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of propositions because the candidate beliefs are such that some of them "defeat human understanding." It is simply an impossibility that a subject has an infinite chain of reasons which justify their beliefs because the human mind is finite. Klein concedes that the human mind is finite and cannot contain an infinite number of reasons, but the infinitist, according to Klein, is not committed to a subject actually possessing infinite reasons. "The infinitist is not claiming that in any finite period of time...we can consciously entertain an infinite number of thoughts. It is rather that there are an infinite number of propositions such that each one of them would be consciously thought were the appropriate circumstances to arise." So, an infinite chain of reasons need not be present in the mind in order for a belief to be justified rather it must merely be possible to provide an infinite chain of reasons. There will always be another reason to justify the preceding reason if the subject felt compelled to make the inquiry and had subjective access to that reason.
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The finite mind objection (attributed to John
Williams): The human mind is finite and has a limited capacity. "It is impossible to consciously believe an infinite number of propositions (because to believe something takes some time) and it is impossible to "unconsciously believe"...an infinite number
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The
Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness (PAA) is stated as follows: "For all x, if a person, S, has a justification for x, then there is some reason, r1, available to S for x; and there is some reason, r2, available to S for r1; etc." PAA says that in order to avoid arbitrariness, for any proposition
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an intellectually virtuous person would advance r as a reason for p." Any of these conditions are sufficient to describe objectively available reasons and are compatible with infinitism. Klein concedes that, ultimately, the proper characterization of objectively available need be a member of this
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The
Availability of Reasons: Klein also relies on the notion of "availability". In other words, a reason must be available to the subject in order for it to be a candidate for justification. There are two conditions that need to be satisfied in order for a reason to be available: objectively and
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A subjectively available reason is stated as follows: "S must be able to call on r." (Subjectively available is comparatively straightforward compared to objectively available.) The subject must be able to evoke the reason in their own mind and use the reason in the process of justification. In
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The
Principle of Avoiding Circularity (PAC) is stated as follows: "For all x, if a person, S, has a justification for x, then for all y, if y is in the evidential ancestry of x for S, then x is not in the evidential ancestry of y for S." PAC says that the proposition to be justified cannot be a
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list, but, for the scope of Klein's defense of infinitism, he need not provide a fully developed account of objectively available reasons. Objective availability could be best understood, at least as a working definition, as an existing, truth-apt reason not dependent on the subject.
645:. Foundationalist theories can only avoid arbitrariness by claiming that some propositions are self-justified. But if a proposition is its own justification (e.g. coherentism), then it is a member of its own evidential ancestry, and the structure of justification is circular.
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Klein, Peter D. (1999). "Human
Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons".
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Objection to
Infinitism: Klein addresses an objection to infinitism.
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an impartial, informed observer would accept r as a reason for p; or
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Our beliefs must not be justified after all (as is posited by
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r meets the appropriate conversational presuppositions; or
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Ichikawa, Jonathan
Jenkins; Steup, Matthias (2017-03-17).
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r accords with S's deepest epistemic commitments; or
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772:Klein, Peter D.; Turri, John.
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761:(Fall 2017 ed.).
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827:External links
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652:subjectively.
619:Peter D. Klein
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478:Related fields
477:
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460:W. V. O. Quine
457:
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447:
445:René Descartes
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435:Edmund Gettier
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2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Rudolf Carnap
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
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2608:
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2558:
2557:Auguste Comte
2555:
2554:
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2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Francis Bacon
2527:
2525:
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2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
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2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:Pseudoscience
2455:
2454:
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2450:
2448:
2445:
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2319:
2317:
2316:Structuralism
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:Received view
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Contextualism
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1907:
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1687:
1686:Justification
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
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1627:
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1613:
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1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Phenomenalism
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Naïve realism
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Contextualism
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:Vienna Circle
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
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1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Hilary Putnam
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Robert Nozick
1375:
1373:
1372:John McDowell
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Immanuel Kant
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Alvin Goldman
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
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1201:
1196:
1195:
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1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:David Hilbert
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Infinitesimal
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Hilbert space
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
986:
980:
977:
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944:
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867:
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844:
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834:
831:
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826:
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790:
779:
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768:
765:
760:
759:
754:
750:
743:
740:
733:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Perspectivism
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
624:
620:
612:
608:
605:
602:
601:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
474:
473:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Immanuel Kant
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Wang Yangming
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
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381:
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376:
373:
372:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Justification
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:
281:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
258:
257:
250:
249:Structuralism
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
219:Perspectivism
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Infallibilism
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
174:Contextualism
172:
170:
167:
166:
158:
157:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
131:
127:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2667:Larry Laudan
2647:Imre Lakatos
2602:Otto Neurath
2577:Karl Pearson
2567:Pierre Duhem
2539:Isaac Newton
2469:Protoscience
2427:Epistemology
2301:Anti-realism
2299: /
2280: /
2271: /
2257: /
2255:Reductionism
2253: /
2226:Inductionism
2206:Evolutionism
2011:
1898:a posteriori
1897:
1893:
1745:
1646:Common sense
1624:A posteriori
1623:
1615:
1577:Reductionism
1541:
1471:
1422:Gilbert Ryle
1292:Fred Dretske
1277:Keith DeRose
1221:Epistemology
1154:Georg Cantor
1128:Möbius plane
1066:Infinite set
1010:Aleph number
846:
815:
811:
781:. Retrieved
777:
767:
756:
742:
696:
693:
690:
686:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
647:
643:ad infinitum
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
616:
596:
592:
588:
584:
566:
549:epistemology
540:
539:
284:a posteriori
283:
279:
208:
130:Epistemology
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Infinitism"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2657:Ian Hacking
2642:Thomas Kuhn
2627:Karl Popper
2607:C. D. Broad
2524:Roger Bacon
2452:Non-science
2394:Linguistics
2374:Archaeology
2269:Rationalism
2259:Determinism
2246:Physicalism
2211:Fallibilism
2161:Coherentism
2091:Testability
2044:Observation
2039:Objectivity
2000:alternative
1931:Correlation
1921:Consilience
1726:Proposition
1696:Objectivity
1582:Reliabilism
1572:Rationalism
1517:Fallibilism
1492:Coherentism
1437:Ernest Sosa
1412:Thomas Reid
1397:James Pryor
1367:G. E. Moore
1357:David Lewis
1347:Saul Kripke
1342:Peter Klein
1322:Susan Haack
1252:Robert Audi
1015:Beth number
708:Fallibilism
581:coherentism
340:Rationality
315:Information
229:Rationalism
189:Fallibilism
169:Coherentism
2717:Categories
2544:David Hume
2517:Precursors
2399:Psychology
2379:Economics
2273:Empiricism
2264:Pragmatism
2251:Positivism
2241:Naturalism
2111:scientific
1995:Hypothesis
1958:Experiment
1827:Discussion
1817:Task Force
1736:Simplicity
1716:Perception
1592:Skepticism
1567:Positivism
1542:Infinitism
1507:Empiricism
1362:John Locke
1327:David Hume
1317:Anil Gupta
1312:Paul Grice
1287:John Dewey
1257:A. J. Ayer
1116:Geometries
974:Set theory
837:PhilPapers
833:Infinitism
818:: 297–325.
783:2015-06-19
734:References
728:Relativism
623:Paul Moser
553:philosophy
541:Infinitism
450:David Hume
310:Experience
239:Skepticism
234:Relativism
224:Pragmatism
214:Naturalism
209:Infinitism
184:Empiricism
69:newspapers
2384:Geography
2352:Chemistry
2311:Scientism
2106:ladenness
1926:Construct
1904:Causality
1691:Knowledge
1676:Induction
1626:knowledge
1618:knowledge
1097:Supertask
557:knowledge
425:Aristotle
330:Knowledge
325:Induction
300:Certainty
244:Solipsism
179:Dogmatism
99:June 2015
2728:Infinity
2679:Category
2331:Vitalism
2154:Theories
2128:Variable
2049:Paradigm
1936:function
1894:A priori
1883:Analysis
1876:Concepts
1812:Category
1631:Analysis
1616:A priori
1607:Concepts
1547:Innatism
1484:Theories
995:0.999...
887:Infinity
713:Finitism
702:See also
545:infinite
295:Credence
280:A priori
262:Concepts
145:Category
2389:History
2357:Physics
2347:Biology
2145:more...
2133:control
2029:Inquiry
1747:more...
1527:Fideism
1473:more...
913:Apeiron
901:History
755:(ed.).
569:Gettier
465:more...
368:Domains
335:Meaning
194:Fideism
162:Schools
140:Outline
83:scholar
2101:choice
2096:Theory
2034:Nature
1963:design
1641:Belief
1537:Holism
567:Since
355:Wisdom
345:Reason
290:Belief
269:Action
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1822:Stubs
1741:Truth
1387:Plato
751:. In
350:Truth
150:Index
90:JSTOR
76:books
2005:null
1975:Fact
1896:and
579:and
305:Data
282:and
62:news
835:at
681:(7)
677:(6)
673:(5)
669:(4)
665:(3)
661:(2)
657:(1)
595:by
45:by
2719::
845:.
816:13
814:.
792:^
776:.
613:).
591:,
559:.
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1213:e
1206:t
1199:v
895:)
892:∞
889:(
879:e
872:t
865:v
851:.
786:.
639:r
635:x
597:C
593:B
589:B
585:A
529:e
522:t
515:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
