103:
701:
2063:
52:
3206:
625:. Because a pathogen's ability to pass from mother to child depends significantly on the hosts' ability to reproduce, pathogens' transmissibility tends to be inversely related to their virulence. In other words, as pathogens become more harmful to, and thus decrease the reproduction rate of, their host organism, they are less likely to be passed on to the hosts' offspring since they will have fewer offspring.
653:
3230:
3218:
562:. Some infectious agents may be transmitted to the embryo or fetus in the uterus, while passing through the birth canal, or even shortly after birth. The distinction is important because when transmission is primarily during or after birth, medical intervention can help prevent infections in the infant.During birth, babies are exposed to maternal
628:
Although HIV is sometimes transmitted through perinatal transmission, its virulence can be accounted for because its primary mode of transmission is not vertical. Moreover, medicine has further decreased the frequency of vertical transmission of HIV. The incidence of perinatal HIV cases in the United
719:
Some vertically transmitted infections, such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can be effectively treated with antibiotics if the mother is diagnosed early in her pregnancy. Many viral vertically transmitted infections have no effective treatment, but some, notably rubella and varicella-zoster, can be
636:
The price paid in the evolution of symbiosis is, however, great: for many generations, almost all cases of vertical transmission continue to be pathological—in particular if any other routes of transmission exist. Many generations of random mutation and selection are needed to evolve symbiosis.
660:
When physical examination of the newborn shows signs of a vertically transmitted infection, the examiner may test blood, urine, and spinal fluid for evidence of the infections listed above. Diagnosis can be confirmed by culture of one of the specific pathogens or by increased levels of
1597:
Knoblauch, Hans; Tennstedt, Cornelia; Brueck, Wolfgang; Hammer, Hannes; Vulliamy, Tom; Dokal, Inderjeet; Lehmann, RĂĽdiger; Hanefeld, Folker; Tinschert, Sigrid (2003). "Two brothers with findings resembling congenital intrauterine infection-like syndrome (pseudo-TORCH syndrome)".
323:. The four-term form is still used in many modern references, and the capitalization "ToRCH" is sometimes used in these contexts. The acronym has also been listed as TORCHES, for TOxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, HErpes simplex, and Syphilis.
5187:
1998:
1979:
3072:
456:. However, jaundice is less common in hepatitis B because a newborn's immune system is not developed well enough to mount a response against liver cells, as would normally be the cause of jaundice in an older child or adult.
5180:
1649:
Vivarelli, Rossella; Grosso, Salvatore; Cioni, Maddalena; Galluzzi, Paolo; Monti, Lucia; Morgese, Guido; Balestri, Paolo (March 2001). "Pseudo-TORCH syndrome or
Baraitser–Reardon syndrome: diagnostic criteria".
5173:
3268:
3470:
3077:
779:
5873:
1399:
Abdel-Fattah, Sherif A.; Bhat, Abha; Illanes, Sebastian; et al. (November 2005). "TORCH test for fetal medicine indications: only CMV is necessary in the United
Kingdom".
1195:
Lee, M.-J.; Hallmark, R.J.; Frenkel, L.M.; Del Priore, G. (1998). "Maternal syphilis and vertical perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection".
1701:
Stewart, Andrew D.; Logsdon, John M.; Kelley, Steven E. (April 2005). "An empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission".
570:, and to the maternal genital tract without the placental barrier intervening. Because of this, blood-borne microorganisms (hepatitis B, HIV), organisms associated with
765:
Each type of vertically transmitted infection has a different prognosis. The stage of the pregnancy at the time of infection also can change the effect on the newborn.
1313:
4792:
3261:
157:
535:. For many infections, the baby is more at risk at particular stages of pregnancy. Problems related to perinatal infection are not always directly noticeable.
1356:
Kinney, JS; Kumar, ML (December 1988). "Should we expand the TORCH complex? A description of clinical and diagnostic aspects of selected old and new agents".
5561:
4346:
3463:
156:
or becomes infected during pregnancy. Nutritional deficiencies may exacerbate the risks of perinatal infections. Vertical transmission is important for the
5576:
5566:
2052:
1034:"Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Reactivity of maternal sera with glycoprotein 120 and 41 peptides from HIV type 1"
3128:
1876:
By
European Regional Office, World Health Organization. Revised March 1999 & January 2001. In turn citing: WHO Geneva, WHA20.19, WHA43.27, Article 23
3234:
3254:
448:
rash on the skin may be present, with small reddish or purplish spots due to bleeding from capillaries under the skin. An enlarged liver and spleen (
433:
The signs and symptoms of a vertically transmitted infection depend on the individual pathogen. In the mother, it may cause subtle signs such as an
3187:
3456:
3110:
168:
Bacteria, viruses, and other organisms are able to be passed from mother to child. Several vertically transmitted infections are included in the
5556:
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5114:
3728:
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3148:
4399:
850:
5459:
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States has declined as a result of the implementation of recommendations on HIV counselling and voluntary testing practices and the use of
3082:
5464:
5119:
3192:
5242:
4549:
4544:
3087:
2235:
1890:
1827:
153:
1950:
Syal K and
Karande AA. IgG2 Subclass Isotype Antibody and Intrauterine Infections. Current Science Vol. 102, No. 11, 10 June 2012.
5785:
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3651:
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5852:
5802:
5370:
4222:
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2386:
2045:
784:
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antibody may play a crucial role in prevention of intrauterine infections and extensive research is going on for developing IgG
368:
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4280:
4258:
2075:
1861:
571:
3629:
1451:
981:
Yu, Jialin; Wu, Shixiao; Li, Fang; Hu, Linyan (2009). "Vertical
Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis in Chongqing China".
5888:
5544:
4931:
3170:
3138:
3036:
319:
The TORCH complex was originally considered to consist of the four conditions mentioned above, with the "TO" referring to
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5000:
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3709:
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2205:
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2038:
527:
that produce minor illness in the mother are very dangerous for the developing embryo or fetus. This can result in
472:
258:
1904:"Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment"
685:
between 22 and 28 weeks (with regional variations in the definition) and ending seven completed days after birth.
5647:
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5352:
5312:
5165:
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5050:
4745:
4681:
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3748:
3689:
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2838:
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1809:
488:
160:, especially for diseases of animals with large litter sizes, as it causes a wave of new infectious individuals.
5713:
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3584:
3574:
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2013:
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Symptoms of a vertically transmitted infection may include fever and flu-like symptoms. The newborn is often
5809:
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5300:
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4849:
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4822:
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4172:
4149:
3839:
3041:
2992:
2312:
2302:
2230:
2225:
2200:
2185:
2180:
1148:"Virus Markers Associated with Vertical Transmission of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Jamaica"
712:
528:
418:
204:
1862:"Definitions and Indicators in Family Planning. Maternal & Child Health and Reproductive Health"
830:
102:
5878:
5847:
5830:
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5142:
5132:
5098:
4703:
4154:
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3351:
3334:
2545:
2502:
2467:
2374:
2354:
2002:
1091:"Randomized Trial of Vitamin Supplements in Relation to Vertical Transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania"
804:
728:
591:
405:
326:
A further expansion of this acronym, CHEAPTORCHES, was proposed by Ford-Jones and
Kellner in 1995:
239:
121:
637:
During this time, the vast majority of vertical transmission cases exhibit the initial virulence.
304:
is large and does not cross the placenta. Hence, it cannot infect the fetus unless breaks in the
5765:
5721:
5698:
5588:
5365:
4866:
4861:
4770:
4750:
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4227:
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2482:
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1432:
1228:
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461:
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449:
700:
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5516:
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2963:
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2806:
2784:
2297:
2215:
2066:
1933:
1886:
1833:
1823:
1822:. Monographs in Population Biology. Vol. 16. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–388.
1791:
1773:
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1053:
1006:
998:
881:
846:
743:
614:
301:
252:
182:
91:
1754:"Implementation of guidelines for HIV counseling and voluntary HIV testing of pregnant women"
5840:
5667:
5327:
5268:
5232:
5147:
5083:
5070:
4899:
4888:
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4595:
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1277:
1204:
1159:
1102:
1061:
1045:
990:
838:
678:
596:
543:
125:
3448:
644:, vertical transmission refers to the passing of cultural traits from parents to children.
5797:
5583:
5475:
5395:
5015:
5010:
4854:
4802:
4610:
4587:
4432:
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2741:
2699:
2560:
2535:
2459:
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2331:
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2161:
547:
512:
437:, or possibly no symptoms at all. In such cases, the effects may be seen first at birth.
358:
354:
334:
198:
63:
1902:
Radeva-Petrova, D; Kayentao, K; ter Kuile, FO; Sinclair, D; Garner, P (10 October 2014).
1752:
Joo, Esther; Carmack, Anne; Garcia-Buñuel, Elizabeth; Kelly, Chester J. (February 2000).
5422:
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1753:
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789:
350:
223:
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2062:
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1208:
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51:
17:
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4842:
4735:
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4389:
3940:
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3344:
3324:
3102:
3016:
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2953:
2862:
2746:
2679:
2550:
2454:
2415:
2272:
2107:
1738:
1523:
1506:
1266:"The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1107:
1090:
524:
496:
313:
177:
31:
3246:
2007:
1687:
1635:
1491:
1436:
1232:
1132:
931:
906:
483:
The main routes of transmission of vertically transmitted infections are across the
5481:
5322:
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4817:
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4713:
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4414:
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2114:
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500:
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382:
276:
75:
1868:
83:
2018:
1817:
746:
can prevent the newborn from contact, and consequent infection, with this virus.
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4730:
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2030:
878:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
873:
732:
721:
539:
377:
373:
341:
297:
71:
692:
can be used if the vertically transmitted infection persists after childbirth.
652:
5835:
5792:
5733:
5571:
4968:
4943:
4911:
4688:
4669:
4659:
4647:
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3736:
3314:
3073:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
2319:
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2190:
994:
704:
630:
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309:
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286:
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2442:
2432:
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2172:
1992:
1988:
1146:
Hisada, Michie; Maloney, Elizabeth M.; Sawada, Takashi; et al. (2002).
618:
401:
145:
117:
1937:
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520:
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484:
453:
445:
263:
67:
1971:
1281:
1089:
Fawzi, Wafaie W.; Msamanga, Gernard; Hunter, David; et al. (2000).
5254:
4827:
4698:
3951:
3508:
3011:
2982:
2958:
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2736:
2716:
389:
192:
1467:
1049:
27:
Infection caused by pathogens that use mother-to-children transmission
5258:
5035:
4600:
4253:
3849:
2849:
2731:
2555:
2477:
2136:
2131:
2126:
1983:
1548:"Vertical hepatitis C virus transmission: Main questions and answers"
1507:""Cheap torches": An acronym for congenital and perinatal infections"
465:
137:
1412:
1714:
1164:
1147:
538:
Apart from infecting the fetus, transplacental pathogens may cause
300:
may also be classified as a vertically transmitted infection. The
5642:
5389:
4264:
3776:
2146:
2097:
738:
If the mother has active herpes simplex (as may be suggested by a
727:
Pregnant women living in malaria-endemic areas are candidates for
699:
651:
587:
563:
491:
during childbirth. Transmission is also possible by breaks in the
141:
74:), a vertically transmitted infection: The characteristic large
4248:
3717:
3614:
2816:
1247:"CDC Concludes Zika Causes Microcephaly and Other Birth Defects"
468:, and death can be caused by vertically transmitted infections.
5169:
3452:
3250:
2034:
3437:
3319:
2627:
1885:
Singh, Meharban (2010). Care of the
Newborn. p. 7. Edition 7.
662:
515:. They depend on the immune function of their mother. Several
245:
1819:
Cultural
Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach
1546:
Tosone, G.; Maraolo, A.E.; Mascolo, S.; et al. (2014).
1253:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 April 2016.
1032:
Ugen, K E; Goedert, J J; Boyer, J; et al. (June 1992).
308:
have occurred, but such breaks can occur in bleeding during
1452:"A Simple Parallel Analytical Method of Prenatal Screening"
633:
therapy by providers to reduce perinatal HIV transmission.
1450:
Li, Ding; Yang, Hao; Zhang, Wen-Hong; et al. (2006).
600:) are among those commonly seen in infection of newborns.
735:
of the pregnant women, and birthweight in their infants.
3078:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
558:
Babies can also become infected by their mothers during
711:
showing changes (upper right of image) associated with
780:
Susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy
82:
is seen off-centre at the bottom right of the image,
30:
For vertical transmission of values and customs, see
1961:
1264:
Wei SQ, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Liu S, Auger N (2021).
1197:
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics
5818:
5753:
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2611:
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2511:
2453:
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2171:
2160:
2086:
2073:
1965:
673:A vertically transmitted infection can be called a
90:
44:
1325:
1323:
757:-based therapies for treatment and vaccination.
1095:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
617:, vertical transmission tends to evolve benign
5181:
3464:
3262:
2046:
158:mathematical modelling of infectious diseases
8:
1312:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
835:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
5874:Infections specific to the perinatal period
1908:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5442:
5216:
5188:
5174:
5166:
4637:
4091:
3965:
3922:
3827:
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3457:
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3129:International Center for Research on Women
3060:
2845:
2765:
2608:
2168:
2083:
2053:
2039:
2031:
1962:
1505:Ford-Jones, E. L.; Kellner, J. D. (1995).
475:are possibly present in a similar manner.
400:E – everything else sexually transmitted (
101:
50:
41:
1927:
1785:
1573:
1563:
1522:
1289:
1163:
1106:
1065:
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1854:
1511:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
731:. It clinically improves the anemia and
285:is associated with an increased risk of
4545:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
3718:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1456:Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation
821:
511:The embryo and fetus have little or no
5128:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
5020:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
1305:
542:(inflammation of the placenta) and/or
523:and cause perinatal infection. Often,
152:. It can occur when the mother has a
279:and other brain defects in the child.
7:
5460:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
4375:Compartmental models in epidemiology
3409:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
3300:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
3217:
3111:Office of Research on Women's Health
1600:American Journal of Medical Genetics
961:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
936:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
911:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
795:Congenital cytomegalovirus infection
715:, a vertically transmitted infection
3229:
3149:Society for Women's Health Research
3083:International Day of the Girl Child
957:"Varicella-Zoster Virus/Chickenpox"
5465:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
3193:Birth control in the United States
1335:Emergencies preparedness, response
843:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00011-6
25:
5243:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
3278:Vertically transmitted infections
3088:Commission on the Status of Women
2098:External female genitalia (vulva)
1758:American Journal of Public Health
1038:Journal of Clinical Investigation
5761:Vertically transmitted infection
5124:Economics of Infectious Diseases
3228:
3216:
3205:
3204:
2421:Assisted reproductive technology
2061:
1524:10.1097/00006454-199507000-00028
1108:10.1097/00042560-200003010-00006
487:(transplacental) and across the
188:O – other infections (see below)
114:vertically transmitted infection
45:Vertically transmitted infection
5853:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
5803:Group B streptococcal infection
5371:Intrauterine growth restriction
2387:Breastfeeding and mental health
785:Horizontal disease transmission
775:Group B streptococcal infection
724:the mother prior to pregnancy.
621:, so is a critical concept for
572:sexually transmitted infections
136:directly from the mother to an
5196:Conditions originating in the
5133:Infectious disease informatics
4964:Transmission-based precautions
1920:10.1002/14651858.CD000169.pub3
1:
5545:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
4550:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
4325:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
3686:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
3315:Congenital varicella syndrome
3037:Social determinants of health
1664:10.1016/S0387-7604(00)00188-1
1370:10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30670-5
1209:10.1016/S0020-7292(98)00165-9
831:"Simple compartmental models"
829:von Csefalvay, Chris (2023),
5704:Periventricular leukomalacia
5522:Persistent fetal circulation
5470:Meconium aspiration syndrome
4112:Aerosol-generating procedure
3890:Silent/Subclinical infection
3590:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
3032:Gender disparities in health
2370:Mother-to-child transmission
1152:Clinical Infectious Diseases
837:, Elsevier, pp. 19–91,
677:if it is transmitted in the
130:mother-to-child transmission
5613:Intraventricular hemorrhage
4776:Vaccine-preventable disease
4724:Monoclonal antibody therapy
3295:Congenital rubella syndrome
2645:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2588:Hormone replacement therapy
2152:Reproductive system disease
1552:World Journal of Hepatology
1337:. World Health Organization
800:Congenital rubella syndrome
330:C – chickenpox and shingles
5905:
5618:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
5608:Velamentous cord insertion
5499:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
4917:Respiratory source control
3139:Black Women's Health Study
2206:Complications of pregnancy
1810:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
609:Virulence versus symbiosis
473:Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
471:The genetic conditions of
259:Human T-lymphotropic virus
250:
214:Other infections include:
29:
5648:Necrotizing enterocolitis
5357:Large for gestational age
5353:Small for gestational age
5061:Global Health Initiatives
5051:Evolutionary epidemiology
4746:Post-exposure prophylaxis
4682:Antimicrobial stewardship
4405:Multiplicity of infection
4370:Basic reproduction number
4146:Percutaneous inoculation
3630:Host–pathogen interaction
3200:
3116:Women's Health Initiative
2969:Major depressive disorder
2797:Intimate partner violence
2658:Female genital mutilation
2653:
2345:
995:10.1007/s00284-008-9331-5
872:Jaan A, Rajnik M (2021).
489:female reproductive tract
442:small for gestational age
58:
49:
4879:Protective sequestration
4741:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
4032:Generational difference
3585:Horizontal gene transfer
3575:Antimicrobial resistance
2705:Gynaecological disorders
2521:Culture and menstruation
2488:Contraceptive prevalence
2380:Compulsory sterilization
346:A – AIDS (HIV infection)
5810:Neonatal conjunctivitis
5301:Single umbilical artery
5291:Umbilical cord prolapse
5238:Placental insufficiency
5211:complicating pregnancy,
5066:Microbial phylogenetics
4984:Wastewater surveillance
4505:Geographic distribution
4380:Critical community size
4178:Surgical site infection
4026:Iatrogenic/Medical care
3945:Microbial translocation
3941:Endogenous reactivation
3936:Normal flora overgrowth
3885:Opportunistic infection
3657:Opportunistic infection
3305:Neonatal herpes simplex
2988:Urinary tract infection
2780:Abuse during childbirth
1358:Clinics in Perinatology
810:Neonatal herpes simplex
642:dual inheritance theory
533:developmental disorders
209:neonatal herpes simplex
5786:ureaplasma urealyticum
5494:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
5418:Brachial plexus injury
5138:Microbial bioterrorism
4761:efficacy/effectiveness
4169:Surgical intervention
4061:Breakthrough infection
3683:Genetic predisposition
3667:Susceptible individual
3514:Germ theory of disease
2905:Cardiovascular disease
2493:Contraceptive security
2426:In vitro fertilization
2337:Postpartum confinement
2211:Hyperemesis gravidarum
716:
665:against the pathogen.
657:
493:maternal-fetal barrier
435:influenza-like illness
414:Ureaplasma urealyticum
306:maternal-fetal barrier
233:varicella zoster virus
18:Perinatal transmission
5734:Congenital hypertonia
5625:Anemia of prematurity
5333:Shoulder presentation
4974:Universal precautions
3932:Endogenous overgrowth
3784:Poultry and livestock
3027:Healthcare inequality
2829:Gender discrimination
2633:Human papilloma virus
2308:Vesicovaginal fistula
1770:10.2105/AJPH.90.2.273
1652:Brain and Development
1565:10.4254/wjh.v6.i8.538
1251:CDC Newsroom Releases
703:
655:
623:evolutionary medicine
583:Chlamydia trachomatis
577:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
546:(inflammation of the
283:COVID-19 in pregnancy
251:Further information:
64:cytomegalovirus (CMV)
5889:Disease transmission
5739:Congenital hypotonia
5653:Meconium peritonitis
5455:Intrauterine hypoxia
5411:Subgaleal hemorrhage
5076:Genomic reassortment
5056:Genetic epidemiology
4895:Health communication
4823:Flattening the curve
4813:Disease surveillance
4596:Systemic/Generalized
4360:Animal disease model
3840:Asymptomatic carrier
3134:Nurses' Health Study
3042:Reproductive justice
2993:Urinary incontinence
2613:Sexually transmitted
2468:Intrauterine devices
2313:Rectovaginal fistula
2303:Obstetrical fistulae
2231:Gestational diabetes
2226:Obstetrical bleeding
2201:Adolescent pregnancy
2186:Gravidity and parity
2181:Unintended pregnancy
1612:10.1002/ajmg.a.20138
983:Current Microbiology
713:herpes simplex virus
690:congenital infection
529:spontaneous abortion
419:human papillomavirus
369:group B streptococci
205:herpes simplex virus
154:pre-existing disease
5848:Neonatal withdrawal
5831:Perinatal mortality
5681:Sclerema neonatorum
5537:hematologic disease
5143:Pandemic prevention
5099:Viral phylodynamics
5080:Re-emerging disease
4969:Travel restrictions
4173:Postoperative wound
4142:Blood-borne disease
4124:Respiratory droplet
4036:Vertical/Congenital
4021:Nosocomial/Hospital
3978:Spillover infection
3335:Congenital syphilis
3047:Women's empowerment
2915:Alzheimer's disease
2546:Cloth menstrual pad
2503:Fertility awareness
2473:Oral contraceptives
2355:Perinatal mortality
1874:on 25 January 2012.
1282:10.1503/cmaj.202604
805:Congenital syphilis
729:malaria prophylaxis
675:perinatal infection
613:In the spectrum of
592:genitourinary tract
452:) is common, as is
394:C – cytomegalovirus
293:of approximately 2.
164:Types of infections
122:pathogenic bacteria
5781:mycoplasma hominis
5766:Neonatal infection
5722:Gray baby syndrome
5699:Perinatal asphyxia
5589:Hyperbilirubinemia
5366:Postterm pregnancy
5213:labour or delivery
5089:Selection pressure
4385:Force of infection
4013:Contagious disease
3948:Endogenous seeding
3845:Chain of infection
3769:Injection drug use
3680:Vaccination status
3563:Case fatality rate
3481:infectious disease
3144:Cartwright Inquiry
3055:Politics, research
2873:Endometrial cancer
2727:Sexual intercourse
2498:Planned parenthood
2483:Male contraceptive
1814:Feldman, Marcus W.
1401:Prenatal Diagnosis
717:
681:, which starts at
658:
462:mental retardation
458:Hearing impairment
450:hepatosplenomegaly
429:Signs and symptoms
397:H – herpes simplex
78:of a CMV-infected
5861:
5860:
5749:
5748:
5599:Neonatal jaundice
5517:Pneumopericardium
5487:Pneumomediastinum
5428:Klumpke paralysis
5406:Caput succedaneum
5341:
5340:
5209:Maternal factors
5163:
5162:
5153:Tropical medicine
5094:Synthetic biology
4995:
4994:
4954:Social distancing
4907:Outbreak response
4528:
4527:
4355:Agent-based model
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
3880:Natural reservoir
3870:Infectious period
3860:Incubation period
3817:
3816:
3773:Natural disaster
3742:Tropical diseases
3725:Biodiversity loss
3662:Risk of infection
3652:Microbiome health
3645:Immunosuppression
3446:
3445:
3244:
3243:
3124:
3123:
2949:
2948:
2900:
2899:
2883:Papanicolaou test
2839:Non-communicable
2807:Sexual harassment
2785:Domestic violence
2755:
2754:
2598:
2597:
2395:
2394:
2298:Retained placenta
2216:Ectopic pregnancy
2028:
2027:
1468:10.1159/000094092
1407:(11): 1028–1031.
1276:(16): E540–E548.
1158:(12): 1551–1557.
1050:10.1172/JCI115798
852:978-0-323-95389-4
744:Caesarean section
615:optimal virulence
554:During childbirth
364:T – toxoplasmosis
302:hepatitis B virus
253:HIV and pregnancy
183:Toxoplasma gondii
144:, or baby during
110:
109:
66:infection of the
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5896:
5841:Infant mortality
5676:Erythema toxicum
5668:thermoregulation
5635:Gastrointestinal
5443:
5439:Affected systems
5316:
5284:
5269:Chorioamnionitis
5262:
5233:Placenta praevia
5226:
5217:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5167:
5148:Tropical disease
5084:Reverse zoonosis
5071:One Health Model
4900:Health education
4889:Community health
4808:Cordon sanitaire
4781:Ring vaccination
4751:Repurposed drugs
4638:
4557:Gastrointestinal
4400:Machine learning
4204:Gastrointestinal
4155:Intravenous line
4092:
4006:/Cross-infection
3993:Reverse zoonosis
3966:
3923:
3828:
3809:War and conflict
3677:Nutrition status
3640:Immunodeficiency
3497:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3061:
2846:
2766:
2760:Non-reproductive
2609:
2526:Feminine hygiene
2293:Cesarian section
2288:Obstructed labor
2169:
2084:
2065:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
1963:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1914:(10): CD000169.
1899:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1867:. Archived from
1866:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1110:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1044:(6): 1923–1930.
1029:
1023:
1022:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
932:"Coxsackievirus"
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
907:"Parvovirus B19"
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
869:
863:
862:
861:
859:
826:
683:gestational ages
679:perinatal period
597:Candida albicans
544:chorioamnionitis
460:, eye problems,
106:
105:
54:
42:
21:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5814:
5798:Neonatal sepsis
5745:
5714:Musculoskeletal
5708:
5685:
5666:
5657:
5629:
5584:Hydrops fetalis
5535:
5526:
5503:
5476:Pleural disease
5434:
5396:Cephalohematoma
5375:
5337:
5310:
5305:
5278:
5273:
5252:
5247:
5220:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5194:
5164:
5159:
5103:
5016:Antigenic shift
5011:Antigenic drift
5002:
4991:
4855:Barrier nursing
4803:Contact tracing
4794:
4787:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4534:
4524:
4425:
4419:
4410:Serial interval
4329:
4313:
4304:Cervico-vaginal
4299:
4290:Trans-placental
4285:
4269:
4237:
4199:
4135:Vascular system
4134:
4128:
4083:
4071:
4065:
4005:
3997:
3957:
3914:
3832:
3813:
3704:
3635:Immune response
3601:
3580:Drug resistance
3524:Infectious dose
3488:
3477:
3447:
3442:
3413:
3392:
3361:
3280:
3275:
3245:
3240:
3196:
3181:Family planning
3159:
3153:
3120:
3097:
3056:
3050:
3022:Gender equality
3005:
2999:
2945:
2896:
2878:Cervical cancer
2840:
2833:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2742:Sex differences
2700:Forced marriage
2649:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2536:Menstrual cycle
2507:
2460:Family planning
2458:
2449:
2402:
2391:
2350:Maternal deaths
2341:
2332:Postpartum care
2278:Multiple births
2254:
2163:
2156:
2089:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2023:
1974:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1413:10.1002/pd.1242
1398:
1397:
1393:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1031:
1030:
1026:
980:
979:
975:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
930:
929:
925:
915:
913:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
874:"TORCH Complex"
871:
870:
866:
857:
855:
853:
828:
827:
823:
818:
771:
763:
756:
752:
742:), delivery by
698:
671:
656:CMV placentitis
650:
611:
606:
604:Pathophysiology
556:
548:fetal membranes
513:immune function
509:
481:
431:
359:aplastic anemia
355:hydrops fetalis
255:
199:cytomegalovirus
166:
100:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5902:
5900:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5776:herpes simplex
5773:
5763:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5691:Nervous system
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5509:Cardiovascular
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5385:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:umbilical cord
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Emergent virus
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4979:Vector control
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4922:N95 respirator
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4795:pharmaceutical
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4642:
4641:Pharmaceutical
4635:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:Cardiovascular
4590:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4571:Nervous system
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Infection rate
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4150:Injection site
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:Dental aerosol
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:Human-to-human
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Super-spreader
3897:
3895:Superinfection
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:Vector control
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3733:Climate zones
3731:
3729:Climate change
3726:
3723:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3543:Quorum sensing
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3397:Late pregnancy
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:transplacental
3349:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3158:Women's health
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3065:United Nations
3058:
3057:& advocacy
3052:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3004:Sociocultural
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2892:Ovarian cancer
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2868:Uterine cancer
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2812:Sexual assault
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Child marriage
2687:
2685:Breast ironing
2682:
2677:
2675:Breast binding
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2663:Clitoridectomy
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:Menstrual aids
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2325:Husband stitch
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2198:
2196:Antenatal care
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Fallopian tube
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2094:
2092:
2088:Reproductive
2081:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:Women's health
2060:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2010:
1995:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:Classification
1959:
1958:External links
1956:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1894:
1878:
1850:
1828:
1801:
1764:(2): 273–276.
1744:
1715:10.1554/03-330
1709:(4): 730–739.
1693:
1641:
1606:(2): 261–265.
1589:
1558:(8): 538–548.
1538:
1517:(7): 638–640.
1497:
1462:(4): 220–225.
1442:
1391:
1348:
1319:
1256:
1238:
1203:(3): 247–252.
1187:
1165:10.1086/340537
1138:
1101:(3): 246–254.
1081:
1024:
989:(4): 315–320.
973:
948:
923:
898:
864:
851:
820:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:TORCH syndrome
787:
782:
777:
770:
767:
762:
759:
754:
750:
697:
694:
670:
669:Classification
667:
649:
646:
610:
607:
605:
602:
586:), and normal
555:
552:
525:microorganisms
519:can cross the
508:
507:Transplacental
505:
480:
477:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
398:
395:
392:
386:
365:
362:
351:parvovirus B19
347:
344:
338:
331:
295:
294:
280:
266:
261:
249:
248:
243:
236:
226:
224:Coxsackievirus
221:
219:Parvovirus B19
212:
211:
201:
195:
189:
186:
165:
162:
108:
107:
94:
88:
87:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5901:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:Preterm birth
5360:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5202:fetal disease
5199:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Sterilization
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Surgical mask
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:Public health
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Phage therapy
4734:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:Immunotherapy
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:Antimicrobial
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4568:Genitourinary
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:in population
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Herd immunity
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:Genitourinary
4272:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4216:Contamination
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:Vector-borne
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3970:Cross-species
3967:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3910:Window period
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Latent period
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Deforestation
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3699:Stress levels
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:Pathogenicity
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Breastfeeding
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3420:breastfeeding
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:transcervical
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:TORCH complex
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:Toxoplasmosis
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:Fifth disease
3323:
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2978:Urinary tract
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2416:Childlessness
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2408:
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2401:Reproductive
2398:
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2375:Sterilization
2373:
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2273:Preterm birth
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2076:Reproductive
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2049:
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2036:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
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2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
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1939:
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1930:
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1364:(4): 727–44.
1363:
1359:
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1332:
1331:"Hepatitis B"
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720:prevented by
714:
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536:
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530:
526:
522:
518:
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506:
504:
502:
498:
497:amniocentesis
494:
490:
486:
479:Causal routes
478:
476:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
428:
423:
420:
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415:
410:
408:
403:
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396:
393:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:
375:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:secondary to
356:
352:
348:
345:
343:
342:enteroviruses
339:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
317:
315:
314:amniocentesis
311:
307:
303:
299:
292:
288:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
247:
244:
242:
241:
237:
234:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
194:
190:
187:
185:
184:
179:
178:toxoplasmosis
175:
174:
173:
171:
170:TORCH complex
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
104:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
84:H&E stain
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
32:Socialization
19:
5760:
5726:
5482:Pneumothorax
5474:
5388:
5381:Birth trauma
5323:Breech birth
5313:presentation
5311:
5279:
5253:
5221:
4867:Notification
4838:Hand washing
4833:Food hygiene
4818:Disinfection
4714:Immunization
4665:Anthelmintic
4653:prophylactic
4541:Respiratory
4465:Hyperendemic
4415:WAIFW matrix
4070:Environment-
4035:
3823:Transmission
3799:Urbanization
3597:Host tropism
3493:Determinants
3479:Concepts in
3433:Tuberculosis
3366:During birth
3277:
3233:
3221:
3209:
2932:Hip fracture
2927:Osteoporosis
2668:Infibulation
2568:Dysmenorrhea
2561:Sanitary pad
2513:Menstruation
2241:Preeclampsia
2236:Hypertension
2120:Labia majora
2115:Labia minora
2012:
1997:
1978:
1946:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1881:
1869:the original
1841:. Retrieved
1818:
1804:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1658:(1): 18–23.
1655:
1651:
1644:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1308:cite journal
1273:
1269:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1041:
1037:
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986:
982:
976:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
935:
926:
914:. Retrieved
910:
901:
889:. Retrieved
877:
867:
856:, retrieved
834:
824:
764:
748:
737:
726:
718:
689:
687:
674:
672:
659:
639:
635:
627:
612:
595:
581:
575:
557:
537:
510:
501:major trauma
482:
470:
439:
432:
424:S – Syphilis
412:
406:
383:Lyme disease
372:
325:
320:
318:
296:
277:microcephaly
275:, can cause
271:, caused by
238:
213:
181:
169:
167:
134:transmission
129:
113:
111:
36:
5884:Neonatology
5826:Miscarriage
5728:muscle tone
5594:Kernicterus
5447:Respiratory
5423:Erb's palsy
5328:Asynclitism
5296:Nuchal cord
5120:Eradication
5031:Biosecurity
4756:Vaccination
4731:Inoculation
4709:Drug safety
4704:Combination
4631:and Control
4579:Soft tissue
4533:Anatomical
4500:Seasonality
4480:Mesoendemic
4460:Holoendemic
4453:Farr's laws
4365:Attack rate
4163:Animal bite
4159:Insect bite
4095:Respiratory
3722:Air quality
3710:Environment
3620:Comorbidity
3536:Attack rate
3519:Infectivity
3404:Listeriosis
3388:Listeriosis
3378:Candidiasis
3310:Hepatitis B
3285:Gestational
3235:WikiProject
2922:Bone health
2858:Lung cancer
2695:Dyspareunia
2638:HPV vaccine
2578:Amenorrhoea
2573:Menorrhagia
2411:Infertility
2360:Stillbirths
2221:Miscarriage
733:parasitemia
722:vaccinating
568:body fluids
540:placentitis
367:O – other (
298:Hepatitis B
231:(caused by
132:, that is,
72:placentitis
5879:Obstetrics
5868:Categories
5836:Stillbirth
5793:Omphalitis
5754:Infections
5663:Integument
5003:infections
4944:Sanitation
4912:Quarantine
4771:resistance
4689:Antiseptic
4670:Ascaricide
4660:Antifungal
4648:Antibiotic
4629:Prevention
4562:Intestinal
4495:Prevalence
4475:Inequality
4424:Occurrence
4223:Breastmilk
4107:Bioaerosol
4079:Sapronosis
4054:Horizontal
3926:Endogenous
3905:Viral load
3865:Index case
3160:by country
2964:Depression
2615:infections
2320:Episiotomy
2260:Childbirth
2191:Obstetrics
816:References
705:Micrograph
631:zidovudine
353:(produces
337:, C (D), E
321:Toxoplasma
310:childbirth
291:odds ratio
287:stillbirth
273:Zika virus
269:Zika fever
229:Chickenpox
150:childbirth
120:caused by
97:Pediatrics
60:Micrograph
5562:Anti-Kell
5200:period /
5198:perinatal
5115:Discovery
5041:Disease X
5001:Emerging
4949:Screening
4850:Isolation
4694:Antiviral
4520:Twindemic
4470:Incidence
4347:Modelling
4310:Perinatal
4242:Cutaneous
4133:Linked to
4043:Perinatal
3962:Exogenous
3954:formation
3696:Pregnancy
3553:Endotoxin
3548:Virulence
3383:Gonorrhea
3331:Bacteria
2790:Pregnancy
2770:Violence
2710:Vaginitis
2583:Menopause
2443:Fostering
2433:Parenting
2403:life plan
2268:Midwifery
2246:Eclampsia
2173:Pregnancy
2162:Maternal
1778:0090-0036
1739:198155952
1723:0014-3820
1703:Evolution
1672:0387-7604
1620:0148-7299
1476:1423-002X
1421:0197-3851
1378:0095-5108
1217:0020-7292
1174:1058-4838
1117:1525-4135
1058:0021-9738
1003:0343-8651
966:27 August
941:27 August
916:27 August
891:27 August
761:Prognosis
696:Treatment
688:The term
648:Diagnosis
619:symbiosis
531:or major
517:pathogens
446:petechial
409:infection
407:Chlamydia
402:gonorrhea
335:hepatitis
240:Chlamydia
146:pregnancy
128:that use
118:infection
92:Specialty
5532:Bleeding
5223:placenta
5024:EARS-Net
4939:Safe sex
4891:services
4862:Lockdown
4633:measures
4535:location
4515:Syndemic
4510:Sporadic
4490:Pandemic
4485:Outbreak
4443:Epidemic
4296:Prenatal
4188:Mosquito
4072:to-human
4047:Neonatal
4040:Prenatal
3988:Zoonosis
3833:concepts
3764:Humidity
3749:Commerce
3625:Diabetes
3558:Exotoxin
3291:Viruses
3211:Category
3171:Ethiopia
3093:UN Women
2910:Dementia
2841:diseases
2824:Femicide
2802:Misogyny
2722:Polygamy
2623:Safe sex
2531:Menarche
2438:Adoption
2365:Abortion
2283:Oxytocin
2103:Clitoris
1938:25300703
1843:30 April
1816:(1981).
1796:10667191
1731:15926685
1688:21209676
1680:11226724
1636:25402036
1628:12833411
1584:25232447
1492:41493830
1484:16791006
1437:25481658
1429:16231309
1341:29 April
1300:33741725
1233:22297001
1182:12032888
1133:35936352
1125:10839660
1011:19123031
886:32809363
769:See also
740:pap test
709:pap test
521:placenta
495:such by
485:placenta
454:jaundice
374:Listeria
289:with an
264:Syphilis
68:placenta
5771:rubella
5401:Chignon
5255:chorion
4828:Hygiene
4766:booster
4699:Asepsis
4438:Endemic
4433:Cluster
4017:Source
3952:Biofilm
3789:Poverty
3759:Ecology
3737:El Niño
3690:Smoking
3568:factors
3509:Biofilm
3485:Outline
3223:Commons
3012:Poverty
3006:factors
2983:Urethra
2959:Anxiety
2941:Anaemia
2737:Puberty
2717:Leblouh
2603:Sexual
2478:Condoms
2019:D018445
1929:4498495
1838:7300842
1787:1446152
1575:4163737
1533:7567307
1386:2850128
1291:8084555
1225:9989893
1076:1601999
1019:2758055
858:5 March
594:(e.g.,
590:of the
574:(e.g.,
390:rubella
378:Candida
193:rubella
126:viruses
76:nucleus
5346:Growth
5259:amnion
5036:CRISPR
4988:Zoning
4843:Gloves
4254:Fomite
4088:Routes
3983:Vector
3850:Fomite
3831:Basic
3794:Travel
3674:Gender
3341:Other
3188:Russia
2850:Cancer
2762:health
2732:Orgasm
2605:health
2556:Tampon
2164:health
2137:Uterus
2132:Cervix
2127:Vagina
2078:health
1936:
1926:
1889:
1836:
1826:
1794:
1784:
1776:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1686:
1678:
1670:
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