1818:"walks away" from the crime. However, many jurisdictions do not recognize abandonment. Courts that do recognize this defense generally apply it only where the defendant completely and voluntarily renounces any criminal purpose. However, the abandonment is not complete and voluntary where the defendant desists from criminal efforts due to unexpected resistance (e.g., from victims), the discovery of the absence of an instrumentality needed for the completion of the offense, or other circumstances that increase the probability of arrest, or decrease the probability of successful completion of the crime (e.g. proximate arrival of police). Abandonment is also invalid where the defendant simply postpones the criminal plan until another time.
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accidentally kills Carol, Alice may be guilty of assaulting Bob (among other things), but not attempted murder, unless Alice intended that such fright would kill Bob. Whether Alice would be guilty of murdering Carol would depend on the specific circumstances and what Alice foresaw. The punishment for an attempt is often tied to that of the intended offense (e.g., half the fine, or half the prison time).
132:
251:
32:
73:
1825:, the defendant is not guilty of an attempt if they (1) abandon the effort to commit the crime or prevent the crime from being committed, and (2) their behavior manifests a complete and voluntary renunciation of the criminal purpose (MPC § 5.01(4)). However, the renunciation is not complete if motivated in whole or part by one of the following:
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well that in doing that there was a high degree of probability" that the victim would be killed. The Court of Appeal did not accept that the reference to "very high degree of probability" was a misdirection, but Lloyd LJ. stated that in the rare cases where an expanded direction is required to include foresight, courts should use
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is inadmissible. Nevertheless, undercover police officers do sell real or fake contraband such as illegal drugs or guns, as a means of exposing criminal activity. Some consider the use of fake material as a slightly safer way to catch criminals, rather than risk the real contraband falling into the
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of an attempt offense in the United States are varied and nonuniform. Generally, there are two categories which a test can fall under: tests that focus on how much remains to be done before the crime is committed; and those that consider what has already occurred. Further complicating matters, U.S.
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or connected to the crime. However, sometimes it is hard to draw the line between those acts which were merely preparatory, and those involved in executing a plan. Would-be criminals will always go through a series of steps to arrive at the intended conclusion. Some aspects of the execution of the
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is that attempt to commit an act occurs when a person comes dangerously close to carrying out a criminal act, and intends to commit the act, but does not commit it. The person may have carried out all the necessary steps (or thought they had) but still failed, or the attempt may have been abandoned
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The "purpose" (as in situation 1) or "belief" (as in situation 2) required for an attempt do not necessarily encompass the attendant circumstances of the crime. Instead, the defendant must possess as to the attendant circumstances the degree of culpability required to commit the target offense, as
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intention based on foresight. The defendants threw their victim from a third floor balcony and were charged with attempted murder. The judge directed the jury that they could infer intention if there was a high degree of probability that the victim would be killed and if the defendants knew "quite
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Recklessness will sometimes suffice for 'circumstances' of the crime. To be liable for attempted rape a defendant need not actually intend to have non-consensual intercourse, mere recklessness towards the lack of consent is enough (R v Khan). Likewise with attempted aggravated arson, recklessness
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or removed from the full offense. Examples are watching the intended victim over a period of time to establish the routines and traveling to a store to buy necessary tools and equipment. But the closer to the reality of committing the offense the potential wrongdoer moves, the greater the social
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which had held it to be a good defence if the intended crime was factually or legally incapable of fulfillment. This change in the law avoids any problem in an early arrest because, once in police custody, it is extraordinarily difficult to commit the full offence. Further, both the incompetent
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occurs if a criminal has an intent to commit a crime and takes a substantial step toward completing the crime, but for reasons not intended by the criminal, the final resulting crime does not occur. Attempt to commit a particular crime is a crime, usually considered to be of the same or lesser
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applies so that if Alice intends to murder Bob with a gun, but the shot accidentally misses and kills Carol, then Alice is guilty of the murder of Carol and the attempted murder of Bob. Alternatively, if Alice intends merely to frighten Bob, and that same shot intentionally misses Bob but
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that only those people who actually choose to break the law should be arrested. Since the potential wrongdoer could change their mind at any point before the crime is committed, the state should wait until the last possible minute to ensure that the intention is going to be realized.
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criminal who fails because the means adopted are inadequate (e.g. intends to poison a victim but the amount administered is harmless, or makes a false statement that does not deceive the intended victim) and the unlucky thief who find the pocket or purse empty, can now be convicted.
1274:. Punishment is often less severe than would be the case if the attempted crime had been carried out. Abandonment of the attempt may constitute a not guilty defence, depending partly on the extent to which the attempt was abandoned freely and voluntarily. Early
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of the driver, he could not be guilty of recklessly attempting to murder the passengers, because attempt requires a higher level of intent than recklessness. Further, the overwhelming rule in the United States is that no one can be convicted of attempted
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applies the Act even though the facts are such that the commission of the offence is impossible so long as, under section 1(3), the defendant believes that he is about to break the law and intends to commit the relevant full offence. This reverses the
1395:. "The test of proximity was that the defendant must have ... crossed the rubicon, burnt his boats, or reached a point of no return". So the defendant has reached that part of the series of acts, which if not interrupted, frustrated, or
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the person. This is a difficult policy area. On the one hand, the state wishes to be able to protect its citizens from harm. This requires an arrest at the earliest possible time. But, most states recognise a principle of individual
1748:(3) purposely acts (or omits to act) when that act (or omission) constitutes a substantial step in a planned course of conduct that ends in her commission of the crime, if attendant circumstances were as she believed them to be.
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However, there is some uncertainty as to what exactly 'more than merely preparatory' means. It is upon the discretion of the judges and the jury to decide. Major criticism was attracted after the judgement in
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since, by definition, there is insufficient intention to commit the full offense. Hence, there can be no charge of attempted involuntary manslaughter. It may, however, be possible to prove an attempted
1706:, the defendant Lyerla randomly shot into a truck 3 times after being goaded by the driver of the truck. One shot killed the driver and the others did not hit the driver or either of 2 passengers. The
1415:, leaving it to the jury to decide. A defendant who changes their mind after the act is sufficiently proximate, is still guilty of an attempt although the change of heart could be reflected in the
1745:(2) purposely acts (or omits to act) with purpose of causing (or belief that the act will cause) a result that is an element of the crime and that no further act by defendant is needed, or
1521:, for a defendant to be convicted of attempt requires that they perform a "substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in commission of the crime" (MPC 5.01(1)(c)).
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of conspiracy, or aiding, abetting, counseling or procuring an offense because the defendant would be too remote from the full offense. Similarly, there can be no attempt where the
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criminal attempt says, "Except as otherwise provided, attempt... of the same grade and degree as the most serious offense that is attempted... An attempt... to commit a
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of the full offense is "possession" of prohibited materials, there can be no criminal possession. Can there be an attempt to possess when, in the circumstances, it was
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as that is "...more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence," that allowed liability to attach slightly earlier in the sequence of acts. Subsequent
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1427:, where the court acquitted the defendant who was trying to kidnap a young boy, stating that he had not gone far enough, and his acts were 'merely preparatory'.
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Section 5.01 defines criminal attempt to commit a crime as occurring when a defendant acts with the culpability required to commit that crime, and either
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1639:. That means that the defendant must have decided to bring about, so far as lay within their powers, the commission of the full offense. However,
1742:(1) purposely engages in conduct that would be a commission of the crime if the attendant circumstances were as defendant believed them to be, or
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They postpone the criminal conduct to a more advantageous time, or to transfer the criminal effort to another but similar objective or victim.
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in 1901. Holmes as a U.S. Supreme Court justice later articulated the test as "dangerous proximity to success" of the crime in a dissent in
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since all the preparatory steps are presumably commissive in building up to the situation in which the defendant will fail to act.
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Criminal Law - Cases and
Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder,
1391:, an attempt is defined as 'doing an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence' according to the
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In many states in the United States, it is impossible, as a matter of law, to attempt to commit a crime whose underlying
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of an attempt; and (2) the actor must perform that act with the specific intention of committing the target crime.
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of an attempt offense is divided into two parts: (1) the actor must intend to commit the act that constitutes the
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is that the person engages in conduct that "tends to effect the commission of such crime". The test this requires
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They are merely reacting to circumstances that increase the probability of detection or apprehension.
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precedent is used to distinguish between acts that were merely preparatory and those sufficiently
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to commit that full offense. The normal rule for establishing criminal liability is to prove an
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did not punish attempts; the law of attempt was not recognised by common law until the case of
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1559:". Factual impossibility is rarely a defense. A standard policing strategy is the use of an
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is the essence of attempt. Only a direct and specific intent will support a conviction.
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They are reacting to a change in circumstances that makes the crime harder to commit.
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or prevented at a late stage. The attempt must have gone beyond mere planning or
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1990:
Lippman's
Contemporary Criminal Law, Student Study Site, Copyright 2008 SAGE.
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1976:
Defining
Attempts: Mandujano's Error, Duke University, Michael R. Fishman,
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1660:(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 226 deals with the issue of the power of a court to
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who need to know when they can intervene to avert the threatened harm by
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term for the "guilty act") of the full offense, but has the direct and
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
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2141:"Commonwealth v. Peaslee | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis"
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2069:. Stephen P. Garvey (8 ed.). St. Paul, MN. pp. 323–334.
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gravity as the particular crime attempted. Attempt is a type of
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to offer temptation to suspected criminals. In some countries,
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The essence of the crime of attempt in legal terms is that the
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of a crime. There are many specific crimes of attempt, such as
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towards loss of life will suffice (A-G's
Reference #3 1992).
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wrong hands. But if there is no actual contraband and the
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of an attempt has occurred is a question of fact for the
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1996:
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impossible to follow through to commit the full offense
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The dangerous proximity test was formulated by
Justice
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Having an intent for and preparing to complete a crime
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Abandonment can also be a defense to either element (
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danger they become. This is a critical issue for the
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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
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156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1710:found that although Lyerla was guilty of reckless
3004:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2591:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2186:
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1685:Generally, the rule in the United States for the
1242:and some conduct toward completion of the crime.
1988:Chapter 7: Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation
3171:
2231:
1206:
8:
2165:"Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347 (1912)"
94:. There might be a discussion about this on
1753:specified in the elements of that offense.
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3164:
3156:
2238:
2224:
2216:
2097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1863:Manslaughter in English law § Attempt
1411:have abandoned the more formal common law
1315:("guilty mind") at the relevant time (see
1213:
1199:
245:
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
2558:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
1781:It is not possible to attempt the other
1440:jurisdictions rarely use only one test.
1323:offenses as the exception to the rule).
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2751:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
2563:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
2114:section 110.00, which may be found at
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1700:is only recklessness. For example, in
2719:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
1719:because that offense is based on the
1435:The legal rules for establishing the
7:
2626:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
2058:
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2027:Stephen's Digest of the Criminal Law
1934:
1932:
1930:
1840:Attempts to commit specific offenses
1476:, or "the thing speaks for itself",
154:adding citations to reliable sources
1939:Criminal Law - Cases and Materials
1875:Rape in English law § Attempt
14:
2066:Criminal Law: Cases and Materials
1943:Wolters Kluwer Law & Business
1907:People v. Superior Court (Decker)
1343:to decide after having heard the
41:This article has multiple issues.
3779:Perverting the course of justice
3262:
3253:
3201:. Not all types are listed here.
3019:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2979:Perverting the course of justice
2400:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2116:New York State Assembly web site
1551:There is a distinction between "
849:Perverting the course of justice
249:
130:
71:
30:
3517:Intellectual property violation
3143:History of English criminal law
3034:Obstruction of a police officer
2697:Fear or provocation of violence
1331:(guilty act) of attempted crime
744:Intellectual property violation
141:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
3044:Refusing to assist a constable
2860:Taking without owner's consent
2017:2 All ER 909 per Lord Diplock.
1539:United States v. Thomas (1962)
1:
3064:Fabrication of false evidence
2776:Misconduct in a public office
2702:Harassment, alarm or distress
2276:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
2130:(N.Y. Court of Appeals 1993).
1543:James v. United States (2007)
1525:The question of impossibility
1254:, and is distinct from other
2781:Misfeasance in public office
2381:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1897:Impossibility of performance
1507:Hyde v. United States (1912)
1079:Ignorantia juris non excusat
2948:Cheating the public revenue
2740:Effecting a public mischief
2586:Assault with intent to rape
1947:John Kaplan (law professor)
1771:felony of the second degree
4019:
3542:Possessing stolen property
3024:Escape from lawful custody
2910:Fraud by abuse of position
2576:Assault with intent to rob
2500:Category:Criminal defences
2207:Understanding Criminal Law
1767:felony of the first degree
1761:Model Penal Code §5.05 on
1708:South Dakota Supreme Court
1602:Criminal Attempts Act 1981
1528:
1401:Criminal Attempts Act 1981
1393:Criminal Attempts Act 1981
769:Possessing stolen property
417:Offense against the person
18:
3954:
3251:
3194:
3140:For obsolete aspects see
3129:
2875:Misappropriation of funds
2807:Offences against property
2489:Diminished responsibility
2063:Dressler, Joshua (2019).
1669:as the test, rather than
1464:An action that reveals a
1291:has failed to commit the
1245:One group of theories in
1063:Diminished responsibility
857:Crimes against the public
3641:(such as prohibition of
2962:Offences against justice
2735:Outraging public decency
2659:Sexual Offences Act 2003
2460:inc. participation in a
2370:Lesser included offences
2326:Intention in English law
2321:Intention (criminal law)
1789:for the full offense is
1717:involuntary manslaughter
1517:Under the United States
992:Crimes against the state
912:(such as prohibition of
21:Attempt (disambiguation)
1351:regarding the law. The
676:Crimes against property
366:(also called violation)
3759:Miscarriage of justice
3079:Other common law areas
3029:Obstruction of justice
2771:Accessory (legal term)
2533:Corporate manslaughter
1128:Other common-law areas
961:Crimes against animals
829:Miscarriage of justice
811:Crimes against justice
3754:Malfeasance in office
3197:Note: Crimes vary by
2994:Misprision of treason
2915:Conspiracy to defraud
2870:Handling stolen goods
2714:Public Order Act 1986
2669:Public order offences
2209:, J. Dressler (2006).
1892:Impossibility defense
1814:) of attempt, if the
1658:R v Walker and Hayles
1553:factual impossibility
1547:Impossibility defense
1513:U.S. Model Penal Code
1494:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1262:to commit a crime or
1034:Defenses to liability
824:Malfeasance in office
3847:Cybersex trafficking
3609:Censorship violation
3014:Harboring a fugitive
2984:Witness intimidation
2934:Forgery, personation
2553:Concealment of birth
2247:English criminal law
1712:second degree murder
1635:is not a sufficient
1600:Section 1(2) of the
1452:law, the element of
1270:, which may vary by
880:Censorship violation
603:Cybersex trafficking
150:improve this article
84:confusing or unclear
19:For other uses, see
3639:Illegal consumption
3311:Criminal negligence
3069:Rescuing a prisoner
3039:Wasting police time
2797:Dereliction of duty
2756:Breach of the peace
2474:Prevention of crime
2336:Criminal negligence
1791:criminal negligence
1725:criminal negligence
1656:Under English law,
1557:legal impossibility
1485:dangerous proximity
1058:Defense of property
910:Illegal consumption
446:Criminal negligence
346:Severity of offense
92:clarify the article
3842:Child sexual abuse
3807:Wildlife smuggling
3797:Cruelty to animals
3586:Against the public
3415:Negligent homicide
3326:False imprisonment
3281:Against the person
3135:English law portal
3121:Criminal procedure
2786:Abuse of authority
2616:False imprisonment
2467:Medical procedures
2295:Elements of crimes
1641:transferred intent
1622:of attempted crime
1583:People v. Lee Kong
1531:People v. Lee Kong
979:Wildlife smuggling
969:Cruelty to animals
598:Child sexual abuse
550:Negligent homicide
461:False imprisonment
358:Indictable offense
302:Scope of criminal
3998:Inchoate offenses
3993:Elements of crime
3980:
3979:
3963:Wikimedia Commons
3923:Inchoate offenses
3867:Indecent exposure
3356:Human trafficking
3321:Domestic violence
3153:
3152:
3059:Contempt of court
2989:Witness tampering
2707:intent aggravates
2692:Unlawful assembly
2548:Child destruction
2392:Inchoate offences
2254:Classes of crimes
2196:978-1-4548-0698-1
2076:978-1-68328-822-0
1963:978-1-4548-0698-1
1914:State v. Mitchell
1783:inchoate offenses
1727:or recklessness.
1677:3 WLR 382 (HL)).
1667:virtual certainty
1611:Haughton v Smith,
1596:England and Wales
1589:State v. Mitchell
1561:agent provocateur
1535:State v. Mitchell
1472:res ipsa loquitur
1383:England and Wales
1309:accompanied by a
1256:inchoate offenses
1223:
1222:
623:Indecent exposure
491:Human trafficking
456:Domestic violence
384:Inchoate offenses
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
200:
124:
123:
116:
64:
4010:
3629:Ethnic cleansing
3567:Trespass to land
3462:Arms trafficking
3272:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
2925:Webcam blackmail
2746:disorderly house
2682:Violent disorder
2543:Unlawful killing
2511:Offences against
2349:Strict liability
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2128:People v. Acosta
2125:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2060:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2015:DPP v Stonehouse
2012:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1941:, 7th ed. 2012,
1936:
1851:Attempted murder
1823:Model Penal Code
1736:Model Penal Code
1731:Model Penal Code
1671:high probability
1519:Model Penal Code
1496:in the trial of
1360:act will be too
1321:strict liability
1268:attempted murder
1215:
1208:
1201:
1172:
1043:Actual innocence
900:Ethnic cleansing
794:Trespass to land
689:Arms trafficking
253:
246:
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
199:
158:
134:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3897:Sex trafficking
3823:Sexual offenses
3817:
3816:
3815:
3789:Against animals
3784:
3783:
3782:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3497:False pretenses
3441:
3440:
3439:
3403:Preterintention
3275:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3249:
3203:
3190:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3125:
3073:
2957:
2935:
2929:
2845:Criminal damage
2801:
2730:Public nuisance
2663:
2641:Sexual offences
2635:
2611:Child abduction
2512:
2505:
2451:Loss of control
2424:
2386:
2358:
2290:
2249:
2244:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2106:
2089:
2077:
2062:
2061:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1951:Robert Weisberg
1937:
1928:
1923:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1842:
1804:
1779:
1759:
1733:
1703:State v. Lyerla
1683:
1654:
1624:
1598:
1592:, for example.
1567:resulting from
1549:
1527:
1515:
1482:The person has
1466:criminal intent
1446:
1433:
1409:ratio decidendi
1385:
1333:
1303:specific intent
1281:Rex v. Scofield
1219:
1160:
724:False pretenses
653:Sex trafficking
579:Sexual offenses
538:Preterintention
374:Summary offense
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
159:
157:
147:
135:
120:
109:
103:
100:
89:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3907:Sexual slavery
3904:
3902:Sexual assault
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Hostage-taking
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2999:Jury tampering
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:Fraud Act 2006
2902:
2900:Theft Act 1978
2897:
2895:Theft Act 1968
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Cheating (law)
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Forcible entry
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2654:Sexual assault
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2568:Common assault
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:sporting event
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Common purpose
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2180:
2156:
2132:
2120:
2112:N.Y. Penal Law
2104:
2075:
2044:
2040:R v Jones (KH)
2031:
2019:
2007:
1992:
1980:
1969:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1803:
1800:
1778:
1775:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1732:
1729:
1682:
1679:
1653:
1650:
1623:
1616:
1609:' decision in
1607:House of Lords
1597:
1594:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1445:
1444:New York State
1442:
1432:
1429:
1413:last step test
1384:
1381:
1332:
1325:
1236:inchoate crime
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
963:
962:
958:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
907:
902:
897:
895:Hostage-taking
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
859:
858:
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
813:
812:
808:
807:
806:
805:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:
663:Sexual slavery
660:
658:Sexual assault
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
546:
545:
535:
534:
533:
523:
518:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
420:
419:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
387:
386:
380:
379:
378:
377:
367:
361:
348:
347:
343:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
307:
306:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
279:
269:
268:
262:
261:
255:
254:
242:
241:
224:
223:
138:
136:
129:
122:
121:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4015:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Homosexuality
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Miscegenation
3655:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Pickpocketing
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Home invasion
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Assassination
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
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2906:
2903:
2901:
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2896:
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2891:
2888:
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2883:
2881:
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2876:
2873:
2871:
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2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
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167: –
166:
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161:Find sources:
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139:This article
137:
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37:
28:
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3945:Solicitation
3882:Prostitution
3872:Masturbation
3703:Lèse-majesté
3692:Against the
3487:Embezzlement
3376:Manslaughter
3361:Intimidation
3199:jurisdiction
3196:
3141:
3133:
2936:and cheating
2920:Fare evasion
2529:Manslaughter
2498:
2494:Intoxication
2436:Self-defence
2414:
2379:
2331:Recklessness
2313:
2301:
2206:
2202:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:
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2148:. Retrieved
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2010:
2004:Criminal Law
2003:
1983:
1972:
1938:
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1901:Contract law
1887:Criminal law
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1857:Manslaughter
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1335:Whether the
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1292:
1286:
1279:
1272:jurisdiction
1264:solicitation
1247:criminal law
1244:
1229:to commit a
1226:
1224:
1120:Self-defense
1077:
1000:Lèse-majesté
714:Embezzlement
638:Prostitution
628:Masturbation
511:Manslaughter
496:Intimidation
408:Solicitation
392:
281:
274:
259:Criminal law
230:
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203:
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186:
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160:
148:Please help
143:verification
140:
110:
104:January 2008
101:
90:Please help
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3852:Fornication
3769:Obstruction
3749:Compounding
3557:Tax evasion
3306:Child abuse
3220:Misdemeanor
2537:Infanticide
2375:Concurrence
2042:1 WLR 1057.
1802:Abandonment
1675:R v Woollin
1468:, that is,
1389:English law
1317:concurrence
1252:preparation
1115:Provocation
839:Obstruction
819:Compounding
784:Tax evasion
608:Fornication
441:Child abuse
370:Misdemeanor
294:Concurrence
3987:Categories
3958:WikiSource
3940:Incitement
3935:Conspiracy
3812:Bestiality
3764:Misprision
3728:Subversion
3682:War crimes
3677:Usurpation
3604:Corruption
3482:Cybercrime
3366:Kidnapping
3346:Hate crime
3336:Harassment
3316:Defamation
3270:Law portal
3245:Corruption
3235:Indictable
3215:Infraction
2890:Cybercrime
2820:Dishonesty
2744:Keeping a
2621:Harassment
2606:Kidnapping
2513:the person
2405:Conspiracy
2303:Actus reus
2286:Common law
2266:Either way
2261:Indictable
2174:2024-03-20
2150:2021-11-18
2145:LexisNexis
2085:1080075738
1921:References
1821:Under the
1812:actus reus
1777:No attempt
1691:actus reus
1673:(see also
1574:actus reus
1569:entrapment
1529:See also:
1502:v. Peaslee
1454:actus reus
1437:actus reus
1425:R v Geddes
1417:sentencing
1405:actus reus
1353:common law
1337:actus reus
1329:actus reus
1307:actus reus
1294:actus reus
1276:common law
1260:conspiracy
1073:Entrapment
1048:Automatism
1025:Subversion
984:Bestiality
953:War crimes
948:Usurpation
875:Corruption
834:Misprision
709:Cybercrime
501:Kidnapping
481:Hate crime
471:Harassment
451:Defamation
403:Incitement
398:Conspiracy
364:Infraction
323:Complicity
318:Accomplice
276:Actus reus
176:newspapers
86:to readers
46:improve it
3968:Wikiquote
3912:Voyeurism
3892:Pederasty
3877:Obscenity
3718:Secession
3713:Espionage
3672:Terrorism
3634:Smuggling
3572:Vandalism
3552:Smuggling
3492:Extortion
3467:Blackmail
3380:corporate
3186:Types of
3054:Espionage
2885:Extortion
2880:Blackmail
2865:Deception
2850:Squatting
2446:Necessity
2410:Accessory
2363:Doctrines
2354:Omissions
2345:Vicarious
2341:Corporate
2309:Causation
2281:Statutory
2093:cite book
2002:Herring,
1816:defendant
1397:abandoned
1371:arresting
1357:proximate
1289:defendant
1284:in 1784.
1136:Contracts
1110:Necessity
1015:Secession
1010:Espionage
943:Terrorism
905:Smuggling
799:Vandalism
779:Smuggling
719:Extortion
694:Blackmail
668:Voyeurism
648:Pederasty
633:Obscenity
515:corporate
338:Vicarious
333:Principal
328:Corporate
313:Accessory
304:liability
289:Causation
165:"Attempt"
52:talk page
3973:Wikinews
3832:Adultery
3802:Poaching
3738:Against
3723:Sedition
3667:Regicide
3619:Genocide
3594:Apostasy
3576:Mischief
3512:Gambling
3477:Burglary
3448:property
3446:Against
3430:Stabbing
3425:Stalking
3408:Homicide
3371:Menacing
3351:Homicide
3116:Evidence
3097:Property
3087:Contract
3049:Sedition
2953:Uttering
2855:Trespass
2830:Burglary
2728:Causing
2724:Nuisance
2521:Homicide
2484:Insanity
2429:Defences
2315:Mens rea
1881:See also
1808:mens rea
1796:omission
1787:mens rea
1721:mens rea
1698:mens rea
1687:mens rea
1637:mens rea
1620:mens rea
1565:evidence
1450:New York
1312:mens rea
1258:such as
1151:Property
1146:Evidence
1141:Defenses
1090:Insanity
1020:Sedition
974:Poaching
938:Regicide
890:Genocide
865:Apostasy
803:Mischief
739:Gambling
704:Burglary
588:Adultery
565:Stabbing
560:Stalking
543:Homicide
506:Menacing
486:Homicide
283:Mens rea
266:Elements
4003:Attempt
3931:Attempt
3774:Perjury
3740:justice
3708:Treason
3651:smoking
3647:alcohol
3614:Dueling
3599:Begging
3547:Robbery
3527:Looting
3522:Larceny
3502:Forgery
3472:Bribery
3435:Torture
3420:Robbery
3378: (
3331:Frameup
3301:Battery
3296:Assault
3230:Summary
3208:Classes
3111:estates
2974:Perjury
2969:Bribery
2943:Forgery
2835:Robbery
2793:of oath
2791:Perjury
2631:Treason
2601:Battery
2581:Robbery
2456:Consent
2415:Attempt
2271:Summary
1763:grading
1757:Grading
1652:England
1555:" and "
1376:liberty
1227:attempt
1179:Portals
1170:estates
1102: (
1100:Mistake
1085:Infancy
1053:Consent
1005:Treason
922:smoking
918:alcohol
885:Dueling
870:Begging
844:Perjury
774:Robbery
754:Looting
749:Larceny
729:Forgery
699:Bribery
570:Torture
555:Robbery
513: (
466:Frameup
436:Battery
431:Assault
393:Attempt
190:scholar
82:may be
3862:Incest
3837:Bigamy
3662:Piracy
3649:, and
3532:Payola
3396:felony
3391:Murder
3386:Mayhem
3240:Hybrid
3225:Felony
3107:Trusts
2687:Affray
2525:Murder
2441:Duress
2194:
2169:Justia
2083:
2073:
1961:
1845:Murder
1662:impute
1627:Intent
1586:, and
1545:, and
1458:either
1367:police
1362:remote
1240:intent
1166:trusts
1104:of law
1068:Duress
933:Piracy
920:, and
759:Payola
618:Incest
593:Bigamy
531:felony
526:Murder
521:Mayhem
354:Felony
192:
185:
178:
171:
163:
3694:state
3643:drugs
3562:Theft
3507:Fraud
3457:Arson
3188:crime
3145:table
3102:Wills
2840:Theft
2815:Arson
1769:is a
1345:judge
1299:Latin
1297:(the
1231:crime
1162:Wills
1156:Torts
914:drugs
789:Theft
734:Fraud
684:Arson
197:JSTOR
183:books
3887:Rape
3109:and
3092:Tort
2761:Rout
2677:Riot
2649:Rape
2192:ISBN
2099:link
2081:OCLC
2071:ISBN
2038:See
1959:ISBN
1873:See
1869:Rape
1861:See
1849:See
1618:The
1341:jury
1327:The
1319:and
1168:and
643:Rape
372:(or
356:(or
169:news
1899:in
1810:or
1723:of
1448:In
1387:In
1347:'s
1225:An
1187:Law
152:by
3989::
3645:,
3574:,
2535:/
2531:/
2527:/
2347:/
2343:/
2183:^
2167:.
2143:.
2095:}}
2091:{{
2079:.
2047:^
1995:^
1965:,
1957:,
1953:,
1949:,
1945:;
1929:^
1877:.
1865:.
1853:.
1773:.
1541:,
1537:,
1533:,
1509:.
1478:or
1460::
1419:.
1164:,
916:,
801:,
55:.
3653:)
3382:)
3179:e
3172:t
3165:v
2539:)
2523:(
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2177:.
2153:.
2118:.
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2029:.
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1200:v
1106:)
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194:·
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117:)
111:(
106:)
102:(
98:.
88:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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