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Nitetis, who was described by
Herodotus as being "tall and beautiful", was dressed in fine Egyptian clothing and sent to Persia under pretence of the princess of Egypt. Upon arrival, Cambyses II greeted the princess as daughter of Amasis, at which point she exposed Amasis's ill plan and how he had sent the only surviving daughter of the man he had helped murder to wed the king of Persia, under pretence of royal blood. This infuriated Cambyses II, who immediately set out to move toward Egypt to punish Amasis for this insult. It was at this politically tense, moment that Phanes of Halicarnassus arrived at Persia, and gave Cambyses the confidence to invade Egypt for full conquest.
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all those who betray him. Herodotus describes how
Psamtik III's lack of diplomacy and violent temper would eventually cost him his life in Persian captivity as he tries to yet again arrange a revolt against Cambyses II, at which point, Cambyses orders his execution. Phanes for most part would stay loyal to Cambyses II after the invasion of Egypt assisting him to come to a diplomatic truce with
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complied, but did so at the expense of forcing the physician to leave his family and children behind and forcibly sent him to Persia. In an attempt to exact revenge for this unjust exile, the
Egyptian ophthalmologist, persuaded king Cambyses II to strengthen his bonds with Egypt through marriage with
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comments on how beautiful and tall her children including
Cambyses II looked at which point Cassandane replies in disdain of the arrival of Nitetis: "Although I have borne him children like this, Cyrus treats me with no respect and prefers the new arrival from Egypt" at which point Cambyses II, then
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Manners and customs of the ancient
Egyptians: including their private life, government, laws, art, manufactures, religions, and early history; derived from a comparison of the paintings, sculptures, and monuments still existing, with the accounts of ancient authors. Illustrated by drawings of those
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Herodotus describes that in desperation, and in a violent act to avenge the betrayal, Psamtik III would trick Phanes's sons to see him. He would then kill them all, draining their blood, mixing it with wine, drinking of it and feeding it to all the council members as a sign of what is to come for
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Knowing of the
Egyptian way, Phanes of Halicarnassus wisely advised the Persian king to send a messenger to the Arabian Kings and ask for safe passage to Egypt. Arabs gladly complied blessing Cambyses II on his journey and allowed him a safe passage. Phanes would eventually play a critical role in
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Unrelated to Phanes, Herodotus also describes a few untrue stories that he has heard about the reasons for invasion of Egypt. Herodotus in particular describes a story that he explains is at best an "unbelievable" concoction about the reason why
Cambyses II attacked Egypt. According this version,
89:. According to Herodotus, Phanes of Halicarnassus was "a resourceful man and a brave fighter" serving Amasis II on matters of state, and was well connected within the Egyptian pharaoh's troops. Phanes of Halicarnassus was also very well respected within the military and royal community of Egypt.
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According to
Herodotus, a series of events (which he omits to explain, or does not know for sure) led to Phanes of Halicarnassus falling out of favor with Amasis II. Phanes, disgruntled with the pharaoh deserted Egypt and travelled by ship with the intention of speaking with the Persian emperor
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Unable to let go of his favourite daughter, and unwilling to make an enemy of the mighty
Persians, Amasis conducted a trickery during which he sent the daughter of the ex-Pharaoh Apries, whom his death he had facilitated by means of bloody revolt, to Persia as his own daughter. This daughter,
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into the empire, but it would be his son, Cambyses II's task to conquer the pharaohs. The background against which
Herodotus describes the events leading to the Battle of Pelusium require one to understand the political tensions of the time.
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In order to understand the importance of Phanes of Halicarnassus, one has to understand the circumstances surrounding and leading to the battle of Pelusium, and the importance of his council in allowing Cambyses II the easiest path to Egypt.
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followed by his own capture. Phanes successfully helps lead the Persian armies as an advisor and a mercenary and sees Amasis die of natural causes, and his son chained. This was not to be without tragedy for Phanes however.
216:(Psammenitus) who had now waged an army of Egyptians anticipating the approaching Persian army. Callous in both strategy, and diplomacy, Psamtik III would lead the Egyptian army to their demise and their eventual siege at
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Itinerary of Phanes of Halicarnassus, and the itinerary of Persian and Egyptian forces; Persian forces - black line, Egyptian Eunuchs - red line, Phanes of Halicarnassus's travel itinerary - blue line
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Herodotus recounts of one possible motive for Cambyses II desire to conquer Egypt: According to Herodotus, Amasis II came to power by bloody means by defeating, and murdering his predecessor pharaoh
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According to Herodotus, Phanes led Cambyses II to Egypt to face Amasis. Amasis, having died six month before the arrival of the Persian army, was instead represented by his heir and son,
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only ten, who was an audience in the conversation, in defense of Cassandane's honor, says, "that is exactly why when I grow up I am going to turn Egypt upside down."
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wife of Cyrus the Great and mother of Cambyses II, must have felt uncomfortable about the tall Egyptian woman. At one point, one of the Persian women who visited
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109:. Upon his arrival, he met with a resolute Cambyses II who was about to set out to conquer Egypt but was not sure of the best path possible.
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after Phanes, with the intent of capture or assassination. Phanes originally escaped the assassin, but was eventually captured by him in
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in the west, right at the door steps of Egypt. Cyrus the Great would die in battle before he could incorporate
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the daughter of Amasis II. Cambyses II complied and asked Amasis II for his daughters's hand in marriage.
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the strategic advancement of the Persian king who eventually defeated Amasis's son Psamtik III, in the
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grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.
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240:: King of Persia (Lydia, Babylonia, Persis, Anshan, and Media). Captor and executor of Psamtik III.
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79:(570–526 BC). Most of what history recounts of Phanes is from the account of
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46:, sometimes attributed to Phanes of Halicarnassus, 625-600 BC. Obverse:
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CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625-600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g)
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259:: Apries's daughter presented as the false Egyptian princess.
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the Persian empire was a powerful empire stretching from the
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Herodotus (Trans.) Robin Waterfield, Carolyn Dewald (1998).
254:: Successor and son of Amasis II; murderer of Phanes's sons.
67:) was a wise council man, a tactician, and a mercenary from
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Middle East patterns: places, peoples, and politics
19:This article is about a council man serving pharao
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157:in the east, to the Northern Arabian deserts and
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313:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 170.
16:6th century BC Greek mercenary and tactician
444:People of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
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34:The earliest inscribed coinage:
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233:Parties involved with Phanes
434:6th-century BC Greek people
375:. Westview Press. pp.
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416:death of Amasis Herodotus.
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349:. D. Midwinter. pp.
191:after the arrival of the
367:Colbert C. Held (2000).
137:After the defeat of the
439:Ancient Halicarnassians
55:Phanes of Halicarnassus
25:Phanes (disambiguation)
410:. J. Murray. pp.
391:achaemenid empire map.
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23:. For other uses, see
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407:subjects, Volume 1
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252:Psamtik III
238:Cambyses II
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117:in 525 BC.
95:Cambyses II
428:Categories
262:Cassandane
201:Cassandane
197:Cassandane
186:Folk story
121:Background
243:Amasis II
175:Amasis II
86:Histories
81:Herodotus
77:Amasis II
21:Amasis II
75:pharaoh
73:Egyptian
38:coin of
36:electrum
272:Sources
257:Nitetis
227:Libyans
218:Memphis
193:Nitetis
159:Red Sea
44:Ephesus
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353:–250.
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247:Apries
171:Apries
145:, and
143:Median
139:Lydian
107:Persia
99:eunuch
40:Phanes
379:–23.
163:Egypt
155:Indus
103:Lycia
64:Φάνης
59:Greek
42:from
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48:Stag
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