31:
398:"ny person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefore in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee."
340:
filed suit against these five pharmaceutical companies for damages under the
Clayton Antitrust Act for their attempts to restrain and monopolize interstate and foreign trade surrounding the manufacture and distribution of certain broad spectrum antibiotics, in violation the Sherman Act. Accusations included the use of price fixing, market division and fraud committed against the
418:. The Court ruled for the government of India, affirming that a foreign nation otherwise entitled to sue in U.S. courts is entitled to sue for damages under the antitrust laws to the same extent as any other plaintiff. The fact that the respondents are sovereign foreign entities is not reason to deny them the remedy of treble damages the
490:, Chief Justice Burger highlighted the courts reliance on the specific definition of persons as outlined in the Clayton act, specifically the mention of foreign corporations and associations existing under or authorized laws of any foreign country as entities covered under the Act, but no mention the governments of foreign countries.
479:
Chief
Justice Burger dissented the ruling, joined by Justices Powell and Rehnquist. In his dissent, Justice Burger stated that a foreign nations entitlement to bring damage actions in U.S. courts against domestic suppliers for alleged violations of antitrust laws was never considered when the Sherman
382:
under the defense that non-US companies were not persons as defined under the
Clayton and Sherman acts, making them ineligible to seek treble damages in the U.S. court system. The court Court of Appeals ruled against the defendants, finding that that treble-damages for persons injured by antitrust
445:
The majority reasoned that a foreign nation is entitled to pursue damages when it its business or property has suffered damages caused by another entities antitrust violations. When a foreign nation conducts business in U.S. commercial markets, it can be victimized by anti-competitive practices in
483:
Chief
Justice Burger indicated in his dissent his dismay at the majorities recognition of a foreign government as a person under the Clayton and Sherman antitrust laws, while also noting that the majority option conceded that the question of application of the Sherman and Clayton Acts to foreign
339:
The constitutional issues at stake in this case surround the U.S. Constitutions recognition of foreign people, entities or governments as "persons" with the right and ability to bring suit in U.S. courts against U.S. registered corporations under U.S. antitrust laws. The government of India had
440:
The result we reach does not involve any novel concept of the jurisdiction of the federal courts. This Court has long recognized the rule that a foreign nation is generally entitled to prosecute any civil claim in the courts of the United States upon the same basis as a domestic corporation or
356:
was enacted in 1914 to add additional substance to U.S. antitrust law by seeking to prevent certain anti-competitive practices during their inception, and continued a regime that started with the
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Clayton Act specified particular prohibited conduct, outlined
369:
was the first federal law that prohibited business practices that were considered to be harmful to consumers, specifically those that were deemed to reduce marketplace competition. The act continues to serve as the basis for most antitrust litigation in federal courts.
386:
Unsuccessful in invalidating their case through the 8th
Circuit Court of Appeals, the defendants appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court asking the court to clarify the definition of 'persons' under the Clayton and Sherman acts, as section 8 of the Clayton act states:
906:
1823:
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specific exemptions to the law, and provided for a tri-level enforcement regimen including measure intended to remediate prohibited conduct, expanding on the consumer protections that were provided under the earlier enacted
Sherman Antitrust Act.
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has afforded to any person negatively affected by violations of U.S. or international antitrust laws. The
Justices referred to the Sherman and Clayton antitrust laws in their ruling, as well as a prior ruling favoring the
470:
ruling, the State of
Georgia had been given no other remedy to enforce the prohibitions of the laws in question. Like the State of Georgia, the Government of India also had no other remedy outside of the court system.
484:
governments was never considered at the time the laws were enacted. He also referred to prior judgements under these acts, including the much more specific definition of person in the
Clayton act. Citing the case of
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cases considered the rights of person-hood for government entities. While the Cooper case rules that the United States Government was not to be considered a "person" under US antitrust laws, the court ruled in
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The issue of person-hood for a sovereign government was supported by prior case law, with Justice Stewart referring to two specific cases to support the majority argument. Both the
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brought similar suits against one or more of these pharmaceutical firms, with the Supreme Court eventually deciding to recognize the additional cases in its ruling.
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that the state was allowed consideration as a person. The decision did not rest on Georgia's status as a state but that unlike the federal government in the
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violations was first provided in section 7 of the Sherman Act, and was re-enacted without substantial change in 1914 in section 4 of the Clayton Act.
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The pharmaceutical companies involved in the suit were seeking to invalidate the case by appealing to the
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Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
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A foreign nation is entitled to sue in U.S. courts for treble damages under antitrust laws.
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interstate and foreign trade in the manufacture, distribution, and sale of broad spectrum
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
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C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
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Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
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College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
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Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
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Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
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Blackmun took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
1880:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
1784:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
97:
2120:
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1569:
1527:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1264:
735:
693:
30:
1130:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
815:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
1487:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1479:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
446:
the same manner as a domestic U.S. State of private person.
1106:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
807:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
2019:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
923:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
414:
The opinion of the Supreme Court was delivered by Justice
2236:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1912:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
791:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
1463:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1154:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
775:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
201:
Stewart, joined by Brennan, White, Marshall, Stevens
2002:
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Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
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1391:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
54:Pfizer Inc., et al. v. Government of India, et al.
2216:United States Constitution Article Three case law
1407:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
968:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
312:, alleging that these companies had conspired to
1904:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
960:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
591:, 434 U.S. at 320-21 (Burger, C.J., dissenting).
438:
436:Justice Stewart further stated in his opinion:
1170:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
1503:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
1311:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
705:
261:in U.S. courts, and should be recognized as "
8:
1511:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
1138:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
783:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
2117:
2068:
1579:
1566:
1415:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
1261:
1202:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
745:
732:
712:
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380:United States Court of Appeals 8th Circuit
20:
517:
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1984:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
1896:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
561:
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511:
249:, 434 U.S. 308 (1978), decision of the
1162:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
931:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
602:Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores
487:Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores
18:1978 United States Supreme Court case
7:
1928:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
1423:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
2141:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
1683:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
1050:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
846:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
209:Burger, joined by Powell, Rehnquist
1816:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
1218:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
759:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
631:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
546:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
522:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
251:Supreme Court of the United States
246:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
36:Supreme Court of the United States
24:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
14:
2231:United States Supreme Court cases
1002:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
641:308 (1978) is available from:
365:Enacted by Congress in 1890, the
2221:United States antitrust case law
1178:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
29:
2226:United States standing case law
1519:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
1210:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2241:1978 in United States case law
1856:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1808:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
1146:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
1058:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
553:, 397 (8th Cir. 1977).
1:
1888:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
1617:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
1226:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
915:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
253:in which the Court held that
96:Judgment for defendants, 550
1832:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
1026:Schillinger v. United States
952:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
452:United States v. Cooper Corp
1601:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
1042:United States v. Wunderlich
330:Republic of the Philippines
2257:
2157:Mistretta v. United States
1383:Burton v. United States II
1359:City of St. Louis v. Myers
1234:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
838:Murdock v. City of Memphis
682:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2127:
2116:
2080:
2067:
1968:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
1578:
1565:
1375:Burton v. United States I
1327:United States v. Jackalow
1303:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1273:
1260:
744:
731:
294:American Cyanamid Company
231:
221:
126:
116:
28:
2189:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
1960:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1609:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1399:Muskrat v. United States
1367:Barrett v. United States
1074:United States v. Stanley
854:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
829:independent state ground
257:are entitled to sue for
45:Decided January 11, 1978
43:Argued November 1, 1977
2173:United States v. Hatter
2165:Peretz v. United States
2102:Cramer v. United States
1744:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1495:Thomas v. Union Carbide
1194:United States v. Bormes
943:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
891:United States v. Hudson
1936:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
1654:Nixon v. United States
1351:United States v. Klein
1242:Trump v. United States
1090:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
1034:Feres v. United States
1010:Mississippi v. Johnson
767:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
443:
326:Imperial State of Iran
141:William J. Brennan Jr.
2094:United States v. Burr
2043:Rucho v. Common Cause
1944:Texas v. Pennsylvania
1920:Bond v. United States
1776:Sierra Club v. Morton
1471:Arizona v. New Mexico
1455:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
1431:Wisconsin v. Illinois
1335:Ex parte Vallandigham
1295:United States v. More
985:presidential immunity
367:Sherman Antitrust Act
361:Sherman Antitrust Act
354:Clayton Antitrust Act
348:Clayton Antitrust Act
1018:United States v. Lee
551:550 F.2d 396
441:individual might do.
287:pharmaceutical firms
1760:Altvater v. Freeman
1736:Fairchild v. Hughes
1646:Goldwater v. Carter
1593:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1279:Chisholm v. Georgia
1066:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
673:Library of Congress
468:U.S. v. Cooper Corp
427:'s right to sue in
334:Republic of Vietnam
279:government of India
173:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
2149:Forrester v. White
2035:Vieth v. Jubelirer
1992:Murthy v. Missouri
1848:Diamond v. Charles
1728:Bailiff v. Tipping
1629:Political question
1447:Colegrove v. Green
1287:Marbury v. Madison
1186:Samantar v. Yousuf
980:Sovereign immunity
882:Federal common law
721:U.S. Supreme Court
310:The Upjohn Company
137:Associate Justices
78:98 S. Ct. 584; 54
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2181:Stern v. Marshall
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2049:Benisek v. Lamone
2027:Davis v. Bandemer
1976:Biden v. Nebraska
1952:Trump v. New York
1707:Trump v. New York
1561:
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1543:Bowles v. Russell
1439:Crowell v. Benson
1343:Ex parte McCardle
1256:
1255:
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994:Little v. Barreme
862:Harrison v. NAACP
799:Younger v. Harris
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177:William Rehnquist
161:Thurgood Marshall
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2118:
2086:Ex parte Bollman
2069:
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1551:Patchak v. Zinke
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1098:Clinton v. Jones
870:Michigan v. Long
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500:US antitrust law
464:Georgia v. Evans
458:Georgia v. Evans
430:Georgia v. Evans
425:State of Georgia
342:US Patent Office
306:Olin Corporation
133:Warren E. Burger
122:Court membership
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1840:Allen v. Wright
1800:Warth v. Seldin
1752:Ex parte Levitt
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1319:Sheldon v. Sill
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2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
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2001:
1994:
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1989:
1986:
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1981:
1978:
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1965:
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1961:
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1675:Poe v. Ullman
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1638:Baker v. Carr
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646:CourtListener
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420:U.S. Congress
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311:
307:
304:Corporation,
303:
299:
298:Bristol-Myers
295:
291:
288:
285:suit against
284:
280:
277:In 1975, the
272:
270:
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193:Case opinions
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134:
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129:Chief Justice
128:
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115:
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102:
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91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
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58:
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52:
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41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1872:FEC v. Akins
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
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1742:
1734:
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1607:
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1453:
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1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
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1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1267:Jurisdiction
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
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966:
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929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
868:
860:
852:
844:
836:
827:Adequate and
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
630:
616: (1975).
600:
596:
588:
584:
579: (1942).
565:
545:
540:
535: (1978).
521:
485:
482:
478:
467:
463:
456:
450:
448:
444:
439:
435:
428:
413:
397:
385:
377:
364:
351:
338:
290:Pfizer, Inc.
276:
265:" under the
245:
244:
243:
227:Laws applied
180:
168:
156:
144:
88:Case history
71:
53:
15:
724:Article III
589:Pfizer Inc.
322:antibiotics
281:, filed an
267:Clayton Act
237:Clayton Act
233:Sherman Act
153:Byron White
2210:Categories
750:Abstention
738:Federalism
318:monopolize
300:Company,
283:antitrust
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
1719:Standing
1666:Ripeness
1584:Mootness
726:case law
629:Text of
494:See also
410:Judgment
332:and the
314:restrain
198:Majority
105:8th Cir.
2074:Treason
655:Findlaw
475:Dissent
374:Defense
263:persons
214:Dissent
206:Dissent
112:Holding
2192:(2016)
2184:(2011)
2176:(2001)
2168:(1991)
2160:(1989)
2152:(1988)
2144:(1824)
2136:(1803)
2122:Others
2105:(1945)
2097:(1807)
2089:(1807)
2052:(2019)
2038:(2004)
2030:(1986)
2022:(1985)
2014:(1792)
2003:Others
1995:(2024)
1987:(2024)
1979:(2023)
1971:(2021)
1963:(2021)
1955:(2020)
1947:(2020)
1939:(2016)
1931:(2013)
1923:(2011)
1915:(2011)
1907:(2007)
1899:(2007)
1891:(2006)
1883:(2000)
1875:(1998)
1867:(1997)
1859:(1992)
1851:(1986)
1843:(1984)
1835:(1983)
1827:(1982)
1819:(1978)
1811:(1977)
1803:(1975)
1795:(1974)
1787:(1973)
1779:(1972)
1771:(1968)
1763:(1943)
1755:(1937)
1747:(1923)
1739:(1922)
1731:(1805)
1710:(2020)
1702:(1985)
1694:(1972)
1686:(1967)
1678:(1961)
1657:(1993)
1649:(1979)
1641:(1962)
1620:(2023)
1612:(2021)
1604:(2016)
1596:(1974)
1554:(2018)
1546:(2007)
1538:(2005)
1530:(2002)
1522:(1995)
1514:(1986)
1506:(1986)
1498:(1985)
1490:(1982)
1482:(1977)
1474:(1976)
1466:(1974)
1458:(1962)
1450:(1946)
1442:(1932)
1434:(1929)
1426:(1926)
1418:(1921)
1410:(1916)
1402:(1911)
1394:(1908)
1386:(1906)
1378:(1905)
1370:(1898)
1362:(1885)
1354:(1871)
1346:(1869)
1338:(1864)
1330:(1862)
1322:(1850)
1314:(1828)
1306:(1816)
1298:(1805)
1290:(1803)
1282:(1793)
1245:(2024)
1237:(2020)
1229:(2019)
1221:(2019)
1213:(2015)
1205:(2014)
1197:(2012)
1189:(2010)
1181:(2008)
1173:(2007)
1165:(2006)
1157:(2005)
1149:(2004)
1141:(2003)
1133:(2003)
1125:(2001)
1117:(1999)
1109:(1998)
1101:(1997)
1093:(1993)
1085:(1991)
1077:(1987)
1069:(1982)
1061:(1978)
1053:(1964)
1045:(1951)
1037:(1950)
1029:(1894)
1021:(1882)
1013:(1867)
1005:(1812)
997:(1804)
971:(2005)
963:(1983)
955:(1923)
934:(1943)
926:(1938)
918:(1938)
910:(1928)
902:(1842)
894:(1812)
873:(1983)
865:(1959)
857:(1935)
849:(1896)
841:(1875)
818:(1983)
810:(1976)
802:(1971)
794:(1964)
786:(1962)
778:(1959)
770:(1943)
762:(1941)
685:
679:
676:
670:
667:
664:Justia
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
605:,
568:,
549:,
524:,
328:, the
324:. The
302:Squibb
217:Powell
183:
181:·
179:
171:
169:·
167:
159:
157:·
155:
147:
145:·
143:
637:
609:
572:
528:
506:Notes
273:Facts
107:1976)
93:Prior
639:U.S.
611:U.S.
574:U.S.
530:U.S.
455:and
352:The
316:and
308:and
98:F.2d
73:more
65:U.S.
63:434
982:and
635:434
614:723
607:421
577:159
570:316
533:308
526:434
101:396
82:563
68:308
2212::
2046:/
633:,
558:^
514:^
433:.
344:.
296:,
292:,
269:.
235:,
713:e
706:t
699:v
103:(
76:)
70:(
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