117:
130:
310:, branching many times at increasingly shorter intervals. Some of the terminal branchlets bore masses of erect paired, ellipsoidal sporangia in distinctive tight clusters. The branches were arranged in a spiral pattern, forming four vertical rows. The specific epithet
338:(only part is known), comprising a central stem (axis) with spirally arranged dichotomous side branches, some of which terminated in erect clusters of between 32 and 128 sporangia. Further specimens from the same rocks possibly belonged to another species of
937:
1019:
354:, as in other "trimerophytes", has been considered to represent an early stage in the development of a growth pattern that later led to the evolution of
1014:
1024:
924:
302:
species of the genus) was described in 1972 from compression fossils found in the Trout Valley
Formation of northern Maine, USA. It was an upright
712:
334:
was described in 1978 from fossils of Early or Middle
Devonian age found in New Brunswick, Canada. The plant appears to have been similar to
306:
which grew to perhaps as much as a metre (3 ft) in height. It comprised a main, straight stem (axis) with side branches which developed
1029:
665:
Gerrienne, P. (1997), "The fossil plants from the Lower
Devonian of Marchin (northern margin of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium). V.
976:
1009:
623:
Doran, J.B.; Gensel, P.G. & Andrews, H.N. (1978), "New occurrences of trimerophytes from the
Devonian of eastern Canada",
1004:
1034:
129:
544:
Other researchers have produced rather different analyses. Rothwell's analysis separates "trimerophytes", like
20:
892:
963:
307:
116:
981:
857:
775:
678:
549:
873:
745:
601:
167:
124:
358:(large true leaves). Consistent with this, a cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places
968:
950:
942:
831:
708:
955:
865:
821:
783:
737:
686:
632:
593:
320:
was described in 1976 from the
Devonian of Eastern Canada. It was considerably taller than
554:
476:
261:
43:
861:
779:
682:
395:
299:
265:
180:
39:
848:
Rothwell, G.W. (1999), "Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny",
690:
998:
787:
493:
380:
193:
74:
877:
812:
Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",
363:
284:
280:
445:
420:
154:
49:
915:
324:, reaching a height of nearly 3 m. The sporangia were similar to those of
287:
group of early members of the lineage leading to modern ferns and seed plants.
370:
366:
94:
59:
350:
The clear differentiation between a main stem (axis) and lateral branches in
355:
99:
835:
826:
649:
Granoff, J.A.; Gensel, P.G. & Andrews, H.N. (1976), "A new species of
909:
274:
269:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
929:
869:
749:
605:
104:
79:
886:
741:
636:
597:
303:
141:
890:
558:, with only the latter being closely related to seed plants.
669:
342:, but were not sufficiently well preserved to be named.
705:
Paleobotany, The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
584:, a New Genus of Devonian Plants from Northern Maine",
728:
Banks, H.P. (1975), "Reclassification of
Psilophyta",
703:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009),
899:
707:(2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press,
575:
573:
571:
799:
328:, although there were fewer in each cluster.
8:
618:
616:
614:
887:
580:Kasper, A.E. & Andrews, H.N. (1972), "
496:(seed plants; extant and extinct members)
115:
27:
825:
373:(spermatophytes) which have such leaves.
567:
766:in the evolution of vascular plants",
762:Banks, Harlan P. (1980), "The role of
653:from the Devonian of Eastern Canada",
768:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
671:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
224:
7:
448:(ferns; extant and extinct members)
461:
438:
423: crenulatum, Ps. dawsonii
411:
386:
376:
238:Kasper & H.N.Andrews (1972)
14:
1020:Middle Devonian genus extinctions
1015:Early Devonian first appearances
800:Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009
128:
1025:Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
213:Kasper & H.N.Andrews (1972)
279:). It has been placed in the "
1:
691:10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00010-9
655:Palaeontographica Abteilung B
314:refers to this growth habit.
788:10.1016/0034-6667(80)90056-1
1051:
814:American Journal of Botany
586:American Journal of Botany
468:β basal groups (
418:β basal groups (
18:
491:
466:
459:
443:
436:
416:
409:
391:
384:
223:
218:
125:Scientific classification
123:
114:
30:
1030:Prehistoric plant genera
246:Granoff et al. (1976)
21:Pertica (disambiguation)
268:of the Early to Middle
16:Extinct genus of plants
1010:Middle Devonian plants
827:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683
230:Doran et al. (1978)
1005:Early Devonian plants
964:Paleobiology Database
667:Psilophyton genseliae
850:The Botanical Review
275:420 to 380
19:For other uses, see
862:1999BotRv..65..188R
780:1980RPaPa..29..165B
683:1997RPaPa..98..303G
296:Pertica quadrifaria
168:Polysporangiophytes
870:10.1007/BF02857629
992:
991:
951:Open Tree of Life
893:Taxon identifiers
714:978-0-12-373972-8
631:(24): 3052β3068,
541:
540:
532:
531:
523:
522:
514:
513:
505:
504:
332:Pertica dalhousii
277:million years ago
253:
252:
247:
239:
231:
214:
1042:
1035:Symbols of Maine
985:
984:
972:
971:
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958:
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920:
919:
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809:
803:
797:
791:
790:
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719:
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677:(3β4): 303β324,
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608:
577:
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278:
245:
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109:
46:
36:Temporal range:
28:
1050:
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995:
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993:
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949:
941:
936:
928:
923:
914:
913:
908:
895:
885:
884:
847:
846:
842:
820:(10): 1683β99,
811:
810:
806:
798:
794:
761:
760:
756:
742:10.2307/1219491
727:
726:
722:
715:
702:
701:
697:
664:
648:
647:
643:
637:10.1139/b78-369
622:
621:
612:
598:10.2307/2441116
579:
578:
569:
564:
555:Tetraxylopteris
542:
533:
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477:Tetraxylopteris
348:
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273:
266:vascular plants
211:
203:
127:
110:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
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62:
57:
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44:Middle Devonian
38:
37:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1027:
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1007:
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986:
973:
960:
947:
934:
921:
905:
903:
897:
896:
891:
883:
882:
856:(3): 188β218,
840:
804:
792:
754:
736:(4): 401β413,
720:
713:
695:
661:(5β6): 119β128
641:
610:
592:(9): 897β911,
566:
565:
563:
560:
550:progymnosperms
539:
538:
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526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
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511:
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494:spermatophytes
490:
487:
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460:
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428:
427:
415:
410:
408:
405:
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401:
400:
396:Eophyllophyton
390:
385:
383:
381:euphyllophytes
375:
347:
344:
336:P. quadrifaria
326:P. quadrifaria
322:P. quadrifaria
292:
289:
283:", a strongly
251:
250:
249:
248:
240:
235:P. quadrifaria
232:
221:
220:
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197:
196:
194:Euphyllophytes
191:
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83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
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40:Early Devonian
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
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1021:
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1016:
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1008:
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983:
978:
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906:
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867:
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841:
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833:
828:
823:
819:
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808:
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802:, p. 261
801:
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743:
739:
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724:
721:
718:, pp. 259-261
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497:
495:
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472:
464:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
447:
441:
440:
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429:
426:
424:
422:
414:
413:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
397:
389:
388:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:basal to the
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:Pertica varia
315:
313:
309:
308:dichotomously
305:
301:
297:
290:
288:
286:
282:
281:trimerophytes
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
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236:
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228:
225:
222:
217:
210:
209:
202:
199:
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181:Tracheophytes
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66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
41:
33:
29:
26:
22:
900:
853:
849:
843:
817:
813:
807:
795:
771:
767:
763:
757:
733:
729:
723:
704:
698:
674:
670:
666:
658:
654:
650:
644:
628:
624:
589:
585:
581:
553:
545:
543:
492:
475:
470:
469:
467:
444:
419:
417:
394:
392:
364:paraphyletic
359:
351:
349:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
316:
311:
295:
294:
285:paraphyletic
256:
255:
254:
242:
234:
227:P. dalhousii
226:
207:
206:
187:
174:
161:
155:Embryophytes
148:
31:
25:
774:: 165β176,
764:Psilophyton
663:, cited in
446:moniliforms
421:Psilophyton
371:seed plants
312:quadrifaria
291:Description
264:of extinct
999:Categories
562:References
367:stem group
356:megaphylls
346:Phylogeny
138:Kingdom:
916:Q3900572
910:Wikidata
878:40215551
836:21652317
272:(around
270:Devonian
243:P. varia
219:Species
956:5154563
943:1371254
930:3229074
901:Pertica
858:Bibcode
776:Bibcode
750:1219491
679:Bibcode
651:Pertica
606:2441116
582:Pertica
552:, like
548:, from
546:Pertica
471:Pertica
393:β
360:Pertica
352:Pertica
340:Pertica
257:Pertica
208:Pertica
200:Genus:
142:Plantae
32:Pertica
982:297450
876:
834:
748:
711:
625:Botany
604:
977:WoRMS
969:55188
938:IRMNG
874:S2CID
746:JSTOR
730:Taxon
602:JSTOR
362:in a
304:plant
298:(the
262:genus
260:is a
188:Clade
175:Clade
162:Clade
149:Clade
925:GBIF
832:PMID
709:ISBN
300:type
50:Preκ
866:doi
822:doi
784:doi
738:doi
687:doi
659:155
633:doi
594:doi
1001::
979::
966::
953::
940::
927::
912::
872:,
864:,
854:65
852:,
830:,
818:91
816:,
782:,
772:29
770:,
744:,
734:24
732:,
685:,
675:98
673:,
657:,
629:56
627:,
613:^
600:,
590:59
588:,
570:^
480:)
474:,
425:)
190::
177::
164::
151::
100:Pg
868::
860::
824::
786::
778::
740::
689::
681::
635::
596::
204:β
105:N
95:K
90:J
85:T
80:P
75:C
70:D
65:S
60:O
55:κ
42:β
23:.
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