354:(DOC) was performed on Peter and Paul lakes in 2007. Peter Lake received added nutrients to increase primary production and both lakes received inorganic C; the origin of DOC was examined before and after the nutrient addition in Peter Lake. The color of the lakes was used to help analyze the results as the DOC of terrestrial origin is much more colored than DOC originating from primary production. Both sources of carbon can be very important in lakes. A clear trend was observed when comparing color/gross primary production to the percent of DOC coming from the lake's primary production.
20:
346:
in Peter lake while keeping primary production low in Paul lake. Peter Lake was fertilized to increase primary production. This allowed the researchers to determine the extent to which bacteria utilized carbon from primary production. The study found that bacteria use both autochthonous (from primary
429:
During the winter of 1980–1981, nearly half of the largemouth bass in Peter and Paul Lakes died off. A study was conducted to determine if the diets of bass remained the same or if they changed to more optimally obtain nutrients that were more available without competition. The study found that the
416:
was measured in various intervals to test how effectively they estimated the mixed layer depth. When dissolved oxygen was measured only once a day the time the measurements were taken could throw off the mixed layer depth. For example, measurements taken in the morning would estimate a deeper mixed
248:
to become less abundant. Collapses and significant shifts can be difficult to fix, so being able to predict when these changes are going to occur is crucial to preserving threatened ecosystems. However, the resources required to sufficiently monitor ecosystems are extensive and might not always be
293:
were added to Peter Lake. Largemouth bass, which had been removed prior to the experiment were then added. These bass died during the winter. Fertilizer was then added to Peter Lake. The results of Peter Lake were then compared to West Long Lake (another lake in the UNDERC) which was dominated by
330:
and 22-50% of zooplankton were found to be terrestrial in origin). The carbon from the surrounding forest supplements the carbon produced by aquatic plants allowing for larger zooplankton and fish populations. Given the results of the study, the researchers concluded that "fish are made from
387:
dominant in Peter shifted to a smaller species after the addition of hydrated lime. Even though Paul Lake received the same change in dominant fish species as Peter Lake, no shift in zooplankton species occurred. The reason for the shift in Peter Lake occurred because of increased
378:
depth from 2.7 to 4.3 meters. More hydrated lime was later added and further increased euphotic zone depth to 7 meters. The lakes' sediment was then examined to look at zooplankton remains. The researchers found that rainbow trout fed on the mostly
609:
Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F.; Pace, Michael L.; Bade, Darren; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Essington, Timothy E.; Houser, Jeffrey N.; Schindler, Daniel E. (2001).
54:. Peter Lake is larger with an area of 6.24 acres and a maximum depth of 19.6 meters while Paul Lake has an area of 4.12 acres and a maximum depth of 15 meters. The lakes are a part of the
55:
238:
to Peter lake, Paul was used as a control, to disrupt the ecosystem. The addition of these large fish resulted in decreasing populations of small fish. This in turn caused
697:
Bade, Darren L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L.; Kritzberg, Emma; Van de Bogert, Matthew C.; Cory, Rose M.; McKnight, Diane M. (2007-06-01).
347:
production of lake) and allochthonous (from terrestrial watershed) carbon. However, the bacteria did seem to use autochthonous carbon more than allochthonous carbon.
417:
layer depth, while measurements taken in the afternoon at higher temperatures would estimate shallower mixed layer depths. This can also cause the calculations of
898:
908:
611:
535:
746:"Size-selective predation, light transmission, and oxygen stratification: Evidence from the recent sediments of manipulated lakes1"
396:, and euphotic zone depth from the addition of hydrated lime. These changes made it easier for the rainbow trout to see and catch
561:"Bacterial Growth on Allochthonous Carbon in Humic and Nutrient-enriched Lakes: Results from Whole-Lake 13C Addition Experiments"
306:
fish. The study also found an "inverse relationship of planktivore biomass to biomass of
Daphnia and an inverse relationship of
913:
893:
389:
35:
326:(largely from leaves entering the lakes) makes up significant portion of the carbon in the Peter and Paul (40-55% of
106:. The lakes' basins are also located within the UNDERC meaning that no outside interference can occur. The lakes are
903:
19:
627:
418:
351:
43:
699:"Sources and fates of dissolved organic carbon in lakes as determined by whole-lake carbon isotope additions"
447:
39:
150:
323:
142:
87:
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409:
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In a twenty seven year experiment beginning in 1951, researchers removed the native fish and added
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79:
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and primary production to be inaccurate since mixed layer depth is used in these calculations.
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580:
531:
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853:
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99:
795:"Short-term variation in thermal stratification complicates estimation of lake metabolism"
258:
190:
761:
673:
649:
559:
Kritzberg, Emma S.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael M.; Granéli, Wilhelm (2006-04-01).
110:, freezing in November and mixing in the fall and again partially mixing in the spring.
371:
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235:
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91:
83:
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245:
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102:. No fishing is allowed making the two connected lakes ideal for studying their fish
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730:
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218:
studies due to their ideal experimental conditions. One such experiment found that
130:
47:
515:
527:
201:. These trout would later die off and be replaced by the native largemouth bass.
303:
299:
290:
810:
770:
745:
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576:
307:
178:
103:
95:
865:
818:
779:
722:
635:
584:
794:
698:
650:"A Tale of Two Lakes: One Gives Early Warning Signal for Ecosystem Collapse"
612:"Trophic Cascades, Nutrients, and Lake Productivity: Whole-Lake Experiments"
560:
343:
295:
262:
197:
were added to the lakes as a part of an experiment examining the effects of
134:
126:
75:
273:
than in lakes with a fourth trophic level." Paul and Peter lakes both have
457:
452:
339:
274:
266:
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841:
240:
227:
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are common given the area's wet conditions. The lakes' most important
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393:
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170:
162:
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123:
67:
857:
793:
Coloso, James J.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (2011-05-01).
133:
is high in the surrounding area. The lakes and wetlands are home to
842:"Opportunistic Foraging by Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)"
98:
since one lake can receive treatments while the other can remain a
332:
194:
71:
674:"If We Are What We Eat, Some Lake Fish Are Made of Maple Leaves"
182:
174:
166:
138:
59:
56:
63:
484:
214:
Paul and Peter lakes have been used in multiple significant
628:
10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0163:TCNALP]2.0.CO;2
257:
Paul and Peter were also used in an experiment examining
374:
substances, was added to Peter lake. This increased the
261:
in lake ecosystems. The researcher's hypothesized that "
23:
Gogebic County (MI) where Peter and Paul Lakes are found
82:
forests. The surrounding forest is made up mostly of
294:
larger fish. This study demonstrated that lakes with
516:"Experimental lakes, manipulations and measurements"
335:, but fish are also partly made from maple leaves."
94:. The two lakes are ideal for performing whole lake
486:"UNDERC East // UNDERC // University of Notre Dame"
744:Kitchell, Jennifer A.; Kitchell, James F. (1980).
310:mean size to chlorophyll and primary production."
302:and primary production than in lakes dominated by
514:Carpenter, S. R.; Kitchell, J. F. (1993-08-19),
840:Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F. (1987).
522:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–25,
34:are two connected lakes located in Michigan's
8:
438:were replaced by more “highly ranked prey."
118:Paul and Peter lakes are part of a complex
404:Thermal Stratification and Lake Metabolism
165:inhabit the surrounding forest. A variety
769:
277:with the most influential species being
222:can be predicted by monitoring a lake's
18:
469:
408:Another study examined changes in the
350:Another study examining the source of
899:Geography of Gogebic County, Michigan
7:
604:
602:
554:
552:
509:
507:
505:
479:
477:
475:
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412:structures of Peter and Paul Lakes.
289:, and other small fish that feed on
50:, which is a type of lake formed by
234:. The researchers introduced large
14:
909:Lakes of Gogebic County, Michigan
383:zooplankton content. The type of
74:of the UNDERC are located within
846:The American Midland Naturalist
358:Hydrated Lime and Rainbow Trout
269:enrichment in lakes with three
265:would respond more strongly to
181:can also be found in the area.
1:
38:near the Wisconsin border in
528:10.1017/cbo9780511525513.003
520:The Trophic Cascade in Lakes
244:populations to increase and
298:fish have lower amounts of
930:
750:Limnology and Oceanography
811:10.1007/s00027-010-0177-0
771:10.4319/lo.1980.25.3.0389
715:10.1007/s10533-006-9013-y
577:10.1007/s10021-005-0115-5
46:(MI). Paul and Peter are
352:dissolved organic carbon
338:A 2006 study tested the
448:Experimental Lakes Area
151:common snapping turtles
914:Ecological experiments
143:red-backed salamanders
24:
894:Saints Peter and Paul
616:Ecological Monographs
425:Largemouth Bass Diets
370:, which precipitates
324:terrestrial ecosystem
322:from the surrounding
318:One study found that
22:
434:following 1981. The
762:1980LimOc..25..389K
430:bass consumed less
232:chemical properties
220:ecosystem collapses
210:Ecosystem Collapses
342:response to added
328:particulate carbon
25:
904:Lakes of Michigan
263:primary producers
189:fish species are
155:White tailed deer
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799:Aquatic Sciences
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414:Dissolved oxygen
259:trophic cascades
253:Trophic Cascades
236:carnivorous fish
16:Lake in Michigan
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858:10.2307/2425789
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703:Biogeochemistry
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205:Aquatic Ecology
191:largemouth bass
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36:upper peninsula
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5:
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852:(2): 323–336.
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805:(2): 305–315.
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756:(3): 389–402.
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709:(2): 115–129.
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622:(2): 163–186.
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571:(3): 489–499.
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366:to the lakes.
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287:fathead minnow
283:Golden shiners
271:trophic levels
254:
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137:such as green
115:
112:
44:Gogebic County
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537:9780521431453
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376:euphotic zone
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368:Hydrated lime
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364:rainbow trout
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304:planktivorous
301:
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246:phytoplankton
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199:hydrated lime
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681:. Retrieved
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657:. Retrieved
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644:
619:
615:
568:
564:
541:, retrieved
519:
493:. Retrieved
489:
435:
431:
428:
407:
397:
390:transparency
384:
380:
361:
349:
337:
317:
256:
239:
213:
117:
88:yellow birch
48:kettle lakes
40:Vilas County
31:
27:
26:
678:www.nsf.gov
654:www.nsf.gov
419:respiration
300:chlorophyll
296:piscivorous
291:zooplankton
249:available.
179:bald eagles
145:as well as
104:populations
96:experiments
84:sugar maple
888:Categories
683:2021-11-28
659:2021-10-20
565:Ecosystems
543:2021-10-04
495:2021-11-28
464:References
308:crustacean
228:biological
216:ecological
169:including
135:amphibians
92:balsam fir
80:coniferous
866:0003-0031
819:1420-9055
780:1939-5590
723:1573-515X
636:1557-7015
585:1435-0629
340:bacterial
275:food webs
131:diversity
129:. Animal
127:ecosystem
76:deciduous
42:(WI) and
827:13097145
458:Lake 227
453:Lake 226
442:See also
267:nutrient
224:physical
149:such as
147:reptiles
114:Wildlife
108:dimictic
52:glaciers
874:2425789
758:Bibcode
731:5555547
593:1182991
436:Daphnia
432:Daphnia
410:thermal
398:Daphnia
385:Daphnia
381:Daphnia
372:organic
279:minnows
241:Daphnia
171:ospreys
163:bobcats
159:beavers
120:wetland
100:control
72:marshes
68:streams
872:
864:
825:
817:
778:
729:
721:
634:
591:
583:
534:
490:UNDERC
394:oxygen
320:carbon
314:Carbon
230:, and
187:native
183:Mosses
177:, and
161:, and
124:forest
90:, and
70:, and
58:. The
870:JSTOR
823:S2CID
727:S2CID
589:S2CID
333:algae
195:Trout
175:hawks
167:birds
139:frogs
60:lakes
32:Peter
862:ISSN
815:ISSN
776:ISSN
719:ISSN
632:ISSN
581:ISSN
532:ISBN
141:and
122:and
78:and
64:bogs
30:and
28:Paul
854:doi
850:118
807:doi
766:doi
711:doi
624:doi
573:doi
524:doi
890::
868:.
860:.
848:.
844:.
821:.
813:.
803:73
801:.
797:.
774:.
764:.
754:25
752:.
748:.
725:.
717:.
707:84
705:.
701:.
676:.
652:.
630:.
620:71
618:.
614:.
601:^
587:.
579:.
567:.
563:.
551:^
530:,
518:,
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472:^
400:.
392:,
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281:.
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173:,
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86:,
66:,
62:,
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856::
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713::
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662:.
638:.
626::
595:.
575::
569:9
526::
498:.
344:C
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