PMID
5213:2008
5170:PMID
5135:PMID
5081:2014
5045:ISBN
5021:ISBN
4980:ISBN
4962:2019
4881:2018
4845:ISBN
4824:2006
4793:2017
4763:2018
4731:ISBN
4689:ISBN
4663:2012
4628:ISBN
4600:ISBN
4581:2015
4550:2022
4524:2012
4495:2013
4462:2018
4385:2015
4372:ISBN
4323:ISSN
4292:link
4278:2020
4206:ISBN
4185:2021
4156:2014
4057:2018
4026:2007
3996:2014
3945:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3901:2021
3883:ISBN
3871:1211
3848:2020
3822:2021
3785:2010
3646:Odor
3597:and
3568:heat
3416:INCI
3362:and
3262:").
3231:The
3044:Cola
2967:nose
2661:and
2366:and
2317:and
2287:Musk
2192:musk
2172:Rom
2166:pine
2122:mace
2075:iris
2068:and
2049:and
2033:and
2031:Pine
1988:and
1974:sage
1958:and
1890:and
1850:and
1848:rose
1840:and
1820:and
1813:Bark
1611:Dune
1527:Brut
1510:and
1499:fern
1489:IPA:
1427:IPA:
1401:tars
1236:4711
1120:wake
1030:and
969:4711
945:and
848:IFRA
791:Ohio
564:the
562:René
501:and
491:fall
472:rose
445:oils
397:and
242:and
80:news
6093:PMC
6085:doi
6038:doi
5924:doi
5719:doi
5657:doi
5264:doi
5260:203
5162:doi
5098:by
4907:103
4315:doi
4257:doi
3875:doi
3256:Fre
3250:by
3228:).
3149:or
3125:'s
2963:Nez
2866:or
2821:or
2620:."
2035:fir
1986:hay
1658:'s
1444:'s
1295:or
1282:Joy
1068:by
842:or
536:of
270:or
234:or
63:by
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