288:, and tai chi. Resistance exercise two or three times a week with ankle weights or elastic bands has been proven in tests to rebuild lost muscle mass, improve balance and strength, and reduce falls in adults of all ages: it was first tested in New Zealand by the Otago Medical School in four controlled trials, in which about 1,000 older adults with an average age 84 participated. Falls among a test group that did the Otago routines three times a week for 12 months was 35% fewer than a control group that did not use the routines. Two similar 12-month tests were conducted in the US using residents in assisted and skilled nursing facilities with one group showing a 54% reduction in falls. After the age of 50, adults experience a decrease in muscle mass (
297:
per week results in a lesser chance of falling. Resistance training has been shown to be beneficial beyond fall prevention, as it also helps improve functional mobility and activities of daily living such as walking endurance, gait speed, and stair climbing. Research explains that this significant increase in performance can be accomplished after the age of 90. For older adults to gain confidence in resistance training, which may ultimately lead to falling prevention effects, they must obtain the recommended amount of daily activity.
622:
320:
population has not been reported. As well as cognitive impairment, functional impairment, gait, and balance disorders, certain medications can increase fall risk factors for patients. At an advanced age, these risk factors are double and more likely to occur. It's important to identify the risk factors that increase the likelihood of injurious falls. State-level fall prevention strategies can also mitigate fall risk for community-dwelling older adults.
348:– These are the main changes that occur in the gait patterns of older adults, which may contribute to the incidence of falls. Older adults may experience a 10–20% reduction in gait velocity and reduction in stride length, an increase in stance width and double support phase, or a bent posture. Studies show that a wider stride does not necessarily increase stability, and may instead increase the likelihood of experiencing falls.
764:
chance of slipping or tripping and falling. Appropriate joint moment generation is required to create sufficient push-off for balance recovery. Age-related changes in muscles, tendons, and neural structures may contribute to slower reactive responses. Interventions involving resistance training along with perturbation training may prove to be beneficial in improving muscle strength and balance recovery.
634:
168:. Average adherence in group-based fall prevention exercise programs is around 66%, mostly due to the highly repetitive nature of the programs and the extremely long duration required for noticeable benefits accrue. Adherence to physical therapy can be even lower. When adherence is below 70%, effectiveness of fall prevention physical exercise programs can drop to less than 10%.
642:
261:, V-TIME projects a real-time image of participants' feet onto a large screen at eye-level while the participants are walking on a treadmill. The virtual environment introduces multiple physical and cognitive challenges while the participant is in dynamic motion. This one approach to motor-cognitive training was found to repeatedly reduce falls by 50% after 5
650:
612:
Accidents are the most common cause of falls involving healthy adults, which may be the result of tripping on stairs, improper footwear, dark surroundings, slippery surfaces, uneven ground, or lack of exercise. Studies suggest that women are more prone to falling than men in all age groups. The most
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can also be applied, although it is mostly reactive in case of a fall. Exercise as a single intervention has been shown to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults. A systematic review suggests that having an exercise regimen that includes challenging balance workouts for three or more hours
95:
Adults aged 65 years and older have a 30% chance of falling each year, making fall-related injuries the leading cause of accident-related death for this demographic. Current approaches to fall prevention are problematic because even though awareness is high among professionals that work with seniors
2252:
Pelosin, Elisa; Cerulli, Cecilia; Ogliastro, Carla; Lagravinese, Giovanna; Mori, Laura; Bonassi, Gaia; Mirelman, Anat; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Marchese, Roberta; Avanzino, Laura (2019-03-15). "A Multimodal
Training Modulates Short Afferent Inhibition and Improves Complex Walking
415:
Gait deviations – Disturbance of gait is a common problem post-stroke and a common contributor of falls, predicting a continual functional decline. Velocity, cadence, stride time, stride length, and temporal symmetry index are reduced and result in significant gait deterioration. Reduced propulsion
323:
Studies have shown that there is a high agreement on guidelines for fall prevention across clinical practices. These include (but are not limited to): the use of specific tests for gait and balance assessments, multifactorial interventions, medication review, physical exercises, vision and footwear
763:
In older adults, physical training and perturbation therapy is directed to improving balance recovery responses and preventing falls. Gait-related changes in the elderly provide a greater chance of stability during walking due to slower speed and greater base of support, but they also increase the
705:
and grab bars, which should be easy to grip or grasp and should be near any stairs or change in floor level. Floors should always be flat and level, with no exposed corners or edges. Patterned floors can be dangerous if they create misleading or distorted images of the floor surface, and should be
603:
Basophobia is a term used in many circumstances to describe the fear of falling in either normal or special situations. It refers to uncomfortable sensations that may be experienced by older people. These sensations can include lower-body weakness or loss of balance, which can induce a frightening
780:
One of the most important things for fall prevention in elderly populations is to stay physically fit. Specialized facilities and programs like seniors' parks are a good place to keep the elderly in shape and increase their resistance to falling. These facilities contain specialized equipment and
552:
Cognitive changes – Approximately 50% of affected individuals experience difficulty with their cognition over the course of the disease, which affects planning, organizing, problem-solving, and the ability to accurately perceive the environment. When these problems interfere with walking, it may
2831:
Montero-Odasso, Manuel M.; Kamkar, Nellie; Pieruccini-Faria, Frederico; Osman, Abdelhady; Sarquis-Adamson, Yanina; Close, Jacqueline; Hogan, David B.; Hunter, Susan
Winifred; Kenny, Rose Anne; Lipsitz, Lewis A.; Lord, Stephen R.; Madden, Kenneth M.; Petrovic, Mirko; Ryg, Jesper; Speechley, Mark
207:. Nearly one-third of older people fall each year, half of which fall more than once per year. Over 3 million Americans over the age of 65 visited hospital emergency departments in 2015 due to fall-related injuries, with over 1.6 million being admitted. Because of decreased bone density due to
692:
levels can aid elderly people in assessing and negotiating hazards. Occupational therapists can help clients improve fall prevention behaviours. In addition, they can instruct clients and their family members on factors that contribute to falls, and implement environmental modifications and
319:
Falls are well known amongst community-dwelling individuals ages 65 and older. The risk of fall-related incidents nearly doubles when individuals are institutionalized. The impact on different falls in certain situation of fall prevention programs on the rate differences of falls in elderly
741:
and trifocal eyeglasses are used to provide refractory correction ideal for reading (12–24 inches (30–60 cm) when the wearer looks downward through them. Reading glasses are not ideal for safe walking, where correction for 4.5–5 feet (137–152 cm) would be more appropriate.
292:) by approximately 2% every year. A systematic review concluded that resistance training can slow down the rate of loss in muscle mass and strength. It has been recommended that older adults participate in resistance training two to three times a week to weaken the effects of sarcopenia.
661:
693:
strategies to decrease the risk of falls. There is currently insufficient scientific evidence to ensure the effectiveness of modification of the home environment to reduce injuries. Evidence suggests that pre-discharge home assessments are associated with a reduced risk of falling.
781:
training stations where elderly people can exercise. The parks usually have an extended amount of space and different stages reserved for different body exercises. Research suggests that participation in such programs successfully mitigates fall risk in the majority of attendees.
387:
Medications and alcohol consumption – Dizziness, drowsiness and confusion can occur as side effects of some medications. Alcohol consumption causes a delay in reflexes and diminishes balance and fine motor control via its inhibitory effects on nerve pathways in the
143:
or longer-term wellness activity provided in a low-cost group setting. Neither arrangement is optimum in preventing falls over a large population, especially as these evidence-based physical exercise programs have limited effectiveness (approximately 25%). Even
160:
by 31% after 12 months, and by 21% after 24 months. Questions around effectiveness of current approaches (physical exercise and multifactorial interventions) have been found in multiple settings, including long-term care facilities and hospitals.
2416:
Izquierdo, Mikel; Merchant, R.A.; Morley, J.E.; Anker, S.D.; Aprahamian, I.; Arai, H.; Aubertin-Leheudre, M.; Bernabei, R.; Cadore, E.L.; Cesari, M.; Chen, L.-K.; de Souto
Barreto, P.; Duque, G.; Ferrucci, L.; Fielding, R.A. (2021-07-01).
750:
Studies show that balance, flexibility, strength, and motor-cognitive training not only improve mobility but also reduce the risk of falling. This may be achieved through group and home-based exercise programs or engagement with
4387:
2057:
2706:
Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, Waller JL, Maclean JR, Beers MH (8 December 2003). "Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts".
2350:
2194:
Del Din, Silvia; Galna, Brook; Lord, Sue; Nieuwboer, Alice; Bekkers, Esther M. J.; Pelosin, Elisa; Avanzino, Laura; Bloem, Bastiaan R.; Olde
Rikkert, Marcel G. M.; Nieuwhof, Freek; Cereatti, Andrea (2020-05-22).
3714:
Severini G, Manca M, Ferraresi G, Caniatti LM, Cosma M, Baldasso F, et al. (June 2017). "Evaluation of
Clinical Gait Analysis parameters in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis: Analysis of kinematics".
2138:
Mirelman, Anat; Rochester, Lynn; Maidan, Inbal; Del Din, Silvia; Alcock, Lisa; Nieuwhof, Freek; Rikkert, Marcel Olde; Bloem, Bastiaan R; Pelosin, Elisa; Avanzino, Laura; Abbruzzese, Giovanni (September 2016).
2296:
Peruzzi, Agnese; Cereatti, Andrea; Della Croce, Ugo; Mirelman, Anat (January 2016). "Effects of a virtual reality and treadmill training on gait of subjects with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study".
4244:
Pijnappels M, Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, van Dieën JH (April 2008). "Tripping without falling; lower limb strength, a limitation for balance recovery and a target for training in the elderly".
755:
clinics with the appropriate equipment. The majority of older adults do not exercise regularly and 35% of people over the age of 65 do not participate in any leisurely physical activities.
351:
Limitations in mobility – Loss of mobility increases the risk of falls in situations which, under normal circumstances, would pose a low risk of falling (such as walking up/down stairs).
235:
Motor-cognitive training is increasingly viewed as the gold standard for healthy aging and fall prevention. One approach that has been researched is the introduction of semi-immersive
1339:
Tinetti, Mary E.; Baker, Dorothy I.; McAvay, Gail; Claus, Elizabeth B.; Garrett, Patricia; Gottschalk, Margaret; Koch, Marie L.; Trainor, Kathryn; Horwitz, Ralph I. (1994-09-29).
504:
Neurological and sensory disturbances – muscle weakness of lower limbs, deep sensibility impairment, epileptic seizure, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, balance impairment
4465:
4379:
3298:
2049:
1510:
460:(PD) fall and many experience recurrent falls. A study reported that over 50% of persons with PD fell recurrently. Direct and indirect causes of falls in patients with PD:
1235:"Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour"
195:. This is driving a growing body of research that specifically links the cognitive sub-domains of attention and executive function (EF) to gait alterations and fall risk.
2340:
2079:
Mirelman, Anat; Rochester, Lynn; Reelick, Miriam; Nieuwhof, Freek; Pelosin, Elisa; Abbruzzese, Giovanni; Dockx, Kim; Nieuwboer, Alice; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M (2013-02-06).
4173:
529:
Gait deviations – Gait variability is elevated in individuals with MS. Stride length, cadence, and velocity decrease, while stance duration and cycle duration increase.
3417:
1030:
2963:
O'Loughlin JL, Robitaille Y, Boivin JF, Suissa S (February 1993). "Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly".
324:
intervention, physiotherapy referral, environment modification, risk stratification, management of osteoporosis and fracture risk, and cardiovascular interventions.
576:
Postural instability – Gait changes and impaired balance. People with balance deficits are at more risk of falling than those with a normal gait and intact balance.
273:, which showed changes in brain activity patterns for patients that were exposed to combined motor-cognitive training, as opposed to exclusively physical training.
772:
Stroke exercises help patients regain mobility and strength in their bodies, and must be done regularly in order to regain muscle tone that helps prevent falls.
227:
are the fifth most common cause of death in older adults. 75% of hip fracture patients do not recover completely and show signs of overall health deterioration.
4461:
4453:
2573:
363:/environmental factors – Falls may occur due to dangerous or unstable surfaces, such as wet surfaces, ice, stairs, or rugs; or inappropriate footwear. Reliable
4042:
Howard B, Baca R, Bilger M, Cali S, Kotarski A, Parrett K, Skibinski K (2018-07-03). "Investigating Older Adults' Expressed Needs
Regarding Falls Prevention".
588:
Medications – psychotropic drugs have effects on balance, reaction time and other sensorimotor functions, orthostatic hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
2541:
3076:
Snijders AH, van de
Warrenburg BP, Giladi N, Bloem BR (January 2007). "Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification".
2474:
Wu, Shuang; Guo, Yongzhen; Cao, Zeng; Nan, Jiahui; Zhang, Qiuxiang; Hu, Mingyue; Ning, Hongting; Huang, Weiping; Xiao, Lily
Dongxia; Feng, Hui (2024-09-01).
835:
676:. Changes to the home environment are aimed at reducing hazards and help support a person in daily activities; they include minimizing clutter, installing
3887:
3211:
Chatzistergos, Panagiotis E.; Healy, Aoife; Balasubramanian, Gayathri; Sundar, Lakshmi; Ramachandran, Ambady; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (September 2020).
2141:"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial"
1511:"Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): a randomised controlled trial"
2081:"V-TIME: a treadmill training program augmented by virtual reality to decrease fall risk in older adults: study design of a randomized controlled trial"
870:"Long-term follow-up of exercise interventions aimed at preventing falls in older people living in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
499:
1590:"A Common Cognitive Profile in Elderly Fallers and in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: The Prominence of Impaired Executive Function and Attention"
269:
and multiple indications (idiopathic, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis). The biological manifestations of this improvement were identified through
108:
instrument is adequate for predicting falls. While the strongest predictors of fall risk tend to include a history of falls during the past year,
1233:; Fairhall, Nicola; Kwok, Wing; Wallbank, Geraldine; Tiedemann, Anne; Michaleff, Zoe A.; Ng, Christopher A. C. M.; Bauman, Adrian (2020-11-26).
416:
at push-off, decreased leg flexion during the swing phase, reduced stability during the stance phase, and reduced automaticity of walking occur.
411:
have higher fall rates. Approximately 30% fall at least once a year and 15% fall twice or more. Risk factors for falls in stroke survivors are:
300:
The aim of medical management is to identify factors that can contribute to falls and fracture risk such as osteoporosis, multiple medications,
2476:"Effects of Otago exercise program on physical function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
4425:
2947:
2535:
4330:"The "Aachen fall prevention App" - a Smartphone application app for the self-assessment of elderly patients at risk for ground level falls"
537:
Ataxia – vestibular ataxia results in loss of balance. Symptoms are exacerbated when the eyes are closed and the base of support is reduced.
1134:
Gade, Gustav
Valentin; Jørgensen, Martin Grønbech; Ryg, Jesper; Riis, Johannes; Thomsen, Katja; Masud, Tahir; Andersen, Stig (2021-05-04).
805:
3628:
Finlayson ML, Peterson EW, Cho CC (September 2006). "Risk factors for falling among people aged 45 to 90 years with multiple sclerosis".
1442:"Adherence and Attrition in Fall Prevention Exercise Programs for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
525:(MS), with approximately 50% reporting a fall within the past six months. About 30% of those individuals report falling multiple times.
3920:
1702:"Executive Control Deficits as a Prodrome to Falls in Healthy Older Adults: A Prospective Study Linking Thinking, Walking, and Falling"
4197:"Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice"
3758:
Cattaneo D, De Nuzzo C, Fascia T, Macalli M, Pisoni I, Cardini R (June 2002). "Risks of falls in subjects with multiple sclerosis".
3290:
573:
Gait deviations – Slower walking speed, reduced cadence, and step length, increased postural flexion, increased double support time
1549:
250:
4143:
1918:
316:
is a list of medications that are potentially inappropriate for use in the elderly and some of them increase the risk of falls.
2377:"Pre-discharge home assessment visits in assisting patients' return to community living: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
582:
Visual impairment - Blurry vision, low vision, and loss of peripheral vision. Eyesight cannot be fixed or corrected by glasses.
69:
4165:
1942:"Thinking While Moving or Moving While Thinking – Concepts of Motor-Cognitive Training for Cognitive Performance Enhancement"
285:
2998:
Winter DA, Patla AE, Frank JS, Walt SE (June 1990). "Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly".
3458:
Yang YR, Chen YC, Lee CS, Cheng SJ, Wang RY (February 2007). "Dual-task-related gait changes in individuals with stroke".
2606:"Resistance training for activity limitations in older adults with skeletal muscle function deficits: a systematic review"
364:
254:
985:"Systematic review of accuracy of screening instruments for predicting fall risk among independently living older adults"
2565:
1588:
Hausdorff, Jeffrey M.; Doniger, Glen M.; Springer, Shmuel; Yogev, Galit; Simon, Ely S.; Giladi, Nir (December 2006).
3947:"Falls in young, middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: perceived cause, environmental factors and injury"
2834:"Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines on Fall Prevention and Management for Older Adults: A Systematic Review"
4495:
3213:"Reliability and validity of an enhanced paper grip test; A simple clinical test for assessing lower limb strength"
2522:
3269:
3033:
Elble RJ, Thomas SS, Higgins C, Colliver J (February 1991). "Stride-dependent changes in gait of older people".
2761:
2657:"What works in falls prevention in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1814:
Springer, Shmuel; Giladi, Nir; Peretz, Chava; Yogev, Galit; Simon, Ely S.; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. (2006-03-15).
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movement, decreased cadence due to bradykinetic movements. Affected individuals also exhibit flat foot strike.
30:
This article is about prevention of domestic falls in older adults. For fall protection in the workplace, see
3601:
Koller WC, Silver DE, Lieberman A (December 1994). "An algorithm for the management of
Parkinson's disease".
337:
Studies have shown that adults over the age of 65 are more prone to falls than younger, healthy adults. Most
100:
among older adults have more than doubled. The challenges are believed to be three-fold. First, insufficient
4485:
491:
1341:"A Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce the Risk of Falling among Elderly People Living in the Community"
507:
457:
73:
57:
3996:
Lin JT, Lane JM (January 2008). "Nonpharmacologic management of osteoporosis to minimize fracture risk".
911:"Falls Among Assisted Living Residents: Results from the 2016 National Study of Long-Term Care Providers"
713:
and lavatories to help users bend down or over. For example, extra support for users when moving include
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on both sides, improving lighting, and adding colour contrast between steps. Improvement in lighting and
3411:
3399:
1024:
800:
338:
1874:
Moylan KC, Binder EF (June 2007). "Falls in older adults: risk assessment, management and prevention".
3212:
1757:
Holtzer, Roee; Friedman, Rachel; Lipton, Richard B.; Katz, Mindy; Xue, Xiaonan; Verghese, Joe (2007).
958:
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Falls and fall-related injuries are among the most common but serious medical problems experienced by
845:
293:
165:
105:
77:
3836:
van Dijk PT, Meulenberg OG, van de Sande HJ, Habbema JD (April 1993). "Falls in dementia patients".
1700:
Herman, Talia; Mirelman, Anat; Giladi, Nir; Schweiger, Avraham; Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. (2010-05-19).
171:
Practitioners are aware that the most successful approach to fall prevention utilizes a multimodal,
4480:
3364:
Weerdesteyn V, de Niet M, van Duijnhoven HJ, Geurts AC (2008). "Falls in individuals with stroke".
3320:
Edith, Sullivan; Margaret, Rosenbloom; Anjali, Deshmukh; John, Desmond; Adolf, Pfefferbaum (1995).
621:
357:
Poor reaction time – Aging is associated with the gradual slowing of an individual's reaction time.
258:
1509:
Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I, Del Din S, Alcock L, Nieuwhof F, et al. (September 2016).
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3818:
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3583:
3546:"Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson's disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study"
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Maki BE (March 1997). "Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear".
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61:
49:
41:
2784:"Cohort study of institutionalized elderly people: fall risk factors from the nursing diagnosis"
1136:"Predicting falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review of prognostic models"
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Reduced muscle strength, especially in the lower body, which leads to difficulties standing up.
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2341:"Sourasky researchers explain how virtual reality helps prevent falls by Parkinson's patients"
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Gillespie, LD; Gillespie, WJ; Robertson, MC; Lamb, SE; Cumming, RG; Rowe, BH (December 2003).
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Other preventative measures with positive effects include strength and balance training, home
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113:
85:
2419:"International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines"
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The home environment can present many hazards. Common places for injurious falls include the
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Turner S, Arthur G, Lyons RA, Weightman AL, Mann MK, Jones SJ, et al. (February 2011).
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Tsur A, Segal Z (April 2010). "Falls in stroke patients: risk factors and risk management".
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2012:
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1816:"Dual-tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function"
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Cameron ID, Dyer SM, Panagoda CE, Murray GR, Hill KD, Cumming RG, Kerse N (September 2018).
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in a Cohort of Faller Older Adults With an Increased Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease".
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Studies suggest that men are twice as likely to fall as women. Common causes of falls in
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and fall prevention activities are pervasive among community living establishments, fall
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4356:
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Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, et al. (January 2019).
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Hill KD, Suttanon P, Lin SI, Tsang WW, Ashari A, Hamid TA, et al. (January 2018).
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common injuries among younger patients occur in the hands, wrists, knees, and ankles.
4474:
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Rasche P, Mertens A, Bröhl C, Theis S, Seinsch T, Wille M, et al. (8 May 2017).
4135:
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1910:
1390:"Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals"
1081:"Tools for assessing fall risk in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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can help identify and remediate slippery floors that can cause preventable accidents.
132:
17:
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Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ (January 2007). "Will my patient fall?".
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2000:
1647:"Parkinson's disease diagnosis is preceded by increased risk of falls, study finds"
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1192:
429:
305:
212:
208:
4442:
4257:
4055:
2491:
2720:
1887:
926:
886:
4445:
3403:
2799:
2475:
2309:
1758:
1357:
1340:
1151:
959:"Important Facts about Falls | Home and Recreational Safety | CDC Injury Center"
633:
465:
434:
420:
216:
4296:
3641:
2201:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
1774:
1589:
1251:
4346:
3849:
3806:
3377:
2906:
2673:
2434:
1605:
1096:
1000:
738:
604:
sensation of falling that can lead to serious and potentially fatal injuries.
485:
442:
389:
289:
239:
192:
153:
89:
4063:
2857:
2499:
2452:
2317:
2274:
2220:
2212:
2164:
2106:
1967:
1958:
1839:
1782:
1725:
1670:
1613:
1573:
Raichlen DA, Alexander GE (1 January 2020). "Why Your Brain Needs Exercise".
1465:
1366:
1317:
1260:
1216:
1159:
1104:
1008:
934:
3771:
2418:
2266:
2097:
1717:
1489:"2019 Survey Results: Outpatient PT & OT Clinicians & Clinic Owners"
1441:
1080:
984:
689:
532:
360:
243:
81:
53:
4365:
4314:
4265:
4230:
4120:
4017:
3982:
3963:
3814:
3779:
3736:
3700:
3649:
3579:
3530:
3479:
3444:
3395:
3347:
3239:
3189:
3097:
3011:
2924:
2875:
2817:
2728:
2692:
2641:
2507:
2460:
2402:
2325:
2282:
2238:
2172:
2124:
2034:
1985:
1895:
1847:
1800:
1743:
1701:
1678:
1631:
1537:
1473:
1457:
1423:
1325:
1278:
1177:
1112:
1065:
1016:
895:
641:
4458:
3857:
3681:
3614:
3561:
3511:
3164:"The impact of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older adults"
3140:
3054:
3019:
2984:
2393:
2376:
1940:
Herold, Fabian; Hamacher, Dennis; Schega, Lutz; Müller, Notger G. (2018).
1759:"The relationship between specific cognitive functions and falls in aging"
1374:
1057:
983:
Gates, Simon; Smith, Lesley A.; Fisher, Joanne D.; Lamb, Sarah E. (2008).
124:
and therefore mostly fail to differentiate between adults that are at low
4382:[The Parks for the Elderly: Analysis and intervention proposals]
4009:
710:
702:
685:
677:
673:
653:
566:
246:
149:
101:
2622:
2443:
1440:
Osho, Oluwaseyi; Owoeye, Oluwatoyosi; Armijo-Olivo, Susan (2018-04-01).
3793:
Krupp LB, Christodoulou C (May 2001). "Fatigue in multiple sclerosis".
3046:
2197:"Falls Risk in Relation to Activity Exposure in High-Risk Older Adults"
2016:
1999:
Chung, Seok Jong; Lee, Jae Jung; Lee, Phil Hyu; Sohn, Young H. (2020).
1815:
1239:
The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
669:
374:
204:
176:
136:
45:
4212:
3386:
1831:
1646:
175:
training approach that could be introduced to all adults over 65. The
3261:
1662:
718:
408:
65:
4087:"Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries"
649:
464:
Gait deviations – Decreased gait velocity and stride length due to
4166:"Prevent Accidents in the Bathroom with These Toilet Safety Rails"
2891:"Preventing falls in older people: the story of a Cochrane review"
681:
648:
640:
632:
620:
220:
188:
117:
40:
includes any action taken to help reduce the number of accidental
4418:
Falls in Older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention
549:
Vision – blurred vision, double vision, loss of peripheral vision
2753:
262:
157:
125:
121:
109:
4380:"Los Parques de Mayores: Análisis y propuestas de intervención"
1294:"Why Multifactorial Fall-Prevention Interventions May Not Work"
3359:
3357:
3293:[Falls in the elderly: risks, causes and prevention].
556:
Neurological medications – causes fatigue, weakness, dizziness
4195:
Gerards MH, McCrum C, Mansfield A, Meijer K (December 2017).
3495:"Recurrent falls in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review"
3162:
Musich S, Wang SS, Ruiz J, Hawkins K, Wicker E (March 2018).
4386:(in Spanish). Seville, Spain: Universidad Pablo de Olavide.
4281:"Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function"
709:
There are special handles and closed handgrips available in
2001:"Emerging Concepts of Motor Reserve in Parkinson's Disease"
684:
to slippery surfaces. Stairs can be improved by installing
156:
adjustment, and environmental modification only lower fall
3945:
Talbot LA, Musiol RJ, Witham EK, Metter EJ (August 2005).
2050:"Virtual reality treadmills help prevent falls in elderly"
868:
Finnegan, Susanne; Seers, Kate; Bruce, Julie (June 2019).
3291:"Caídas en personas mayores: riesgo, causas y prevención"
2524:
Otago Exercise Programme to prevent falls in older adults
4416:
Lord SR, Sherrington C, Menz HB, Close JC (March 2007).
3544:
Wood BH, Bilclough JA, Bowron A, Walker RW (June 2002).
521:
There is a high prevalence of falls among persons with
2748:
2746:
1193:"Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people"
179:
basis of this approach is an understanding of how the
4466:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4136:"Exciting Advancements in Fall Prevention Technology"
131:
Second, current fall prevention interventions in the
3940:
3938:
27:
Interventions to prevent injury in domestic settings
3493:Allen NE, Schwarzel AK, Canning CG (5 March 2013).
2370:
2368:
3550:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
3366:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
989:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
863:
861:
4044:Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics
2375:Lockwood KJ, Taylor NF, Harding KE (April 2015).
44:suffered by susceptible individuals, such as the
3760:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
3630:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2938:Yoshikawa TT, Cobbs EL, Brummel-Smith K (1993).
2566:"Upgraded SNF restorative program reduces falls"
701:Important improvements to prevent falls include
384:Visual, sensory, motor, and cognitive impairment
211:, mobility, and reflexes, falls often result in
148:interventions, which include extensive physical
836:Home automation for elderly and disabled people
4037:
4035:
135:are limited between short-term individualized
4462:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4454:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1869:
1867:
1865:
909:Harris-Kojetin, L; Sengupta, M (2018-11-11).
280:, the withdrawal of psychotropic medication,
8:
3416:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2889:Gillespie L (February 2013). Tovey D (ed.).
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
1909:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1029:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
546:Improper or reduced use of assistive devices
4246:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
4091:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2895:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1394:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4201:Geriatrics & Gerontology International
3795:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
3121:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2782:dos Reis KM, de Jesus CA (December 2015).
2754:"State of Safety: A State-by-State Report"
2604:Papa EV, Dong X, Hassan M (13 June 2017).
2423:The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging
80:(lower limb or spinal column fractures or
4355:
4345:
4304:
4220:
4110:
3972:
3962:
3690:
3680:
3665:"Gait variability and multiple sclerosis"
3569:
3520:
3510:
3385:
3337:
3179:
2914:
2865:
2807:
2682:
2672:
2631:
2621:
2442:
2392:
2228:
2114:
2096:
2024:
1975:
1957:
1790:
1733:
1621:
1413:
1356:
1268:
1250:
1167:
942:
885:
680:in the bathroom, and installing non-slip
500:postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
2521:Campbell AJ, Robertson MC (March 2003).
2298:Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
1085:Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
659:
857:
3998:Nature Clinical Practice. Rheumatology
3433:The Israel Medical Association Journal
3409:
2788:Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem
2480:Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics
2339:Siegel-Itzkovich J (31 October 2017).
1446:Journal of Aging and Physical Activity
1022:
4146:from the original on 26 November 2020
3923:from the original on 30 November 2020
3913:"Fear of Falling Phobia - Basiphobia"
3873:"Falls in older people with dementia"
3268:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2353:from the original on 27 December 2020
2255:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1706:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1435:
1433:
629:catering for mainly seated passengers
92:, soft tissue injuries) indications.
7:
4176:from the original on 27 January 2021
3301:from the original on 24 October 2020
2060:from the original on 29 October 2018
806:Fall Prevention Center of Excellence
76:, incomplete spinal cord injury) or
2576:from the original on 13 August 2020
2530:. Otago Medical School. p. 3.
3133:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x
2977:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681
2850:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38911
2381:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
249:. Initially conceptualized by the
25:
3729:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.04.001
3326:Alcohol Health and Research World
1921:from the original on 6 March 2018
746:Occupational and physical therapy
4459:Fall Prevention in the Workplace
4451:Fall prevention for older adults
3669:Multiple Sclerosis International
2965:American Journal of Epidemiology
1876:The American Journal of Medicine
721:, and support frames, such as a
637:A staircase with metal handrails
625:Grab rails on a longer-distance
251:Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
4393:from the original on 2021-07-14
3893:from the original on 2020-12-05
3272:from the original on 2021-01-09
3181:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.08.002
2764:from the original on 2021-06-04
2610:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2547:from the original on 2021-01-20
1946:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
1345:New England Journal of Medicine
1292:Mahoney, Jane E. (2010-07-12).
1079:Park, Seong-Hi (January 2018).
265:of 15 sessions across multiple
4420:. Cambridge University Press.
4103:10.1002/14651858.CD003600.pub3
3472:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.03.007
3232:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.011
1406:10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub4
1310:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.193
733:Eyeglasses selection and usage
286:carotid sinus hypersensitivity
1:
4258:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.004
4056:10.1080/02703181.2018.1520380
3911:Olesen J (10 February 2014).
3663:Socie MJ, Sosnoff JJ (2013).
3297:(in Spanish). 16 March 2016.
3090:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70678-0
2709:Archives of Internal Medicine
2492:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105470
2157:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31325-3
2048:Rapaport L (18 August 2016).
2005:Journal of Movement Disorders
1530:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31325-3
1298:Archives of Internal Medicine
1209:10.1016/s0031-9406(05)60487-7
729:can also be useful supports.
490:Autonomic system disorders –
365:floor slip resistance testing
4134:McKinney R (26 March 2020).
3322:"Alcohol and the cerebellum"
2721:10.1001/archinte.163.22.2716
1888:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.07.022
887:10.1016/j.physio.2018.09.002
593:Fear of falling (basophobia)
395:Acute and chronic infections
231:Strategies and interventions
2800:10.1590/0104-1169.0285.2658
2310:10.1016/j.msard.2015.11.002
1645:Mayor, Susan (2016-02-04).
1594:Experimental Aging Research
1358:10.1056/NEJM199409293311301
1152:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044170
725:. Flexible handles such as
407:Individuals who have had a
4512:
4297:10.1152/physrev.00061.2017
3642:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.06.002
1775:10.1037/0894-4105.21.5.540
1252:10.1186/s12966-020-01041-3
927:10.1093/geroni/igy023.2833
617:Environmental modification
596:
128:and high risk of falling.
104:exists that any fall risk
29:
4347:10.1186/s13037-017-0130-4
4334:Patient Safety in Surgery
3807:10.1007/s11910-001-0033-7
3378:10.1682/JRRD.2007.09.0145
2940:Ambulatory Geriatric Care
2907:10.1002/14651858.ED000053
2674:10.1186/s12877-017-0683-1
2435:10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8
1911:"Non-fatal injury report"
1606:10.1080/03610730600875817
1097:10.1007/s40520-017-0749-0
1001:10.1682/JRRD.2008.04.0057
608:Healthy young individuals
579:Lack of physical exercise
3636:(9): 1274–9, quiz 1287.
1959:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00228
816:Lighting for the elderly
776:Exercises for prevention
312:and a history of falls.
255:Michael J Fox Foundation
139:provided by a high-cost
116:abnormalities, existing
3850:10.1093/geront/33.2.200
3772:10.1053/apmr.2002.32825
3380:(inactive 2024-07-06).
2758:National Safety Council
2098:10.1186/1471-2377-13-15
1003:(inactive 2024-07-06).
492:orthostatic hypotension
451:
439:Communication disorders
381:, unsteadiness, ataxias
164:The final challenge is
3964:10.1186/1471-2458-5-86
3609:(12 Suppl 10): S1-52.
2213:10.1093/gerona/glaa007
1458:10.1123/japa.2016-0326
1231:Sherrington, Catherine
665:
657:
646:
638:
630:
508:Cardiovascular disease
253:with funding from the
191:, especially in aging
74:traumatic brain injury
4285:Physiological Reviews
3717:Clinical Biomechanics
3562:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.721
3078:The Lancet. Neurology
2570:I Advance Senior Care
2394:10.2340/16501977-1942
2267:10.1093/gerona/glz072
1718:10.1093/gerona/glq077
1058:10.1001/jama.297.1.77
801:Falls in older adults
663:
656:mounted in a bathroom
652:
645:Front-wheeled walker.
644:
636:
624:
426:Side effects of drugs
339:falls in older adults
328:Risk factors of falls
215:and other fractures,
18:Perturbation training
4010:10.1038/ncprheum0702
3035:Journal of Neurology
3012:10.1093/ptj/70.6.340
2151:(10050): 1170–1182.
846:Assistive technology
481:Postural instability
447:Visuospatial agnosia
294:Assistive technology
4172:. 4 December 2018.
3682:10.1155/2013/645197
3512:10.1155/2013/906274
3499:Parkinson's Disease
2623:10.2147/CIA.S104674
1575:Scientific American
1487:R, Salazar (2019).
915:Innovation in Aging
664:Forearm crutch/cane
494:, neurocardiogenic
458:Parkinson's disease
452:Parkinson's disease
259:European Commission
225:Accidental injuries
3460:Gait & Posture
3220:Gait & Posture
3047:10.1007/BF00319700
2346:The Jerusalem Post
2017:10.14802/jmd.20029
1820:Movement Disorders
1524:(10050): 1170–82.
831:Home modifications
821:Safety engineering
796:Falling (accident)
666:
658:
647:
639:
631:
523:multiple sclerosis
517:Multiple sclerosis
308:problems, loss of
181:dual-task paradigm
141:physical therapist
62:Multiple sclerosis
52:) and people with
4496:Deaths from falls
4427:978-0-521-68099-8
4213:10.1111/ggi.13082
4207:(12): 2294–2303.
3951:BMC Public Health
3838:The Gerontologist
3168:Geriatric Nursing
2949:978-0-8016-6543-1
2838:JAMA Network Open
2537:978-0-478-25194-4
1917:. US Government.
1832:10.1002/mds.20848
1712:(10): 1086–1092.
1304:(13): 1117–1119.
697:Safety technology
553:result in a fall.
456:Most people with
371:Balance disorders
223:in older adults.
86:joint replacement
16:(Redirected from
4503:
4431:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4349:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4170:AgingInPlace.org
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4050:(2–3): 201–220.
4039:
4030:
4029:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3877:
3871:Shaw FE (2003).
3868:
3862:
3861:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3389:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3000:Physical Therapy
2995:
2989:
2988:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2844:(12): e2138911.
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2625:
2601:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2572:. 28 July 2015.
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2207:(6): 1198–1205.
2191:
2185:
2184:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2100:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1915:WISQARS database
1906:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1663:10.1136/bmj.i695
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1548:. Archived from
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1360:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1254:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1020:
995:(8): 1105–1116.
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
955:
949:
948:
946:
921:(Suppl 1): 766.
906:
900:
899:
889:
865:
826:Safety equipment
811:Light ergonomics
791:Morse Fall Scale
753:physical therapy
84:, post-surgery,
21:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4471:
4470:
4443:Fall prevention
4439:
4434:
4428:
4415:
4411:
4409:Further reading
4406:
4405:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4097:(2): CD003600.
4084:
4083:
4079:
4041:
4040:
4033:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3408:
3372:(8): 1195–213.
3363:
3362:
3355:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3032:
3031:
3027:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2901:(2): ED000053.
2888:
2887:
2883:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2715:(22): 2716–24.
2705:
2704:
2700:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1882:(6): 493.e1–6.
1873:
1872:
1863:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1763:Neuropsychology
1756:
1755:
1751:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1400:(9): CD005465.
1387:
1386:
1382:
1351:(13): 821–827.
1338:
1337:
1333:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1203:(12): 692–693.
1190:
1189:
1185:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1021:
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
957:
956:
952:
908:
907:
903:
867:
866:
859:
854:
841:Assisted living
787:
778:
770:
768:Stroke recovery
761:
748:
735:
699:
619:
610:
601:
599:Fear of falling
595:
563:
519:
454:
405:
346:Gait deviations
335:
330:
284:for those with
278:risk assessment
267:clinical trials
237:virtual reality
233:
201:
185:neuroplasticity
173:motor-cognitive
38:Fall prevention
35:
32:Fall protection
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4509:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Patient safety
4483:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4456:
4448:
4438:
4437:External links
4435:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4371:
4320:
4291:(1): 427–511.
4271:
4236:
4187:
4157:
4126:
4077:
4031:
3988:
3934:
3903:
3863:
3828:
3785:
3750:
3706:
3655:
3620:
3593:
3536:
3485:
3450:
3423:
3353:
3332:(2): 138–141.
3312:
3282:
3253:
3203:
3174:(2): 162–169.
3154:
3111:
3068:
3025:
2990:
2955:
2948:
2930:
2881:
2832:(2021-12-01).
2823:
2774:
2742:
2698:
2661:BMC Geriatrics
2647:
2587:
2557:
2536:
2513:
2466:
2429:(7): 824–853.
2408:
2364:
2331:
2288:
2261:(4): 722–728.
2244:
2186:
2130:
2071:
2040:
2011:(3): 171–184.
1991:
1932:
1901:
1861:
1826:(7): 950–957.
1806:
1769:(5): 540–548.
1749:
1692:
1637:
1600:(4): 411–429.
1580:
1565:
1501:
1479:
1452:(2): 304–326.
1429:
1380:
1331:
1284:
1222:
1183:
1146:(5): e044170.
1126:
1071:
1036:
975:
950:
901:
880:(2): 187–199.
856:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
786:
783:
777:
774:
769:
766:
760:
757:
747:
744:
734:
731:
727:hanging straps
715:walking sticks
698:
695:
627:commuter train
618:
615:
609:
606:
597:Main article:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
547:
544:
542:proprioception
538:
535:
530:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
505:
502:
488:
482:
479:
472:
469:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
427:
424:
417:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
393:
385:
382:
368:
358:
355:
352:
349:
334:
331:
329:
326:
314:Beers Criteria
282:cardiac pacing
271:functional MRI
232:
229:
200:
197:
146:multifactorial
120:show a strong
70:Guillain-Barre
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4508:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:(2): 188–96.
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:(2): 185–90.
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3300:
3296:
3295:Geriatricarea
3292:
3286:
3283:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:(3): 313–20.
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:(3): 342–54.
2970:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:(6): 1130–8.
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2387:(4): 289–99.
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:BMC Neurology
2082:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1555:on 2021-07-14
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Physiotherapy
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
874:Physiotherapy
871:
864:
862:
858:
851:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:
775:
773:
767:
765:
758:
756:
754:
745:
743:
740:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
704:
696:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
662:
655:
651:
643:
635:
628:
623:
616:
614:
607:
605:
600:
592:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
568:
560:
555:
551:
548:
545:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
527:
526:
524:
516:
511:
509:
506:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
480:
477:
474:Freezing and
473:
470:
467:
463:
462:
461:
459:
446:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
422:
418:
414:
413:
412:
410:
402:
397:
394:
391:
386:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
342:
340:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:head injuries
214:
213:hip fractures
210:
206:
199:Cost of falls
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
133:United States
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
91:
88:, lower limb
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4417:
4395:. Retrieved
4374:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4047:
4043:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3954:
3950:
3925:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3886:(7): 37–40.
3883:
3879:
3866:
3844:(2): 200–4.
3841:
3837:
3831:
3801:(3): 294–8.
3798:
3794:
3788:
3766:(6): 864–7.
3763:
3759:
3753:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3556:(6): 721–5.
3553:
3549:
3539:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3439:(4): 216–9.
3436:
3432:
3426:
3412:cite journal
3369:
3365:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3294:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3266:Medline Plus
3265:
3256:
3223:
3219:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3084:(1): 63–74.
3081:
3077:
3071:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3006:(6): 340–7.
3003:
2999:
2993:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2939:
2933:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2841:
2837:
2826:
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