147:— the last of these made by adding a perfect ending to the pluperfect construction). These perfect constructions are used sometimes much as the English perfect construction (e.g. 'I have done' etc.), but often in an inferential or reportative sense ('apparently I had done' etc.), similar to the perfect construction in Turkish.
5036:
In indirect sentences introduced by a past-tense verb (e.g. 'he said that...', 'he asked whether...', 'it was obvious that...'), if the second verb refers to a situation simultaneous with, or an event shortly to follow, the main verb, the present tense is used in
Persian. It does not change to the
2624:
Corresponding to each of the past constructions, Persian has a set of perfect constructions. These constructions are not only used in the ordinary perfect sense ('he has done X', 'he has sometimes done X') but also in colloquial
Persian in an inferential or reported sense ('it appears that he did
1431:
The simple present has various present meanings (general, habitual, progressive, performative); it can also have a future meaning (see below). Colloquially the simple present can also be used as a historical present when narrating events of the past, especially when relating events which occurred
154:
has a range of meanings (habitual, progressive, punctual, historic). In colloquial
Persian this construction is also used with future meaning, although there also exists a separate future construction used in formal styles. In colloquial Persian there are also three progressive constructions
113:'give, gave' etc.) it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. Another irregularity is that the verb 'to be' has both suffixed forms and an emphatic stem form.
791:
The infinitive itself differs in usage from the
English infinitive; for example, the subjunctive not the infinitive is used in sentences such as 'I want to go' or 'I am able to go'. The Persian infinitive is more like a verbal noun or gerund, used in phrases such as
2935:
This construction is not used in the same way in
Persian as the English perfect continuous. As noted above, the present, not the perfect is used in sentences of the kind 'I have been waiting for an hour' (lit. 'it is an hour that I am waiting for you').
1596:
There is also a second form of the simple present of 'to be' used to add emphasis, express existence and to avoid vowel combinations such as i-i, which despite being a present construction, has the endings of a past construction as follows:
3251:
There is no distinction between simple and continuous in the future. There is also no future perfect. To represent the future perfect (e.g. 'I will have finished') Persian uses either the future simple or colloquially the perfect simple:
3033:
It is typically used in an inferential sense (that is, with the idea 'it would seem that...'), for example, in sentences in which the speaker is reporting something he has been told, but did not personally witness, such as the following:
1991:
In addition to its normal meaning of the simple past (e.g. 'he went'), the past simple also has some idiomatic uses in
Persian. For example, colloquially it can be used in 'if' and 'when' clauses referring to future time:
821:
Note that in the transliteration used in this article, the letter 'x' represents a velar fricative sound, similar to the
Peninsular Spanish 'j' as in 'jota', and 'š' and 'č' represent the sounds of English 'sh' and 'ch'.
6352:
740:
The present indicative, present subjunctive, and present participle are made from the present stem, while the other verb forms are made from the infinitive stem. Both stems can be used to make verbal nouns such as
2264:
As well as its main past habitual or past progressive meaning ('I used to go', 'I was going'), the imperfect in
Persian is also used in a conditional meaning ('I would go', 'I would have gone'), for example:
185:'written (by someone)'. As well as being used to make the perfect constructions, this perfect participle can be used to make the passive of transitive verbs, by adding different parts of the verb
123:
There are fewer verb forms in
Persian than in English; there are about ten verb forms in all. The greatest variety is shown in verb forms referring to past events. A series of past constructions (
2625:
X'), Most other
Iranian dialects of the region have a similar use of the perfect construction and it is likely that this is due to areal contact with Turkish, which is also spoken in Iran.
2584:
As well as its ordinary pluperfect meaning ('he had gone'), the pluperfect can also be used instead of the imperfect in the sense 'would have gone' or 'if (only) he had gone':
254:
In Persian the verb usually comes at the end of the clause, although there are sometimes exceptions (for example in colloquial Persian it is common to hear phrases such as
4605:) is conjugated; the word preceding it is not affected. For example:
1056:
Personal forms of verbs are formed mostly with simple suffixes. The personal suffixes for the present and future constructions and the two subjunctive constructions are:
3343:
Present constructions also frequently used with future reference, but especially of verbs of motion or arriving. A time adverbial is also required to avoid ambiguity:
162:
forms, present and perfect. Subjunctive verbs are often used where English uses an infinitive, e.g. 'I want to go' is expressed in Persian as 'I want I may go'.
3277:
Another way of expressing future in colloquial Persian is to use a form meaning literally 'he wants to do it' in the sense 'he is about to do it', for example:
3554:
The present subjunctive is very common in Persian. It is used whenever it is uncertain whether an event will take place, or whether a situation is true, e.g.
3138:-. It is rarely used in colloquial Persian, since the present constructions are usually used with a future meaning instead (especially with verbs of motion):
3121:
The future construction is formed by adding a shortened version of the infinitive, identical with the infinitive stem, to the simple present form of the verb
290:). The principal parts of a verb are the infinitive stem and present stem. The infinitive stem (often called the past stem) is made simply by removing the ن (
6729:
6357:
6326:
6316:
5985:
3731:
to the perfect participle. One of the main uses is in sentences referring to an event or state in the past about which there is an element of doubt:
2939:
However, it can be used in sentences such as the following referring to events which have been happening repeatedly or continuously for a long time:
6390:
6342:
1115:
The 2nd and 3rd persons plural may refer to singular persons for added respect. One major exception is God, for whom plural forms are never used.
2964:
Another common use which differs from English is to express a situation that no longer exists, that is, it is the equivalent of 'I used to do':
6606:
5914:
2768:
The perfect construction is used in situations similar to those described for the perfect in English. One situation is the perfect of result:
4545:
Many verbs nowadays are compound verbs and many old simple verbs have been replaced by a compound. One of the most frequent verbs (known as
2038:
The past simple construction in Persian is also often used where English might use the perfect to refer to events which have just occurred:
5055:
If the second verb refers to a time earlier than the first verb, it is common to use one of the perfect constructions for the second verb:
3683:
It is also used instead of an infinitive after verbs such as 'I want', 'I can', 'I must', 'it is possible that', and in indirect commands:
5416:
Boyle (1966), Windfuhr (1979), p.90; Windfuhr (1980), p.281; Lazard (1985); Estaji & Bubenik (2007); Simeonova & Zareikar (2015).
6347:
2320:
In colloquial Persian the progressive aspect of the imperfect can be reinforced in its progressive meaning by adding the simple past of
1118:
The past, imperfect, and pluperfect constructions have very similar endings, except that there is no ending in the 3rd person singular:
116:
Persian verbs are inflected for three singular and three plural persons. The 2nd and 3rd person plural are often used when referring to
6321:
4074:
Although in general, this inflection has been abandoned, yet remnants of its usage can be observed in colloquial expressions such as
5093:
If the second verb merely represents an idea rather than a statement of fact, or a wish or a possibility, the subjunctive is used:
6971:
2833:
Unlike the English perfect, the Persian perfect is compatible with a past-time adverbial. It is often used in sentences such as:
6419:
1727:
The imperfective aspect of the simple present can be further specified with progressive aspect by adding the simple present of
3112:'he told me that he was a communist ... (it would seem that) some time previously he had gone to Egypt for about three months'
6444:
5978:
6434:
6414:
3013:
A progressive version of the perfect continuous is also found in colloquial Persian, but it seems only in the 3rd person:
7043:
6429:
6383:
6010:
1851:
The past simple is formed with the infinitive stem and personal endings. There is no ending in the 3rd person singular:
3052:'(apparently) he was (caught) stealing a car, they gave him a proper beating; (it seems) he was five days in hospital.'
6964:
6018:
2457:(to be). As well as its ordinary use as a pluperfect, like the imperfect it can also be used in a conditional sense:
966:
As well as being used to make the perfect constructions, the perfect participle can be used as an adjective or noun:
777:
5865:"Present Perfect Simple and Progressive Tenses in English and Persian: A Contrastive Analysis of Linguistic Systems"
4258:
An intransitive verb can be turned into a transitive one by making it into a causative verb. This is done by adding
6449:
6424:
71:) are very regular compared with those of most European languages. From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g.
7033:
6469:
6295:
6079:
5971:
5856:
Estaji, Azam; Bubenik, Vit (2007). "On the development of the tense/aspect system in Early New and New Persian".
7038:
6976:
509:
The present stem tends to vary more, and in many common verbs bears little resemblance to the infinitive stem:
2451:
The pluperfect is a compound construction formed from the perfect participle and the simple past of the verb
6687:
6502:
6439:
6376:
6269:
6134:
61:
32:
3836:
The imperative (command) is similar to the subjunctive, except that the 2nd person singular has no ending:
2793:
Another is the experiential perfect, to describe an event that has happened before (and may happen again):
7004:
6739:
6655:
6625:
6069:
6026:
2858:
Another use which differs from English is in sentences of the type 'it is a long time since X happened':
6938:
6714:
6670:
6484:
6242:
4379:
In colloquial Persian, many of the most commonly used verbs are pronounced in an abbreviated form; and
743:
419:
359:
329:
6959:
6868:
215:
In colloquial Persian, commonly used verbs tend to be pronounced in an abbreviated form, for example
5848:
5636:
Fallahi (1999), p.69; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.115, Mace (2003), p.100; Phillott (1919), p.508.
3077:. This is occasionally used in a non-inferential sense, but much more frequently it is inferential:
6902:
6832:
6682:
6645:
6635:
6601:
6507:
6488:
6257:
2280:
It can also be used in sentences expressing unfulfilled wishes concerning the present or the past:
6620:
6403:
6290:
6179:
5074:'it became obvious that my guess had been correct and that the Director of Education had said...'
3061:
A perfect version of the pluperfect (also known as the 'double perfect') can be made by changing
837:
to the infinitive stem. It is passive in transitive verbs but active in intransitive verbs (e.g.
449:
389:
299:
5864:
2581:) but this is rare and not generally used; some Persian grammarians consider it ungrammatical.
2423:
When used in a sentence, the two parts of the verb are usually separated by other words, e.g.
1271:'to do'. Note that personal pronouns are frequently dropped and are provided here for clarity.
6724:
6573:
6548:
6517:
6196:
6074:
4201:
2808:
Another use of the perfect is to describe a situation that has lasted a long time up to now:
6778:
6300:
6252:
6163:
6119:
6097:
6089:
6002:
5994:
5876:"Future tense systems in English and Persian: A Research in applied contrastive linguistics"
4197:
251:. (Compare, eg, "gotcha" in English which is an abbreviated form of "have you got your...")
159:
52:
47:
23:
5611:
Windfuhr (1987), p.85; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.46ff; Simeonova & Zareikar (2015).
5389:
4371:
Causative verbs are not comprehensively productive, but are applied to certain verbs only.
6926:
6875:
6839:
6709:
6368:
6274:
6247:
6212:
6158:
6153:
6129:
6102:
4205:
4193:
117:
1446:'I have been waiting for you for an hour' (lit. 'it is one hour that I am expecting you')
1435:
Another meaning is the equivalent of an English perfect continuous in sentences such as:
479:
2570:'to be' is not used in the pluperfect construction, the simple past being used instead.
1196:
There is no ending in the 3rd person singular, but often in informal speech, the suffix
6907:
6799:
6783:
6662:
6479:
6264:
6112:
6042:
5130:
Lazard (1985); cf. Johanson & Utas (2000), p. 218; Simeonova & Zareikar (2015).
4110:
Transitive verbs in Persian can be made passive by adding different tenses of the verb
1957:'I took'. But in a compound verb, the stress goes on the word before the verb, e.g. on
1472:
words which cannot be used without a preceding noun or adjective. They are as follows:
7027:
7012:
6746:
6677:
6590:
6497:
6226:
6184:
6139:
6124:
3991:
2291:'I would love to have gone' / 'I would have loved to go' / 'I would love to be going'
5875:
3004:'(it was no doubt) because the children were playing that they didn't hear you call'
2876:
With verbs meaning 'stand', 'sit', 'lie' the perfect can represent a present state:
6994:
6897:
6888:
6860:
6855:
6615:
6578:
6529:
6524:
5932:. Proceedings of the 2015 annual conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association.
4943:, which are normally used in a literary context rather than in daily conversation.
3093:'I have sometimes been in the position of having done'; 'it seems that I had done'
5894:"A Syntactic and Semantic Study of the Tense and Aspect System of Modern Persian"
2276:'if I knew that, I would tell you' / 'if I had known that, I would have told you'
6933:
6050:
6034:
5929:
5027:- 'I will': Conjugated in the present simple. Followed by the short infinitive.
6807:
4589:
4546:
4333:
There are also cases where a causative verb is formed from a transitive verb:
6144:
1468:'to be' is irregular in that it has no present stem. Instead it consists of
3302:
There are also other expressions used for referring to the future, such as
1288:
to the present stem with personal endings (for stems ending with vowels, a
1412:
In classical Persian the simple present is often found without the prefix
169:
to the second stem. This participle is active in intransitive verbs, e.g.
6218:
2633:
The perfect simple is formed by adding the present suffixes of the verb
6353:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
3922:
The imperative of the verb بودن 'to be' does not use the 'be-' prefix:
1740:'to have' before the main verb. It is used in colloquial Persian only:
5906:
Lazard, Gilbert (1985). "L'inférentiel ou passé distancié en persan",
3532:, with the same endings as above. The present subjunctive of the verb
1830:
The two halves of the verb are usually separated by other words, e.g.
1001:
The present participle, which is less common, is formed by adding نده
1941:
The stress in this form goes on the syllable before the ending, e.g.
1469:
4621:'I speak' or 'I am speaking' (as in the ability to speak a language)
5963:
2214:, except sometimes when the meaning is 'would be' or 'would have':
5893:
3619:
It is used for indefinite relative clauses such as the following:
1592:'I am your daughter; this is my brother; you (sg.) are my father.'
1031:'the coming year', i.e. 'next year'). A true participle ending in
3994:
mood is sometimes used in common Persian. It is formed by adding
1692:
Yet another, but less commonly used, form of the verb 'to be' is
1258:
Examples of various constructions are given below using the verb
1005:
to the present stem. Usually this is used as an agent noun (e.g.
135:) is matched by a corresponding series of perfect constructions (
6399:
6107:
3990:
Although it mostly appears in classical Persian literature, the
6372:
5967:
5166:
The transliteration is that of Windfuhr (1979) and Mace (2003).
5869:
The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics
5930:"The Syntax of Evidentials in Azeri, Bulgarian, and Persian"
262:'I went to Tehran' where the destination follows the verb).
5078:
However the pluperfect can be used if the fact is certain:
2990:'from his wet hair it was evident that he had been bathing'
2573:
Sometimes a continuous version of the pluperfect is found (
1018:'writer'), though sometimes it is a verbal adjective (e.g.
5797:
Mace (2003), p.124ff; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), pp.47ff.
4057:('may s/he not do that! we wish it will never happen') (=
2615:'if he hadn't come, that incident wouldn't have happened!'
2023:'by the time you come back I will have written the letter'
830:
Persian verbs have two participles - perfect and present.
5747:
Lambton (1963), p.153; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.161.
5229:
Fallahi (1992), p.753; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.147.
4670:
Some other light verbs used to form compound verbs are:
3538:'to have' is usually replaced by the perfect subjunctive
5887:
Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian, and Neighbouring Languages
4102:) lit. 'may that hand not spill ', meaning 'well done'.
212:'to learn', are very frequently used in modern Persian.
5871:, Bangkok, Thailand, 747-755. Chulalongkorn University.
3965:'to have' generally uses the perfect subjunctive form:
1211:
The perfect forms have the following personal endings:
3228:
The positive verb is stressed on the personal ending:
1703:
The negative of the verb 'to be' in modern Persian is
1193:'he isn't', despite them being present constructions.
5379:
Mace (2003), p.86; Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.132.
5357:
5355:
5108:
5098:
5083:
5060:
5042:
5021:
5006:
4991:
4982:- 'might': Not conjugated. Followed by a subjunctive.
4976:
4961:
4937:
4924:
4911:
4898:
4881:
4866:
4851:
4836:
4820:
4803:
4795:
4780:
4772:
4757:
4749:
4734:
4726:
4711:
4703:
4688:
4680:
4660:
4645:
4630:
4615:
4599:
4582:
4575:(originally from Arabic) means 'conversation', while
4569:
4556:
4526:
4512:
4498:
4484:
4470:
4456:
4442:
4428:
4414:
4400:
4361:
4344:
4323:
4310:
4294:
4277:
4248:
4232:
4215:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4143:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4090:
4076:
4064:
4051:
4034:
4021:
4008:
3975:
3959:
3947:
3932:
3912:
3892:
3877:
3861:
3846:
3822:
3806:
3786:
3771:
3756:
3741:
3725:
3708:
3693:
3673:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3629:
3609:
3594:
3579:
3564:
3545:
3526:
3504:
3489:
3469:
3455:
3441:
3427:
3413:
3398:
3374:
3348:
3333:
3323:
3312:
3304:
3292:
3282:
3267:
3257:
3238:
3230:
3219:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3163:
3148:
3128:
3102:
3087:
3071:
3063:
3039:
3023:
2994:
2984:
2975:'I used to speak German, but now I have forgotten it'
2971:
man ālmāni harf mizade am, ammā hālā farāmuš karde am
2969:
2954:
2944:
2926:
2910:
2881:
2863:
2848:
2838:
2823:
2813:
2798:
2783:
2773:
2759:
2744:
2730:
2716:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2671:
2656:
2640:
2609:
2594:
2575:
2564:
2553:
2538:
2524:
2510:
2496:
2482:
2467:
2433:
2414:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2358:
2343:
2327:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2270:
2255:
2239:
2224:
2204:
2191:
2175:
2160:
2146:
2132:
2118:
2104:
2089:
2056:
2043:
2029:
2013:
1998:
1982:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1932:
1918:
1904:
1890:
1876:
1861:
1832:
1821:
1807:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1750:
1734:
1713:
1705:
1694:
1682:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1607:
1585:
1561:
1546:
1531:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1462:
1440:
1422:
1403:
1377:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1265:
1202:
1187:
1174:
1042:
1025:
1012:
991:
976:
956:
942:
926:
912:
896:
882:
866:
852:
812:
799:
782:
769:
756:
748:
730:
722:
708:
692:
684:
670:
654:
640:
624:
610:
594:
580:
564:
550:
534:
520:
499:
485:
469:
455:
439:
425:
409:
395:
379:
365:
349:
335:
319:
305:
256:
241:
229:
217:
206:
198:
187:
179:
171:
107:
101:
93:
87:
79:
73:
66:
37:
5247:
Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.31; Mace (2003), p.98.
4967:- 'must': Not conjugated. Followed by a subjunctive.
2979:
It can also be used in an inferential sense, as in:
2896:
The perfect continuous is made by adding the prefix
2095:'I was doing, used to do, would do, would have done'
1838:'he is eating at the moment'. There is no negative.
1700:'I am', etc., which has the normal present endings.
7003:
6987:
6949:
6916:
6884:
6848:
6822:
6792:
6771:
6755:
6702:
6589:
6559:
6538:
6478:
6465:
6335:
6309:
6283:
6235:
6205:
6172:
6088:
6062:
6001:
5336:
5334:
4951:The following auxiliary verbs are used in Persian:
3639:The subjunctive is also used after phrases such as
1150:): second person plural), colloquially pronounced
3368:The present subjunctive is formed by prefixing بـ
3335:man tasmim dāram sāl-e āyande yek āpārtmān bexaram
2872:'it is just six months since he came from England'
1587:man doxtar-at am; in barâdar-am ast; to pedar-am i
1200:(lit. 'his/her') is added to supply the gap, e.g.
1078:): third person singular; colloquially pronounced
3898:'go', this changes in the imperative singular to
3478:When used as part of a compound verb, the prefix
3318:'I'm intending to', followed by the subjunctive:
1096:): second person plural; colloquially pronounced
5012:- 'want': Conjugated. Followed by a subjunctive.
4266:) to the present stem of the verb. For example:
3372:to the present stem with personal endings, e.g.
2066:'talk of the devil! he's just come in the door!'
1160:): third person plural, colloquially pronounced
1107:): third person plural; colloquially pronounced
1071:): second person singular ("you sg." (informal))
5937:Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study
4997:- 'can': Conjugated. Followed by a subjunctive.
4329:= 'I caused him to sleep' ≈ 'I put him to bed'.
3097:A typical example of its use is the following:
2854:'Manuchehr gave the book back to him yesterday'
5519:cf. Lazard in Johanson & Utas (2000), 219.
1571:An example of the use of these is as follows:
177:'gone', but passive in transitive verbs, e.g.
6384:
5979:
5546:Lazard, in Johanson & Utas (2000), p.218.
5015:
5000:
4985:
4970:
4955:
4931:
4918:
4905:
4892:
4875:
4860:
4845:
4830:
4814:
4789:
4766:
4743:
4720:
4697:
4674:
4654:
4639:
4624:
4609:
4593:
4576:
4563:
4550:
4355:
4338:
4317:
4304:
4288:
4271:
4242:
4226:
4209:
4192:Like English verbs, Persian verbs are either
4097:
4083:
4058:
4045:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3969:
3941:
3926:
3906:
3855:
3840:
3800:
3780:
3765:
3750:
3735:
3702:
3687:
3667:
3623:
3603:
3588:
3573:
3558:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3483:
3463:
3449:
3435:
3421:
3407:
3392:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3171:
3157:
3142:
3122:
3081:
3017:
2946:gozašte-ye man hamiše marā ta'qib mikarde ast
2904:
2738:
2724:
2710:
2679:
2665:
2650:
2634:
2603:
2588:
2532:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2476:
2461:
2452:
2427:
2408:
2394:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2337:
2321:
2233:
2218:
2198:
2185:
2154:
2140:
2126:
2112:
2098:
2083:
1926:
1912:
1898:
1884:
1870:
1855:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1759:
1744:
1728:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1575:
1555:
1540:
1525:
1506:
1491:
1476:
1456:
1397:
1388:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1326:
1311:
1296:
1284:The simple present is formed by prefixing می
1259:
1181:
1168:
1036:
1019:
1006:
985:
970:
949:
935:
919:
905:
889:
875:
859:
845:
833:The perfect participle is formed by adding ه
806:
793:
763:
715:
701:
677:
663:
647:
633:
617:
603:
587:
573:
557:
543:
527:
513:
492:
462:
432:
402:
372:
342:
312:
281:
271:
8:
5958:Intermediate Persian: A Grammar and Workbook
4118:'to become' to the perfect participle, e.g.
4040:('may s/he do it!'). To negate it a prefix
3723:The perfect subjunctive is formed by adding
6327:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
5916:Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision
4813:Some other examples of compound verbs with
3380:'I may write'. When the verb has the vowel
3104:migoft komunist ast... čand-i piš se mah-i
3048:, hesābi zadan-eš; panj ruz bimārestān bude
2986:az muy-e xis-eš peydā bud ke ābtani mikarde
6563:
6475:
6391:
6377:
6369:
6317:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
5986:
5972:
5964:
5928:Simeonova, Vesela; Zareikar, Gita (2015).
5880:Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
5391:"Budan va dāštan: do fe'l-e istā-ye fārsi"
5301:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.108, 5, 152.
4221:, comes after any definite direct object:
2920:The negative (which is rare) is made with
1711:'I am not', which has the same endings as
1518:'he, she, it is' (colloquially pronounced
1167:These same endings are used for the verbs
4562:'to do, to make'. For example, the word
3339:'I'm going to buy an apartment next year'
2850:Manučehr ketāb-rā diruz be u pas dade ast
2819:'we have always been envious of the west'
2611:agar nayāmade bud ke ān ettefāq nemioftād
2008:'when you reach London, phone us at once'
5089:'I realised that he had been to Germany'
3354:'my brother is going to Shiraz tomorrow'
2779:'they have arrived (and are still here)'
2311:'I would love to have been in his place'
2075:The imperfect is formed by prefixing می
1428:'to have', where it is usually omitted.
1292:- is added before the personal ending):
1064:): first person singular ("I") ( hastam)
6343:List of English words of Persian origin
5956:Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2013):
5949:Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2012):
5892:Khomeijani Farahani, Ali Akbar (1990).
5885:Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo (eds) (2000).
5775:
5773:
5771:
5698:
5696:
5310:Khomeinaji Farahani (1990), p.108, 112.
5123:
3675:qabl az in ke beravid, in-rā emzā konid
2825:u tamām-e omr-eš injā zendegi karde ast
2272:agar ān-rā midāneštam, be šomā migoftam
2052:'the plane has just this moment landed'
1996:وقتی رسیدید لندن، فورن به ما تلفن کنید.
1577:من دخترت ام؛ این برادرم است؛ تو پدرم ای
1048:'smiling') also exists for some verbs.
165:A perfect participle is made by adding
5619:
5617:
5492:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.16, 137.
5483:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.14, 147.
5320:
5318:
5316:
4188:Intransitive, Transitive and Causative
3647:'before...' (of future or past time),
2950:'my past has always been following me'
5951:Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook
5594:
5592:
5555:Windfuhr (1987), p.84; (1987), p.537.
2960:'he has lived in this city for years'
2840:in xāne dar sāl-e 1939 sāxte šode ast
2646:('to be') to the perfect participle:
1442:yek sā'at ast ke montazer-e to hastam
1387:The negative is made with the prefix
46:
7:
5944:Modern Persian: Intermediate level 1
4126:'the letter has (not) been written'
3635:'is there anyone who knows Persian?'
3631:āyā kas-i hast ke fārsi balad bāšad?
3513:The present subjunctive of the verb
2804:'I have visited America three times'
2605:اگر نیامده بود که آن اتفاق نمیافتاد
1688:'they are' (or 'he/she is' - formal)
1567:'they are' (or 'he/she is' - formal)
204:'to open' (lit. 'to make open') and
6348:List of French loanwords in Persian
5051:'he said (that) he was a communist'
5016:
5001:
4986:
4971:
4956:
4932:
4919:
4906:
4893:
4876:
4861:
4846:
4831:
4815:
4790:
4767:
4744:
4721:
4698:
4675:
4655:
4640:
4625:
4610:
4594:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4356:
4339:
4318:
4305:
4289:
4272:
4243:
4227:
4210:
4184:'the letter was printed yesterday'
4098:
4084:
4059:
4046:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3970:
3942:
3927:
3907:
3856:
3841:
3801:
3781:
3766:
3751:
3736:
3703:
3688:
3669:قبل ازاينکه برويد، اين را امضا کنيد
3668:
3624:
3604:
3589:
3574:
3559:
3540:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3498:The negative also lacks the prefix
3484:
3464:
3450:
3436:
3422:
3408:
3393:
3214:
3200:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3143:
3123:
3082:
3018:
2956:u sālhā dar in šahr zendegi mikarde
2916:'I have been doing'; 'I used to do'
2905:
2800:man se bār az Āmrikā didan karde am
2739:
2725:
2711:
2680:
2666:
2651:
2635:
2604:
2600:'if only I hadn't had an accident!'
2589:
2533:
2519:
2505:
2491:
2477:
2462:
2453:
2428:
2409:
2395:
2381:
2367:
2353:
2338:
2322:
2249:The negative of these is made with
2234:
2219:
2210:'to have' do not use the prefix می
2199:
2186:
2155:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2084:
1927:
1913:
1899:
1885:
1871:
1856:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1774:
1760:
1745:
1729:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1602:
1576:
1556:
1541:
1526:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1457:
1420:is always added except in the verb
1398:
1389:
1372:
1357:
1342:
1327:
1312:
1297:
1260:
1182:
1169:
1037:
1020:
1007:
986:
982:'the past month', i.e. 'last month'
971:
950:
936:
920:
906:
890:
876:
860:
846:
807:
794:
764:
716:
702:
678:
664:
648:
634:
618:
604:
588:
574:
558:
544:
528:
514:
493:
463:
433:
403:
373:
343:
313:
282:
272:
56:
27:
6322:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
5896:. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds.
5765:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.161.
5586:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.43f.
5577:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.157.
5452:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.140.
5443:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.141.
5265:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p. 35.
5220:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.103.
5193:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.123.
5104:'it's a pity that there's no snow'
4152:In compound verbs, the light verb
3655:'until...' (of future time only),
3585:'it is possible that he will come'
3134:'to want', but without the prefix
2865:faqat šeš māh ast ke az Englestān
2004:Landan, fowran be mā telefon konid
1226:): second person singular informal
14:
5537:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.43.
5211:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.31.
5202:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.28.
5148:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.20.
4549:) used to form compound verbs is
3350:barādar-am fardā be Širāz miravad
3298:'the plane was about to take off'
3273:'I shall have finished by Friday'
3263:'I shall have finished by Friday'
2473:'I had done', 'I would have done'
2011:تا تو برگدی، من نامه را نوشته ام
5510:Khomeijani Farahani (1990), p.5.
3288:'the plane is about to take off'
3244:'I will not do', with stress on
2829:'he has lived here all his life'
2815:mā hamiše be qarb hasad borde im
5946:. University of Michigan Press.
4137:In the subjunctive, the prefix
3773:omidvār-am ke dir nakarde bāšam
3000:ke sedā-ye šomā-rā našenide and
2439:'I was beginning to forget you'
1455:The simple present of the verb
1111:("they"; "he/she" (respectful))
118:singular persons for politeness
6358:Persian language in South Asia
3871:The negative lacks the prefix
3625:آيا کسی هست که فارسی بلد باشد؟
2844:'this house was built in 1939'
2349:'I was doing (at that moment)'
1136:- ( - ): third person singular
1100:("you" (plural or respectful))
805:'the writing of this book' or
155:(present, past, and perfect).
1:
5903:. Cambridge University Press.
5874:Fallahi, Mohammad M. (1999).
5863:Fallahi, Mohammad M. (1992).
5853:. Cambridge University Press.
5062:ma'lum šod ke hads-am dorost
4149:'the letter must be written'
4134:'the letter will be written'
3792:'I'm afraid he may have gone'
3762:'he must have made a mistake'
1756:'I am doing (at this moment)'
1089:): first person plural ("we")
16:Verbs in the Persian language
4367:('to make eat') ≈ 'to feed'.
3886:If the present stem ends in
3796:It is also used for wishes:
3611:omid ast ke hāl-et xub bāšad
3294:havāpeymā mixāst parvāz kone
2785:man qalam-am-rā gom karde am
2547:The negative is formed with
2307:dust dāštam jā-ye u mibudam!
2058:astaqferollāh! az dar vāred
1673:'you are' (plural or formal)
1552:'you are' (plural or formal)
818:'the invention of writing'.
48:[feʔlˈhɒːjefɒːɾˈsiː]
5840:Boyle, John Andrew (1966).
5109:
5099:
5085:fahmidam ke rafte bud Ālmān
5084:
5061:
5043:
5022:
5007:
4992:
4977:
4962:
4938:
4925:
4912:
4899:
4882:
4867:
4852:
4837:
4821:
4804:
4796:
4781:
4773:
4758:
4750:
4735:
4727:
4712:
4704:
4689:
4681:
4661:
4646:
4631:
4616:
4600:
4588:means 'to speak'. Only the
4583:
4570:
4557:
4527:
4513:
4499:
4485:
4471:
4457:
4443:
4429:
4415:
4401:
4362:
4345:
4324:
4311:
4295:
4278:
4249:
4233:
4216:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4144:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4091:
4077:
4065:
4052:
4035:
4022:
4009:
3976:
3960:
3957:The imperative of the verb
3948:
3933:
3913:
3893:
3878:
3867:'write!' (plural or formal)
3862:
3847:
3823:
3807:
3787:
3772:
3758:u bāyad eštebāh karde bāšad
3757:
3742:
3726:
3714:'he ordered them to attack'
3709:
3694:
3674:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3630:
3610:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3546:
3527:
3505:
3490:
3482:is sometimes omitted, e.g.
3470:
3456:
3442:
3428:
3414:
3399:
3375:
3349:
3334:
3325:Ali qarār est fardā biyāyad
3324:
3313:
3305:
3293:
3284:havāpeymā mixād parvāz kone
3283:
3268:
3258:
3239:
3231:
3220:
3206:
3192:
3178:
3164:
3149:
3129:
3103:
3088:
3072:
3064:
3040:
3024:
2995:
2985:
2970:
2955:
2945:
2927:
2911:
2882:
2864:
2849:
2839:
2824:
2814:
2799:
2784:
2774:
2760:
2745:
2731:
2717:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2672:
2657:
2641:
2610:
2595:
2576:
2565:
2554:
2539:
2525:
2511:
2497:
2483:
2468:
2434:
2415:
2401:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2344:
2328:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2240:
2225:
2205:
2192:
2176:
2161:
2147:
2133:
2119:
2105:
2090:
2057:
2044:
2030:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1891:
1877:
1862:
1833:
1822:
1808:
1794:
1780:
1766:
1751:
1735:
1714:
1706:
1695:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1623:
1608:
1586:
1562:
1547:
1532:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1463:
1441:
1423:
1404:
1378:
1368:'you do' - plural or formal
1363:
1348:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1266:
1203:
1188:
1175:
1043:
1026:
1013:
992:
977:
957:
943:
927:
913:
897:
883:
867:
853:
813:
800:
783:
770:
757:
749:
731:
723:
709:
693:
685:
671:
655:
641:
625:
611:
595:
581:
565:
551:
535:
521:
500:
486:
470:
456:
440:
426:
410:
396:
380:
366:
350:
336:
320:
306:
257:
242:
230:
218:
207:
199:
188:
180:
172:
108:
102:
94:
88:
80:
74:
67:
38:
7060:
6270:Romanized Persian alphabet
5899:Lambton, Ann K.S. (1953).
5844:. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
5326:Yāddāšthāye Safar-e Farang
5037:past tense as in English:
4395:. Here are some examples:
3816:The negative is made with
3767:امیدوارم که دیر نکرده باشم
3747:'I think he may have gone'
3679:'before you go, sign this'
2753:The negative is made with
2596:kāš tasādof nakarde budam!
2435:dāštam farāmuš-et mikardam
1976:The negative is made with
1432:suddenly or unexpectedly.
6566:
6410:
6296:Middle Persian literature
6080:Western Iranian languages
5942:Windfuhr, Gernot (1980).
5935:Windfuhr, Gernot (1979).
5842:Grammar of Modern Persian
5654:Fallahi (1999), p.60, 63.
5501:Simeonova & Zareikar.
5110:omidvār-am ke zud biāyand
4122:nāme nevešte (na)šode ast
3777:'I hope I'm not too late'
3743:gomān mikonam rafte bāšad
3605:اميد است که حالت خوب باشد
3329:'Ali is to come tomorrow'
3259:tā jom'e tamām xāham kard
3029:'apparently he was doing'
2932:'I have not been doing'.
1451:Simple present of 'to be'
1133:): second person singular
776:
742:
478:
448:
418:
388:
358:
328:
298:
5847:Comrie, Bernard (1976).
5738:Mace (2003), p.109, 150.
5528:Bozorg Alavi, Čašmhā-yaš
5274:Windfuhr (1979), p. 102.
5100:heyf ast ke barf nabāšad
5032:Forms in indirect speech
4375:Colloquial pronunciation
4354:) (to eat) → Causative:
4160:is simply replaced with
4145:nāme bāyad nevešte šavad
3953:'be!' (plural or formal)
3828:'that I have not done'.
3752:او باید اشتباه کرده باشد
2035:'I'm coming (at once!)'
2019:, man nāme-rā nevešte am
1416:, but in modern Persian
1233:): third person singular
1219:): first person singular
1126:): first person singular
235:'he goes' is pronounced
196:Compound verbs, such as
5681:Fallahi (1999), p.64ff.
5663:Fallahi (1999), p.62-3.
5139:Mace (2003), p.78, 137.
5114:'I hope they come soon'
4014:'to do' → Present Stem
3269:tā jom'e tamām karde am
1247:): second person plural
294:) from the infinitive:
6090:Dialects and varieties
6070:Indo-Iranian languages
5806:Mace (2003), pp.147ff.
5729:Mace (2003), pp.156-9.
4316:'to cause to sleep' →
4130:nāme nevešte xāhad šod
4088:) 'come what may' and
3998:to the present stem:
3812:'if only he were gone'
3788:mitarsam u rafte bāšad
3710:farmud ke hamle konand
2443:There is no negative.
2416:ānhā dāštand mikardand
2301:'I wish he were alive'
2287:del-am mixāst miraftam
1254:): third person plural
1240:): first person plural
1143:): first person plural
247:'I say' is pronounced
223:'he is' is pronounced
6243:Old Persian cuneiform
6046:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
5921:Rafiee, Abdi (1975).
5690:Fallahi (1999), p.69.
5672:Fallahi (1999), p.66.
5361:Mace (2003), p.167-8.
5044:migoft (ke) komunist
3737:گمان میکنم رفته باشد
3615:'I hope you are well'
3600:'if I go, I will run'
3596:agar beravam, midavam
3581:momken ast ke biyāyad
3404:'that I do, I may do'
3069:in the pluperfect to
2620:Perfect constructions
2429:داشتم فراموشت میکردم
1396:, which is stressed:
1275:Present constructions
311:, 'to make/to do') -
266:Infinitives and stems
5889:. Mouton de Gruyter.
5425:Comrie (1976), 52ff.
5324:Dehqani-e Tafti, H.
4778:('to become') as in
4632:dāram sohbat mikonam
4626:دارم صُحبَت میکُنَم
4283:(present stem: خواب
4176:'to print' is made:
4168:. For example, from
4141:is usually omitted:
3782:میترسم او رفته باشد
3310:'it is arranged' or
3117:Future constructions
2590:کاش تصادف نکرده بودم
2410:آنها داشتند میکردند
2402:šomā dāštid mikardid
2079:to the simple past:
1988:'I didn't do (it)'.
1834:u dārad qazā mixorad
1823:ānhā dārand mikonand
1450:
775:'going and coming',
7044:Indo-European verbs
6258:Persian calligraphy
6011:Proto-Indo-European
5913:Mace, John (2003).
5882:35, pp. 55–71.
5828:Mace (2003), p.151.
5779:Mace (2003), p.129.
5756:Boyle (1966), p.69.
5720:Mace (2003), p.155.
5711:Mace (2003), p.148.
5702:Mace (2003), p.108.
5461:Mace (2003), p.119.
5434:Mace (2003), p.118.
5370:Mace (2003), p.103.
5349:Mace (2003), p.162.
5340:Mace (2003), p.101.
5184:Mace (2003), p.116.
5175:Mace (2003), p.117.
5066:va re'is-e farhang
4740:'to talk, to speak'
4270:Intransitive verb:
4262:(in the past tense
4208:marker (enclitic),
4180:āgahi diruz čāp šod
4070:in Modern Persian).
3719:Perfect subjunctive
3495:'what am I to do?'
3364:Present subjunctive
3009:Perfect progressive
2765:'I have not done'.
2396:شما داشتید میکردید
2345:man dāštam mikardam
2181:'I was not doing'.
2045:havapeymā be zamin
1723:Present progressive
1323:'you do' - singular
801:neveštan-e in ketāb
270:Infinitives end in
6291:Persian literature
6038:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
6019:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5923:Colloquial Persian
5815:Jalal Al-e Ahmad,
5788:Mace (2003), p.84.
5645:Mace (2003), p.31.
5623:Jalal Al-e Ahmad,
5598:Shams Al-e Ahmad,
5564:Jalal Al-e Ahmad,
5470:Jalal Al-e Ahmad,
5388:Roohollah Mofidi,
5292:Mace (2003), p.32.
5283:Mace (2003), p.83.
5256:Mace (2003), p.99.
5238:Mace (2003), p.97.
5157:Mace (2003), p.77.
4801:('to have') as in
4709:('to take') as in
4686:('to give') as in
4656:صُحبَت خواهَم کَرد
3704:فرمود که حمله کنند
3236:. The negative is
3057:Perfect pluperfect
2892:Perfect continuous
2789:'I've lost my pen'
2388:mā dāštim mikardim
2382:ما داشتیم میکردیم
1842:Past constructions
1817:آنها دارند میکنند
1809:šomā dārid mikonid
872:) 'done' or 'made'
814:exterā'-e neveštan
145:perfect pluperfect
141:perfect continuous
7021:
7020:
6972:godan and ichidan
6965:Kagoshima dialect
6818:
6817:
6698:
6697:
6404:world's languages
6366:
6365:
6221:
6173:Language features
6075:Iranian languages
6063:Language families
6055:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6015:
5403:Iraj Pezeshkzad,
4755:('to eat') as in
4732:('to hit') as in
4662:sohbat xāham kard
3883:'do not write!'.
3575:ممکن است که بيايد
3510:'that I not do'.
3089:man karde bude am
2577:man mikarde budam
2559:'I hadn't done'.
2555:man nakarde budam
2540:ānhā karde budand
2184:The imperfect of
2169:The negative has
2027:Another idiom is
1803:شما دارید میکنید
1752:man dāram mikonam
65:
36:
7051:
7034:Persian language
6988:Other East Asian
6564:
6476:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6370:
6301:Tajik literature
6253:Persian alphabet
6217:
6098:Standard Persian
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
5995:Persian language
5988:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5766:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5691:
5688:
5682:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5596:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5405:Dāi Jān Nāpoleon
5401:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5350:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5329:
5322:
5311:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5112:
5102:
5087:
5072:
5049:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4891:Equivalents for
4885:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4641:صُحبَت کَردهاَم
4634:
4628:
4627:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4530:
4516:
4502:
4488:
4474:
4460:
4446:
4432:
4418:
4404:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4337:Transitive verb
4327:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4303:Causative form:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4204:. In Persian an
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4147:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3896:
3881:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3826:
3810:
3808:kāš rafte bāšad!
3804:
3803:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3729:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3384:this changes to
3378:
3352:
3337:
3327:
3316:
3308:
3296:
3286:
3271:
3261:
3242:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3110:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3050:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2988:
2973:
2958:
2948:
2930:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2900:to the perfect:
2887:'he is standing'
2885:
2870:
2852:
2842:
2827:
2817:
2802:
2787:
2777:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2526:šomā karde budid
2522:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2360:to dāšti mikardi
2356:
2355:
2354:تو داشتی میکردی
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:من داشتم میکردم
2331:
2325:
2324:
2316:Past progressive
2309:
2299:
2297:kāš u zende bud!
2289:
2274:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2064:
2050:
2033:
2021:
2006:
1986:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1795:mā dārim mikonim
1791:
1790:
1789:ما داریم میکنیم
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1709:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:'he/she/it does'
1336:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1052:Personal endings
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1009:
995:
989:
988:
980:
974:
973:
960:
953:
952:
946:
939:
938:
930:
923:
922:
916:
909:
908:
900:
893:
892:
886:
879:
878:
870:
863:
862:
856:
849:
848:
816:
810:
809:
803:
797:
796:
788:'calligrapher'.
786:
780:
773:
767:
766:
760:
752:
746:
734:
726:
719:
718:
712:
705:
704:
696:
688:
681:
680:
674:
667:
666:
658:
651:
650:
644:
637:
636:
628:
621:
620:
614:
607:
606:
598:
591:
590:
584:
577:
576:
568:
561:
560:
554:
547:
546:
538:
531:
530:
524:
517:
516:
503:
496:
495:
489:
482:
473:
466:
465:
459:
452:
443:
436:
435:
429:
422:
413:
406:
405:
399:
392:
383:
376:
375:
369:
362:
353:
346:
345:
339:
332:
323:
316:
315:
309:
302:
285:
284:
275:
274:
260:
245:
233:
221:
210:
202:
191:
183:
175:
160:subjunctive mood
111:
105:
99:'write, wrote',
97:
91:
83:
77:
70:
60:
58:
50:
45:
41:
31:
29:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7039:Persian grammar
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
6999:
6983:
6977:irregular verbs
6945:
6939:deficient verbs
6912:
6886:
6880:
6844:
6814:
6788:
6767:
6751:
6694:
6607:auxiliary verbs
6585:
6555:
6534:
6482:
6467:
6461:
6406:
6397:
6367:
6362:
6331:
6305:
6279:
6275:Persian Braille
6248:Pahlavi scripts
6231:
6213:Persian grammar
6201:
6168:
6130:Kuwaiti Persian
6084:
6058:
5997:
5992:
5901:Persian Grammar
5837:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5817:Modir-e Madrase
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5694:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5625:Xas-i dar Miqāt
5622:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5597:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5034:
4949:
4947:Auxiliary Verbs
4651:'I have spoken'
4647:sohbat karde am
4636:'I am speaking'
4611:صُحبَت میکُنَم
4543:
4377:
4287:) 'to sleep' →
4190:
4108:
3988:
3834:
3721:
3590:اگر بروم می دوم
3570:'maybe I'll go'
3366:
3361:
3119:
3083:من کرده بوده ام
3059:
3025:u dāšte mikarde
3019:او داشته ميکرده
3011:
2894:
2631:
2622:
2534:آنها کرده بودند
2469:man karde budam
2449:
2318:
2073:
1849:
1844:
1781:u dārad mikonad
1725:
1591:
1453:
1282:
1277:
1082:("he, she, it")
1054:
828:
491:'to become') -
371:, 'to take') -
341:, 'to have') -
268:
43:
39:Fe’lhā-ye fārsi
17:
12:
11:
5:
7057:
7055:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7026:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7009:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6849:Other European
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6706:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6595:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6494:
6492:
6473:
6470:proto-language
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6265:Tajik alphabet
6262:
6261:
6260:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6236:Writing system
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6048:
6043:Middle Persian
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5908:Studia Iranica
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5872:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5821:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5781:
5767:
5758:
5749:
5740:
5731:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5613:
5604:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5396:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5351:
5342:
5330:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5177:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5091:
5090:
5076:
5075:
5053:
5052:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5013:
4998:
4983:
4968:
4948:
4945:
4889:
4888:
4873:
4858:
4853:farāmuš kardan
4847:فَراموش کَردَن
4843:
4811:
4810:
4787:
4786:'to calm down'
4764:
4763:'to fall down'
4741:
4718:
4695:
4668:
4667:
4666:'I will speak'
4652:
4637:
4622:
4617:sohbat mikonam
4542:
4541:Compound verbs
4539:
4538:
4537:
4523:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4467:
4453:
4439:
4425:
4411:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4331:
4330:
4319:او را خواباندم
4301:
4256:
4255:
4239:
4225:Intransitive:
4196:(requiring an
4189:
4186:
4107:
4104:
4078:harče bādā bād
4072:
4071:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3955:
3954:
3939:
3920:
3919:
3869:
3868:
3853:
3833:
3830:
3814:
3813:
3794:
3793:
3778:
3763:
3748:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3700:
3681:
3680:
3637:
3636:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3586:
3571:
3476:
3475:
3461:
3447:
3433:
3419:
3405:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3226:
3225:
3211:
3197:
3183:
3169:
3155:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3095:
3094:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3031:
3030:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2996:bačče-hā bāzi
2991:
2977:
2976:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2918:
2917:
2912:man mikarde am
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2761:man nakarde am
2751:
2750:
2746:ānhā karde and
2736:
2722:
2708:
2691:(colloquially
2677:
2663:
2630:
2629:Perfect simple
2627:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2520:شما کرده بودید
2516:
2512:mā karde budim
2502:
2488:
2474:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2392:
2378:
2368:او داشت میکرد
2364:
2350:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2278:
2277:
2247:
2246:
2231:
2177:man nemikardam
2167:
2166:
2162:ānhā mikardand
2152:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2025:
2024:
2009:
1939:
1938:
1924:
1910:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1775:او دارد میکند
1771:
1767:to dāri mikoni
1761:تو داری میکنی
1757:
1746:من دارم میکنم
1724:
1721:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1643:'he/she/it is'
1629:
1614:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1504:
1489:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1409:'I don't do'.
1385:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1281:
1280:Simple present
1278:
1276:
1273:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1072:
1065:
1053:
1050:
999:
998:
997:'his writings'
993:neveštehā-ye u
983:
964:
963:
948:'to write') -
933:
903:
873:
827:
824:
795:نوشتن اين کتاب
762:) 'dialogue',
738:
737:
699:
661:
631:
601:
571:
541:
507:
506:
476:
446:
431:'to write') -
416:
401:, 'to see') -
386:
356:
326:
267:
264:
158:There are two
152:simple present
137:perfect simple
85:'take, took',
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7056:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6883:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6466:Indo-European
6464:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Orthographies
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:Organizations
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6227:Tajik grammar
6225:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6140:Judeo-Persian
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6049:
6044:
6041:
6036:
6033:
6030:(c. 1500 BCE)
6028:
6027:Proto-Iranian
6025:
6022:(c. 2000 BCE)
6020:
6017:
6014:(c. 3000 BCE)
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5939:. De Gruyter.
5938:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5726:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5014:
5011:
5009:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4927:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4884:
4883:ta'mir kardan
4877:تَعمیر کَردَن
4874:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:sohbat kardan
4578:صُحبَت کَردَن
4574:
4572:
4561:
4559:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4325:u-rā xābāndam
4315:
4313:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4254:= 'I saw him'
4253:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4106:Passive voice
4105:
4103:
4095:
4093:
4085:هرچه بادا باد
4081:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4056:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4026:
4024:
4013:
4011:
4010:kardan (kon-)
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3824:nakarde bāšam
3819:
3811:
3809:
3802:کاش رفته باشد
3799:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:bāyad beravam
3686:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:šāyad beravam
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3531:
3529:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3491:če kār konam?
3481:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2913:
2906:من میکردهام
2903:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2740:آنها کرده اند
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:šomā karde id
2723:
2721:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2662:'I have done'
2661:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2506:ما کرده بودیم
2503:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:to karde budi
2475:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2374:u dāšt mikard
2365:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:'I was not'.
2260:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2194:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2156:آنها میکردند
2153:
2151:
2149:
2148:šomā mikardid
2139:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1405:man nemikonam
1395:
1382:
1380:
1379:išân mikonand
1373:ایشان میکنند
1370:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1177:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1004:
996:
994:
984:
981:
979:
978:māh-e gozašte
969:
968:
967:
961:
959:
947:
945:
934:
931:
929:
917:
915:
904:
901:
899:
887:
885:
874:
871:
869:
857:
855:
844:
843:
842:
840:
836:
831:
825:
823:
819:
817:
815:
804:
802:
789:
787:
785:
779:
774:
772:
761:
759:
753:
751:
745:
735:
733:
727:
725:
713:
711:
700:
697:
695:
689:
687:
675:
673:
662:
659:
657:
645:
643:
632:
629:
627:
615:
613:
602:
599:
597:
585:
583:
572:
569:
567:
555:
553:
542:
539:
537:
525:
523:
512:
511:
510:
504:
502:
490:
488:
481:
477:
474:
472:
460:
458:
451:
447:
444:
442:
430:
428:
421:
417:
414:
412:
400:
398:
391:
387:
384:
382:
370:
368:
361:
357:
354:
352:
340:
338:
331:
327:
324:
322:
310:
308:
301:
297:
296:
295:
293:
289:
279:
265:
263:
261:
259:
258:raftam Tehrān
252:
250:
246:
244:
238:
234:
232:
226:
222:
220:
213:
211:
209:
203:
201:
194:
193:'to become'.
192:
190:
184:
182:
176:
174:
168:
163:
161:
156:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
114:
112:
110:
104:
98:
96:
90:
84:
82:
76:
69:
63:
54:
49:
40:
34:
28:فعلهای فارسی
25:
21:
20:Persian verbs
7005:Austronesian
6889:Derived stem
6762:
6688:irregularity
6454:
6445:Prepositions
6336:Other topics
6189:
6146:
5960:. Routledge.
5957:
5953:. Routledge.
5950:
5943:
5936:
5925:. Routledge.
5922:
5915:
5910:14/1, 27-42.
5907:
5900:
5886:
5879:
5868:
5857:
5849:
5841:
5835:Bibliography
5824:
5816:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5641:
5632:
5624:
5607:
5599:
5582:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5471:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5404:
5399:
5390:
5384:
5375:
5366:
5345:
5325:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5082:
5077:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5020:
5005:
4990:
4975:
4960:
4950:
4936:
4923:
4913:gerye kardan
4910:
4907:گِریه کَردَن
4897:
4890:
4880:
4868:gerye kardan
4865:
4862:گِریه کَردَن
4850:
4835:
4819:
4812:
4802:
4794:
4779:
4771:
4759:zamin xordan
4756:
4748:
4733:
4725:
4713:yād gereftan
4710:
4702:
4687:
4679:
4669:
4659:
4644:
4629:
4614:
4598:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4544:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4511:
4508:'he becomes'
4505:
4497:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4360:
4351:
4343:
4332:
4322:
4309:
4300:= 'I slept'.
4293:
4284:
4276:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4241:Transitive:
4231:
4214:
4202:intransitive
4191:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4109:
4092:dast marizād
4089:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3995:
3989:
3974:
3958:
3956:
3946:
3931:
3921:
3911:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3860:
3845:
3835:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3795:
3785:
3770:
3755:
3740:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3656:
3648:
3643:qabl az inke
3640:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3593:
3578:
3563:
3553:
3544:
3525:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3468:
3454:
3440:
3426:
3412:
3397:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3314:tasmim dāram
3311:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3240:naxāham kard
3237:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3204:
3190:
3176:
3162:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3120:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3012:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2928:nemikarde am
2925:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2757:(stressed):
2754:
2752:
2743:
2729:
2726:شما کرده اید
2715:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2670:
2658:man karde am
2655:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2523:
2509:
2495:
2481:
2478:تو کرده بودی
2466:
2463:من کرده بودم
2450:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2399:
2385:
2371:
2357:
2342:
2326:
2319:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2238:
2223:
2211:
2203:
2197:'to be' and
2190:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2145:
2142:شما میکردید
2131:
2117:
2103:
2091:man mikardam
2088:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1984:man nákardam
1981:
1980:(stressed):
1977:
1975:
1973:'I worked'.
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1934:ānhā kardand
1931:
1917:
1903:
1889:
1875:
1860:
1850:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1764:
1749:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1666:
1651:
1636:
1621:
1606:
1595:
1584:
1570:
1560:
1545:
1530:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1364:šomâ mikonid
1361:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1180:'he is' and
1173:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1041:
1032:
1027:sāl-e āyande
1024:
1011:
1002:
1000:
990:
987:نوشتههاى او
975:
965:
955:
941:
925:
918:, to see) -
911:
895:
881:
865:
851:
838:
834:
832:
829:
820:
811:
808:اختراع نوشتن
798:
790:
781:
768:
755:
747:
739:
729:
721:
707:
691:
683:
669:
653:
639:
623:
609:
593:
579:
563:
549:
533:
519:
508:
498:
484:
468:
454:
438:
424:
408:
394:
378:
364:
348:
334:
318:
304:
291:
287:
277:
269:
255:
253:
248:
240:
236:
228:
224:
216:
214:
208:yād gereftan
205:
197:
195:
186:
178:
170:
166:
164:
157:
151:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
115:
100:
86:
72:
19:
18:
6960:conjugation
6917:Niger–Congo
6885:Afroasiatic
6869:conjugation
6833:conjugation
6740:conjugation
6736:Macedonian
6725:conjugation
6715:conjugation
6683:conjugation
6671:conjugation
6656:conjugation
6652:Portuguese
6646:conjugation
6636:conjugation
6621:conjugation
6602:conjugation
6574:conjugation
6549:conjugation
6518:conjugation
6435:Determiners
6415:Phonologies
6145:Judeo-Tat (
6051:New Persian
6035:Old Persian
5858:Diachronica
4900:fekr kardan
4894:فِکر کَردَن
4887:'to repair'
4857:'to forget'
4838:fekr kardan
4832:فِکر کَردَن
4805:dust dāštan
4694:'to happen'
4547:light verbs
4387:may become
3699:'I must go'
3663:'so that':
3547:dāšte bāšam
3519:'to be' is
3359:Other moods
3221:xāhand kard
3154:'I will do'
2998:mikarde and
2718:mā karde im
2712:ما کرده ایم
2687:u karde ast
2681:او کرده است
2498:u karde bud
2492:او کرده بود
2333:before it:
2134:mā mikardim
2128:ما میکردیم
1920:šomā kardid
1847:Past simple
1358:شما میکنید
1304:man mikonam
1208:'he said'.
962:) 'written'
826:Participles
771:raft o āmad
461:'to go') -
125:past simple
7028:Categories
6808:pure verbs
6779:Hindustani
6772:Indo-Aryan
6730:morphology
6667:Sardinian
6626:morphology
6430:Adjectives
6284:Literature
6180:Vocabulary
6054:(from 800)
5472:Qarbzadegi
5119:References
5068:gofte bude
4993:tavānestan
4987:تَوانِستَن
4842:'to think'
4782:ārām šodan
4736:harf zadan
4717:'to learn'
4590:light verb
4494:'I become'
4250:u-rā didam
4244:او را دیدم
4238:= 'I ran'.
4206:accusative
4194:transitive
4172:čāp kardan
4099:دست مريزاد
4044:is added:
3977:dāšte bāš!
3832:Imperative
3541:داشته باشم
3232:xāhám kard
3215:خواهند کرد
3207:xāhid kard
3201:خواهيد کرد
3193:xāhim kard
3187:خواهيم کرد
3179:xāhad kard
3150:xāham kard
3106:rafte bude
2883:istāde ast
2775:raside and
2673:to karde i
2667:تو کرده ای
2652:من کرده ام
2447:Pluperfect
2241:man dāštam
2106:to mikardi
2100:تو میکردی
2085:من میکردم
1969:kār kardam
1928:آنها کردند
1863:man kardam
1399:من نمیکنم
1349:mâ mikonim
1343:ما میکنیم
972:ماهِ گذشته
200:bāz kardan
133:pluperfect
44:pronounced
6956:Japanese
6923:Chichewa
6876:Kabardian
6865:Georgian
6840:Hungarian
6710:Bulgarian
6503:auxiliary
6197:Phonology
4926:pendāštan
4809:'to love'
4690:rox dādan
4536:'he says'
4514:mitavānam
4004:کردن / کن
3971:داشته باش
3863:benevisid
3689:باید بروم
3560:شاید بروم
3376:benevisam
3306:qarār ast
3173:خواهد کرد
3165:xāhi kard
3159:خواهی کرد
3144:خواهم کرد
3046:midozdide
2562:The verb
2226:man budam
2114:او میکرد
2071:Imperfect
1914:شما کردید
1906:mā kardim
1628:'you are'
1503:'you are'
1383:'they do'
1334:u mikonad
1328:او میکند
1319:to mikoni
1313:تو میکنی
1298:من میکنم
1021:سال آينده
1014:nevisande
902:) 'taken'
841:'gone').
129:imperfect
68:Kār-vāzhe
62:romanized
33:romanized
6908:Tigrinya
6829:Finnish
6800:Armenian
6784:Sanskrit
6663:Romanian
6642:Occitan
6632:Italian
6598:Catalan
6480:Germanic
6450:Pronouns
6425:Grammars
6120:Hazaragi
5064:bude ast
4939:geristan
4872:'to cry'
4705:gereftan
4480:'I came'
4466:'I come'
4452:'I read'
4424:'I give'
4363:xorāndan
4312:xābāndan
4306:خواباندن
3992:optative
3986:Optative
3890:, as in
3879:nanevis!
3852:'write!'
3848:benevis!
3485:چکار کنم
3471:bokonand
2707:omitted)
2235:من داشتم
2120:u mikard
2017:bargardi
1953:geréftam
1900:ما کردیم
1878:to kardi
1658:'we are'
1537:'we are'
1470:enclitic
1250:ـهاند (
1243:ـهايد (
1236:ـهايم (
944:neveštan
932:) 'seen'
884:gereftan
784:xošnevis
765:رفت وآمد
642:neveštan
582:gereftan
427:neveštan
367:gereftan
7013:Ilocano
6950:Japonic
6763:Persian
6756:Iranian
6747:Slovene
6678:Spanish
6591:Romance
6498:English
6402:of the
6206:Grammar
6164:Dehwari
6159:Sistani
6154:Bukhori
6103:Iranian
6003:History
5566:Gāvxuni
5394:, p.77.
5002:خواستَن
4920:پنداشتن
4528:miguyad
4522:'I can'
4520:mitunam
4500:mišavad
4486:mišavam
4458:miyāyam
4450:mixunam
4444:mixānam
4430:miravam
4416:mideham
4410:'he is'
4357:خوراندن
4296:xābidam
4290:خوابیدم
4279:xābidan
4273:خوابیدن
4234:davidam
4066:nakonad
4053:makonād
3981:'have!'
3857:بنويسيد
3506:nakonam
3457:bokonid
3443:bokonim
3429:bokonad
3400:bokonam
3073:bude am
2699:, with
2695:u karde
2257:nabudam
2245:'I had'
2230:'I was'
2220:من بودم
2031:āmadam!
2002:rasidid
2000:vaqt-i
1872:تو کردی
1867:'I did'
1857:من کردم
1696:mibāšam
1684:hastand
1353:'we do'
1222:ـهای (
1215:ـهام (
1204:goft-eš
1008:نويسنده
958:nevešte
898:gerefte
778:خوشنویس
758:goftegu
750:goftogu
243:miguyam
231:miravad
181:nevešte
64::
57:کارواژه
53:Persian
35::
24:Persian
6995:Korean
6927:tenses
6903:Hebrew
6898:Arabic
6861:Basque
6856:Adyghe
6823:Uralic
6804:Greek
6721:Czech
6703:Slavic
6616:French
6579:tenses
6570:Latin
6560:Italic
6545:Irish
6539:Celtic
6530:Gothic
6525:German
6514:Dutch
6485:strong
6147:Juhuri
6108:Afghan
5860:24, 1.
5850:Aspect
5017:خواهَم
5008:xāstan
4933:گریستن
4822:kardan
4816:کَردَن
4797:dāštan
4751:xordan
4601:kardan
4595:کَردَن
4592:(e.g.
4571:sohbat
4565:صُحبَت
4558:kardan
4552:کَردَن
4478:umadam
4472:āmadam
4438:'I go'
4346:xordan
4198:object
4156:kardan
3961:dāštan
3415:bokoni
3130:xāstan
3124:خواستن
3044:māšin
2329:dāštan
2206:dāštan
2047:nešast
2015:tā to
1945:kárdam
1892:u kard
1886:او کرد
1736:dāštan
1715:hastam
1707:nistam
1669:hastid
1654:hastim
1613:'I am'
1609:hastam
1488:'I am'
1424:dāštan
1308:'I do'
1267:kardan
1252:-e and
1044:xandān
1035:(e.g.
854:kardan
672:raftan
552:dāštan
522:kardan
457:raftan
441:nevešt
381:gereft
337:dāštan
307:kardan
239:, and
143:, and
131:, and
95:nevešt
81:gereft
51:) or (
6934:Sotho
6793:Other
6508:modal
6455:Verbs
6440:Nouns
6400:Verbs
6219:Ezāfe
6190:Verbs
6185:Nouns
6125:Aimaq
6113:Tajik
5600:Aqiqe
5023:xāham
4978:šāyad
4972:شایَد
4963:bāyad
4957:بایَد
4826:are:
4791:داشتن
4774:šodan
4745:خوردن
4728:zadan
4699:گرفتن
4682:dādan
4532:>
4518:>
4504:>
4492:mišam
4490:>
4476:>
4464:miyām
4462:>
4448:>
4436:miram
4434:>
4422:midam
4420:>
4406:>
4350:(خور
4340:خوردن
4264:-ānd-
4228:دویدم
4200:) or
4164:šodan
4114:šodan
4047:مکناد
4036:konād
3949:bāšid
3943:باشید
3938:'be!'
3918:'go!'
3914:boro!
3842:بنويس
3727:bāšam
3535:داشتن
3528:bāšam
3465:بکنند
3451:بکنید
3437:بکنیم
3065:budam
3042:dāšte
2867:āmade
2642:budan
2566:budan
2323:داشتن
2200:داشتن
2193:budan
1730:داشتن
1678:ھستند
1663:ھستيد
1648:ھستيم
1624:hasti
1464:budan
1245:-e id
1238:-e im
1217:-e am
1156:ـند (
1146:ـید (
1139:ـیم (
1103:ـند (
1092:ـید (
1085:ـیم (
1038:خندان
1003:-ande
951:نوشته
937:نوشتن
914:didan
891:گرفته
877:گرفتن
868:karde
839:rafte
744:گفتگو
710:šodan
656:nevis
635:نوشتن
612:didan
575:گرفتن
545:داشتن
487:šodan
420:نوشتن
397:didan
360:گرفتن
330:داشتن
280:) or
249:migam
189:šodan
173:rafte
89:nevis
6489:weak
6487:and
4930:and
4917:are
4904:and
4676:دادن
4534:mige
4506:miše
4391:and
4383:and
4352:xor-
4285:xāb-
4260:-ān-
4060:نکند
4030:کناد
4027:- →
3934:bāš!
3522:باشم
3516:بودن
3423:بکند
3409:بکنی
3394:بکنم
3108:Mesr
2636:بودن
2454:بودن
2187:بودن
1639:hast
1618:ھستی
1603:هستم
1458:بودن
1261:کردن
1229:ـه (
1224:-e i
1189:nist
1183:نيست
1176:hast
1158:-and
1129:ـی (
1122:ـم (
1105:-and
1074:ـد (
1067:ـی (
1060:ـم (
928:dide
921:دیده
907:دیدن
888:) -
861:کرده
858:) -
847:کردن
754:(or
714:) -
676:) -
665:رفتن
649:نويس
646:) -
616:) -
605:دیدن
586:) -
556:) -
526:) -
515:کردن
471:raft
450:رفتن
434:نوشت
390:دیدن
374:گرفت
351:dāšt
344:داشت
321:kard
300:کردن
288:-dan
278:-tan
237:mire
150:The
6135:Tat
5867:In
5070:...
5046:ast
4768:شدن
4722:زدن
4402:ast
4139:be-
4042:ma-
4023:kon
3996:-ād
3928:باش
3908:برو
3894:rav
3888:-av
3873:be-
3818:na-
3500:be-
3480:be-
3386:bo-
3370:be-
3246:ná-
2922:ne-
2898:mi-
2755:na-
2703:ast
2549:na-
2251:na-
2212:mi-
2171:ne-
2077:mi-
2060:šod
1978:na-
1965:in
1961:kār
1633:ھست
1563:and
1557:اند
1542:ايد
1527:ايم
1514:ast
1508:است
1418:mi-
1414:mi-
1394:ne-
1286:mi-
1198:-eš
1170:هست
1162:-an
1152:-in
1148:-id
1141:-im
1124:-am
1109:-an
1098:-in
1094:-id
1087:-im
1076:-ad
1062:-am
1033:-ān
728:or
724:šav
703:شدن
690:or
686:rav
626:bin
619:بین
596:gir
589:گیر
566:dār
559:دار
536:kon
501:šod
480:شدن
464:رفت
411:did
404:دید
314:کرد
292:-an
219:ast
109:dād
103:deh
75:gir
7030::
5878:.
5770:^
5695:^
5616:^
5591:^
5354:^
5333:^
5315:^
4393:um
4389:un
4385:ām
4381:ān
4217:rā
4211:را
4017:کن
3902::
3900:-o
3875::
3820::
3659:tā
3651:tā
3551:.
3502::
3388::
3248:.
3136:mi
2924::
2551::
2253::
2173::
1949:,
1719:.
1548:id
1533:im
1493:اى
1484:am
1478:ام
1390:نه
1231:-e
1131:-i
1080:-e
1069:-i
835:-e
732:šo
717:شو
694:ro
679:رو
529:کن
494:شد
283:دن
273:تن
227:,
167:-e
139:,
127:,
120:.
106:,
92:,
78:,
59:,
55::
42:,
30:,
26::
6891:)
6887:(
6491:)
6483:(
6472:)
6468:(
6392:e
6385:t
6378:v
6149:)
5987:e
5980:t
5973:v
5819:.
5627:.
5602:.
5568:.
5474:.
5407:.
5328:.
4408:e
4096:(
4082:(
3382:o
2062:!
1522:)
1520:e
1499:i
1290:y
954:(
940:(
924:(
910:(
894:(
880:(
864:(
850:(
736:)
720:(
706:(
698:)
682:(
668:(
660:)
652:(
638:(
630:)
622:(
608:(
600:)
592:(
578:(
570:)
562:(
548:(
540:)
532:(
518:(
505:)
497:(
483:(
475:)
467:(
453:(
445:)
437:(
423:(
415:)
407:(
393:(
385:)
377:(
363:(
355:)
347:(
333:(
325:)
317:(
303:(
286:(
276:(
225:e
22:(
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