1042:
1221:
1057:
1009:
54:
1161:
1206:
377:
31:
2381:
1131:
1191:
966:
1377:
1176:
415:
1392:
1028:
951:
1362:
1317:
1347:
533:) were rebuilt in 1331–1350. It was likely the work of one of the royal architects, either William de Ramsey, who had worked on the London cathedral chapter house, or Thomas of Canterbury, who was architect to the king when the transept of Gloucester Cathedral was begun. The architect preserved the original 11th-century walls, covering them with Flamboyant mullions and panels. The east window of Gloucester choir has a Tudor arch, filling the wall with glass. The window tracery matches the tracery on the walls.
1146:
1117:
1332:
404:
1072:
995:
1087:
1273:
1287:
1258:
1244:
1302:
649:
981:
1102:
685:
was a major feature of decoration. In the larger churches, the entire surface from ground to summit, including the battlements, was covered with panels of tracery composed of thin stone mullions. It also appeared frequently in the interior, and often carried the designs in the window tracery down to
713:
were generally octagonal in section, with octagonal bases and capitals. In greater churches shafting was commonplace, and could be carried up above the capitals to unify the elevation vertically. The capitals were usually decorated with moulded or carved oak leaves, or with corbels of shields or
486:
The chapter house at St Paul's was built under the direction of
William de Ramsey, who had worked on earlier phases of the still-unfinished St Stephens's Chapel. Ramsey extended the stone mullions of the windows downwards on the walls. At the top of each window he made a four-centred arch which
482:
agreed that St Paul's chapter house and St
Stephen's Chapel at Westminster Palace predate the early Perpendicular work at Gloucester. In the early 21st century the outline of the foundations of the chapter house was made visible in the redeveloped south churchyard of the present 17th-century
668:
were exceptionally tall, and frequently had battlements. Spires were less frequent than in earlier periods. Buttresses were often placed at the corners of the tower, the best position for providing maximum support. Notable
Perpendicular towers include those of
1041:
686:
the floor. Tracery designs were less varied, with three main types: angular reticulation, common in the west of
England, panel tracery, seen in the east, and the Court style, characterised by sub-arches filled with inverted daggers in the side lights.
1220:
602:. However, the original intentions at both buildings are now obscured as the building work continued long after the King was overthrown, with design changes resulting in increasing ornamentation. The same process occurred at the
1008:
692:
were frequently made of lead, and usually had a gentle slope, to make them easier for walking. The roof timbers on the interior were often exposed to view from below, and had ornamental supports. In this period the
518:, followed in 1323 by his son Thomas. One of the original decorative features was a kind of blind tracery; blank vertical panels with cusped, or angular tops in the interior; and, on the exterior, thin stone
1056:
342:). Rickman had excluded from his scheme most new buildings after Henry VIII's reign, calling the style of "additions and rebuilding" in the later 16th and earlier 17th centuries "often much debased".
613:
being considered as a separate style, with greater continental influence, but this position is not widely held. At this period many of the most dazzling vaults were constructed, such as those by
679:
were so large that the walls between were reduced to little more than piers. Horizontal mullions, called "transoms", often had to be added to the windows to give them greater stability.
166:. Blind panels covering the walls continued the strong straight lines of verticals and horizontals established by the tracery. Together with flattened arches and roofs, crenellations,
544:
designed the buildings to house Edward's neo-Arthurian fancies. Of these the Dean's
Cloister and Aerary Porch survive and exhibit early Perpendicular blind tracery and lierne vaults.
1316:
2638:
2409:
609:
In the later 15th century, the pendulum swung back towards elaboration, especially under the Tudors. John Harvey considered this change to be significant enough to merit
2267:
1525:
English idiom from about 1330 to 1640, characterised by large windows, regularity of ornate detailing, and grids of panelling that extend over walls, windows and vaults.
1884:
707:, both of which could be further elaborated with pendants. The increased weight of the vaults caused by the ornament was countered by larger buttresses on the exterior.
2525:
965:
1130:
1484:
1205:
1160:
2459:
2429:
2389:
2380:
1376:
2414:
1190:
525:
The earliest
Perpendicular in a major church is the choir of Gloucester Cathedral (1337–1350) constructed when the south transept and choir of the then
2658:
2633:
1331:
1175:
950:
514:. It was built in phases over a long period, from 1292 until 1348, though today only the crypt exists. The architect of the early building was
2520:
2260:
2143:
2038:
1814:
1740:
1667:
1600:
1558:
1512:
1492:
1459:
1063:
971:
638:
408:
1145:
2628:
2439:
53:
1391:
1346:
365:
and elsewhere in Europe, the heyday of
Perpendicular is traditionally dated from 1377 until 1547, or from the beginning of the reign of
252:
34:
1647:
1580:
1538:
1439:
1027:
522:
or ribs extending downward below the windows creating perpendicular spaces. These became the most characteristic feature of the style.
438:, Surveyor of the Fabric of Westminster Abbey, proposed that the origin of the Perpendicular style was to be found not in 14th-century
30:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2515:
2404:
2018:
1361:
289:, first published in 1812, divided Gothic architecture in the British Isles into three stylistic periods. The third and final style –
2236:
2215:
2161:
2099:
2001:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1841:
376:
2663:
2609:
2469:
2253:
1116:
1086:
1071:
2424:
742:, particularly in the choir stalls, which often featured carved grotesque figures on the bench ends called "poppy heads", from
630:
1867:
1272:
761:
appeared in major churches, either as screened-off sections or structural editions, paid for by wealthy individuals or guilds.
2479:
530:
1286:
2335:
994:
2668:
2464:
1122:
595:
487:
became a distinctive feature of
Perpendicular. Along with rest of Old St Paul's, the chapter house was destroyed by the
1257:
703:
of stone were frequently elaborate and highly decorative. The most common types on major buildings were fan vaults and
2474:
2444:
2305:
1301:
139:
132:
92:
373:. Though the style rarely appeared on the European continent, it was dominant in England until the mid-16th century.
2510:
2500:
2449:
2399:
1278:
1033:
471:
463:
392:
197:
414:
2505:
2593:
2454:
2315:
2290:
511:
350:
328:
324:
112:
1243:
757:'doll'. Pulpits and benches became more common in churches with the increased emphasis on preaching.
2276:
2207:
2167:
1800:
603:
467:
119:
from the 14th century to the 17th century. Perpendicular was unique to the country: no equivalent arose in
2495:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2345:
618:
495:
159:
46:
2550:
2340:
2320:
1136:
1093:
587:. By c.1400 the style was widespread across the country, from Melrose in Scotland to Wells in Somerset.
537:
515:
294:
1632:
An
Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England: From the Conquest to the Reformation
980:
816:, nave, cloister, remodelling of Chapter House, south-west tower, Bell Harry Tower, Christ Church Gate
1496:
1397:
1337:
1322:
1211:
1196:
1151:
1101:
1077:
956:
652:
576:
568:
507:
488:
443:
423:
419:
213:
128:
62:
637:
at
Westminster Abbey, a major example of the late Perpendicular style. Another important example is
403:
131:, Perpendicular was the first to experience a second wave of popularity from the 18th century on in
2300:
1000:
752:
591:
580:
540:
the style began to dominate at the Court, especially at the redevelopment of Windsor Castle, where
479:
354:
124:
2568:
2563:
2419:
2310:
1782:
1307:
645:, begun in 1475. The vault of the chapel was contracted to the master-mason John Aylmer in 1506.
584:
572:
560:
447:
320:
236:
120:
96:
2365:
2325:
2232:
2211:
2175:
2157:
2139:
2095:
2034:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1922:
1876:
1847:
1837:
1810:
1774:
1736:
1663:
1596:
1554:
1508:
1455:
1382:
1231:
1018:
564:
526:
459:
451:
396:
381:
275:
189:
143:
104:
38:
2026:
1655:
1588:
1546:
1500:
1447:
1367:
1227:
1014:
732:
634:
556:
346:
264:
205:
100:
2030:
1659:
1592:
1550:
1451:
111:, and regular arch-topped rectangular panelling. Perpendicular was the prevailing style of
2573:
2530:
2330:
2194:
1726:
1352:
1047:
986:
743:
694:
552:
503:
435:
146:, allowing them to be rather wider and flatter than in other Gothic styles. Perpendicular
673:
and Gloucester Cathedral, and the churches of Boston (Lincolnshire), Wrexham and Taunton.
648:
2583:
1626:
1249:
786:, recasing of transepts, choir and presbytery, cloister, tower, Lady Chapel, west front
758:
704:
642:
475:
316:
282:
256:
228:
171:
2622:
1292:
626:
594:
the official style of the Court became relatively austere, as seen at the chapels of
455:
260:
193:
163:
2545:
1687:
Encyclopaedia Britannica on-line, "Perpendicular Gothic", retrieved August 19, 2020
1263:
1181:
1107:
670:
614:
610:
599:
548:
541:
248:
17:
1504:
731:
were commonly used in windows and tracery and for vaults and doorways, though the
1804:
1730:
1630:
555:
in the later 14th century. Yevele designed works for the King and Court, such as
293:– Rickman characterised as mostly belonging to buildings built from the reign of
2558:
2295:
332:
2578:
2555:
2434:
2355:
1166:
715:
439:
366:
358:
305:
244:
167:
1880:
1778:
621:(now a cathedral) and King's College chapel. These were both straightforward
2588:
2540:
2535:
1235:
622:
370:
240:
232:
201:
175:
2179:
1851:
804:, cloister (heavily restored), nave, Henry VI's Chantry, Henry VII's Chapel
2245:
1732:
Westminster Abbey & the King's Craftsmen: A Study of Mediæval Building
519:
499:
224:
151:
2188:
1831:
2190:
English Church Architecture of the Middle Ages – an Elementary Handbook
209:
147:
116:
108:
58:
42:
1786:
1762:
442:, as was traditionally argued, but in London, where the court of the
362:
155:
629:
also reached its apogee with those over St Frideswide's Priory (now
2598:
647:
413:
402:
375:
52:
29:
1763:"St. Stephen's Chapel and the Origin of the Perpendicular Style"
470:, the octagonal chapter house of St Paul's, built about 1332 by
2249:
718:. In more advanced buildings, capitals became less prominent.
227:
are early examples. Four-centred arches were often used, and
287:
Attempt to Discriminate the Style of Architecture in England
774:, St Stephen's Chapel (largely destroyed), Westminster Hall
1836:. World of Art. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 196.
319:, the prevailing Perpendicular style is commonly known as
27:
Third historical division of English Gothic architecture
2113:
2111:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2023:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1709:
1707:
1705:
1652:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1585:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1543:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1444:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
529:
church (Gloucester was not a bishopric until after the
498:
at Westminster Palace, a palatine chapel built by King
181:
The first Perpendicular style building was designed in
883:, vault of cathedral, Tom Quad (never fully completed)
349:(or Second Pointed) style and preceded the arrival of
1635:(5th ed.). London: J. H. Parker. pp. lxiii.
1325:
east end (1331–1350), with a four-centred arch window
1021:(1503–), with Perpendicular tracery and blind panels.
353:
elements in Tudor and Elizabethan architecture. As a
494:
Elements of early Perpendicular are also known from
478:, was the earliest example of Perpendicular Gothic.
235:, first at the latter 14th-century chapter house of
2488:
2388:
2283:
1866:
2017:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015),
1646:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015),
1579:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015),
1537:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015),
1438:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015),
579:itself as well as his educational foundations of
1868:"St Paul's Cathedral opens new South Churchyard"
107:, straight vertical and horizontal lines in the
91:) architecture was the third and final style of
2261:
8:
872:(formerly St Michael's Church, now in ruins)
231:seen in early buildings were developed into
2202:Martin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997).
848:, cloister, choir clerestory, vaults, spire
697:was used over select high-status buildings.
466:. According to the architectural historian
2268:
2254:
2246:
2094:. London: Batsford. pp. 63, 71, 153.
2639:Gothic architecture in the United Kingdom
2156:, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French);
2025:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,
1654:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,
1446:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press,
571:, while Wynford predominantly worked for
1767:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1411:
1050:west front: Decorated and Perpendicular
946:
938:(with some early Renaissance influence)
458:of the third-most senior bishop in the
1971:. London: Batsford. pp. 185–186.
1904:
1713:
2117:
2077:
2065:
1946:. London: Batsford. pp. 97–136.
1756:
1754:
1752:
1696:
1493:Royal Institute of British Architects
1064:Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick
810:, west front, recasing of nave, choir
798:, Dean's Cloister, St George's Chapel
178:were the typical stylistic features.
7:
2031:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
1660:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
1621:
1619:
1617:
1593:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
1551:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
1478:
1476:
1452:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
901:, everything except the nave arcades
866:, Castle tower and collegiate church
315:). From the 15th century, under the
162:frequently decorated with miniature
2204:A history of Merton College, Oxford
735:dominated until late in the period.
154:that rise vertically as far as the
1806:The Perpendicular Style, 1330-1485
972:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
547:The style attained maturity under
409:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
25:
2229:A History of Western Architecture
1809:. London: Batsford. p. 105.
575:of Winchester on the nave of the
407:Four-centred arch west window of
142:used in Perpendicular were often
2379:
1996:. London: Batsford. p. 13.
1921:. London: Batsford. p. 84.
1390:
1375:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1315:
1300:
1285:
1271:
1256:
1242:
1219:
1204:
1189:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1070:
1055:
1040:
1026:
1007:
993:
979:
964:
949:
738:The interiors had richly carved
323:, being ultimately succeeded by
281:The architect and art historian
253:King's College Chapel, Cambridge
35:King's College Chapel, Cambridge
2659:England in the High Middle Ages
1887:from the original on 2022-01-12
454:. The cathedral of London, the
337:
310:
299:
158:of the window, with horizontal
2634:Gothic architecture in England
1489:Sir Banister Fletcher Glossary
714:armorial symbols, or with the
531:Dissolution of the Monasteries
369:to the beginning the reign of
223:) and its latter 14th-century
1:
1830:Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967).
1505:10.5040/9781350122741.1001816
385:
268:
255:(1446–1461) and the brothers
217:
182:
103:, typified by large windows,
66:
1865:Peterkin, Tom (2008-06-04).
1483:Fraser, Murray, ed. (2018),
1340:crossing tower and transepts
2629:English Gothic architecture
2138:(in French). Paris: Payot.
1587:, Oxford University Press,
1545:, Oxford University Press,
895:, New Building (retrochoir)
889:, choir and Beaufort Chapel
854:, retrochoir, choir, towers
792:, Chapter House (destroyed)
780:, Chapter House (destroyed)
345:Perpendicular followed the
133:Gothic Revival architecture
93:English Gothic architecture
2685:
2187:Smith, A. Freeman (1922).
2154:Caractéristique des Styles
2136:Les Racines des Cathédrals
1279:St Mary Magdalene, Taunton
1034:New College Chapel, Oxford
2654:16th-century architecture
2649:15th-century architecture
2644:14th-century architecture
2607:
2460:National Trust properties
2377:
2134:Bechmann, Roland (2017).
1833:The Cathedrals of England
1123:St Giles' Church, Wrexham
887:St Mary's Church, Warwick
830:King's College, Cambridge
596:King's College, Cambridge
2594:English landscape garden
1761:Harvey, John H. (1946).
1727:Lethaby, William Richard
876:Magdalen College, Oxford
357:style contemporary with
329:Renaissance architecture
325:Elizabethan architecture
113:Late Gothic architecture
2664:Architecture in England
2277:Architecture of England
2208:Oxford University Press
2092:The Perpendicular Style
1994:The Perpendicular Style
1969:The Perpendicular Style
1944:The Perpendicular Style
1919:The Perpendicular Style
604:Divinity School, Oxford
502:following the model of
464:Old St Paul's Cathedral
393:Old St Paul's Cathedral
198:Old St Paul's Cathedral
2346:Strawberry Hill Gothic
2231:. Barrie and Jenkins.
2227:Watkin, David (1986).
1485:"Perpendicular Gothic"
893:Peterborough Cathedral
747:
656:
426:
411:
400:
239:(demolished 1769) and
73:
50:
2090:Harvey, John (1978).
1992:Harvey, John (1978).
1967:Harvey, John (1978).
1942:Harvey, John (1978).
1917:Harvey, John (1978).
1385:spire and west window
1184:chancel, looking west
1137:Merton College Chapel
1094:Christ Church, Oxford
931:South Wingfield Manor
881:Christ Church, Oxford
778:Old St Paul's, London
772:Palace of Westminster
677:Stained glass windows
651:
516:Michael of Canterbury
417:
406:
379:
56:
37:, Great East Window (
33:
2440:Renaissance theatres
2420:Round-tower churches
1497:University of London
1398:Chichester Cathedral
1338:Canterbury Cathedral
1323:Gloucester Cathedral
1212:Winchester Cathedral
1197:Canterbury Cathedral
1152:Gloucester Cathedral
1078:Manchester Cathedral
957:Winchester Cathedral
936:Hampton Court Palace
926:Manchester Cathedral
899:Great Malvern Priory
814:Canterbury Cathedral
808:Winchester Cathedral
784:Gloucester Cathedral
653:Gloucester Cathedral
569:Canterbury Cathedral
536:During the reign of
489:Great Fire of London
444:House of Plantagenet
424:Gloucester Cathedral
214:Gloucester Cathedral
150:is characterized by
129:architectural styles
127:. Of all the Gothic
123:or elsewhere in the
77:Perpendicular Gothic
63:Gloucester Cathedral
2669:Gothic architecture
2410:Medieval cathedrals
2405:Abbeys and priories
1873:The Daily Telegraph
1801:Harvey, John Hooper
1699:, p. loc. 204.
1234:(1503–) painted by
1154:, choir and chancel
1001:Eton College Chapel
916:Long Melford Church
820:New College, Oxford
581:New College, Oxford
496:St Stephen's Chapel
480:Alec Clifton-Taylor
144:four-centred arches
125:British-Irish Isles
105:four-centred arches
18:Perpendicular style
2569:Dartmoor longhouse
2564:Wealden hall house
2172:English Cathedrals
1308:Bridlington Priory
1062:Beauchamp Chapel,
870:Coventry Cathedral
825:Winchester College
790:Hereford Cathedral
657:
639:St George's Chapel
619:Peterborough Abbey
585:Winchester College
561:Portchester Castle
474:for the cathedral
448:Westminster Palace
427:
412:
401:
321:Tudor architecture
237:Hereford Cathedral
121:Continental Europe
97:Kingdom of England
74:
51:
2616:
2615:
2526:Brighton and Hove
2415:Former cathedrals
2366:Bristol Byzantine
2145:978-2-228-90651-7
2040:978-0-19-967498-5
1816:978-0-7134-1610-7
1742:978-0-405-08745-5
1669:978-0-19-967498-5
1602:978-0-19-967498-5
1560:978-0-19-967498-5
1514:978-1-350-12274-1
1461:978-0-19-967498-5
1383:Norwich Cathedral
1232:Westminster Abbey
1019:Westminster Abbey
846:Norwich Cathedral
841:Maidstone College
802:Westminster Abbey
756:
565:Westminster Abbey
563:and the naves of
527:Benedictine abbey
508:Palais de la Cité
460:Church of England
452:Westminster Abbey
397:Wenceslaus Hollar
382:William de Ramsey
380:Chapter house by
276:Westminster Abbey
190:William de Ramsey
95:developed in the
39:four-centred arch
16:(Redirected from
2676:
2455:Church monuments
2445:Listed buildings
2383:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2221:
2198:
2183:
2152:Ducher, Robert,
2149:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1773:(521): 192–199.
1758:
1747:
1746:
1735:. E. P. Dutton.
1723:
1717:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1581:"Vertue, Robert"
1576:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1435:
1394:
1379:
1368:Beverley Minster
1364:
1349:
1334:
1319:
1304:
1289:
1275:
1260:
1246:
1228:Henry VII Chapel
1223:
1208:
1193:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1133:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1074:
1059:
1044:
1030:
1015:Henry VII Chapel
1011:
997:
983:
968:
953:
858:Durham Cathedral
751:
733:two-centred arch
635:Henry VII Chapel
631:Oxford Cathedral
627:pendant vaulting
590:Under the pious
557:Westminster Hall
390:
387:
347:Decorated Gothic
341:
340: 1558–1603
339:
314:
313: 1509–1547
312:
303:
302: 1377–1399
301:
273:
272: 1503–1512
270:
265:Henry VII Chapel
222:
221: 1337–1357
219:
206:bishop of London
187:
184:
101:Late Middle Ages
71:
70: 1337–1357
68:
21:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2574:Somerset towers
2531:Hammerbeam roof
2484:
2430:Historic houses
2391:
2384:
2375:
2331:English Baroque
2279:
2274:
2239:
2226:
2218:
2201:
2195:T. Fisher Unwin
2186:
2166:
2146:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2053:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1627:Rickman, Thomas
1625:
1624:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1539:"Ely, Reginald"
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1440:"Perpendicular"
1437:
1436:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1353:Wells Cathedral
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1048:Edington Priory
1045:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1012:
1003:
998:
989:
987:Sherborne Abbey
984:
975:
969:
960:
954:
945:
911:Lavenham Church
860:, central tower
768:
759:Chantry chapels
695:hammerbeam roof
662:
660:Characteristics
553:William Wynford
504:Sainte-Chapelle
436:William Lethaby
432:
388:
336:
309:
298:
271:
220:
185:
172:lierne vaulting
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2584:Portland stone
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:English Gothic
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2199:
2184:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2100:
2082:
2070:
2051:
2039:
2019:"Aylmer, John"
2009:
2002:
1984:
1977:
1959:
1952:
1934:
1927:
1909:
1907:, p. 153.
1897:
1857:
1842:
1822:
1815:
1792:
1748:
1741:
1718:
1716:, p. 152.
1701:
1689:
1680:
1668:
1638:
1613:
1601:
1571:
1559:
1529:
1513:
1472:
1460:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1355:crossing tower
1351:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:crossing tower
1262:
1255:
1253:
1250:Magdalen Tower
1248:
1241:
1239:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1006:
1004:
999:
992:
990:
985:
978:
976:
970:
963:
961:
955:
948:
944:
941:
940:
939:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
838:
833:
827:
822:
817:
811:
805:
799:
796:Windsor Castle
793:
787:
781:
775:
767:
764:
763:
762:
736:
722:Fourth-centred
719:
708:
698:
687:
680:
674:
661:
658:
643:Windsor Castle
573:Bishop Wykeham
512:medieval Paris
472:William Ramsey
431:
428:
317:House of Tudor
283:Thomas Rickman
247:, and then at
168:hood mouldings
140:pointed arches
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:Cruck framing
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Country house
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Hindu temples
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2390:Buildings and
2387:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2240:
2238:0-7126-1279-3
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:0-19-920183-8
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:2-08-011539-1
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:0 7134 1610 6
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2003:0 7134 1610 6
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1978:0 7134 1610 6
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1953:0 7134 1610 6
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1928:0 7134 1610 6
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:0-500-20062-9
1839:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:Evesham Abbey
1288:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
991:
988:
982:
977:
973:
967:
962:
958:
952:
947:
942:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
906:
905:Melrose Abbey
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
760:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
712:
709:
706:
705:lierne vaults
702:
699:
696:
691:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
664:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:episcopal see
453:
449:
446:was based at
445:
441:
437:
429:
425:
421:
416:
410:
405:
398:
394:
383:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
307:
304:) to that of
296:
292:
291:Perpendicular
288:
284:
279:
277:
266:
262:
261:Robert Vertue
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:lierne vaults
226:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:chapter house
191:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:crenellations
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:Third Pointed
86:
82:
81:Perpendicular
78:
64:
60:
55:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2546:Bastle house
2425:Roman villas
2228:
2203:
2189:
2174:. Batsford.
2171:
2168:Harvey, John
2153:
2135:
2128:Bibliography
2091:
2085:
2073:
2044:, retrieved
2022:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1872:
1860:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1795:
1770:
1766:
1731:
1721:
1692:
1683:
1673:, retrieved
1651:
1641:
1631:
1606:, retrieved
1584:
1574:
1564:, retrieved
1542:
1532:
1524:
1518:, retrieved
1488:
1465:, retrieved
1443:
1264:York Minster
1182:York Minster
1108:Hull Minster
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
907:, presbytery
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
875:
869:
863:
857:
852:York Minster
851:
845:
840:
836:Eton College
835:
829:
824:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
739:
729:Tudor arches
728:
724:
721:
710:
700:
689:
682:
676:
671:York Minster
665:
615:John Wastell
611:Tudor Gothic
608:
600:Eton College
589:
549:Henry Yevele
546:
542:John Sponlee
535:
524:
493:
485:
433:
344:
290:
286:
280:
249:Reginald Ely
180:
176:fan vaulting
137:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:
2480:Lighthouses
2435:Hall houses
2316:Elizabethan
2296:Saxo-Norman
2291:Anglo-Saxon
1905:Watkin 1986
1714:Watkin 1986
864:Tattershall
655:lady chapel
483:cathedral.
468:John Harvey
462:, was then
389: 1332
355:Late Gothic
351:Renaissance
333:Elizabeth I
186: 1332
99:during the
85:Rectilinear
41:, straight
2623:Categories
2579:Bath stone
2556:Oast house
2511:Manchester
2501:Birmingham
2392:structures
2356:Jacobethan
2336:Queen Anne
2206:. Oxford:
2118:Smith 1922
2078:Smith 1922
2066:Smith 1922
2046:2020-05-16
1891:2020-08-28
1697:Smith 1922
1675:2020-04-09
1608:2020-05-16
1566:2020-05-16
1520:2020-08-26
1467:2020-05-16
1406:References
1400:spire
1370:west front
1310:west front
1295:bell tower
1167:Bath Abbey
959:west front
921:Bath Abbey
716:Tudor rose
633:) and the
623:fan vaults
538:Edward III
440:Gloucester
367:Richard II
359:Flamboyant
306:Henry VIII
295:Richard II
245:Gloucester
233:fan vaults
2589:Flushwork
2541:Almshouse
2536:Fan vault
2506:Liverpool
2465:Windmills
2371:Brutalist
2361:Edwardian
2351:Victorian
1881:0307-1235
1779:0951-0788
1629:(1848) .
1236:Canaletto
577:cathedral
491:in 1666.
420:Edward II
371:Edward VI
241:cloisters
225:cloisters
202:cathedral
2610:Category
2475:Stadiums
2341:Georgian
2326:Carolean
2321:Jacobean
2170:(1961).
1885:Archived
1803:(1978).
1729:(1906).
1495:and the
1092:Hall of
832:, Chapel
766:Examples
740:woodwork
592:Henry VI
520:mullions
500:Edward I
434:In 1906
418:Tomb of
160:transoms
152:mullions
47:transoms
43:mullions
2521:Bristol
2450:Museums
2400:Castles
2180:2437034
1852:2631377
1648:"Tudor"
1169:chancel
1080:chancel
974:(1475–)
943:Gallery
755:
711:Columns
683:Tracery
506:at the
450:beside
430:History
257:William
210:chancel
204:of the
148:tracery
117:England
109:tracery
59:chancel
2559:(cowl)
2496:London
2301:Norman
2284:Styles
2235:
2214:
2178:
2160:
2142:
2120:, 352.
2098:
2080:, 327.
2068:, 335.
2037:
2000:
1975:
1950:
1925:
1879:
1850:
1840:
1813:
1787:869300
1785:
1777:
1739:
1666:
1599:
1557:
1511:
1458:
748:poupée
744:French
725:arches
701:Vaults
666:Towers
625:, but
476:canons
363:France
331:under
208:. The
200:, the
174:, and
156:soffit
79:(also
2489:Other
2311:Tudor
1783:JSTOR
1139:tower
690:Roofs
391:) at
274:) at
87:, or
2516:Bath
2233:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2176:OCLC
2158:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1998:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1877:ISSN
1848:OCLC
1838:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1775:ISSN
1737:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1226:The
1214:nave
1199:nave
1110:nave
753:lit.
598:and
583:and
567:and
551:and
395:(by
327:and
259:and
196:for
192:: a
138:The
57:The
45:and
2027:doi
1656:doi
1589:doi
1547:doi
1501:doi
1448:doi
1230:at
1017:at
727:or
641:at
617:at
510:in
422:in
361:in
285:'s
263:'s
251:'s
243:at
212:of
188:by
115:in
61:of
2625::
2210:.
2193:.
2110:^
2054:^
2033:,
2021:,
1883:.
1875:.
1871:.
1846:.
1781:.
1771:88
1769:.
1765:.
1751:^
1704:^
1662:,
1650:,
1616:^
1595:,
1583:,
1553:,
1541:,
1523:,
1507:,
1499:,
1491:,
1487:,
1475:^
1454:,
1442:,
1414:^
750:,
746::
606:.
559:,
386:c.
338:r.
311:r.
300:r.
278:.
269:c.
218:c.
183:c.
170:,
135:.
83:,
67:c.
2269:e
2262:t
2255:v
2241:.
2220:.
2197:.
2182:.
2148:.
2104:.
2029::
2006:.
1981:.
1956:.
1931:.
1894:.
1854:.
1819:.
1789:.
1745:.
1658::
1591::
1549::
1503::
1450::
399:)
384:(
335:(
308:(
297:(
267:(
216:(
72:)
65:(
49:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
