Perfection - Knowledge (XXG)

376: 876: 2592: 2000: 1821: 1194: 988: 509: 83: 2409: 1940:, held that "the most perfect and most excellent" form was "the round form, since of all forms it is the simplest, the most uniform, the strongest, the most capacious" and "is the most suitable for rendering the unity, infinity, uniformity and righteousness of God". This was the same thought as in Jan of Słupcza and in Serlio, and it was one of uncommon durability. 1696:(1886–1980) has written: "To demand of someone that he strive after perfection seems equally inappropriate as to blame him for not striving after it." Such striving, he adds, "is often egocentric and yields poorer moral and social results than an outward-directed behavior based not on self-perfection but on good will and kindliness toward others". 4198:, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), pp. 5–10; vol. VII, no. 1 (winter 1980), pp. 77–80; vol. VII, no. 2 (spring 1980), pp. 137–39; vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), pp. 117–24; vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 145–53; vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 187–92; and vol. VIII, no. 2 (spring 1981), pp. 11–12. 2763:): "That is perfect, which lacks nothing of the perfection proper to it." Thus there were, in the world, things perfect and imperfect, more perfect and less perfect. God permitted imperfections in Creation when they were necessary for the good of the whole. And for man it was natural to go by degrees from imperfection to perfection. 2778: 633:'s most perfect creation, and above all on account of their own peculiar regularity. Thus, they had been so named on the same grounds as perfect objects in nature, and perfectly proportioned edifices and statues created by man; the numbers had come to be called "perfect" in order to emphasize their special regularity. 2670:(On the Nature of the Gods) that the world "encompasses... within itself all beings... And what could be more nonsensical than denying perfection to an all-embracing being... Besides the world, there is no thing that does not lack something and that is harmonious, perfect and finished in every respect..." 1596:

The idea of human perfectibility had, however, become more comprehensive. Man would attain greater perfection, in the sense that he would live more rationally, healthily, happily, comfortably. But there was no adequate term for this new conception, as the term "perfection" had a moral coloring, while

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understood perfection still more simply and mundanely: "Perfection is that which it is better to have than not to have." It was not an attribute of God but a property of creation: all things partook of it to a greater or lesser degree. A thing's perfection depended on what sort of perfection it was

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about perfection — inner and outer, objective and subjective, qualitative and quantitative, perceived clearly and obscurely, the perfection of nature and that of art. Nevertheless, in aesthetics Kant found that "The judgment of taste is entirely independent of the concept of perfection" — that is,

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1:8, "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us." Similarly Jesus said in Matthew 19:17: "And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God..."; while Jesus does not deny that he himself is good, he does call into question

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bodies may be illustrated by the relation of a perfect gas to a real one. The equation of state of a perfect gas is a first approximation to a quantum equation of state that results from statistical physics. Thus, the equation of state of a real gas within classical limits assumes the form of the

2882:, took up this concept of perfection — but with a difference. Wolff ascribed perfection not to being as a whole, but once again to its individual constituents. He gave, as examples, an eye that sees faultlessly, and a watch that runs faultlessly. He also distinguished variants — 1440:

The idea of perfection as transcendental, fell away; only worldly perfection counted. The idea that perfection was a matter of grace, also fell by the wayside; man himself must strive for it, and if a single man could not accomplish it, then perhaps mankind could. As

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held that "Perfection is no more attainable for us than is infinity. One ought not to seek it anywhere: not in love, nor beauty, nor happiness, nor virtue; but one should love it, in order to be virtuous, beautiful and happy, insofar as that is possible for man."

1398:" that had existed at the beginning of time, and which had been succeeded by silver, copper and Iron Ages, each inferior to the previous. The renewal of this view now, after two millennia, was stimulated by European contact with the "primitive" peoples of the 2700:, the absolute with the divine Person. Features of an absolute existence were discovered in the Person of the Creator: He was immutable, timeless. And absolute existence took on the attributes of a person: it was good, omnipotent, omnipresent. Christian 2795:(goal or purpose). God created things that served certain purposes, created even those purposes, but He himself did not serve any purpose. Since God was not finite, He could not be called perfect: for the concept of perfection served to describe 492:

The number 10 was thought perfect because there are 10 fingers to the two hands. The number 6 was believed perfect for being divisible in a special way: a sixth part of that number constitutes unity; a third is two; a half — three; two-thirds

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But Plato said nothing about the Demiurge architect-of-the-world himself being perfect. And understandably so, for perfection implied finitude, limits; whereas it was the world, not its creator, that had limits. A similar view was held by

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The variants on the concept of perfection would have been quite of a piece for two thousand years, had they not been confused with other, kindred concepts. The chief of these was the concept of that which is the best: in Latin,

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had listed the first four perfect numbers: 6; 28; 496; and 8128. A manuscript of 1456 gave the fifth perfect number: 33,550,336. Gradually mathematicians found further perfect numbers (which are very rare). In 1652 the

2397:, wrote that beauty consists in perfection, and that this was why beauty was a source of pleasure. No such general esthetic theory, explicitly naming perfection, had ever been formulated by any of its devotees from 628:

Today the term "perfect number" is merely historic in nature, used for the sake of tradition. These peculiar numbers had received the name on account of their analogy to the construction of man, who was held to be

817:(non-metaphorical) sense of the word. These are all concepts that are necessary in physics, insofar as they are limiting, ideal, fictitious — insofar as they set the extreme which nature may at the most approach. 1735:

From a conviction that perfection was a single quality, the Pythagoreans, Plato and their adherents held that beauty also was a single quality; hence, for every kind of art, there was but one perfect and proper

505:) is five; six is the perfect whole. The ancients also considered 6 a perfect number because the human foot constituted one-sixth the height of a man, hence the number 6 determined the height of the human body. 542:(Gregory the Great), who favored it on grounds similar to those of the Greek mathematicians who had seen 6 as a perfect number, and in addition for some reason he associated the number 7 with the concept of " 1449:, so now man was: the measure had become smaller, more accessible. To the thinking of the 19th century, such worldly, human perfection might ultimately be attainable by everyone. And if not perfection, then 1052:

As early as the 5th century CE, two distinct views on perfection had arisen within the Church: that it was attainable by man on earth by his own powers; and, that it may come to pass only by special

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wrote that perfection will be realized only after the fulfillment of history — only "then will the world be beautiful and perfect." Still, everyone should make his own approach to perfection — to

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Thus both numbers, 6 and 10, were credited with perfection, both on purely mathematical grounds and on grounds of their relevance in nature. Belief in the "perfection" of certain numbers survived

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equation of state of a perfect gas. That is, the equation of state of a perfect gas describes an ideal gas (comprising points, that is, dimensionless molecules that do not act upon one another).

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The perfect numbers early on came to be treated as the measure of other numbers: those in which the sum of the divisors is greater than the number itself, as in 12, have — since as early as

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says: "He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much." An aid in approaching perfection is an awareness of

2644:, and that this was why order and harmony prevailed in the world. The world was the best, the most beautiful, perfect. It had a perfect shape (spherical) and a perfect motion (circular). 375: 2489:

The 18th century was the last for which perfection was a principal concept in aesthetics. In the 19th century, perfection survived only vestigially as a general expression of approval.

454:) is requisite for the production of semiconductors. The solution to the apparent paradox lies in a distinction between two concepts of "perfection": that of regularity, and that of 1469:. The entry, "Perfection" (vol. XII, 1765), discussed only technical perfection, in the sense of the matching of human products to the tasks set for them; no mention was made of 309:

The first of these concepts is fairly well subsumed within the second. Between those two and the third, however, there arises a duality in concept. This duality was expressed by

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itself is perfection." Leibniz added: "Perfection, I call any simple quality, if it is positive and absolute, such that, if it expresses something, it does so without limits."

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criticism, when speaking of perfect technique or of the perfect likeness of a portrait. Here again, "perfection" is either ideal model or approximate realization of the model.

2844:'s philosophy, however, there was no personal God, and perfection became a property of — even a synonym for — the existence of reality (that is, for the essence of things). 409:. Their argument, as given by the first two, was that if the world were perfect, it could not improve and so would lack "true perfection", which depends on progress. To 2743:; it was superior to these. It exceeded any description or praise; it was incomprehensible and ineffable; it was beyond all that we may imagine — including perfection. 2032:

had "created such a perfect art of building that there was in it nothing mysterious, hidden or unclear." This was yet another formulation of the concept of perfection.

2863:, in an utterly different way: "Only that is perfect which possesses no limits, that is, only God." This concept would last out the entire 17th century. Subsequently, 2770:

eligible for. In general, that was perfect which had attained the fullness of the qualities possible for it. Hence "whole" and "perfect" meant more or less the same ("

268:". The latter Greek expression generally had concrete referents, such as a perfect physician or flutist, a perfect comedy or a perfect social system. Hence the Greek " 984:

18:13.) Elsewhere, synonyms for "perfection" are "undefiled", "without rebuke", "without blemish", "blameless", "holy", "righteous", "unblamable", "unreprovable".

1060:, was condemned in 417 CE; the second view, which was championed by St. Augustine, prevailed at the very beginning of the 5th century and became authoritative. 385:

The parallel existence of two concepts of perfection, one strict ("perfection", as such) and the other loose ("excellence"), has given rise, perhaps since

4212:, Warsaw University Press, Center of Universalism, 1992, pp. 9–51. The book is a collection of papers by and about the late Professor Tatarkiewicz. 432:: the perfection of an art work consists in its forcing the recipient to be active—to complement the art work by an effort of mind and imagination. 2077:, and perfection in the arts of the ancients with that in the modern masters. The 16th century saw comparisons of their music, the 17th — of their 1813:. His authority was so great that architects and other artists continued using this proportion, even when ignorant of its source, as late as the 1557:, 1869). While the foundations of the faith in the future perfectibility of man changed, the faith itself persisted. It linked the people of the 625:

Despite over 2,000 years of study, it still is not known whether there exist infinitely many perfect numbers; or whether there are any odd ones.

295:, he distinguishes three meanings of the term, or rather three shades of one meaning, but in any case three different concepts. That is perfect: 579:

But there are more numbers that show this property, such as 28, which = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. It became customary to call such numbers "perfect."

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Primitive man was held to be the most perfect, for he was closest to nature. Perfection lay behind present-day man rather than before him, for

1174:— but God gives grace to those who desire perfection and strive for it. Another condition for perfection is constancy of striving and effort. 2486:; for example, women, in order to heighten their attractiveness, emphasized their weakness and frailty, which is to say, their imperfection. 1667:

have not dislodged the age-old interest in moral perfection — with the important distinction, that the goal now is not so much perfection as

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Theses on perfection persist within the Church to the present day. The first condition for perfection is the desire of it. Also necessary is

913:", central to his philosophy, was tantamount to "perfection". He believed that approximation to the idea of perfection makes people perfect. 824:

sense, real things are called "perfect" if they approximate perfection more or less closely, though they be not, strictly speaking, perfect.

2305:) its manner of representing things; it is the more perfect, the more truths it contains; perfection has various degrees — it is higher in 2301:

to be in nature; perfect art is recognized by its agreement with nature, as well as its universality; art is the more perfect, the nobler (

2252:, perfection in art had become less important, less definite, less objective. The striving for perfection no longer had the importance for 772:

body would be one that absorbed completely, radiation falling upon it — that is, a body with a coefficient of absorption equal to unity.

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body, one that "is not deformed by forces applied to it", in full awareness that this is a fictitious body, that no such body exists in

413:, "perfect" meant "complete" ("nothing to add or subtract"). To Empedocles, according to Vanini, perfection depends on incompleteness (" 1830:

Another early idea — one that was to be espoused by many illustrious writers and artists of various periods — found perfection in the

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possibility for man to rise to perfection, to the contemplation of God. And so, for centuries, two views contended within the Church.

197: 2625:"). Thus both saw perfection in existence; true existence was one, constant, immutable. Moreover, Parmenides thought the world to be 1460:

At the very midpoint of the 18th century, there occurred an exceptional momentary retreat from the idea of perfection. It was in the

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could be a property of any individual being, in 17th-century philosophy became as well, and indeed preeminently, a property of God.

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After Descartes, the concept of perfection as a principal concept in philosophy was upheld by other great 17th-century thinkers. In

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There was another reason for the denial, to God, of perfection — in a branch of Christian theology that was under the influence of

359:" involves no comparison, and if something is deemed perfect, then it is deemed so in itself, without comparison to other things. 2749:

Christian philosophy held that the concept of perfection might describe Creation, but was not appropriate to describe God. Saint

1311:". Perfection could be reached through a passive awaiting of grace rather than by an active striving. This theory, formulated in 997:

Augustine explains that not only that man is properly termed perfect and without blemish who is already perfect, but also he who

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5:48 enjoins: "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect." Early Christian writings, especially

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denied that perfection was the cause of beauty. Quite the contrary, he argued that beauty nearly always involved an element of

1308: 1064: 813:, just as are perfectly solid, perfectly rigid, perfectly plastic and perfectly black bodies. They are termed "perfect" in the 757:

body is one that is deformed infinitely at a constant load corresponding to the body's limit of plasticity: this is a physical

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alike — had been quite taken with the idea of perfection. But a true explosion of the imperative for perfection came with the

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wrote: "Everything is the more perfect, the more it resembles God." Still, this did not imply that God himself was perfect.

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The 18th century brought a sea change to the idea of moral perfection. Faith in it remained, but it changed character from

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concept of perfection and self-perfection, especially in its mature form, can be natural for modern man. As formulated by

477:." There was, however, no consensus among the Greeks as to which numbers were "perfect" or why. A view that was shared by 4205: 4183: 4172: 4109: 3952: 3749: 3564: 3539: 3438: 3392: 3332: 3310: 1693: 4230: 2271: 1522: 1493: 351:", just as they are now called "excellency." Nevertheless, these two expression of high regard differ fundamentally: " 20: 1433:. It was the latter idea that ultimately gained the upper hand and passed into the 19th century as the legacy of the 1284:

The first half of the 17th century saw attempts at a Catholic reform of the idea of perfection. This was the time of

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goals: pluralism, novelty, powerful sensations, faithfulness to truth, self-expression and expression of the world,

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idea of perfection; at the same time, it was the terminal point as there soon began attempts at reforming the idea.

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Except for the first, mathematical sense, all these concepts of "perfection" show a kinship and oscillate between

1786:, for centuries, it was a matter of dogma that certain proportions of the human body were perfect and obligatory. 1728:

arrangement of parts. The idea that beauty and art were characterized by perfection, was subsequently embraced by

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The oldest definition of "perfection", fairly precise and distinguishing the shades of the concept, goes back to

276:" or the modern "perfection". To avoid the latter associations, the Greek term has generally been translated as " 1178:

says: "He who stops, regresses." And effort is necessary in things not only great but also in the smallest; the

522:, but this quality came to be ascribed to other numbers as well. The perfection of the number 3 actually became 2970: 2423: 2332:

for every author. And inasmuch as the criterion of perfection had been lowered, "perfection" now meant only

1948: 1908:, while the most perfect form is the round form, for nothing can be added to it." In the famous illustrated 852: 809:

is one whose molecules do not interact with each other and which have no volume of their own. Such a gas is

417:"), since the latter possesses a potential for development and for complementing with new characteristics (" 2975: 2140: 2129: 2017: 1967: 1672: 1608: 1570: 2260:. But the 17th century still revered perfection, as shown by the appearance of that word in book titles: 1328: 2460: 1403: 1270: 1246: 1037: 959: 402: 2287: 319:, when he distinguished a twofold perfection: when a thing is perfect in itself — as he put it, in its 875: 4201: 4191: 3255: 2812: 2757:, defined a perfect thing as one that "possesses that of which, by its nature, it is capable." Also ( 2443: 2279: 1558: 1526: 1434: 1343: 1274: 1131: 753: 2941:; and, positing so broad a construction, he arrived at the conclusion that "everything is perfect". 1901: 3260: 1484:

Otherwise, the 18th century saw great declarations championing the future perfection of man, as in

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Many modern languages have adopted their terms for the concept of "perfection" from the Latin: the

43: 2085:. These comparisons construed perfection fairly loosely; the concept was treated more strictly by 2042:, classically defined perfection as "that which lacks nothing and to which nothing can be added". 2973:, in that century the concept of perfection was already in decline. It was ignored by the French 2792: 2731:. In this view, the absolute from which the world derived could not be grasped in terms of human 1175: 991: 967: 741: 576:

that are smaller than itself. Such a number is neither 3 nor 7 nor 10, but 6, for 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.

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discourse, one speaks of a perfect artist, engineer or carpenter. The term is used similarly in

1266: 2591: 1732:, who believed that art ought to be "apt, suitable, without deviations" — in short, "perfect". 1417:

and in the future — represented a reaction not against the idea of perfection, but against its

3291: 2828: 2614: 2245: 1977: 1930: 1810: 1601: 1578: 1316: 206: 135: 3062:— a conceptual construct for bodies that in reality do not precisely correspond to the model. 2434:

to be ideas of perfection; when unity prevailed, beauty emerged; when plurality — sublimity.

1155:, the second perfection subsumes the first, in accordance with the "order of the universe" (" 3286: 3227: 3119: 3088: 3058: 3005:'s school, every thing had become perfect. This was a singular moment in the history of the 2841: 2781: 2759: 2588:). But while they ascribed great qualities to the world, they did not regard it as perfect. 2490: 2058: 1852: 1737: 1721: 1612: 1242: 1091: 687: 315: 210: 192: 188: 172: 156: 93: 1999: 1820: 272:" was not yet so fraught with abstract and superlative associations as would be the Latin " 2716: 2505:—an unattainable goal, are all intents that are precluded by the pattern of modern life." 2035: 2003: 1981: 1937: 1802: 1767: 1590: 1546: 1503:

Perfection was expected to come about by a variety of means. Partly it would be by way of

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Wolff's theory of beauty-as-perfection was developed by the school's chief aesthetician,

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appear to have been paralleled to some extent by increasingly pluralistic attitudes. The

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wrote: "To strive for perfection, to devote endless time to a work, to set oneself—like

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view of the late Renaissance, perfection in a work would require uniting the talents of

1996:, that "each of them is unlike the others, but each is the most perfect in his style." 1104:, 3:14): "And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness". 966:'s, are replete with calls to perfection. Many of these are collected in a discourse by 779:

is perfect when its physically equivalent walls are equally developed; it has a perfect

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held the divinity to be perfect — precisely because they identified it with the world.

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With the second half of the 17th century came a further development in the doctrine of

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concept of perfection had lived only from Descartes to Leibniz, in the 17th century.

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of perfection—that imperfection is perfect—applies not only to human affairs, but to

2720:. But the attributes of God did not include perfection, for a perfect being must be 1193: 3501: 2679: 2479: 2412: 2238: 2219: 2159: 2086: 2029: 1989: 1869: 1763: 1717: 1586: 1430: 1414: 1364: 1357: 1342:. This secular, 18th-century perfection was a fundamental article of faith for the 1324: 1297: 1278: 1262: 1231: 1171: 1053: 940: 844: 709: 602: 458:. Imperfection is perfect in technology, in the sense that irregularity is useful. 2096:

distinguished a variety of properties to perfection. It was variously held to be:

1904:, wrote: "The most perfect body ought to have the most perfect form, and such is 987: 508: 183: 82: 3191: 3118:(a clock that runs neither slow nor fast). Here "perfection" is less fictitious 3037: 3032: 2982:

The history of the concept of perfection had undergone great evolutions — from "

2949: 2872: 2766: 2710: 2705: 2683: 2573: 2556: 2540: 2529: 2468: 2459:, had questioned whether perfection was a more comprehensible idea than beauty. 2356: 2203: 2093: 2078: 1956: 1944: 1924: 1814: 1775: 1690: 1566: 1542: 1446: 1376: 1227: 1197: 1107: 1014: 980: 864: 805: 797: 644: 550: 451: 390: 47: 35: 2678:

At a certain moment, Greek philosophy became bound up with the religion of the

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In business and manufacturing, perfection is one of the principles underlying

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had called the number 6 "marriage", "health", and "beauty", on account of the

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The Greek mathematicians had regarded as perfect that number which equals the

440: 406: 63: 2917:) and limiting the perfection of things. Baumgarten distinguished perfection 1009:. The first ancient and Christian perfection was not very remote from modern 920:

introduced the concept of perfection into ethics expressly, describing it as

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is a state, variously, of completeness, flawlessness, or supreme excellence.

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interpretation: as, earlier, the measure of perfection had been the idea of

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to achieve it? Is that their actual goal? Some artists, schools and epochs

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were in themselves perfect. Plato felt that the perfect proportion was the

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The genealogy of the concept of "perfection" reaches back beyond Latin, to

112: 106: 3543:, "Perfection in the Sciences. II. Perfection in Physics and Chemistry", 3154:— to what is constructed in accordance with a single principle (e.g., the 3085:(perfect health). In these fields, the concept is understood variously as 2965:

through the 18th century. In other western countries, however, especially

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Even as, for the ancient philosophers, the essence of perfection had been

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concept of perfection; and soon thereafter, that history came to an end.

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held that only that painter would be perfect who combined the talents of

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perfect because Raphael had manifold talent, as opposed to the one-sided

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penned a great new declaration championing the future perfection of man.

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These two mid-18th-century schools of thought — one seeing perfection in

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and is free of structural defects, dislocation, lacunae and other flaws.

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There have been ages of perfection, and ages of expression. The arts of

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the idea that anyone but God can even be good, let alone perfect. Thus

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Elsewhere the term "perfection" is used consistently with the word's

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had created the world in 6 days because that was the perfect number.

558: 512: 59: 2108:, who opposed perfection to other esthetic qualities such as grace); 1360:

distanced man from perfection instead of bringing him closer to it.

2909:, derived perfection from rules, but anticipated their collisions ( 2777: 2293:

Sarbiewski offered several theses: poetry not only imitates things

2233:" — as to become banal. Its frequent application brought about its 796:

is one that is incompressible and non-viscous — this, again, is an

2808: 2776: 2637: 2590: 2407: 2398: 2310: 2167: 2025: 1998: 1861: 1857: 1819: 1798: 1790: 1779: 1729: 1631:", which speaks to his moral nature. During the 19th century, the 1312: 1208: 1192: 986: 955: 906: 879: 874: 704: 507: 478: 374: 101: 97: 81: 2871:" ("the omnitude of reality"). Thus perfection, which during the 1933:(1475–1554) stated: "the round form is the most perfect of all." 363:, who thought much about perfection and held the world to be the 42:. These have historically been addressed in a number of discrete 3466:

Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection in the Sciences. I. Perfect Numbers",

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The former, retrospective view of perfection had antecedents in

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concept; and also, heroic attempts to attain perfection through

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seldom actually used the term "perfection", but the concept of "

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That is "perfect," which completely fulfills its functions. In

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felt that not even Greek architecture had attained perfection);

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in perfection. Leonardo concluded that the most perfect of the

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that the circle was "the perfect, first, most beautiful form".

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One of the elements of perfection, in its new construction, is

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As of 7 December 2018, 51 perfect numbers had been identified.

92:

The form of the word long fluctuated in various languages. The

3222: 3194:("perfect idiot," "perfect scoundrel," "perfect storm"). Here 3136: 2961:

Thanks to Wolff's school, the concept of perfection lasted in

2687: 2363:(published 1593, but typical for the 17th century), presented 2183: 2113: 2070: 2062: 1713: 1442: 1422: 1375:; for reason would direct life with due consideration for the 1220: 1187: 562: 355:" is a distinction among many, and implies comparison; while " 299:

1. which is complete — which contains all the requisite parts;

4179:(On Perfection), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976. 2724:; only of such a being might one say that it lacked nothing. 2225:

The concept of perfection was harder to apply to Renaissance

1001:

unreservedly after perfection. This is a broader concept, of

643:

had named these numbers "perfect" in the same sense in which

302:

2. which is so good that nothing of the kind could be better;

2857:

At the same time, Leibniz also construed perfection, in his

2336:. In the ensuing devaluation, it was not enough that art be 2165:

something that required not merely talent but art, that is,

401:(1585–1619), who had a precursor in the 16th-century writer 4204:'s translation has subsequently also appeared in the book: 4196:

Dialectics and Humanism: the Polish Philosophical Quarterly

4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4053: 4051: 4049: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3480: 2823:

The concept of perfection, as an attribute of God, entered

347:" made a pair; thus, for example, dignitaries were called " 38:

is used to designate a range of diverse, if often kindred,

2532:— all of which may roughly be summarized as "expression." 2351:

characterization for a work of art, now became but one of

1635:

would come to call perfection, thus construed, "culture" (

1363:

A second interpretation, however, took the contrary view:

622:

noted that there was no perfect number between 10 and 10.

16:

State of completeness, flawlessness, or supreme excellence

3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3593: 3591: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 2508:

The dismissal of the question concerning whether artists

1671:. A classic early-19th century exponent of this view was 1660:

as "a state of complete physical and mental well-being".

1597:

the new goal was more intellectual, physical and social.

538:). Another number, 7, found a devotee in the 6th-century 4092:

Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection",

4070:

Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection",

4057: