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commercial service and replaced with electric and diesel-electric locomotives. While North
America transitioned from steam during the 1950s, and continental Europe by the 1970s, in other parts of the world, the transition happened later. Steam was a familiar technology that used widely-available fuels and in low-wage economies did not suffer as wide a cost disparity. It continued to be used in many countries until the end of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, almost the only steam power remaining in regular use around the world was on
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including compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and air pre-heater. In 1952, Renault delivered a prototype four-axle 1150 hp gas-turbine-mechanical locomotive fitted with the
Pescara "free turbine" gas- and compressed-air producing system, rather than a co-axial multi-stage compressor integral to the turbine. This model was succeeded by a pair of six-axle 2400 hp locomotives with two turbines and Pescara feeds in 1959. Several similar locomotives were built in USSR by
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was the price of uranium. With the Borst atomic locomotive, the center section would have a 200-ton reactor chamber and steel walls 5 feet thick to prevent releases of radioactivity in case of accidents. He estimated a cost to manufacture atomic locomotives with 7000 h.p. engines at approximately $ 1,200,000 each. Consequently, trains with onboard nuclear generators were generally deemed unfeasible due to prohibitive costs.
1892:
1990:
3 kV 15 Hz. The voltage was significantly higher than used earlier and it required new designs for electric motors and switching devices. The three-phase two-wire system was used on several railways in
Northern Italy and became known as "the Italian system". KandĂł was invited in 1905 to undertake the management of SocietĂ Italiana Westinghouse and led the development of several Italian electric locomotives.
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2388:(EMUs) or diesel multiple units (DMUs) – passenger cars that also have traction motors and power equipment. Using dedicated locomotive-like power cars allows for a high ride quality and less electrical equipment; but EMUs have less axle weight, which reduces maintenance costs, and EMUs also have higher acceleration and higher seating capacity. Also some trains, including
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1045:, that produced an operating system based upon a design prototype for a manganese mine in Giessen. Then in the early 1900's, they were sold for multiple mining and Tunnelling operations. Post the 1900's, no wide spread use was necessary or required. Their inadequacy had increased with the existence of petrol and diesel locomotives.
2380:, which do not have places for passengers and technically are special single-ended locomotives. The difference from conventional locomotives is that these power cars are integral part of a train and are not adapted for operation with any other types of passenger coaches. On the other hand, many high-speed trains such as the
1088:. This locomotive was built using a 12 hp double-acting marine type engine, running at 300 rpm, mounted on a 4-wheel wagon chassis. It was only able to haul one loaded wagon at a time, due to its low power output, and was not a great success. The first successful kerosene locomotive was "Lachesis" built by
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tons. In 1928, Kennecott Copper ordered four 700-series electric locomotives with on-board batteries. These locomotives weighed 85 tons and operated on 750-volt overhead trolley wire with considerable further range whilst running on batteries. The locomotives provided several decades of service using
1989:
Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than just a short stretch. The 106 km
Valtellina line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by KandĂł and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at
1954:
developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. KandĂł's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in Evian-les-Bains (France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. In 1918, KandĂł invented and developed the
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operation has become common, where the train may have a locomotive (or locomotives) at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Most recently railroads have begun adopting DPU or distributed power. The front may have one or two locomotives followed by a mid-train locomotive that is controlled remotely
2787:
A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard
Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local
1816:
in 1879. The locomotive was driven by a 2.2 kW, series-wound motor, and the train, consisting of the locomotive and three cars, reached a speed of 13 km/h. During four months, the train carried 90,000 passengers on a 300-metre-long (984 feet) circular track. The electricity (150 V DC) was
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to deliver the power output of gas turbines to the wheels. A gas turbine locomotive was patented in 1861 by Marc
Antoine Francois Mennons (British patent no. 1633). There is no evidence that the locomotive was actually built but the design includes the essential features of gas turbine locomotives,
917:
figures showed that the cost of crewing and fuelling a steam locomotive was about two and a half times larger than the cost of supporting an equivalent diesel locomotive, and the daily mileage they could run was lower. Between about 1950 and 1970, the majority of steam locomotives were retired from
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and high sustained power. This allows them to start and move long, heavy trains, but usually comes at the cost of relatively low maximum speeds. Passenger locomotives usually develop lower starting tractive effort but are able to operate at the high speeds required to maintain passenger schedules.
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was given funding by various US railroad line and manufacturers to study the feasibility of an electric-drive locomotive, in which an onboard atomic reactor produced the steam to generate the electricity. At that time, atomic power was not fully understood; Borst believed the major stumbling block
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Electric locomotives almost universally use axle-hung traction motors, with one motor for each powered axle. In this arrangement, one side of the motor housing is supported by plain bearings riding on a ground and polished journal that is integral to the axle. The other side of the housing has a
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ran a large fleet of turbine-powered freight locomotives starting in the 1950s. These were widely used on long-haul routes, and were cost-effective despite their poor fuel economy due to their use of "leftover" fuels from the petroleum industry. At their height the railroad estimated that they
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started to enter service in switching operations, being remotely controlled by an operator outside of the locomotive cab. The main benefit is one operator can control the loading of grain, coal, gravel, etc. into the cars. In addition, the same operator can move the train as needed. Thus, the
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on the axle. Both gears are enclosed in a liquid-tight housing containing lubricating oil. The type of service in which the locomotive is used dictates the gear ratio employed. Numerically high ratios are commonly found on freight units, whereas numerically low ratios are typical of passenger
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Most steam locomotives have reciprocating engines, with pistons coupled to the driving wheels by means of connecting rods, with no intervening gearbox. This means the combination of starting tractive effort and maximum speed is greatly influenced by the diameter of the driving wheels. Steam
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Such locomotives are used where a conventional diesel or electric locomotive would be unsuitable. An example is maintenance trains on electrified lines when the electricity supply is turned off. Another use is in industrial facilities where a combustion-powered locomotive (i.e.,
1360:
founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. The
Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive (a diesel-mechanical locomotive) was operated in the summer of 1912 on the
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is much higher. A turbine of a given power output is also physically smaller than an equally powerful piston engine, allowing a locomotive to be very powerful without being inordinately large. However, a turbine's power output and efficiency both drop dramatically with
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Mixed-traffic locomotives (US English: general purpose or road switcher locomotives) meant for both passenger and freight trains do not develop as much starting tractive effort as a freight locomotive but are able to haul heavier trains than a passenger locomotive.
1882:
DC was used on earlier systems. These systems were gradually replaced by AC. Today, almost all main-line railways use AC systems. DC systems are confined mostly to urban transit such as metro systems, light rail and trams, where power requirement is less.
1986:; installation on the Seebach-Wettingen line of the Swiss Federal Railways was completed in 1904. The 15 kV, 50 Hz 345 kW (460 hp), 48 tonne locomotives used transformers and rotary converters to power DC traction motors.
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by a transmission. Typically they keep the engine running at a near-constant speed whether the locomotive is stationary or moving. Internal combustion locomotives are categorised by their fuel type and sub-categorised by their transmission type.
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supplied through a third insulated rail between the tracks. A contact roller was used to collect the electricity. The world's first electric tram line opened in
Lichterfelde near Berlin, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Werner von Siemens (see
1661:, unlike a piston engine, which has a comparatively flat power curve. This makes GTEL systems useful primarily for long-distance high-speed runs. Additional problems with gas turbine-electric locomotives included that they were very noisy.
2054:
could develop in the supply or return circuits, especially at rail joints, and allow dangerous current leakage into the ground. Battery locomotives in over-the-road service can recharge while absorbing dynamic-braking energy.
1959:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high voltage national networks.
1745:
tongue-shaped protuberance that engages a matching slot in the truck (bogie) bolster, its purpose being to act as a torque reaction device, as well as a support. Power transfer from motor to axle is effected by
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in
England though no record of it working there has survived. On 21 February 1804, the first recorded steam-hauled railway journey took place as another of Trevithick's locomotives hauled a train from the
1703:. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the running rails as the return conductor but some systems use a separate fourth rail for this purpose. The type of electrical power used is either
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or stationary engines that drove cable systems. Few such systems are still in existence today. Locomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum or natural gas), or they may take
834:, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations including the use of high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency.
1966:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at constant speed and provide
1421:
electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the
1313:. In the early days of diesel propulsion development, various transmission systems were employed with varying degrees of success, with electric transmission proving to be the most popular.
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to generate the steam used by the engine. The water in the boiler is heated by burning combustible material – usually coal, wood, or oil – to produce steam. The steam moves reciprocating
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as the fuel. They were the world's first internal combustion locomotives, preceding diesel and other oil locomotives by some years. The first known kerosene rail vehicle was a
3333:
1277:. This allows for smoother acceleration. It avoids the need for gear changes. However, it is more expensive, heavier, and sometimes bulkier than mechanical transmissions.
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that drive the locomotive. There is no mechanical connection between the diesel engine and the wheels. The vast majority of diesel locomotives today are diesel-electric.
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2042:) could cause a safety issue due to the risks of fire, explosion or fumes in a confined space. Battery locomotives are preferred for mines where gas could be ignited by
1875:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to New York through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Three
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2147:
2445:– a locomotive operating without a train behind it, for relocation or operational reasons. Occasionally, a light engine is referred to as a train in and of itself.
951:
913:. Steam locomotives are less efficient than modern diesel and electric locomotives, and a significantly larger workforce is required to operate and service them.
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at another end of a train, which often have a cabin with the same design as a cabin of locomotive; examples of such trains with conventional locomotives are
1365:
in
Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s.
1281:
2089:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the
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2127:, and the locomotives were retired shortly afterward. All four locomotives were donated to museums, but one was scrapped. The others can be seen at the
1978:, Switzerland. The first implementation of industrial frequency single-phase AC supply for locomotives came from Oerlikon in 1901, using the designs of
898:. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent early builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the UK, US and much of Europe. The
4048:
1879:
units were initially used, at the south end of the electrified section; they coupled onto the locomotive and train and pulled it through the tunnels.
1833:
opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric
989:
1970:, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with
1620:. It was completed in 1941, and then underwent testing before entering regular service. The Am 4/6 was the first gas turbine – electric locomotive.
1429:
control. In 1917–18, GE produced three experimental diesel–electric locomotives using Lemp's control design. In 1924, a diesel-electric locomotive (
575:
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1975:
1943:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor
1254:
are petrol locomotives which use electric transmission to deliver the power output of the engine to the driving wheels. This avoids the need for
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Electric locomotives usually cost 20% less than diesel locomotives, their maintenance costs are 25–35% lower, and cost up to 50% less to run.
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as fuel. Between the late 1890's and 1900's, a number of commercial manufacturers for Benzene Locomotives had been operating. This began with
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Prior to locomotives, the motive force for railways had been generated by various lower-technology methods such as human power, horse power,
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1765:, transmitted to the railway network and distributed to the trains. Some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and
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An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered only by electricity. Electricity is supplied to moving trains with a (nearly) continuous
1578:. ICE engines require a transmission to power the wheels. The engine must be allowed to continue to run when the locomotive is stopped.
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There are many different types of hybrid or dual-mode locomotives using two or more types of motive power. The most common hybrids are
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in Germany. It had 5 driving axles (1'E1'). After several test rides, it hauled trains for almost three decades from 1925 to 1954.
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adapts the power output to the rails for freight or passenger service. Passenger locomotives may include other features, such as
1856:, prompted by a clause in its enabling act prohibiting use of steam power. It opened in 1890, using electric locomotives built by
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from an outside source of electricity. It is common to classify locomotives by their source of energy. The common ones include:
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1741:, which is a shoe in contact with the third rail. Of the three, the pantograph method is best suited for high-speed operation.
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From Steam To Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry
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Diesel–electric locomotives are diesel locomotives using electric transmission. The diesel engine drives either an electrical
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Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on
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2710:"Most Important and highly Valuable Sea-Sale Colliery, Near Newcastle-on-Tyne, to be sold by auction, by Mr. Burrell".
2322:, and feature extensive additional braking mechanisms and sometimes rack and pinion. Steam locomotives built for steep
1321:
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860:; this is generally regarded as the first commercially successful locomotive. Another well-known early locomotive was
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1469:, in combination with gears, with a mechanical final drive to convey the power from the diesel engine to the wheels.
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locomotives intended for freight service generally have smaller diameter driving wheels than passenger locomotives.
2253:. These are used to provide continuous journeys along routes that are only partly electrified. Examples include the
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in the north-east of England, which was the first public steam railway in the world. In 1829, his son Robert built
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1128:. It was an 80 hp locomotive using a 3-cylinder vertical petrol engine, with a two speed mechanical gearbox.
90:
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2439:– a locomotive temporarily assisting a train from the rear, due to a difficult start or a sharp incline gradient;
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1402:(generally 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW) net or more for traction), the output of which provides power to the
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have also been applied to rail use, for example 350 to 750 hp (260 to 560 kW) shunting locomotives by
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powered about 10% of Union Pacific's freight trains, a much wider use than any other example of this class.
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1860:. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of
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2104:, where in 1917 the underground haulage ways were widened to enable working by two battery locomotives of
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to transfer power to the wheels. This type of transmission is generally limited to low-powered, low speed
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2085:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple
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1979:
1737:, which is a hinged frame that holds the collecting shoes against the wire in a fixed geometry; or a
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782:". Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself, in
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This article is about the rail transport vehicle. For the type of heavy-haulage traction engine, see
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in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use.
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in 1896. The company built four kerosene locomotives between 1896 and 1903, for use at the Arsenal.
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The wheel arrangement of a locomotive describes how many wheels it has; common methods include the
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A battery-electric locomotive (or battery locomotive) is an electric locomotive powered by onboard
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874:. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on static display in the Science Museum, London.
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3412:"Electrification of U.S. Railways: Pie in the Sky, or Realistic Goal? | Article | EESI"
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original number Юэ 001/Yu-e 001) started operations. It had been designed by a team led by
1398:(generally, less than 3,000 horsepower (2,200 kW) net for traction), or an electrical
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Lemp, Hermann. US Patent No. 1,154,785, filed 8 April 1914, and issued 28 September 1915.
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am Main West, a distance of 280 km. Using experience he had gained while working for
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650:. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a
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1695:, suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings; a
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ordered Am 4/6, a GTEL with a 1,620 kW (2,170 hp) of maximum engine power from
1377:
World's first useful diesel locomotive (a diesel-electric locomotive) for long distances
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opened in 1883 in Brighton, and is the oldest surviving electric railway. Also in 1883,
1190:) to deliver the power output of the engine to the driving wheels, in the same way as a
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2896:"Diesel Locomotives. The Construction of and Performance Obtained from the Oil Engine"
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Locomotive cutaways and historical locomotives of several countries ordered by dates
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2923:"New Motors on Railroads: Electric and Gasoline Cars Replacing the Steam Locomotive"
1530:(Belgium). Hydrostatic drives are also used in railway maintenance machines such as
909:
The steam locomotive remained by far the most common type of locomotive until after
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Railway Maintenance Equipment: The Men and Machines That Keep the Railroads Running
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twin-engined German designs to haul high-speed trains from the 1960s to 1990s (see
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Locomotives are also used on some high-speed trains. Some of them are operated in
1911:, ZĂĽrich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using
1867:
The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile stretch of the
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3922:"A Rogue's Gallery: The TTC's Subway Work Car Fleet – Transit Toronto – Content"
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network never use locomotives. Instead of locomotive-like power-cars, they use
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2381:
1962:
In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the
1729:, which is a long flexible pole that engages the line with a wheel or shoe; a
1696:
1605:
1399:
819:
814:
787:
460:
455:
300:
3921:
4675:
4285:
4280:
4265:
4252:
3282:
2377:
2273:
2206:
1924:
1472:
The main worldwide user of main-line hydraulic transmission locomotives was
1422:
1073:
in 1887, but this was not technically a locomotive as it carried a payload.
827:
663:
256:
160:
2299:
In diesel-electric and electric locomotives the control system between the
1116:) as their fuel. The first commercially successful petrol locomotive was a
4150:
2415:
is the technical name for a locomotive attached to the front of a railway
4680:
4275:
4162:
2770:
2541:
2400:, use both non-passenger power cars and additional passenger motor cars.
2393:
2194:
2063:
1932:
1113:
1066:
1062:
1042:
851:
726:, which was first used in 1814 to distinguish between self-propelled and
581:
156:
1773:. The railway usually provides its own distribution lines, switches and
1733:, which is a frame that holds a long collecting rod against the wire; a
1284:. It weighed 60 tons, generated 350 hp and drove through a pair of
4635:
4531:
3595:
Organ fĂĽr die fortschritte des eisenbahnwesens in technischer beziehung
2727:
Life of Richard Trevithick: With an Account of His Inventions, Volume 1
2423:
operation, the train engine might be attached to the rear of the train;
2389:
2342:
2277:
2254:
2188:
1895:
A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in Valtellina, Italy, 1901
1345:
1176:
1038:
969:
961:
659:
3784:"EMD Joule Battery Electric Locomotive arrives in Southern California"
1282:
Minneapolis, St. Paul, Rochester and Dubuque Electric Traction Company
666:; the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for
4290:
4093:. World Railways Series, Vol 1. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
2239:
2210:
2202:
1813:
1761:
Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient
1750:
1280:
A notable early petrol-electric locomotive was built in 1913 for the
1270:
1125:
775:
477:
164:
4203:
3323:, July 1949, cutaway drawing of development by GE for Union Pacific
2516:
2287:
Freight locomotives are normally designed to deliver high starting
1348:. The earliest diesel locomotives were diesel-mechanical. In 1906,
805:
The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by
778:
which are connected to the locomotive's main wheels, known as the "
766:
A steam locomotive is a locomotive whose primary power source is a
4466:
4432:
2416:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2230:
2013:
1997:
1944:
1890:
1795:
1787:
1713:
1691:
running along the track that usually takes one of three forms: an
1551:
1493:
1448:
1372:
1320:
1289:
1285:
1103:
1052:
677:
Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However,
647:
376:
339:
185:
170:
144:
3386:"Wood-Gas Vehicles | PDF | Gasification | Engines"
2058:
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist
1037:
Benzene locomotives have an internal combustion engines that use
2429:– a locomotive attached in front of the train engine, to enable
2311:(also referred to as hotel power or electric train supply) or a
2304:
2249:
powered either from an electricity supply or else by an onboard
1834:
1746:
1492:: initially licence-built versions of German designs. In Spain,
1382:
443:
4207:
2505:
locomotive is loaded or unloaded in about a third of the time.
2217:
finally is another example of a fuel cell-electric locomotive.
2419:
to haul that train. Alternatively, where facilities exist for
2353:
1209:
1199:
1191:
1135:
894:
in Newcastle upon Tyne. Rocket was entered into, and won, the
40:
3536:
Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
1808:
systems. The first electric passenger train was presented by
2330:, so that the boiler remains roughly level on steep grades.
2070:(batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named
3850:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156.
2408:
Locomotives occasionally work in a specific role, such as:
2197:(fuel cell) -powered mining locomotive was demonstrated in
2139:
previously operated a battery electric locomotive built by
1488:
introduced a number of diesel hydraulic designs during its
770:. The most common form of steam locomotive also contains a
4197:
monthly, February 1919, page 72, Scanned by Google Books:
2018:
A narrow gauge battery-electric locomotive used for mining
1931:
on steam-electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that
1461:
Diesel–hydraulic locomotives are diesel locomotives using
1112:
Petrol locomotives (US: gasoline locomotives) use petrol (
1947:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies.
1792:
Werner von Siemens experimental DC electric train, 1879
1669:
Some locomotives, usually in France and Italy ran on a
1417:
electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable
1273:, and then powering the wheels by multi-speed electric
1226:
1194:. The second petrol-mechanical locomotive was built by
1152:
3880:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p.
3609:
Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift: Beihefte, Volumes 11–23
2836:
Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies
2123:(Edison) technology. The batteries were replaced with
1648:. There are few moving parts, decreasing the need for
1202:
in January 1903 for the Richmond Main Sewerage Board.
722:'causing motion', and is a shortened form of the term
2741:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor"
1559:, a gas turbine-electric locomotive preserved at the
3846:
Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric".
3822:
Biographical dictionary of the history of technology
3819:
Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). "Davidson, Robert".
3014:
The British Internal Combustion Locomotive 1894–1940
1652:
and potentially reducing maintenance costs, and the
1457:
diesel-hydraulic locomotive at Technikmuseum, Berlin
4664:
4620:
4515:
4431:
4337:
4304:
4242:
2318:Some locomotives are designed specifically to work
1721:
was equipped with both pantograph and contact shoes
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3533:
2326:frequently have the boiler tilted relative to the
2078:Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two
1624:was built by Brown Boveri and delivered in 1949.
3761:. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema. p. 435.
3700:
3698:
3646:
3644:
4090:International Passenger Locomotives: Since 1985
1632:and delivered in 1951. A third locomotive, the
1076:A kerosene locomotive was built in 1894 by the
2823:(reprint ed.). Lewes, UK: The Book Guild.
1171:The most common type of petrol locomotive are
4219:
4191:Turning a Locomotive into a Stationary Engine
4066:Ellis, Cuthbert Hamilton (12 December 1988).
3570:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization
3044:. Time.com. 28 September 1925. Archived from
1356:and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer
1325:An early Diesel-mechanical locomotive at the
615:
8:
2500:In the second half of the twentieth century
2268:There are three main uses of locomotives in
1644:A gas turbine offers some advantages over a
1465:. In this arrangement, they use one or more
2352:Also many high-speed trains, including all
1608:which produced electric current powers the
1124:in 1902, for the Deptford Cattle Market in
717:
708:
698:
4226:
4212:
4204:
2205:. In 2007 the educational mini-hydrail in
1800:Baltimore & Ohio electric engine, 1895
622:
608:
200:
3972:Hata, Hiroshi (1998). Wako, Kanji (ed.).
3475:. Harrow: Capital Transport. p. 36.
3156:
2193:In 2002, the first 3.6 tonne, 17 kW
1581:Gas turbine-mechanical locomotives use a
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
3121:
2834:P. Mathur; K. Mathur; S. Mathur (2014).
1939:motors and, because of the absence of a
1935:had a higher power-to-weight ratio than
1390:Diesel locomotive § Diesel–electric
3967:
3965:
3757:Strakoš, VladimĂr; et al. (1997).
3007:
3005:
2927:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
2802:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2668:
2644:
1020:Internal combustion locomotives use an
1001:at Darlington Railway Centre and Museum
927:
794:") or pulled behind the locomotive, in
491:
435:
311:
243:
208:
155:in Australia showing three body types,
3974:"What Drives Electric Multiple Units?"
3947:"Atomic Locomotive Produces 7000 h.p."
3896:"List of Kennecott Copper locomotives"
3303:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3296:
3135:Accessed via Google Patent Search at:
2869:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
2174:In the early 1950s, Lyle Borst of the
2146:London Underground regularly operates
1699:mounted at track level; or an onboard
1117:
3985:East Japan Railway Culture Foundation
3759:Mine Planning and Equipment Selection
3689:
3677:
3635:
3519:
3507:
3092:
7:
3994:from the original on 10 October 2022
3981:Japan Railway & Transport Review
2990:from the original on 1 December 2020
2921:Meiklejohn, Bernard (January 1906).
2838:. Partridge Publishing. p. 139.
2821:Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive
1903:electric locomotive was designed by
1725:Various collection methods exist: a
1612:which drive the wheels. In 1939 the
1332:A diesel–mechanical locomotive uses
809:in 1802. It was constructed for the
69:adding citations to reliable sources
3068:"Direct drive gasoline locomotives"
2963:from the original on 3 October 2020
2902:from the original on 3 October 2020
2743:. Museumwales.ac.uk. Archived from
1108:The 1902 Maudslay Petrol Locomotive
798:, (this arrangement is known as a "
790:, (this arrangement is known as a "
4107:from the original on 15 April 2023
4069:Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
3928:from the original on 27 April 2021
3800:from the original on 28 April 2023
3572:. Alpha Publications. p. 67.
3540:. Simon Publications LLC. p.
3442:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway"
3366:from the original on 14 March 2023
3259:from the original on 12 April 2022
3232:, Voyager Press, pp. 78, 96,
3180:from the original on 30 April 2021
2050:at the collection shoes, or where
2010:used for hauling engineers' trains
900:Liverpool & Manchester Railway
25:
4122:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide
4072:. Random House Value Publishing.
3712:from the original on 3 March 2016
3623:L'Eclairage Ă©lectrique, Volume 48
3498:, Sagle, Lawrence, Alvin Stauffer
3392:from the original on 28 July 2023
3108:Electricity in the Service of Man
3074:from the original on 9 March 2021
886:Stockton & Darlington Railway
4149:
3611:. VDE Verlag. 1904. p. 163.
3422:from the original on 27 May 2021
3170:"The first russian diesel locos"
2777:from the original on 3 June 2020
2767:"Steam train anniversary begins"
2691:from the original on 2 July 2017
2515:
2360:(250 / 350 / Avril / XXI), some
2129:Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad
1839:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
1769:but most purchase power from an
1594:Gas turbine-electric locomotives
1338:shunting (switching) locomotives
1213:
1139:
988:
976:
960:steam locomotive in the town of
950:
930:
591:
216:
45:
4507:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
4186:International Steam Locomotives
3782:Lustig, David (21 April 2023).
3253:"Espacenet – Original document"
3105:Walmsley, R. Mullineux (1921).
2238:at the Innotrans convention in
2006:battery-electric locomotive at
1854:City & South London Railway
1186:(sometimes in conjunction with
830:in South Wales. Accompanied by
56:needs additional citations for
3874:Martin, George Curtis (1919).
2714:. 12 February 1814. p. 2.
2150:for general maintenance work.
2135:in Rio Vista, California. The
2076:Royal Scottish Society of Arts
1848:The first electrically worked
1841:, using equipment designed by
1837:were pioneered in 1888 on the
1016:Internal combustion locomotive
27:Self-propelled railway vehicle
1:
4163:An engineer's guide from 1891
3471:Badsey-Ellis, Antony (2005).
2957:mikes.railhistory.railfan.net
2607:Regenerative (dynamic) brakes
2143:in 1968 and retired in 2009.
2091:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
1753:on the motor shaft engages a
1476:, with designs including the
1363:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway
1327:North Alabama Railroad Museum
1173:petrol-mechanical locomotives
407:Passenger traffic terminology
4120:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973).
4018:Churella, Albert J. (1998).
2148:battery-electric locomotives
1974:) in 1899 on the 40 km
1950:In 1894, Hungarian engineer
1831:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
1247:Petrol–electric transmission
1118:petrol-mechanical locomotive
983:Trevithick's 1802 locomotive
870:for the Wylam Colliery near
866:, built 1813–14 by engineer
18:Petrol-mechanical locomotive
4044:Electric Railways 1880–1990
3877:Mineral resources of Alaska
2725:Francis Trevithick (1872).
2685:Online Etymology Dictionary
2587:List of locomotive builders
2096:Another example was at the
1862:multiple-unit train control
1719:Southern Railway (UK) 20002
1636:, was constructed in 1961.
1574:locomotive consisting of a
1252:Petrol-electric locomotives
36:Locomotive (disambiguation)
4728:
4041:Duffy, Michael C. (2003).
4024:Princeton University Press
3653:"Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)"
3568:Francis S. Wagner (1977).
3473:London's Lost Tube Schemes
2632:World's largest locomotive
2502:remote control locomotives
2493:
2490:Remote control locomotives
2467:
2247:electro-diesel locomotives
2224:
2186:
2162:
2137:Toronto Transit Commission
1819:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway
1804:The earliest systems were
1680:
1572:internal combustion engine
1545:
1427:diesel–electric locomotive
1387:
1299:
1244:
1090:Richard Hornsby & Sons
1022:internal combustion engine
1013:
759:
737:
642:vehicle that provides the
177:Victorian Railways R class
29:
4442:AAR type A switcher truck
3655:. mszh.hu. Archived from
3651:Hungarian Patent Office.
3070:. Yardlimit.railfan.net.
2854:Encyclopedia of Railroads
2577:Headstock (rolling stock)
2496:Remote control locomotive
2270:rail transport operations
1524:Hydrostatic drive systems
1439:Maschinenfabrik Esslingen
1061:Kerosene locomotives use
1057:The 1887 Daimler draisine
520:List of high-speed trains
4124:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin:
3532:Andrew L. Simon (1998).
3334:"Rails and Gas Turbines"
3318:"Gas Turbine Locomotive"
3142:22 December 2012 at the
2788:iron master's tram rails
2324:rack and pinion railways
2284:(UK English: shunting).
2066:, and it was powered by
2028:battery electric vehicle
1588:Kharkov Locomotive Works
1094:Woolwich Arsenal Railway
728:stationary steam engines
4712:19th-century inventions
3952:6 November 2023 at the
3228:Solomon, Brian (2001),
2873:Hamlyn Publishing Group
2867:Hamilton Ellis (1968).
2819:Young, Robert (2000) .
2806:Oxford University Press
2800:Payton, Philip (2004).
2617:Rail vehicle resistance
2451:– a locomotive used to
2386:electric multiple units
2213:went into service. The
1827:Volk's Electric Railway
1583:mechanical transmission
1561:Illinois Railway Museum
1490:1955 Modernisation Plan
1437:and built 1923–1924 by
1400:AC alternator-rectifier
1334:mechanical transmission
422:Railway nationalization
4482:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
4087:Flowers, Andy (2020).
3556:Evian-les-Bains kando.
3200:"Shunting locomotives"
3042:"Gasoline locomotives"
2567:Electric multiple unit
2537:Articulated locomotive
2455:passenger trains at a
2242:
2133:Western Railway Museum
2019:
2011:
1957:rotary phase converter
1896:
1801:
1793:
1722:
1614:Swiss Federal Railways
1568:gas turbine locomotive
1563:
1548:Gas turbine locomotive
1463:hydraulic transmission
1458:
1385:
1329:
1122:Maudslay Motor Company
1109:
1058:
718:
709:
699:
530:Longest train services
412:Named passenger trains
198:
183:
168:
34:. For other uses, see
4497:Radial steering truck
4314:AAR wheel arrangement
4158:at Wikimedia Commons
3825:. London: Routledge.
3593:C.W. Kreidel (1904).
3111:. pp. 1628–1631.
2476:AAR wheel arrangement
2234:
2098:Kennecott Copper Mine
2052:electrical resistance
2017:
2001:
1894:
1799:
1791:
1717:
1654:power-to-weight ratio
1555:
1498:power-to-weight ratio
1452:
1376:
1324:
1107:
1056:
943:Severn Valley Railway
682:from the lead unit.
545:Platform screen doors
189:
174:
148:
4324:Swiss classification
4179:Pickzone Locomotive
3959:, April 1954, p. 86.
3625:. 1906. p. 554.
3210:on 30 September 2016
3137:US Patent #1,154,785
3012:Webb, Brian (1973).
2984:"Daimler Motorwagen"
2953:"DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES"
2773:. 21 February 2004.
2320:steep grade railways
1980:Hans Behn-Eschenburg
1968:regenerative braking
1917:hydro-electric plant
1899:The first practical
1873:Baltimore & Ohio
1630:Metropolitan-Vickers
1602:electrical generator
966:Central Ostrobothnia
694:originates from the
598:Transport portal
550:Railway speed record
192:China Railways HXD1D
65:improve this article
4168:2 June 2021 at the
4126:Kalmbach Publishing
3864:, De Agostini, 2003
3446:IEEE History Center
3360:"Wood-Gas Vehicles"
3146:on 8 February 2007.
3048:on 18 November 2011
3018:David & Charles
2592:List of locomotives
2362:Korea Train Express
2335:push-pull formation
2259:Bombardier ALP-45DP
2236:Bombardier ALP-45DP
2165:Fireless locomotive
2131:, Iowa, and at the
2125:lead-acid batteries
2121:Nickel–iron battery
2074:, exhibited at the
1907:, then working for
1887:Alternating current
1869:Baltimore Belt Line
1763:generating stations
1709:alternating current
1683:Electric locomotive
1665:Wood Gas Generation
1474:Deutsche Bundesbahn
1344:and self-propelled
1265:of the engine into
1024:, connected to the
1010:Internal combustion
872:Newcastle upon Tyne
525:List of train songs
402:High-speed railways
355:Couplers by country
204:Part of a series on
195:electric locomotive
4572:Klien-Lindner axle
4319:UIC classification
4296:Dual Control Stand
3692:, p. 120–121.
3452:on 1 December 2008
3285:on 2 December 2017
3159:, pp. 139–141
2729:. E.&F.N.Spon.
2597:Locomotives in art
2480:UIC classification
2243:
2221:Hybrid locomotives
2183:Fuel cell-electric
2176:University of Utah
2020:
2012:
2004:London Underground
1984:Emil Huber-Stockar
1976:Burgdorf—Thun line
1933:three-phase motors
1897:
1858:Mather & Platt
1823:Berlin StraĂźenbahn
1810:Werner von Siemens
1802:
1794:
1767:transmission lines
1723:
1671:Wood gas generator
1626:British Rail 18100
1622:British Rail 18000
1564:
1459:
1386:
1330:
1307:Diesel locomotives
1258:by converting the
1225:. You can help by
1151:. You can help by
1110:
1082:Kingston upon Hull
1078:Priestman Brothers
1059:
807:Richard Trevithick
740:Class (locomotive)
360:Coupler conversion
199:
184:
169:
153:diesel locomotives
4694:
4693:
4597:Road–rail vehicle
4582:Luttermöller axle
4452:Articulated bogie
4306:Wheel arrangement
4154:Media related to
4135:978-0-89024-026-7
4079:978-0-517-01305-2
4058:978-0-85296-805-5
4033:978-0-691-02776-0
3957:Popular Mechanics
3860:Renzo Pocaterra,
3848:Our Home Railways
3832:978-0-415-06042-4
3659:on 8 October 2010
3579:978-0-912404-04-2
3551:978-0-9665734-2-8
3510:, pp. 39–41.
3321:Popular Mechanics
2982:Winkler, Thomas.
2875:. pp. 24–30.
2572:Headboard (train)
2562:Duplex locomotive
2470:Wheel arrangement
2464:Wheel arrangement
2404:Operational role
2083:reluctance motors
1921:Lauffen am Neckar
1502:Renfe Classes 340
1467:torque converters
1317:Diesel-mechanical
1302:Diesel locomotive
1267:electrical energy
1243:
1242:
1169:
1168:
1132:Petrol-mechanical
1092:and delivered to
920:heritage railways
876:George Stephenson
858:Middleton Railway
850:first ran on the
841:'s twin-cylinder
800:tender locomotive
724:locomotive engine
713:'place', and the
632:
631:
350:Railway couplings
333:Steam locomotives
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4719:
4467:Cleminson system
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4153:
4139:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4083:
4062:
4037:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3983:. Tokyo, Japan:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3898:. Archived from
3892:
3886:
3885:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3734:. Archived from
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3702:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3539:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3448:. Archived from
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3340:on 22 April 2016
3336:. Archived from
3330:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:. Archived from
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3206:, archived from
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3174:izmerov.narod.ru
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:. Galahad Books.
2846:
2840:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2747:on 15 April 2011
2737:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2673:
2656:
2649:
2582:KryšpĂn's system
2525:
2520:
2519:
2376:, use dedicated
2328:locomotive frame
2280:trains, and for
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2102:Latouche, Alaska
2008:West Ham station
1994:Battery-electric
1843:Frank J. Sprague
1771:electric utility
1659:rotational speed
1634:British Rail GT3
1557:Union Pacific 18
1445:Diesel-hydraulic
1415:General Electric
1263:mechanical force
1238:
1235:
1217:
1210:
1164:
1161:
1143:
1136:
1071:Gottlieb Daimler
998:Locomotion No. 1
992:
980:
954:
934:
881:Locomotion No. 1
762:Steam locomotive
721:
712:
703:'from a place',
702:
668:passenger trains
624:
617:
610:
596:
595:
296:Gauge conversion
220:
201:
180:steam locomotive
150:Pacific National
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4660:
4616:
4557:Equalising beam
4511:
4427:
4333:
4300:
4247:
4238:
4232:
4199:Popular Science
4195:Popular Science
4170:Wayback Machine
4147:
4142:
4136:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4101:
4086:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4040:
4034:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3954:Wayback Machine
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3902:on 6 March 2012
3894:
3893:
3889:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3738:on 12 July 2012
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3279:"Archived copy"
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3144:Wayback Machine
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2612:Traction engine
2552:Builder's plate
2521:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2457:railway station
2406:
2313:steam generator
2301:traction motors
2289:tractive effort
2266:
2229:
2223:
2215:Railpower GG20B
2191:
2185:
2172:
2170:Atomic-electric
2167:
2161:
2156:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2060:Robert Davidson
2044:trolley-powered
1996:
1889:
1786:
1685:
1679:
1667:
1550:
1544:
1482:DB V 160 family
1447:
1404:traction motors
1392:
1371:
1369:Diesel-electric
1358:GebrĂĽder Sulzer
1319:
1309:are powered by
1304:
1298:
1275:traction motors
1249:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1223:needs expansion
1208:
1206:Petrol-electric
1182:in the form of
1165:
1159:
1156:
1149:needs expansion
1134:
1102:
1051:
1035:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
993:
984:
981:
972:
955:
946:
935:
896:Rainhill Trials
855:rack-and-pinion
843:rack locomotive
792:tank locomotive
764:
758:
742:
736:
734:Classifications
688:
670:, but rare for
628:
590:
487:
436:Special systems
431:
397:Inter-city rail
382:Passenger train
307:
262:Railway station
239:
238:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
32:Road locomotive
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4667:exhaust system
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4622:Exhaust system
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Trailing wheel
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Carrying wheel
4539:
4537:Beugniot lever
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4502:Scheffel bogie
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4329:Whyte notation
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4146:
4145:External links
4143:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4117:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4038:
4032:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3961:
3939:
3913:
3887:
3866:
3853:
3838:
3831:
3811:
3794:Kalmbach Media
3774:
3767:
3749:
3732:"Kalman Kando"
3723:
3706:"Kalman Kando"
3694:
3682:
3680:, p. 124.
3670:
3640:
3638:, p. 137.
3628:
3614:
3600:
3597:. p. 315.
3585:
3578:
3560:
3550:
3524:
3522:, p. 129.
3512:
3500:
3488:
3481:
3463:
3433:
3403:
3377:
3351:
3325:
3310:
3270:
3244:
3238:
3220:
3191:
3161:
3157:Pinkepank 1973
3149:
3126:
3114:
3097:
3095:, p. 157.
3085:
3059:
3033:
3026:
3001:
2974:
2944:
2913:
2887:
2878:
2859:
2841:
2826:
2811:
2792:
2758:
2732:
2717:
2702:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Railway brakes
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2510:
2507:
2494:Main article:
2491:
2488:
2484:Whyte notation
2468:Main article:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2437:Banking engine
2434:
2431:double-heading
2424:
2405:
2402:
2309:head-end power
2272:: for hauling
2265:
2262:
2225:Main article:
2222:
2219:
2187:Main article:
2184:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2163:Main article:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2068:galvanic cells
2040:diesel-powered
1995:
1992:
1964:Lugano Tramway
1913:three-phase AC
1888:
1885:
1785:
1784:Direct current
1782:
1705:direct current
1681:Main article:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1610:traction motor
1546:Main article:
1543:
1540:
1478:DB Class V 200
1455:DB Class V 200
1446:
1443:
1435:Yury Lomonosov
1419:direct current
1388:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1342:multiple units
1340:, lightweight
1318:
1315:
1311:diesel engines
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1245:Main article:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1130:
1101:
1098:
1050:
1047:
1034:
1031:
1026:driving wheels
1014:Main article:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
994:
987:
985:
982:
975:
973:
956:
949:
947:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
868:William Hedley
839:Matthew Murray
824:Merthyr Tydfil
822:ironworks, in
780:driving wheels
760:Main article:
757:
754:
735:
732:
715:Medieval Latin
687:
684:
672:freight trains
640:rail transport
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
494:
493:
489:
488:
486:
485:
480:
475:
474:
473:
463:
458:
453:
452:
451:
438:
437:
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
417:Rail subsidies
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
336:
335:
325:
317:
316:
309:
308:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
291:Variable gauge
283:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
254:
246:
245:
244:Infrastructure
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
225:
222:
221:
213:
212:
210:Rail transport
206:
205:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4724:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Leading wheel
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:Gölsdorf axle
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Driving wheel
4550:
4548:
4547:Coupled wheel
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Grovers bogie
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Arnoux system
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Bagnall–Price
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4100:9781913295929
4096:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4022:. Princeton:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4010:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3768:90-5410-915-7
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
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3629:
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3604:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3586:
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3561:
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3547:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3496:B&O Power
3492:
3489:
3484:
3482:1-85414-293-3
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3204:cmigroupe.com
3201:
3195:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3130:
3127:
3124:, p. 12.
3123:
3122:Churella 1998
3118:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2885:Ellis, p. 355
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2712:Leeds Mercury
2706:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2655:'s DC system.
2654:
2653:Thomas Edison
2648:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2523:Trains portal
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Station pilot
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:Intercity 125
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:Intercity 225
2344:
2340:
2337:with trailer
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:diesel engine
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:Nippon Sharyo
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Walter Boveri
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:Jean Heilmann
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Charles Brown
1902:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:line was the
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:, in which a
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:bow collector
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:overhead line
1690:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:piston engine
1642:
1639:
1638:Union Pacific
1635:
1631:
1628:was built by
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:rail grinders
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Rudolf Diesel
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1292:arrangement.
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1221:This section
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1147:This section
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:built by the
1119:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1000:
999:
991:
986:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
923:
921:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
863:Puffing Billy
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:Andrew Vivian
829:
825:
821:
816:
813:ironworks in
812:
811:Coalbrookdale
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
755:
753:
751:
747:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
706:
701:
697:
693:
685:
683:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:multiple unit
649:
645:
641:
637:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
606:
605:
603:
602:
599:
594:
589:
588:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
490:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:Rapid transit
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Regional rail
390:
388:
387:Commuter rail
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Bogie (truck)
375:
373:
370:
366:
365:Dual coupling
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
345:Railroad cars
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:rolling stock
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:Railway track
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
235:
234:Company types
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
203:
202:
196:
193:
188:
181:
178:
173:
166:
163:(middle) and
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4592:Railway tire
4518:running gear
4477:Jacobs bogie
4457:Bissel truck
4246:positioning
4234:
4190:
4148:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4089:
4068:
4043:
4019:
4011:Bibliography
3996:. Retrieved
3980:
3956:
3942:
3930:. Retrieved
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3900:the original
3890:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3821:
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3787:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3690:Duffy (2003)
3685:
3678:Duffy (2003)
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3636:Duffy (2003)
3631:
3622:
3617:
3608:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3535:
3527:
3520:Duffy (2003)
3515:
3508:Duffy (2003)
3503:
3495:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:the original
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3415:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3328:
3320:
3313:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3247:
3229:
3223:
3212:, retrieved
3208:the original
3203:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3152:
3134:
3129:
3117:
3107:
3100:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3036:
3013:
2992:. Retrieved
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2930:
2926:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2850:Nock, Oswald
2844:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2779:. Retrieved
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2735:
2726:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2680:
2677:"Locomotive"
2671:
2647:
2627:Vacuum brake
2499:
2473:
2443:Light engine
2427:Pilot engine
2413:Train engine
2412:
2407:
2351:
2339:control cars
2332:
2317:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2267:
2244:
2227:Hybrid train
2192:
2173:
2145:
2095:
2080:direct-drive
2071:
2057:
2032:
2026:; a kind of
2021:
1988:
1961:
1952:Kálmán Kandó
1949:
1915:, between a
1898:
1881:
1866:
1847:
1803:
1779:
1775:transformers
1760:
1747:spur gearing
1743:
1739:contact shoe
1727:trolley pole
1724:
1686:
1668:
1643:
1618:Brown Boveri
1600:to drive an
1592:
1580:
1565:
1522:
1486:British Rail
1471:
1460:
1411:Hermann Lemp
1408:
1396:DC generator
1393:
1331:
1305:
1279:
1251:
1250:
1231:
1227:adding to it
1222:
1188:chain drives
1180:transmission
1175:, which use
1172:
1170:
1157:
1153:adding to it
1148:
1111:
1075:
1060:
1036:
1019:
996:
958:VR Class Tk3
939:SECR Class P
915:British Rail
911:World War II
908:
904:goods trains
889:
879:
861:
845:
836:
804:
768:steam engine
765:
743:
723:
691:
689:
676:
644:motive power
635:
633:
327:
312:Service and
182:in Australia
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:"Locomotive"
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
4707:Locomotives
4607:Train wheel
4587:Radial axle
4567:Journal box
4487:Mason Bogie
4423:Walschaerts
4261:Cab forward
4156:Locomotives
3998:16 November
2681:(etymology)
2557:Control car
2547:Bank engine
2154:Other types
2087:commutators
1850:underground
1650:lubrication
1598:gas turbine
1576:gas turbine
1542:Gas turbine
1354:Adolf Klose
1084:for use on
937:Wainwright
852:edge-railed
656:motor coach
560:Terminology
505:Attractions
492:Miscellanea
328:Locomotives
286:Track gauge
279:Maintenance
121:August 2022
4701:Categories
4527:Adams axle
4492:Pony truck
4462:Blomberg B
4418:Stephenson
4403:Kuhn slide
4339:Valve gear
4271:Steeplecab
4249:Short hood
4235:Locomotive
3906:2 December
3742:5 December
3716:26 October
3456:18 January
3289:2 December
3263:2 December
3239:0760309752
3214:2 December
3184:2 December
3093:Duffy 2003
3027:0715361155
2751:3 November
2663:References
2622:Train horn
2382:Shinkansen
2378:power cars
1941:commutator
1735:pantograph
1697:third rail
1606:alternator
1496:used high
1381:, 1924 in
1234:April 2020
1196:F.C. Blake
1177:mechanical
1160:April 2020
1086:Hull docks
891:The Rocket
820:Penydarren
815:Shropshire
738:See also:
692:locomotive
636:locomotive
510:By country
461:Interurban
456:Light rail
301:Dual gauge
252:Management
91:newspapers
4676:Blastpipe
4393:Hackworth
4286:Cowl unit
4281:Hood unit
4266:Sharknose
4253:Long hood
3663:10 August
3078:1 January
3052:1 January
2967:4 October
2933:: 8437–54
2906:4 October
2532:Air brake
2486:systems.
2421:push-pull
2282:switching
2274:passenger
2207:Kaohsiung
2024:batteries
1925:Frankfurt
1864:in 1897.
1758:engines.
1755:bull gear
1689:conductor
1528:CMI Group
1453:A German
1423:prototype
1409:In 1914,
1256:gearboxes
1184:gearboxes
1069:built by
945:, England
847:Salamanca
837:In 1812,
828:Abercynon
690:The word
686:Etymology
679:push-pull
664:power car
535:Modelling
515:Companies
500:Accidents
323:Operating
257:Rail yard
161:hood unit
159:(front),
4681:Smokebox
4669:elements
4646:Lemaître
4612:Wheelset
4520:elements
4413:Southern
4373:Caprotti
4276:Cab unit
4166:Archived
4111:15 April
4105:Archived
3989:Archived
3950:Archived
3932:16 March
3926:Archived
3798:Archived
3710:Archived
3420:Archived
3416:eesi.org
3390:Archived
3364:Archived
3344:12 April
3299:cite web
3257:Archived
3178:Archived
3140:Archived
3072:Archived
2994:12 April
2988:Archived
2961:Archived
2900:Archived
2898:. 1935.
2852:(1977).
2775:Archived
2771:BBC News
2689:Archived
2542:Autorail
2509:See also
2398:TGV V150
2394:TGV TMST
2276:trains,
2199:Val-d'Or
2195:hydrogen
2159:Fireless
2064:Aberdeen
1909:Oerlikon
1835:trolleys
1707:(DC) or
1677:Electric
1596:, use a
1480:and the
1425:for all
1379:SŽD Eel2
1346:railcars
1114:gasoline
1067:draisine
1063:kerosene
1049:Kerosene
884:for the
705:ablative
582:Vactrain
372:Wheelset
197:in China
157:cab unit
4686:Chimney
4665:Common
4656:Lemprex
4636:Kylchap
4532:Axlebox
4388:Gresley
4368:Bulleid
4363:Baguley
3426:7 April
3396:28 July
3370:28 July
2937:10 July
2781:13 June
2390:TGV PSE
2356:, many
2343:Railjet
2278:freight
2255:EMD FL9
2189:Hydrail
2113:⁄
2072:Galvani
1871:of the
1825:). The
1701:battery
1532:tampers
1039:benzene
1033:Benzene
970:Finland
962:Kokkola
941:on the
796:tenders
784:bunkers
776:pistons
746:gravity
719:motivus
660:railcar
555:Suicide
540:Museums
471:History
449:History
427:Freight
229:History
165:box cab
105:scholar
4651:Lempor
4641:Kylpor
4516:Other
4291:Boxcab
4237:design
4132:
4097:
4076:
4055:
4030:
3829:
3804:12 May
3789:Trains
3765:
3576:
3548:
3479:
3236:
3024:
2695:2 June
2482:, and
2240:Berlin
2211:Taiwan
2203:Quebec
2048:arcing
2046:units
2036:steam-
1945:bogies
1814:Berlin
1751:pinion
1711:(AC).
1570:is an
1296:Diesel
1286:bogies
1271:dynamo
1260:rotary
1126:London
1100:Petrol
878:built
772:boiler
646:for a
478:Maglev
340:Trains
167:(rear)
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
4631:Giesl
4624:types
4435:types
4433:Bogie
4408:Lentz
4383:Gooch
4353:Baker
4348:Allan
4341:types
4181:Model
3992:(PDF)
3977:(PDF)
3862:Treni
2639:Notes
2453:shunt
2417:train
2370:ICE 2
2366:ICE 1
2358:Talgo
2305:axles
1877:Bo+Bo
1494:Renfe
1290:Bo-Bo
1288:in a
1269:by a
1043:Deutz
826:, to
788:tanks
756:Steam
750:power
710:locus
696:Latin
648:train
638:is a
483:Urban
112:JSTOR
98:books
4130:ISBN
4113:2023
4095:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4028:ISBN
4000:2022
3934:2020
3908:2017
3827:ISBN
3806:2023
3763:ISBN
3744:2009
3718:2011
3665:2008
3574:ISBN
3546:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3458:2008
3428:2020
3398:2023
3372:2023
3346:2016
3305:link
3291:2017
3265:2017
3234:ISBN
3216:2017
3186:2017
3080:2012
3054:2012
3022:ISBN
2996:2019
2969:2007
2939:2009
2931:XIII
2908:2007
2783:2009
2753:2009
2697:2008
2396:and
2372:and
2345:and
2303:and
2257:and
1982:and
1923:and
1821:and
1534:and
1413:, a
1383:Kyiv
995:The
802:").
786:and
700:loco
444:Tram
267:list
84:news
4398:Joy
4378:Gab
4244:Cab
4049:IET
3882:144
3542:264
2354:TGV
2264:Use
2062:of
2038:or
1919:at
1812:at
1604:or
1520:).
1518:354
1514:353
1510:352
1506:350
1229:.
1200:Kew
1198:of
1192:car
1155:.
1080:of
964:in
707:of
662:or
67:by
4703::
4251:/
4193:,
4128:.
4103:.
4051:.
4047:.
4026:.
3987:.
3979:.
3964:^
3924:.
3796:.
3792:.
3786:.
3708:.
3697:^
3643:^
3554:.
3544:.
3444:.
3418:.
3414:.
3388:.
3362:.
3301:}}
3297:{{
3255:.
3202:,
3176:.
3172:.
3020:.
3016:.
3004:^
2986:.
2959:.
2955:.
2929:.
2925:.
2871:.
2804:.
2785:.
2769:.
2687:.
2683:.
2679:.
2478:,
2392:,
2364:,
2349:.
2315:.
2209:,
2201:,
2100:,
2030:.
2002:A
1937:DC
1901:AC
1845:.
1806:DC
1777:.
1673:.
1590:.
1566:A
1538:.
1516:,
1512:,
1508:,
1504:,
1484:.
1431:E2
1352:,
968:,
922:.
906:.
730:.
674:.
658:,
654:,
634:A
576:UK
574:,
572:NZ
570:,
568:NA
566:,
564:AU
190:A
175:A
4227:e
4220:t
4213:v
4138:.
4115:.
4082:.
4061:.
4036:.
4002:.
3936:.
3910:.
3884:.
3835:.
3808:.
3771:.
3746:.
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