586:
these conditions do not usually do not present any symptoms. During pregnancy, these conditions are associated with infertility, preterm birth, fetal malpresentation, and early miscarriages. Among these uterine abnormalities, those with canalization defects, i.e., not having a normal uterine canal such as septate defects have the worse pregnancy outcomes. Surgical treatment is only recommended for individuals who have had recurrent miscarriages and have a septate uterus; however, the risks of surgery, especially scarring of the womb should be considered. Further evidence from randomized controlled trials are required to establish conclusively whether surgery is the better option when its risks and rewards are compared with the risks of the adverse pregnancy outcomes.
122:
which may cause a previously unnoticed thyroid disorder to worsen. The most effective way of screening for thyroid dysfunction is not known. A review found that more women were diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction when all pregnant women were tested instead of just testing those at 'high-risk' of thyroid problems (those with family history, signs or symptoms). Finding more women with thyroid dysfunction meant that the women could have treatment and management through their pregnancies. However the outcomes of the pregnancies were surprisingly similar so more research is needed to look at the effects of screening all pregnant women for thyroid problems.
561:
inconsistently correlated to asthma. Additionally, women with Asthma face a higher likelihood of complications during labor and delivery, such as breech presentation and caesarean delivery. Poorly controlled and severe asthma may exacerbate conditions associated with maternal and neonate morbidity and mortality. Asthma treatment recommendations during pregnancy are similar to those in non-pregnant women.
543:
depression regardless if the depression developed during pregnancy or if it was there before conception. Untreated depression has been linked to premature birth, low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, and postnatal complications. On the other hand, however, anti-depressant medications also come with a small risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight, and persistent pulmonary hypertension.
576:
As of 2006, it was believed the course of asthma during pregnancy varied with a similar proportion of women improving, remaining stable, or worsening. However, as of 2013, it was found that deterioration may manifest in approximately 20% of women, improvement in around 30%, and no significant change
121:
can, if uncorrected, cause adverse effects on fetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child. Demand for thyroid hormones is increased during pregnancy
56:
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy can lead to increased complications for both the mother and fetus. Maternal complications include superimposed pre-eclampsia and caesarean delivery. Fetal complications include preterm delivery, low birth weight, and death. Increasing rates of obesity and metabolic
73:
compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy. Monitoring pregnant women's blood pressure can help prevent both complications and future cardiovascular diseases. While high blood pressure treatment has been shown to decrease the incidence of severe hypertension
585:
Structural abnormalities of the uterus include conditions like septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, arcuate uterus, and didelphys uterus. Most of these abnormalities occur when the MĂĽllerian ducts are fused improperly or incompletely. Women with these congenital abnormalities are usually unaware as
542:
The effects of depression during pregnancy are difficult to parse from depression before pregnancy as the symptoms of the two overlap. However, the biggest risk factor of depression during pregnancy is a prior history of depression. Most of the research is focused on the consequences of untreated
1981:
Dombrowski, Mitchell P.; Schatz, Michael; Wise, Robert; Momirova, Valerija; Landon, Mark; Mabie, William; Newman, Roger B.; McNellis, Donald; Hauth, John C.; Lindheimer, Marshall; Caritis, Steve N.; Leveno, Kenneth J.; Meis, Paul; Miodovnik, Menachem; Wapner, Ronald J.; Paul, Richard H.; Varner,
560:
of asthma among pregnant women is between 8.4% and 8.8%. Asthma in pregnant women is strongly associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Other conditions such as gestational diabetes, placenta previa, and hemorrhage are
564:
As of 2018, Asthma was the most prevalent respiratory disorder to complicate pregnancy, remaining a high-risk condition despite therapeutic advancements. Preventing asthma exacerbations during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications and poor outcomes.
442:. Often reproductive disorders are the only manifestation of undiagnosed celiac disease and most cases are not recognized. Complications or failures of pregnancy cannot be explained simply by malabsorption, but by the autoimmune response elicited by the exposure to
35:
In such circumstances, women who wish to continue with a pregnancy require extra medical care, often from an interdisciplinary team. Such a team might include (besides an obstetrician) a specialist in the disorder and other practitioners (for example,
496:
and may possibly ameliorate its course. Still, there is a substantial variability in clinical course between patients and even for different pregnancies in the same patient. Also, the other way around, Behçet's disease confers an increased risk of
157:
When combined with any additional underlying hypercoagulable state, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial. Multiple pre-existing genetic disorders can worsen the hypercoaguable state observed in pregnancy. Examples include:
454:
avoids or reduces the risk of developing reproductive disorders in pregnant women with celiac disease. Also, pregnancy can be a trigger for the development of celiac disease in genetically susceptible women who are consuming gluten.
1408:
Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P (Oct 9, 2015). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis".
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syndrome play a key role in the increased prevalence of chronic hypertension and associated complications. Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as
2528:
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fungus is more prevalent (common), and recurrent infection is also more likely. There is no clear evidence that treatment of asymptomatic candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy reduces the risk of
2498:
521:; however, during the first months after delivery the risk increases. Overall, pregnancy does not seem to influence long-term disability. Multiple sclerosis does not increase the risk of
2083:
Enriquez, Rachel; Griffin, Marie R.; Carroll, Kecia N.; Wu, Pingsheng; Cooper, William O.; Gebretsadik, Tebeb; Dupont, William D.; Mitchel, Edward F.; Hartert, Tina V. (September 2007).
74:
during pregnancy, there was no significant difference in pregnancy complications (for example, superimposed pre-eclampsia, stillbrith/neonatal death, small for gestational age).
28:, but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy (such as causing pregnancy complications). A major component of this risk can result from necessary use of
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1622:
154:. The pregnancy associated hypercoaguability is attributed to an increased synthesis of coagulation factors, such as fibrinogen, by the liver through the effects of estrogen.
820:
1454:
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Getahun, D; Ananth, CV; Peltier, MR; Smulian, JC; Vintzileos, AM (2006). "Acute and chronic respiratory diseases in pregnancy: associations with placental abruption".
2536:
2479:
1479:
Uzun, S.; Alpsoy, E.; Durdu, M.; Akman, A. (2003). "The clinical course of Behçet's disease in pregnancy: A retrospective analysis and review of the literature".
2656:
889:"Impact of Antihypertensive Treatment on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancy Complicated by Chronic Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
104:) and pregnancy. Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, fetal obesity (macrosomia), polyhydramnios and birth defects.
3288:
2626:
1125:
Lee MJ, Hallmark RJ, Frenkel LM, Del Priore G (1998). "Maternal syphilis and vertical perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection".
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Al Khalaf, Sukainah Y.; O'Reilly, Éilis J.; Barrett, Peter M.; B. Leite, Debora F.; Pawley, Lauren C.; McCarthy, Fergus P.; Khashan, Ali S. (2021-05-04).
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2506:
848:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes"
3453:
3383:
1011:
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951:"Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant health"
3670:
3557:
2725:
379:
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1295:
1235:"Treatment of asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy to prevent preterm birth: An open-label pilot randomized controlled trial"
887:
Webster, Louise M.; Conti-Ramsden, Frances; Seed, Paul T.; Webb, Andrew J.; Nelson-Piercy, Catherine; Chappell, Lucy C. (2017-05-17).
364:. However, this risk is small overall and appears more significant in women who have had such complications in an earlier pregnancy.
3323:
1921:
Mendola, Pauline; Laughon, S. Katherine; Männistö, Tuija I.; Leishear, Kira; Reddy, Uma M.; Chen, Zhen; Zhang, Jun (February 2013).
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765:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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The course of asthma during pregnancy can vary, with some patients experiencing worsening symptoms while others see improvement.
199:
3614:
3328:
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Tersigni, C.; Castellani, R.; de Waure, C.; Fattorossi, A.; De
Spirito, M.; Gasbarrini, A.; Scambia, G.; Di Simone, N. (2014).
427:
394:
136:
131:
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623:
143:(blood clots) such as a deep vein thrombosis with a potential subsequent pulmonary embolism. Pregnancy itself is a factor of
1351:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms"
3403:
3310:
2812:
706:
Bramham, Kate; Parnell, Bethany; Nelson-Piercy, Catherine; Seed, Paul T; Poston, Lucilla; Chappell, Lucy C (2014-04-15).
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118:
113:
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182:
69:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing
3021:
2310:"Presence of depressive symptoms during early pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study"
393:, consideration must be made for deterioration of the valve over time (for bioprosthetic valves) versus the risks of
2134:"NAEPP Expert Panel ReportManaging Asthma During Pregnancy: Recommendations for Pharmacologic Treatment—2004 Update"
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Al Khalaf, Sukainah; Chappell, Lucy C.; Khashan, Ali S.; McCarthy, Fergus P.; O'Reilly, Éilis J. (12 May 2023).
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522:
390:
70:
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Michael W.; o'Sullivan, Mary Jo; Thurnau, Gary R.; Conway, Deborah L. (2004). "Asthma During
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821:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure"
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Murphy, V. E.; Namazy, J. A.; Powell, H.; Schatz, M.; Chambers, C.; Attia, J.; Gibson, P. G. (2011).
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1078:"Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania"
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1991:
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Kwon, Helen L.; Triche, Elizabeth W.; Belanger, Kathleen; Bracken, Michael B. (2006-02-01).
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357:
349:
240:
162:
147:(pregnancy-induced hypercoaguability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent
2030:"Exacerbations of asthma during pregnancy: Impact on pregnancy complications and outcome"
594:
The following conditions may also become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy:
212:
to the fetus, known as TORCH infections. Examples based on the TORCHES acronym include:
3583:
3498:
3204:
3152:
2850:
2449:
2424:
2397:
2235:
N.C. Thomson, G. Vallance, in
Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, 2006, Pages 206-215
2213:
2180:
1995:
1955:
1922:
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1234:
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in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis occurring during pregnancy may increase the risk of
278:
274:
245:
222:
1590:
1203:
1138:
1053:
1028:
864:
847:
827:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-21.
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2069:
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1094:
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893:
Journal of the
American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
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2011:
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Infections in pregnancy also raise particular concerns about whether or not to use
2085:"Effect of maternal asthma and asthma control on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes"
2045:
1811:"The Epidemiology of Asthma During Pregnancy: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Symptoms"
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708:"Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis"
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45:
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Bonham, Catherine A.; Patterson, Karen C.; Strek, Mary E. (February 2018).
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1500:
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1311:
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1211:
1103:
984:
930:
806:
749:
329:. Candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy should be treated with intravaginal
2261:"Reproductive Implications and Management of Congenital Uterine Anomalies"
1146:
1062:
1004:
Platelets in hematologic and cardiovascular disorders: a clinical handbook
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443:
1858:"A meta-analysis of adverse perinatal outcomes in women with asthma"
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In pregnancy, changes in the levels of female sex hormones, such as
386:
confer additional load on the heart and may lead to complications.
281:
infection are recommended to receive antiviral therapy with either
3598:
3578:
3242:
3011:
1705:
Best
Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
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Spencer, L; Bubner, T; Bain, E; Middleton, P (21 September 2015).
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Guideline: Routine Prenatal Care. Fourteenth Edition.
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Roberts, C. L.; Rickard, K.; Kotsiou, G.; Morris, J. M. (2011).
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By the
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. July 2010.
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Pregnancy does not have an adverse effect on the course of
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Compston A, Coles A (October 2008). "Multiple sclerosis".
277:) to treat them. For example, pregnant women who contract
2425:"Asthma in Pregnancy and its Pharmacologic Treatment"
1923:"Obstetric complications among US women with asthma"
1190:
Sobel, JD (9 June 2007). "Vulvovaginal candidosis".
1127:
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3607:
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3228:
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2778:
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2028:Ali, Z.; Hansen, A. V.; Ulrik, C. S. (2016-05-18).
581:
Structural (congenital) abnormalities of the uterus
2679:"Liver and gallbladder disorders during pregnancy"
2559:"Liver and gallbladder disorders during pregnancy"
397:with mechanical valves with the resultant need of
2181:"Asthma Outcomes and Management During Pregnancy"
1976:
1974:
1645:"Congenital Abnormalities and Multiple Sclerosis"
517:Being pregnant decreases the risk of relapse in
20:is a disease that is not directly caused by the
2384:Dombrowski, MP (2006). "Asthma and pregnancy".
1815:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
1572:
1570:
1082:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
139:is the propensity of pregnant women to develop
643:Depression has been linked to higher rates of
2719:
2351:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1927:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1531:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
1520:
1518:
1006:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
944:
942:
940:
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1756:"Depression During Pregnancy and Postpartum"
305:when given at high doses in animal studies.
1474:
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1314:. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention
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1164:
955:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
384:maternal physiological changes in pregnancy
3522:
3194:
2948:
2726:
2712:
2704:
2685:. Merck Sharpe & Dohme. Archived from
2565:. Merck Sharpe & Dohme. Archived from
2429:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
2138:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2089:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2023:
2021:
470:Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy
465:Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy
2655:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Archived from
2625:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Archived from
2595:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Archived from
2535:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. Archived from
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1260:
1250:
1093:
1052:
996:
994:
974:
920:
863:
796:
769:Journal of the American Heart Association
739:
472:confers an increased rate of fetal death
1312:"Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment and Care"
2470:
698:
348:is an imbalance of naturally occurring
285:(which is the preferred medication) or
2529:"High blood pressure during pregnancy"
2480:"Overview of Disease During Pregnancy"
317:, make a woman more likely to develop
2254:
2252:
2250:
2034:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1694:
1692:
1690:
1620:Multiple Sclerosis: Pregnancy Q&A
569:The course of asthma during pregnancy
7:
2649:"Seizure disorders during pregnancy"
1339:, UK. Page last reviewed: 03/10/2013
374:Valvular heart disease and pregnancy
3558:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2619:"Kidney disorders during pregnancy"
2423:; Werler, MM; Mitchell, AA (2010).
380:valvular heart disease in pregnancy
2589:"Heart disorders during pregnancy"
2398:10.1097/01.AOG.0000235059.84188.9c
2132:Busse, William W. (January 2005).
1996:10.1097/01.AOG.0000103994.75162.16
1493:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00423.x
653:Respiratory disorders and diseases
616:that may be passed on to offspring
14:
2683:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2653:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2623:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2593:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2563:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2533:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2503:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2484:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2308:Li, D; Liu, L; Odouli, R (2009).
865:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628
194:Vertically transmitted infections
18:pre-existing disease in pregnancy
3563:Postpartum physiological changes
3263:Postpartum physiological changes
2788:Assisted reproductive technology
1874:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03055.x
1544:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00761.x
1527:"Behcet's disease and pregnancy"
1095:10.1097/00042560-200003010-00006
680:Structural abnormalities in the
674:Structural abnormalities in the
200:Vertically transmitted infection
3615:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1699:Pearlstein, Teri (2015-07-01).
655:(associated, for example, with
577:observed in the remaining 50%.
428:intrauterine growth restriction
137:Hypercoagulability in pregnancy
132:Hypercoagulability in pregnancy
96:deals with the interactions of
94:Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy
89:Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy
3258:Maternal physiological changes
967:10.1002/14651858.CD011263.pub2
624:primary pulmonary hypertension
389:In individuals who require an
1:
2813:partner-assisted reproduction
2046:10.3109/01443615.2015.1065800
1717:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.004
1701:"Depression during Pregnancy"
1591:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7
1204:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9
1139:10.1016/S0020-7292(98)00165-9
480:(miscarriage), as well as of
446:, which causes damage to the
1239:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
459:Systemic lupus erythematosus
119:Thyroid disease in pregnancy
114:Thyroid disease in pregnancy
3049:Traditional birth attendant
2197:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.029
1984:Obstetrics & Gynecology
395:blood clotting in pregnancy
183:Antithrombin III deficiency
3687:
3671:Health issues in pregnancy
3281:Brain health and pollution
2486:. Merck Sharp & Dohme.
2441:10.1016/j.anai.2010.05.016
2363:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.07.027
2150:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.10.023
2102:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.044
1939:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.007
1760:Current Psychiatry Reports
1481:The Journal of Dermatology
1423:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080
1287:Family Medicine Obstetrics
833:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660
556:In the United States, the
462:
409:Other autoimmune disorders
371:
197:
129:
111:
86:
38:maternal-fetal specialists
26:complications of pregnancy
3494:Chorionic villus sampling
2846:Obstetric ultrasonography
2770:Pre-conception counseling
2499:"Cancer during pregnancy"
2386:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1827:10.1016/j.iac.2005.11.002
1772:10.1007/s11920-016-0664-7
1633:, retrieved January 2014.
1457:. Health Canada. May 2009
1355:Human Reproduction Update
432:small for gestational age
24:, in contrast to various
3384:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1662:10.1186/1471-2377-10-115
321:. During pregnancy, the
3454:Motor vehicle emissions
3315:Concomitant conditions
3289:environmental toxicants
3032:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2793:artificial insemination
2760:Natural family planning
2278:10.1111/1471-0528.15968
1455:"The Gluten Connection"
1337:National Health Service
1252:10.1186/1471-2393-11-18
1002:Gresele, Paolo (2008).
905:10.1161/JAHA.117.005526
781:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494
538:Depression in pregnancy
499:pregnancy complications
487:
354:pregnancy complications
319:candidal vulvovaginitis
309:Candidal vulvovaginitis
250:Neonatal herpes simplex
32:to manage the disease.
3548:Postpartum confinement
2808:in vitro fertilisation
628:Eisenmenger's syndrome
523:congenital abnormality
391:artificial heart valve
368:Valvular heart disease
297:have been found to be
71:cardiovascular disease
3543:Postpartum depression
3424:Pruritic folliculitis
3168:Unassisted childbirth
2419:Louik, C; Schatz, M;
2327:10.1093/humrep/den342
1368:10.1093/humupd/dmu007
337:for at least 7 days.
210:vertical transmission
3650:Gravidity and parity
3630:Congenital disorders
3589:Lactation consultant
3459:Pre-existing disease
3138:Childbirth positions
3128:Rupture of membranes
2825:Unintended pregnancy
2803:fertility medication
1933:(2): 127.e1–127.e8.
614:Congenital disorders
604:Chronic hypertension
478:spontaneous abortion
424:spontaneous abortion
178:Protein S deficiency
173:Protein C deficiency
102:gestational diabetes
52:Chronic hypertension
42:obstetric physicians
3553:Sex after pregnancy
3360:Endocrine diseases
3306:Prenatal depression
3178:Placental expulsion
3096:Uterine contraction
3079:cervical effacement
2820:Fertility awareness
1411:Am J Obstet Gynecol
1333:Bacterial vaginosis
657:placental abruption
547:Respiratory disease
346:Bacterial vaginosis
341:Bacterial vaginosis
206:infectious diseases
168:Prothrombin G20210A
100:(not restricted to
78:Endocrine disorders
3329:Hypercoagulability
3158:Natural childbirth
3007:Postterm pregnancy
2765:Male contraceptive
2392:(3 Pt 1): 667–81.
2314:Human Reproduction
1625:2013-10-19 at the
1176:2008-07-05 at the
519:multiple sclerosis
513:Multiple sclerosis
399:drugs in pregnancy
267:drugs in pregnancy
145:hypercoagulability
126:Hypercoagulability
30:drugs in pregnancy
3658:
3657:
3643:Obstetric history
3638:
3637:
3599:Confinement nanny
3512:
3511:
3379:Acute fatty liver
3186:
3185:
3074:cervical dilation
2421:Hernández-DĂaz, S
1868:(11): 1314–1323.
1585:(9648): 1502–17.
1198:(9577): 1961–71.
1045:10.1172/JCI115798
1013:978-0-521-88115-9
724:10.1136/bmj.g2301
670:Seizure disorders
98:diabetes mellitus
83:Diabetes mellitus
3678:
3523:
3489:Cardiotocography
3195:
3101:Vaginal delivery
2974:Nesting instinct
2949:
2934:Rudimentary horn
2863:Prenatal testing
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1885:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1640:
1634:
1631:Cleveland Clinic
1617:
1611:
1610:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1370:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1039:(6): 1923–1930.
1024:
1018:
1017:
998:
989:
988:
978:
946:
935:
934:
924:
884:
878:
877:
867:
858:(7): 1427–1438.
843:
837:
836:
817:
811:
810:
800:
760:
754:
753:
743:
703:
645:preterm delivery
633:Kidney disorders
507:Cesarean section
494:Behçet's disease
488:Behçet's disease
452:gluten-free diet
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3603:
3567:
3538:Postpartum care
3508:
3472:
3375:Liver diseases
3369:Thyroid disease
3267:
3253:Gestational age
3224:
3182:
3148:Labor induction
3053:
3044:Perinatal nurse
3017:Birth attendant
2978:
2938:
2872:
2868:Medical imaging
2829:
2798:fertility fraud
2774:
2741:
2732:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2027:
2026:
2019:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1883:1959.13/1052131
1855:
1854:
1850:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:Wayback Machine
1618:
1614:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1537:(10): 939–944.
1524:
1523:
1516:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1178:Wayback Machine
1169:
1162:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1001:
999:
992:
961:(9): CD011263.
948:
947:
938:
886:
885:
881:
845:
844:
840:
819:
818:
814:
762:
761:
757:
705:
704:
700:
695:
687:Viral hepatitis
592:
583:
571:
554:
549:
540:
535:
515:
490:
467:
461:
436:low birthweight
426:(miscarriage),
416:
411:
401:in the form of
376:
370:
358:premature birth
356:, most notably
350:bacterial flora
343:
311:
241:Cytomegalovirus
208:have a risk of
202:
196:
191:
163:Factor V Leiden
134:
128:
116:
110:
108:Thyroid disease
91:
85:
80:
63:low birthweight
59:premature birth
54:
12:
11:
5:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Health visitor
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3499:Nonstress test
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:Skin diseases
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Amniotic fluid
3201:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Multiple birth
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Bradley method
2955:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2851:Pregnancy test
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2669:
2639:
2609:
2579:
2549:
2519:
2489:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2411:
2376:
2341:
2320:(1): 146–153.
2300:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2191:(2): 515–527.
2171:
2124:
2095:(3): 625–630.
2075:
2040:(4): 455–461.
2017:
1970:
1913:
1848:
1801:
1746:
1711:(5): 754–764.
1686:
1635:
1612:
1566:
1514:
1487:(7): 499–502.
1468:
1446:
1400:
1361:(4): 582–593.
1341:
1325:
1303:
1297:978-0323043069
1296:
1276:
1225:
1182:
1160:
1133:(3): 246–254.
1117:
1088:(3): 246–254.
1068:
1019:
1012:
990:
936:
879:
838:
812:
775:(9): e018494.
755:
697:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
684:
678:
672:
667:
666:
665:
650:
649:
648:
635:
630:
617:
611:
606:
601:
591:
588:
582:
579:
570:
567:
553:
550:
548:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
514:
511:
489:
486:
482:neonatal lupus
463:Main article:
460:
457:
420:celiac disease
415:
414:Celiac disease
412:
410:
407:
403:anticoagulants
372:Main article:
369:
366:
342:
339:
310:
307:
279:H1N1 influenza
263:
262:
257:
252:
246:Herpes simplex
243:
238:
233:
223:Parvovirus B19
219:
198:Main article:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
130:Main article:
127:
124:
112:Main article:
109:
106:
87:Main article:
84:
81:
79:
76:
53:
50:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3683:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Monthly nurse
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Amniocentesis
3482:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Vaginal flora
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:Substance use
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Fundal height
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:Preterm birth
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Hypnobirthing
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:3D ultrasound
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Birth control
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2689:on 2015-03-16
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2659:on 2015-02-21
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2629:on 2015-02-21
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2599:on 2015-02-21
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2569:on 2015-03-16
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2539:on 2015-03-02
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2509:on 2015-03-28
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:(4): 1180–4.
2356:
2352:
2345:
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3311:Immunization
3294:in pregnancy
3210:Amniotic sac
3163:Silent birth
3106:Presentation
3069:Bishop score
3039:Obstetrician
2929:Interstitial
2856:home testing
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3390:Infections
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3215:Endometrium
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3091:Bloody show
3022:Men's roles
2952:Preparation
2904:Heterotopic
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527:miscarriage
503:miscarriage
378:In case of
362:miscarriage
303:embryotoxic
299:teratogenic
295:rimantadine
283:oseltamivir
271:antibiotics
150:post partum
3625:Child care
3518:Postpartum
3477:Procedures
3429:Dermatoses
3285:Nutrition
3143:Home birth
3065:Pelvimetry
2944:Childbirth
2924:Unintended
2780:Conception
2739:childbirth
2693:2013-08-13
2663:2013-08-13
2633:2013-08-13
2603:2013-08-13
2573:2013-08-13
2543:2013-08-13
2513:2013-08-13
1318:24 October
693:References
558:prevalence
422:can cause
418:Untreated
291:amantadine
275:antivirals
269:(that is,
231:Chickenpox
217:Toxoplasma
189:Infections
141:thrombosis
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3133:Caesarean
2899:Abdominal
2735:Pregnancy
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2205:0012-3692
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3364:Diabetes
3349:Cannabis
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3220:Placenta
3191:Prenatal
3121:shoulder
3116:cephalic
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3058:Delivery
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335:nystatin
315:estrogen
260:Syphilis
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3409:Malaria
3354:Opioids
3344:Alcohol
3339:Smoking
3198:Anatomy
3027:Midwife
2995:Newborn
2914:Ovarian
2894:Ectopic
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