1005:
902:. However, Nietzsche's perspectivism itself stands in sharp contrast to any such relativism. In outlining his perspectivism, Nietzsche rejects those who claim everything to be subjective, by disassembling the notion of the subject as itself a mere invention and interpretation. He further states that, since the two are mutually dependent on each other, the collapse of the God's-eye view causes also the notion of the
1118:
1132:
919:, rejecting interpretations of it as an epistemological thesis outrightly. It is through this method of critique that the deficiencies of various perspectives can be alleviatedâthrough a critical mediation of the differences between them rather than any appeals to the non-perspectival. In a posthumously published aphorism from
1070:
From different positions two people see the same surroundings. However, they do not see the same thing. Their different positions mean that the surroundings are organized in a different way: what is in the foreground for one may be in the background for another. Furthermore, as things are hidden one
848:
Let us be on guard against the dangerous old conceptual fiction that posited a 'pure, will-less, painless, timeless knowing subject'; let us guard against the snares of such contradictory concepts as 'pure reason', 'absolute spirituality', 'knowledge in itself': these always demand that we should
808:
Men of intelligence notice more things and view them more carefully, but they them; and to establish and substantiate their interpretation, they cannot refrain from altering the facts a little. They never present things just as they are but twist and disguise them to conform to the point of view
1313:
Including its pre-Nietzschean forms, perspectivism traditionally holds that: "All seeing occurs from some point of view, in accordance with our interests. There is neither a view from nowhere nor a view from everywhere; Though we have no absolute view, cut off from the perspective, it does not
1075:
Ortega also maintained that perspective is perfected by the multiplication of its viewpoints. He noted that war transpires due to the lack of perspective and failure to see the larger contexts of the actions among nations. Ortega also cited the importance of phenomenology in perspectivism as he
989:
Nietzsche's writings on truth are among the most elusive and difficult ones in his corpus. One indication of their obscurity is that on an initial reading he appears either blatantly inconsistent in his use of the words 'true' and 'truth', or subject to inexplicable vacillations on the value of
910:
project, that all that has been considered non-perspectival knowledge, the entire tradition of
Western metaphysics, has itself been only a perspective. His perspectivism and genealogical project are further integrated into each other in addressing the psychological drives that underlie various
833:
In his works, Nietzsche makes a number of statements on perspective which at times contrast each other throughout the development of his philosophy. Nietzsche's perspectivism begins by challenging the underlying notions of 'viewing from nowhere', 'viewing from everywhere', and 'viewing without
929:"Everything is subjective," you say; but even this is interpretation. The "subject" is not something given, it is something added and invented and projected behind what there is.âFinally, is it necessary to posit an interpreter behind the interpretation? Even this is invention, hypothesis.
556:
or as a rejection of objectivity entirely. Though it is often mistaken to imply that no way of seeing the world can be taken as definitively true, perspectivism can instead be interpreted as holding certain interpretations (such as that of perspectivism itself) to be definitively true.
1314:
follow that all perspectives are 'equally valid.' On the contrary, some perspectives are better than others. We know this not because we have the ability to compare perspectives to whatever lies outside any perspective, but because we can (and do) compare perspectives to one another."
1076:
argued against speculation and the importance of concrete evidence in understanding truth and reality. In this discourse, he highlighted the role of "circumstance" in finding out the truth since it allows us to understand realities beyond ourselves.
643:
to knowledge) has sometimes been accounted as a rudimentary, uncontentious form of perspectivism. The basic practice of comparing contradictory perspectives to one another may also be considered one such form of perspectivism
981:, there is no academic consensus on Nietzsche's conception of truth. While his perspectivism presents a number of challenges regarding the nature of truth, its more controversial element lies in its questioning of the
939:
It is our needs that interpret the world; our drives and their For and
Against. Every drive is a kind of lust to rule; each one has its perspective that it would like to compel all the other drives to accept as a
489:
to things outside any perspective, perspectivism thus generally seeks to determine truth by comparing and evaluating perspectives among themselves. Perspectivism may be regarded as an early form of
3542:
1952:
788:
Montaigne's philosophy presents in itself a perspectivism less as a doctrinaire position than as a core philosophical approach put into practice. Inasmuch as no one can occupy a
849:
think of an eye that is completely unthinkable, an eye turned in no particular direction, in which the active and interpreting forces, through which alone seeing becomes seeing
1969:
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from which they have seen them; and to gain credence for their opinion and make it attractive, they do not mind adding something of their own, or extending and amplifying.
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notions in which objective truth is seen to reside in a wholly non-perspectival domain. Despite this, perspectivism is often misinterpreted as a form of
2476:
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1066:("Truth and perspective"), where he explained that "each man has a mission of truth" and that what he sees of reality no other eye sees. He explained:
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3147:
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2639:
2209:
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146:
2860:. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science). Vol. 416. Springer, Cham. pp. 19â35.
2744:. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science). Vol. 416. Springer, Cham. pp. 19â35.
2196:. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science). Vol. 416. Springer, Cham. pp. 19â35.
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1517:
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The basic principle that things are perceived differently from different perspectives (or that perspective determines one's limited and
633:
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and correspondence theories of truth. Furthermore, scientific perspecitivism has come to address a number of scientific fields such as
171:
1237:
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1724:. Note that while Nietzsche rejects traditional metaphysical realism, he is nevertheless a realist in an antimetaphysical sense.)
1192:
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eyes, different eyes, we can use to observe one thing, the more complete will our 'concept' of this thing, our 'objectivity' be.
3615:
3016:
1062:
Ortega's perspectivism, replaced his previous position that "man is completely social". His reversal is prominent in his work
780:. The antiperspectivism of Plato made him a central target of critique for later perspectival philosophers such as Nietzsche.
3522:
3357:
1928:
1461:
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47:
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2002:
Studies in
History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
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411:
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3223:
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217:
1280:
For the perspectivist divergence between truth and value, and its opposition to correspondence theories of truth, see:
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1912:
1645:
Reading
Nietzsche through the Ancients: An Analysis of Becoming, Perspectivism, and the Principle of Non-Contradiction
1172:
1098:
1088:
2000:(March 2012). "Scientific perspectivism: a philosopher of science's response to the challenge of big data biology".
838:
is attached to some perspective, and all viewers are limited in some sense to the perspectives at their command. In
3590:
3569:
3537:
1242:
1093:
629:
3439:
3070:
2808:
Conway, Daniel (1999). "Beyond Truth and
Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism". In Babich, Babette E. (ed.).
2552:"AnekÄntavÄda and engaged rhetorical pluralism: explicating Jaina views on perspectivism, violence, and rhetoric"
1672:
Conway, Daniel (1999). "Beyond Truth and
Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism". In Babich, Babette E. (ed.).
1568:
Conway, Daniel (1999). "Beyond Truth and
Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism". In Babich, Babette E. (ed.).
1156:
1103:
490:
277:
176:
3532:
3454:
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541:
481:, it holds that no one has access to an absolute view of the world cut off from perspective. Instead, all such
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392:
136:
111:
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1207:
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978:
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717:
362:
357:
287:
37:
3414:
3312:
3267:
907:
609:
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3332:
2031:(December 2016). "Scientific realism within perspectivism and perspectivism within scientific realism".
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565:
397:
387:
42:
764:'s philosophy is his rejection and opposition to perspectivismâthis forming a principal element of his
525:
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occurs from some point of view which in turn affects how things are perceived. Rather than attempt to
3347:
3317:
3292:
3282:
3262:
2812:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 204. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 109â122.
1978:
1721:
1676:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 204. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 109â122.
1572:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 204. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 109â122.
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853:, are supposed to be lacking; these always demand of the eye an absurdity and a nonsense. There is
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1946:
1809:
1600:
1556:
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1321:
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1026:
733:
621:
597:
478:
1531:
For the relation of perspectivism to realism, see the following (and their containing sources):
2956:. Translated by Kaufmann, Walter; Hollingdale, Reginald J. Random House (published 1967). §481.
2230:(2016). "Scientific realism within perspectivism and perspectivism within scientific realism".
1539:(2016). "Scientific realism within perspectivism and perspectivism within scientific realism".
1357:(2016). "Scientific realism within perspectivism and perspectivism within scientific realism".
3527:
3199:
3171:
3143:
3118:
3087:
3014:
Hales, Steven D.; Welshon, Robert C. (1994). "Truth, Paradox, and
Nietzschean Perspectivism".
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2635:
2629:
2532:
2522:
2454:
2444:
2402:
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For comparisons of contemporary scientific perspectivism with
Nietzschean perspectivism, see:
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2089:
2017:
1934:
1924:
1878:
1868:
1839:
1829:
1797:
1787:
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1648:
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1304:
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1123:
950:
891:
789:
713:
705:
647:
640:
589:
528:'s use of the term some years prior. For Nietzsche, perspectivism takes the form of a realist
517:
342:
957:
While
Nietzsche does not plainly reject truth and objectivity, he does reject the notions of
792:, Montaigne holds that no one has access to a view which is totally unbiased, which does not
3342:
3079:
2980:
2861:
2813:
2745:
2703:
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2602:
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2514:
2436:
2394:
2348:
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2239:
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2148:
2140:
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2009:
1997:
1986:
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philosophical programs and perspectives, as a form of critique. Here, contemporary scholar
3307:
3297:
3068:
Wiggins, Osborne P.; Schwartz, Michael Alan (2013). "Karl Jaspers' multiperspectivalism".
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2853:
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2189:
2126:
2122:
2059:
1856:
1817:
1775:
1512:
1257:
1149:, a fundamental doctrine of Jainism setting forth a pluralistic metaphysics, traceable to
903:
442:
96:
584:, is more narrowly focused than prior formsâcentering on the perspectival limitations of
2968:
1982:
1004:
540:
of a belief always constitutes its ultimate worth-value. The perspectival conception of
3404:
2702:. Mnemosyne, Supplements. Vol. 405. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 107â120.
2393:. Mnemosyne, Supplements. Vol. 405. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 107â120.
2227:
2028:
1905:
1536:
1354:
1212:
1202:
797:
708:(1646 â 1716 CE). The origins of perspectivism have also been found to lie also within
332:
2130:
2063:
3584:
3564:
3469:
3464:
2883:
2852:
Hales, Steven D. (2020). "Nietzsche's Epistemic Perspectivism". In CreÈu, Ana-Maria;
2767:
2736:
Hales, Steven D. (2020). "Nietzsche's Epistemic Perspectivism". In CreÈu, Ana-Maria;
2614:
2590:
2575:
2286:
2251:
2219:
2188:
Hales, Steven D. (2020). "Nietzsche's Epistemic Perspectivism". In CreÈu, Ana-Maria;
2170:
2103:
2052:
1717:
1560:
1378:
887:
573:
352:
337:
101:
71:
3099:
3000:
1667:
For Nietzschean perspectivism as a form of realist antimetaphysics, see especially:
932:
In so far as the word "knowledge" has any meaning, the world is knowable; but it is
3474:
3449:
1900:
1146:
1051:
895:
801:
773:
625:
569:
494:
454:
27:
2924:
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1700:
985:
of truth. Contemporary scholars Steven D. Hales and Robert C. Welshon write that:
732:
texts. Anthropologists have found a kind of perspectivism in the thinking of some
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2567:
1825:
3419:
2984:
2865:
2817:
2749:
2440:
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2201:
2013:
1990:
1681:
1608:
1577:
1508:
1329:
1182:
1177:
1166:
936:
otherwise, it has no meaning behind it, but countless meanings.â"Perspectivism."
821:
737:
709:
593:
577:
544:
used by Nietzsche sees the deficiencies of each perspective as remediable by an
537:
529:
237:
212:
126:
86:
66:
664:
In Western languages, scholars have found perspectivism in the philosophies of
560:
During the 21st century, perspectivism has led a number of developments within
3459:
3044:
2707:
2606:
2518:
2398:
2243:
2152:
2085:
2044:
1882:
1864:
1816:. Philosophy and Medicine. Vol. 119 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht; New York:
1783:
1552:
1399:
Sandywell, Barry (2012). "'Perspectives, Philosophical' and 'Perspectivism'".
1370:
1352:
For concordance with scientific and contemporary forms of perspectivism, see:
1113:
899:
765:
757:
753:
683:
665:
553:
545:
509:
458:
347:
207:
131:
121:
106:
81:
2536:
2458:
2370:
1843:
1801:
1626:
1426:
1347:
3388:
2969:"Nietzsche's Conception of Truth: Correspondence, Coherence, or Pragmatist?"
2136:
2069:
1938:
1853:
Formal Approach to the Metaphysics of Perspectives: Points of View as Access
1479:
1308:
1226:
912:
906:
to fall apart with it. Nietzsche views this collapse to reveal, through his
549:
462:
322:
227:
197:
141:
76:
16:
Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked
3091:
2845:. Translated by Kaufmann, Walter. New York: Vintage Books (published 1967).
2021:
2144:
2135:. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 20. New York:
2077:
2068:. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 20. New York:
1920:
1408:
3434:
3424:
1150:
777:
721:
613:
596:, and focused interest, while remaining more compatible for example with
508:
Early forms of perspectivism have been identified in the philosophies of
3029:
2427:
Miner, Robert (2017). "Gay science and the practice of perspectivism".
2339:
Miner, Robert (2017). "Gay science and the practice of perspectivism".
1772:
Substantive Perspectivism: An Essay on Philosophical Concern with Truth
1595:
Miner, Robert (2017). "Gay science and the practice of perspectivism".
1316:
Miner, Robert (2017). "Gay science and the practice of perspectivism".
725:
605:
601:
91:
3215:
3115:
An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset
3083:
1071:
behind another, each person will see something that the other may not.
656:
of how true knowledge is to penetrate one's perspectival limitations.
2698:
Van Riel, Gerd (2017). "Perspectivism in Plato's Views of the Gods".
2389:
Van Riel, Gerd (2017). "Perspectivism in Plato's Views of the Gods".
816:
800:
which view one's own perspective as unbiased. In a passage from his "
769:
729:
580:, and others. This contemporary form of perspectivism, also known as
252:
242:
192:
187:
2502:
2132:
Understanding Perspectivism: Scientific and Methodological Prospects
2065:
Understanding Perspectivism: Scientific and Methodological Prospects
796:
according to its own perspective. It is instead only the underlying
2551:
2271:
Vanzolini, Marina; Cesarino, Pedro (August 2014). "Perspectivism".
1960:
761:
548:
study of the differences between them. This stands in contrast to
474:
247:
524:'s development of the concept in the 19th century, influenced by
2117:
2115:
2113:
894:
of the world. This has been further linked to his notion of the
202:
3219:
1046:
In the 20th century, perspectivism was discussed separately by
915:
views Nietzsche's perspectivism to above all be a principle of
1458:
The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault
1401:
Dictionary of Visual Discourse: A Dialectical Lexicon of Terms
1287:
The Art of Living: Socratic Reflections from Plato to Foucault
998:
473:
regard all perspectives and interpretations as being of equal
1898:
Examples of perspectivism in philosophy of science include:|
3168:
The Culture of Time and Space, 1880â1918: With a New Preface
2661:
Long, A. A. (1998). "Unity of opposites and perspectivism".
3140:
Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History
1647:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 210.
720:. In Asian languages, scholars have found perspectivism in
1765:
Examples of perspectivism in analytic philosophy include:
740:
interpreted various scriptures in a perspectivist manner.
624:. Studies of perspectivism have also been introduced into
3117:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
748:
The Western origins of perspectivism can be found in the
520:. However, its first major statement is considered to be
3170:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 151.
2785:. Translated by Cohen, John M. Penguin (published 1958).
2266:
2264:
1022:
1961:"Models and perspectives on stage: remarks on Giere's
2925:"Nietzsche on the Possibility of Truth and Knowledge"
2893:"Nietzsche on the Possibility of Truth and Knowledge"
1701:"Nietzsche on the Possibility of Truth and Knowledge"
3483:
3371:
3253:
2591:"Perspectivism as a way of knowing in the Zhuangzi"
1970:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
1238:
Philosophy of SÞren Kierkegaard § Subjectivity
2810:Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science
1904:
1674:Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science
1570:Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science
465:of something are always bound to the interpretive
1951:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
834:interpreting' as being absurdities. Instead, all
2923:Doyle, Tsarina (2005). Thornton, Stephen (ed.).
2891:Doyle, Tsarina (2005). Thornton, Stephen (ed.).
1699:Doyle, Tsarina (2005). Thornton, Stephen (ed.).
949:, §481 (1883â1888), transl. Walter Kaufmann and
493:, though in some accounts includes treatment of
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
987:
927:
865:affects we allow to speak about one thing, the
846:
806:
1774:. Synthese Library. Vol. 344. Dordrecht:
3231:
3142:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112.
2803:
2801:
2781:Montaigne, Michel de (1595). "Of Cannibals".
2125:; McCoy, Casey D. (2019). "Introduction". In
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1084:Contemporary types of perspectivism include:
419:
8:
2918:
2916:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2422:
2420:
2418:
568:, particularly under the early influence of
2507:Buddhist Philosophy: A Comparative Approach
1814:Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine
469:of those observing it. While perspectivism
3273:Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
3238:
3224:
3216:
426:
412:
18:
2631:Reformed Theology and Evolutionary Theory
1855:. Synthese Library. Vol. 392. Cham:
2947:
2945:
2667:The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
977:Despite receiving much attention within
2335:conflicting point of view perspectivism
1270:
26:
1944:
3278:On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
3189:
3187:
3161:
3159:
1851:Colomina Almiñana, Juan José (2018).
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
814:Michel de Montaigne, "Of Cannibals",
628:, initially through the influence of
7:
3555:Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (sister)
3496:Influence and reception of Nietzsche
2858:Knowledge from a Human Point of View
2742:Knowledge from a Human Point of View
2194:Knowledge from a Human Point of View
1276:
1274:
634:indigenous cultures of South America
3054:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2952:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1883â1888) .
2556:Advances in the History of Rhetoric
2503:"Zen's nonegocentric perspectivism"
2477:"The Dialectic of Perspectivism, I"
2310:"The Dialectic of Perspectivism, I"
1518:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1507:Anderson, R. Lanier (Summer 2017).
973:Truth theory and the value of truth
2484:Sats: Nordic Journal of Philosophy
2317:Sats: Nordic Journal of Philosophy
760:. In fact, a major cornerstone of
14:
3601:Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
1233:Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
1016:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
660:Precursors and early developments
487:determine truth by correspondence
3517:The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
3198:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 133.
2505:. In Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).
2062:; McCoy, Casey D., eds. (2019).
1193:Integral theory (disambiguation)
1130:
1116:
1003:
3017:History of Philosophy Quarterly
2589:Connolly, Tim (November 2011).
1959:Brown, Matthew J. (June 2009).
1403:. Routledge. pp. 458â459.
898:and the dangers of a resulting
861:a perspective knowing; and the
3523:Library of Friedrich Nietzsche
3196:Journalism, Ethics and Society
3138:Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016).
3043:Holmes, Oliver (Summer 2011).
2550:Stroud, Scott R. (July 2014).
2287:10.1093/obo/9780199766567-0083
1462:University of California Press
1291:University of California Press
534:correspondence theory of truth
172:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1:
3543:Relationship with Max Stirner
2841:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1887).
2791:is substituted from the 1943
2700:Plato and the Power of Images
2490:(2). Philosophia Press: 5â50.
2391:Plato and the Power of Images
2323:(2). Philosophia Press: 5â50.
694:
687:
676:
669:
3323:On the Genealogy of Morality
2973:Journal of Nietzsche Studies
2675:10.4324/9780415249126-A055-1
2568:10.1080/15362426.2014.933721
2274:Oxford Bibliographies Online
1826:10.1007/978-94-017-9579-1_27
1099:Transcendental perspectivism
2993:10.5325/jnietstud.46.2.0229
2985:10.5325/jnietstud.46.2.0229
2866:10.1007/978-3-030-27041-4_2
2818:10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9
2750:10.1007/978-3-030-27041-4_2
2663:Heraclitus (c.540âc.480 BC)
2441:10.1007/978-3-319-66745-4_3
2353:10.1007/978-3-319-66745-4_3
2202:10.1007/978-3-030-27041-4_2
2014:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.007
1991:10.1016/j.shpsa.2009.03.001
1913:University of Chicago Press
1748:. Routledge. Archived from
1739:"Nietzsche's perspectivism"
1682:10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9
1609:10.1007/978-3-319-66745-4_3
1578:10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9
1330:10.1007/978-3-319-66745-4_3
1173:Constructivist epistemology
1089:Individualist perspectivism
890:approach which rejects any
886:In this, Nietzsche takes a
736:. Some theologians believe
716:and its artistic notion of
645:
3642:
3538:Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria
3506:Nietzsche's views on women
2843:On the Genealogy of Morals
2628:Van den Brink, G. (2020).
2129:; McCoy, Casey D. (eds.).
1812:(2015) . "Perspectivism".
1243:Point of view (philosophy)
1094:Collectivist perspectivism
630:Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
2708:10.1163/9789004345010_008
2634:. Eerdmans. p. 200.
2607:10.1007/s11712-011-9246-x
2519:10.1002/9781119424246.ch7
2399:10.1163/9789004345010_008
2244:10.1007/s10516-016-9304-4
2045:10.1007/s10516-016-9304-4
1865:10.1007/978-3-319-73655-6
1784:10.1007/978-90-481-2623-1
1553:10.1007/s10516-016-9304-4
1371:10.1007/s10516-016-9304-4
1157:Blind men and an elephant
1104:Theological perspectivism
750:pre-Socratic philosophies
626:contemporary anthropology
532:while rejecting both the
491:epistemological pluralism
455:epistemological principle
278:Evolutionary epistemology
3621:Criticism of rationalism
3596:Epistemological theories
3533:Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg
3455:Transvaluation of values
3395:Apollonian and Dionysian
2385:problem of perspectivism
1963:Scientific Perspectivism
1907:Scientific Perspectivism
1484:See especially page 148.
1169:, the unity of knowledge
1029:may contain suggestions.
1014:may need to be rewritten
878:(1887; III:12), transl.
744:Ancient Greek philosophy
582:scientific perspectivism
536:and the notion that the
393:Philosophy of perception
3611:Philosophical analogies
3570:Zarathustra's roundelay
3511:Nietzsche and free will
3501:Anarchism and Nietzsche
3358:The Will to Power
3353:Nietzsche contra Wagner
3113:Dobson, Andrew (2009).
2967:Remhof, Justin (2015).
2501:Davis, Bret W. (2018).
2429:Nietzsche and Montaigne
2341:Nietzsche and Montaigne
2279:Oxford University Press
1923:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1643:Meyer, Matthew (2014).
1597:Nietzsche and Montaigne
1318:Nietzsche and Montaigne
1208:Model-dependent realism
979:contemporary philosophy
876:The Genealogy of Morals
841:The Genealogy of Morals
288:Historical epistemology
3616:Philosophical theories
3415:Genealogy (philosophy)
3313:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3268:On the Pathos of Truth
3166:Kern, Stephen (2003).
3045:"José Ortega y Gasset"
2669:. Taylor and Francis.
2383:See discussion of the
1746:Philosophy for A Level
1080:Types of Perspectivism
1073:
992:
955:
884:
857:a perspective seeing,
826:
704:(1533 â 1592 CE), and
632:and his research into
610:cognitive neuroscience
446:
3491:Works about Nietzsche
3440:Masterâslave morality
3430:Immaculate perception
3400:The Four Great Errors
3333:Twilight of the Idols
3194:Berry, David (2016).
2145:10.4324/9781315145198
2078:10.4324/9781315145198
1921:10.7208/9780226292144
1509:"Friedrich Nietzsche"
1409:10.4324/9781315577098
1293:. pp. 145, 148.
1068:
945:Friedrich Nietzsche,
874:Friedrich Nietzsche,
654:philosophical problem
566:philosophy of science
398:Philosophy of science
3348:Dionysian Dithyrambs
3318:Beyond Good and Evil
3293:Human, All Too Human
3283:Untimely Meditations
3263:The Birth of Tragedy
2513:. pp. 123â143.
1820:. pp. 865â874.
1722:anti-foundationalism
1464:. pp. 143â150.
1248:Rhizome (philosophy)
1223:Multiperspectivalism
1162:Conceptual framework
1064:Verdad y perspectiva
1048:José Ortega y Gasset
925:, Nietzsche writes:
798:psychological biases
652:, as may the entire
273:Applied epistemology
3626:Social epistemology
3560:Nietzschean Zionism
3303:Idylls from Messina
3288:Hymnus an das Leben
3247:Friedrich Nietzsche
2347:. pp. 59, 60.
2301:naive perspectivism
1983:2009SHPSA..40..213B
1810:Sadegh-Zadeh, Kazem
1737:Lacewing, Michael.
1716:(Also as a form of
702:Michel de Montaigne
641:unprivileged access
618:interdisciplinarity
562:analytic philosophy
522:Friedrich Nietzsche
514:Michel de Montaigne
503:realist metaphysics
383:Epistemic cognition
303:Virtue epistemology
298:Social epistemology
283:Formal epistemology
22:Part of a series on
3410:Faith in the Earth
3328:The Case of Wagner
2435:. pp. 43â93.
2433:Palgrave Macmillan
2345:Palgrave Macmillan
2333:See discussion of
2299:See discussion of
2153:20.500.12657/25065
2086:20.500.12657/25065
1601:Palgrave Macmillan
1454:Nehamas, Alexander
1322:Palgrave Macmillan
1283:Nehamas, Alexander
1188:Fusion of horizons
995:Later developments
734:indigenous peoples
622:philosophy of time
598:Kantian philosophy
526:Gustav TeichmĂŒller
3591:Consensus reality
3578:
3577:
3528:Nietzsche Archive
3205:978-0-7546-4780-5
3149:978-1-137-58206-5
3124:978-0-521-12331-0
3084:10.1159/000353357
2954:The Will to Power
2875:978-3-030-27040-7
2827:978-90-481-5234-6
2759:978-3-030-27040-7
2641:978-1-4674-5876-4
2211:978-3-030-27040-7
1998:Callebaut, Werner
1691:978-90-481-5234-6
1587:978-90-481-5234-6
1253:Standpoint theory
1198:Intersubjectivity
1138:Psychology portal
1124:Philosophy portal
1044:
1043:
1018:quality standards
951:R. J. Hollingdale
947:The Will to Power
922:The Will to Power
714:philosophy of art
706:Gottfried Leibniz
648:Intersubjectivity
586:scientific models
518:Gottfried Leibniz
436:
435:
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3154:
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3110:
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3065:
3059:
3058:
3049:Zalta, Edward N.
3040:
3034:
3033:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2929:
2920:
2911:
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2897:
2887:
2854:Massimi, Michela
2846:
2838:
2832:
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2805:
2796:
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2778:
2772:
2771:
2738:Massimi, Michela
2733:
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2473:Conant, James F.
2469:
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2413:
2412:
2381:
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2331:
2325:
2324:
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2306:Conant, James F.
2297:
2291:
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2268:
2259:
2255:
2223:
2190:Massimi, Michela
2181:
2175:
2174:
2139:. pp. 1â9.
2127:Massimi, Michela
2123:Massimi, Michela
2119:
2108:
2107:
2060:Massimi, Michela
2056:
2025:
1994:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1910:
1901:Giere, Ronald N.
1896:
1890:
1886:
1847:
1805:
1770:Mou, Bo (2009).
1763:
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1513:Zalta, Edward N.
1504:
1485:
1483:
1450:
1431:
1430:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1351:
1312:
1278:
1218:Moral skepticism
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1007:
999:
967:non-perspectival
953:
917:moral psychology
882:
824:
712:developments in
699:
696:
692:
689:
681:
678:
674:
671:
651:
499:moral psychology
428:
421:
414:
328:Sextus Empiricus
293:Metaepistemology
19:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3634:
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3630:
3581:
3580:
3579:
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3549:My Sister and I
3479:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3308:The Gay Science
3298:The Dawn of Day
3249:
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3206:
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3165:
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3071:Psychopathology
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2793:Donald M. Frame
2780:
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2549:
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2529:
2511:Wiley-Blackwell
2509:. Hoboken, NJ:
2500:
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2270:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2228:Agazzi, Evandro
2226:
2212:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2163:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2096:
2058:
2029:Agazzi, Evandro
2027:
1996:
1958:
1943:
1931:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1857:Springer-Verlag
1850:
1836:
1818:Springer-Verlag
1808:
1794:
1776:Springer-Verlag
1769:
1764:
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1752:
1741:
1736:
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1727:
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1537:Agazzi, Evandro
1535:
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1526:
1506:
1505:
1488:
1472:
1452:
1451:
1434:
1419:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1355:Agazzi, Evandro
1353:
1340:
1315:
1301:
1281:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:Value pluralism
1225:, a current in
1136:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1082:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1008:
997:
975:
954:
944:
904:thing-in-itself
883:
880:Walter Kaufmann
873:
831:
825:
820:(1595), trans.
813:
786:
746:
697:
690:
679:
672:
662:
530:antimetaphysics
451:perspectivalism
447:Perspektivismus
432:
403:
402:
388:Epistemic logic
378:
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368:
367:
318:
317:
316:Epistemologists
308:
307:
268:
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258:
257:
162:
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152:
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97:Foundationalism
62:
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52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3452:
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3412:
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3405:Eternal return
3402:
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3392:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
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3338:The Antichrist
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3204:
3183:
3176:
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3148:
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3105:
3078:(5): 289â294.
3060:
3035:
3024:(1): 101â119.
3006:
2979:(2): 229â238.
2959:
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2848:
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2797:
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2758:
2723:
2716:
2690:
2683:
2653:
2640:
2620:
2601:(4): 487â505.
2581:
2562:(2): 131â156.
2542:
2527:
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2464:
2449:
2414:
2407:
2376:
2361:
2326:
2292:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2238:(4): 349â365.
2224:
2210:
2184:
2176:
2161:
2109:
2094:
2039:(4): 349â365.
1977:(2): 213â220.
1929:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1848:
1834:
1806:
1792:
1766:
1758:
1755:on 2014-05-21.
1729:
1726:
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1617:
1603:. p. 80.
1592:
1586:
1565:
1547:(4): 349â365.
1532:
1524:
1486:
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1432:
1417:
1384:
1365:(4): 349â365.
1338:
1324:. p. 64.
1299:
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1213:Moral nihilism
1210:
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1203:Metaphilosophy
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964:
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942:
892:God's-eye view
871:
837:
830:
827:
811:
804:", he writes:
795:
790:God's-eye view
785:
782:
745:
742:
698: 420 BCE
680: 480 BCE
661:
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449:; also called
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355:
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3470:Will to power
3468:
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3445:Perspectivism
3443:
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3177:0-674-02169-X
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2847:As cited in:
2844:
2837:
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2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:translation.)
2794:
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336:
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218:Justification
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117:Perspectivism
115:
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102:Infallibilism
100:
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3606:Hermeneutics
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3475:World riddle
3450:Ressentiment
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3373:Concepts and
3361:(posthumous)
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1147:Anekantavada
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3383:Affirmation
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1183:Fallibilism
1178:Eclecticism
1167:Consilience
965:facts, and
844:he writes:
822:J. M. Cohen
738:John Calvin
718:perspective
710:Renaissance
646:(See also:
578:Ernest Sosa
542:objectivity
538:truth-value
238:Rationality
213:Information
127:Rationalism
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3585:Categories
3465:Ăbermensch
3460:Tschandala
3375:philosophy
2938:: 261â286.
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1541:Axiomathes
1359:Axiomathes
1265:References
1035:April 2021
900:relativism
766:aesthetics
758:Protagoras
754:Heraclitus
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666:Heraclitus
554:relativism
546:asymptotic
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459:perception
348:David Hume
208:Experience
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132:Relativism
122:Pragmatism
112:Naturalism
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3343:Ecce Homo
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794:interpret
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228:Knowledge
223:Induction
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