125:
423:
664:) concentration, while the indirect method includes pill counting and the self-report from the patient. The direct method is more time-consuming, more expensive, more invasive, but it is more accurate. The indirect method has a lower accuracy but is easier to administer to the patient. If the patient fails to comply with treatment, for example, by not taking the medication according to the instructions, it leads to risk and a poor treatment outcome.
268:
226:
430:
Every patient has their own body condition, for example, kidney function, liver function, genetic variations, medical history, etc. These are all the factors that should be considered by healthcare professionals before giving any pharmacological therapy. Most importantly, the advancing technology in
208:
as “a process of mixing two or more medicines to meet the individual needs of a patient”. Initially, compounding was only done by individual pharmacists, but in the post-World War II period, pharmaceutical manufacturers surged in number and took over the role of making medicine. Meanwhile, there was
1536:
Whelton, Paul K.; Carey, Robert M.; Aronow, Wilbert S.; Casey, Donald E.; Collins, Karen J.; Dennison
Himmelfarb, Cheryl; DePalma, Sondra M.; Gidding, Samuel; Jamerson, Kenneth A.; Jones, Daniel W.; MacLaughlin, Eric J.; Muntner, Paul; Ovbiagele, Bruce; Smith, Sidney C.; Spencer, Crystal C. (2018).
656:
is defined as the degree to which the patient follows the therapy that is recommended by healthcare professionals. There are direct and indirect methods to evaluate compliance. Direct method refers to the measurement that the healthcare professionals observed or measure the patient's drug-taking
1448:
Grundy, Scott M.; Stone, Neil J.; Bailey, Alison L.; Beam, Craig; Birtcher, Kim K.; Blumenthal, Roger S.; Braun, Lynne T.; de
Ferranti, Sarah; Faiella-Tommasino, Joseph; Forman, Daniel E.; Goldberg, Ronald; Heidenreich, Paul A.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Jones, Daniel W.; Lloyd-Jones, Donald (2019-06-18).
255:
was believed to secrete a substance (later named "penicillin") that inhibited bacterial growth. Large pharmaceutical companies then started to establish their microbiological departments and search for new antibiotics. The screening program for antimicrobial compounds also led to the discovery of
742:
In the US, a pharmacist can gain Board
Certification in the area of pharmacotherapy upon fulfilling eligibility requirements and passing a certification examination. While pharmacists provide valuable information about medications for patients and healthcare professionals, they are not typically
1539:"2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
161:, a 1st -century Greek surgeon, described more than six hundred animals, plants, and their derivatives in his medical botany, which remained the most influential pharmacopeia for fourteen hundred years. Besides substances derived from living organisms, metals, including
687:
is one of the methods. It has some advantages and disadvantages. It reduces the cost of healthcare and the travel costs for the patient. The downside of the intervention is the need for quality control training as it would be hard to confirm the patient's adherence.
699:
are experts in pharmacotherapy and are responsible for ensuring the safe, appropriate, and economical use of pharmaceutical drugs. The skills required to function as a pharmacist require knowledge, training and experience in biomedical, pharmaceutical and
579:
that metabolize it poorly, i.e., the poor metabolizer, more toxic metabolites are accumulated in the body. Thus, the patient has a greater risk of the related side-effect. The side effect causes the adjustment of dosage or switching to another drug.
355:), etc. They convert and classify the evidence using a systematic method, aiming to provide care with quality. The guidelines cannot substitute clinical judgment, as they cannot meet all the circumstances. Healthcare professionals can use the
334:
is defined as deploying the best current scientific evidence that is available to give the best treatment and make the best decision effectively and efficiently. Clinical guidelines are developed based on scientific evidence; for example, the
1451:"2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
44:
or drug therapy, is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve ongoing symptoms (symptomatic relief), treat the underlying condition, or act as a prevention for other diseases
683:. This is to prevent treatment failure, relapse, and transmission in the community. Apart from the traditional direct observed therapy (DOT), there is another method proposed to try increasing medication compliance.
657:
behavior. Indirect method refers to the healthcare professionals do not observe or measure the drug-taking behavior of the patient but use the other source of information to evaluate the compliance.
2248:
The ACCP Clinical
Practice Affairs Committee Subcommittee B, 1998–1999 (2000), Practice Guidelines for Pharmacotherapy Specialists. Pharmacotherapy, 20: 487–490. doi: 10.1592/phco.20.5.487.35054
193:
in the 20th century. However, due to the concern over acute and chronic antimony poisoning, the role of tartar emetic as an antischistosomal agent was gradually replaced after the advent of
2257:
The ACCP Clinical
Practice Affairs Committee, Subcommittee B,1998–1999. Practice Guidelines for Pharmacotherapy Specialists. Pharmacotherapy, 20: 487–490. dio: 10.1592/phco.20.5.487.35054
398:
2019 Hypertension guideline, the healthcare professional can consider starting anti-hypertensive therapy after a discussion with the patient. The first-line therapy will be either an
311:
in the early 1890s. It was later found that the receptors can either be stimulated or inhibited by chemotherapeutic agents to attain the desired physiological response. Once the
739:. A pharmacotherapy specialist is an individual who is specialized in administering and prescribing medication, and requires extensive academic knowledge in pharmacotherapy.
395:
764:
371:
If there is an Asian male patient who is 40 years old and has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure (with a blood pressure of 140/90) and without any other
209:
a marked increase in pharmaceutical research, which led to a growing number of new drugs. Most drug discovery milestones were made in the last hundred years, from
1770:
1067:
982:
307:
in our bodies. Receptors were believed to be the specific binding sites for drugs. The drug-receptor recognition was described as a key-and-lock interplay by
88:
Today's pharmacological therapy has evolved from a long history of medication use, and it has changed most rapidly in the last century due to advancements in
801:
200:
Other than using natural products, humans also learned to compound medicine by themselves. The first pharmaceutical text was found on clay tablets from the
406:(if the patient cannot tolerate ACEi). If the blood pressure of the patient is not well controlled, the healthcare professionals can consider adding a
108:, liver function, kidney function, etc, to provide a tailor-made treatment for a patient. In pharmacological therapy, pharmacists will also consider
456:
of drugs, and hence the efficacy of the therapy. The effect of age causes deterioration of organ function, like liver function and kidney function.
116:, or medication adherence, is defined as the degree to which the patient follows the therapy that is recommended by the healthcare professionals.
1799:
1746:
1720:
1303:
1195:
1043:
958:
348:
319:. Nowadays, artificial intelligence is employed in drug design to predict drug-protein interactions, drug activity, the 3D configuration of
2192:"Adherence interventions and outcomes of tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials and observational studies"
1511:
316:
435:
guides us to have more insight into the linkage between health and genes. In pharmacological therapy, two areas of study are evolving:
1390:"Evidence-based practice: Knowledge, attitudes, implementation, facilitators, and barriers among community nurses—systematic review"
1099:
735:, often functioning as a member of a multidisciplinary team, and acting as the primary source of drug-related information for other
807:
2190:
Alipanah, Narges; Jarlsberg, Leah; Miller, Cecily; Linh, Nguyen Nhat; Falzon, Dennis; Jaramillo, Ernesto; Nahid, Payam (2018).
403:
233:
Most drugs were discovered by empirical means, including observation, accident, and trial and error. One famous example is the
2295:
1850:
Okayama, Yoshimichi; Matsumoto, Hisako; Odajima, Hiroshi; Takahagi, Shunsuke; Hide, Michihiro; Okubo, Kimihiro (2020-04-01).
336:
1127:
572:
515:
560:
388:
150:
2135:"Synchronous and asynchronous video observed therapy (VOT) for tuberculosis treatment adherence monitoring and support"
124:
178:
315:
interacting with the target macromolecule is identified, drug candidates can be designed and optimized based on the
271:
The drug-receptor recognition involves a "key", which is a ligand such as a drug, and a "lock", which is a receptor.
1774:
986:
812:
548:
340:
31:
245:
in 1928 after a combination of unanticipated events occurred in his laboratory during his summer vacation. The
2027:
1972:"Omalizumab for severe asthma: toward personalized treatment based on biomarker profile and clinical history"
2028:"Methods for measuring and monitoring medication regimen adherence in clinical trials and clinical practice"
709:
669:
526:
in order to prevent the patient from suffering the unfavorable outcomes. The genetic make-up can affect the
407:
331:
292:
93:
422:
411:
344:
257:
725:
523:
312:
234:
101:
97:
46:
1818:
Dean, Laura (2012), Pratt, Victoria M.; Scott, Stuart A.; Pirmohamed, Munir; Esquivel, Bernard (eds.),
1241:
736:
680:
652:
158:
113:
109:
359:
as references or evidence to support their clinical judgement when prescribing therapy to patients.
837:
822:
817:
785:
287:. The method is underpinned by an understanding of the biological targets of the drugs, including
2110:
1889:
1764:
1688:
1576:
1163:
1061:
976:
924:
592:
204:, who lived around 2100 BC. Later in the 2nd century AD, compounding was formally introduced by
149:
for pain relief. The history of natural remedies can also be found in other cultures, including
506:
can contribute together to a change in response to a drug by expressing a different form of an
173:, were also used as medical therapies. They were said to cure various diseases during the late
2231:
2213:
2172:
2154:
2102:
2094:
2055:
2047:
2003:
1949:
1931:
1881:
1873:
1827:
1795:
1752:
1742:
1716:
1680:
1672:
1633:
1615:
1568:
1560:
1488:
1470:
1427:
1409:
1370:
1352:
1299:
1265:
1257:
1201:
1191:
1155:
1147:
1105:
1095:
1049:
1039:
1007:
964:
954:
916:
908:
701:
635:, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and serum IgE. For instance, patients with higher baseline
608:
519:
372:
356:
267:
242:
214:
166:
105:
82:
57:
1000:
Thum
Bonanno, Sarah; Gill, Jennifer; Davies, James; Wlodarski, Michal; Taylor, David (2012).
2221:
2203:
2162:
2146:
2086:
2039:
1993:
1983:
1939:
1923:
1863:
1664:
1623:
1607:
1550:
1478:
1462:
1417:
1401:
1360:
1342:
1291:
1249:
1229:
1139:
900:
775:
612:
528:
491:
481:
474:
470:
463:
458:
453:
449:
443:
437:
300:
61:
1003:
From making medicines to optimising outcomes : the evolution of a profession 1912–2012
770:
721:
568:
486:
380:
190:
862:
462:
is the study of drugs' effects on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
1245:
679:
patients, directly observed therapy is still part of the treatment. This is to increase
518:) include ultra-rapid metabolizers, moderate metabolizers, no-enzyme activity, etc. The
92:. The therapy is administered and adjusted by healthcare professionals according to the
2226:
2191:
2167:
2134:
1998:
1971:
1944:
1628:
1595:
1483:
1450:
1422:
1389:
1365:
1330:
89:
17:
2043:
1512:"Recommendations | Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE"
2289:
1893:
1692:
1611:
928:
717:
544:
399:
304:
201:
186:
2114:
1580:
1167:
953:. Vol. 1. Zaheer-ud-din Babar. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2019. pp. 191–202.
832:
759:
705:
676:
540:
414:
to the previous therapy, i,e, ACEi or ARBs with a CCB or a thiazide-like diuretic.
364:
308:
296:
194:
1253:
2208:
2150:
1668:
1555:
1538:
1466:
1651:
Andres, Tate M.; McGrane, Tracy; McEvoy, Matthew D.; Allen, Brian F. S. (2019).
1405:
796:
780:
732:
376:
284:
280:
261:
247:
174:
1868:
1851:
1819:
1756:
1347:
1143:
1053:
968:
827:
731:
As pharmacotherapy specialists and pharmacists have responsibility for direct
696:
661:
640:
636:
632:
624:
620:
588:
552:
283:(i.e. chance) discovery. Another, more advanced approach to drug discovery is
276:
252:
238:
225:
210:
142:
74:
2217:
2158:
2098:
2051:
1935:
1927:
1877:
1676:
1619:
1564:
1474:
1413:
1356:
1283:
1261:
1205:
1151:
1011:
912:
887:
Simon, Steven T.; Kini, Vinay; Levy, Andrew E.; Ho, P. Michael (2021-08-11).
1710:
1295:
1290:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 375–402, 2006-01-27,
1109:
753:
628:
182:
77:
to pharmacotherapy as opposed to surgical or other therapy; for example, in
65:
2235:
2176:
2106:
2090:
2074:
2059:
2007:
1953:
1911:
1885:
1831:
1736:
1684:
1652:
1637:
1572:
1492:
1431:
1374:
1269:
1159:
1033:
948:
920:
888:
489:
that vary from each other, such as the rate of metabolism and metabolites.
1185:
1089:
713:
432:
170:
154:
128:
Image of latex sap from a poppy plant. Opium is extracted from latex sap.
78:
1988:
756: – Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
1789:
842:
616:
596:
510:
that responds differently than the normal ones. The different forms of
320:
53:
904:
499:. Both terms are similar in nature, so they are used interchangeably.
2266:
1826:, Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US),
1001:
790:
743:
considered covered pharmacotherapy providers by insurance companies.
708:
is the science that aims to continually improve pharmacotherapy. The
660:
The direct method includes measurement of drug (or the corresponding
600:
576:
564:
556:
511:
507:
503:
352:
288:
217:, contributing to the foundation of current pharmacological therapy.
162:
137:
The use of medicinal substances can be traced back to 4000 BC in the
495:
is defined as the study of associating the drug response with one's
391:, etc. His estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease is 15%.
189:. The drug was also administered intravenously for the treatment of
604:
421:
224:
205:
146:
138:
30:
This article is about the type of treatment. For the journal, see
2139:
Journal of
Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
466:
is the study of drugs' effects on our body and their mechanisms.
496:
384:
1596:"Personalized medicine: motivation, challenges, and progress"
485:
is defined as the study of inherited genes causing different
2075:"Updates in the Treatment of Active and Latent Tuberculosis"
1091:
History of medicine : a scandalously short introduction
363:
Example: Clinical
Guideline for controlling blood pressure (
793: – International Classification of Diseases
181:, which is an antimony compound, was credited with curing
2277:
1094:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 90–114.
1088:
1741:. Jerika T. Lam, Mary A. Gutierrez, Samit Shah. . 2021.
104:, or precision medicine, takes account of the patient's
27:
Medical treatment using approved pharmaceutical products
950:
Encyclopedia of pharmacy practice and clinical pharmacy
1970:
Tabatabaian, Farnaz; Ledford, Dennis K. (2018-04-03).
1388:
Li, Shu; Cao, Meijuan; Zhu, Xuejiao (September 2019).
615:(IgE) in human body, which plays an important role in
299:
observed the selective affinity of dyes for different
100:
also plays a crucial role in pharmacological therapy.
256:
drugs with other pharmacological properties, such as
1820:"Azathioprine Therapy and TPMT and NUDT15 Genotype"
623:may vary among patients. To identify responders to
2079:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1852:"Roles of omalizumab in various allergic diseases"
889:"Medication adherence in cardiovascular medicine"
567:) to eliminate its effect on our body during its
1910:Kawakami, Toshiaki; Blank, Ulrich (2016-12-01).
1791:Pharmacogenetics to Avoid Adverse Drug Reactions
1190:. Chichester, England: Wiley. pp. 287–318.
765:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
426:Summary of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
295:, and other proteins. In the late 19th century,
1738:Pharmacogenomics : a primer for clinicians
2133:Garfein, Richard S.; Doshi, Riddhi P. (2019).
2073:Haas, Michelle K.; Belknap, Robert W. (2018).
1284:"Drugs Originating from the Screening of Dyes"
400:Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEi)
241:in the world. The substance was discovered by
145:), for example, understood the application of
133:From natural compounds to pharmaceutical drugs
81:, medical oncology is thus distinguished from
1594:Goetz, Laura H.; Schork, Nicholas J. (2018).
947:"Historical Evolution of Pharmacy Practice".
8:
1006:. Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique.
802:International Classification of Primary Care
1128:"Schistosomiasis – a rich vein of research"
157:in India, which are still in use nowadays.
52:It can be distinguished from therapy using
1769:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1230:"Drug Discovery: A Historical Perspective"
1066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
141:civilization. Healers at the time (called
2225:
2207:
2166:
1997:
1987:
1943:
1867:
1627:
1554:
1482:
1421:
1364:
1346:
522:can also be used to match the particular
266:
123:
1788:López-Fernández, Luis A. (2022-02-22).
1184:Sneader, Walter (2005). "Antibiotics".
855:
639:counts are likely to respond better to
1813:
1811:
1762:
1704:
1702:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1443:
1441:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1059:
974:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1965:
1963:
1905:
1903:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
349:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1179:
1177:
1121:
1119:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
942:
940:
938:
728:to create new pharmaceutical drugs.
96:and the patient's health condition.
2278:Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties
1653:"Geriatric Pharmacology: An Update"
1331:"Drug Design—Past, Present, Future"
404:Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)
25:
1329:Doytchinova, Irini (2022-02-23).
631:can be measured, including serum
1612:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.006
1035:Fundamentals of drug development
808:List of pharmaceutical companies
2026:Farmer, Kevin C. (1999-06-01).
1709:Khalil, Islam A. (2021-11-24).
1187:Drug discovery : a history
317:structure-activity relationship
56:(surgical therapy), radiation (
303:and proposed the existence of
1:
2044:10.1016/S0149-2918(99)80026-5
1976:Journal of Asthma and Allergy
1254:10.1126/science.287.5460.1960
595:for the treatment of various
593:humanized monoclonal antibody
536:Example: Azathioprine Therapy
408:calcium channel blocker (CCB)
229:Penicillin chemical structure
2209:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002595
2151:10.1016/j.jctube.2019.100098
1669:10.1016/j.anclin.2019.04.007
1556:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065
1467:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
1228:Drews, JĂĽrgen (2000-03-17).
1032:Barrett, Jeffrey S. (2022).
685:Video-observed therapy (VOT)
389:benign prostatic hyperplasia
351:), the GINA guidelines (for
347:), the GOLD guidelines (for
151:traditional Chinese medicine
1406:10.1097/MD.0000000000017209
893:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
584:Example: Omalizumab Therapy
2312:
1869:10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.004
1824:Medical Genetics Summaries
863:Pharmacotherapy Definition
549:inflammatory bowel disease
29:
1916:The Journal of Immunology
1856:Allergology International
1348:10.3390/molecules27051496
1144:10.1017/S003118200999093X
571:. If the patient has the
94:evidence-based guidelines
64:), or other modes. Among
32:Pharmacotherapy (journal)
1928:10.4049/jimmunol.1601476
1912:"From IgE to Omalizumab"
737:healthcare professionals
555:relies on two different
2267:Pharmacy Reviewer Forum
1600:Fertility and Sterility
1296:10.1002/0470015535.ch27
710:pharmaceutical industry
627:, the level of several
345:cardiovascular diseases
332:Evidence-based medicine
327:Evidence-based medicine
235:discovery of penicillin
42:pharmacological therapy
18:Pharmacological therapy
2091:10.1055/s-0038-1660863
1657:Anesthesiology Clinics
670:Tuberculosis treatment
427:
412:Thiazide-like diuretic
272:
230:
129:
2296:Clinical pharmacology
2032:Clinical Therapeutics
1773:) CS1 maint: others (
985:) CS1 maint: others (
726:translational science
681:medication compliance
653:Medication compliance
647:Medication compliance
524:adverse drug reaction
425:
418:Personalized medicine
270:
228:
127:
114:Medication compliance
110:medication compliance
102:Personalized medicine
98:Personalized medicine
68:, sometimes the term
1712:Introductory Chapter
1126:Hagan, Paul (2009).
551:, for instance. Its
448:Age will affect the
285:rational drug design
1989:10.2147/JAA.S107982
1461:(25): e1082–e1143.
1246:2000Sci...287.1960D
1240:(5460): 1960–1964.
838:Referral (medicine)
823:Pharmaceutical drug
818:Pharmaceutical care
786:History of pharmacy
692:Role of Pharmacists
357:clinical guidelines
75:refers specifically
619:. The efficacy of
617:allergic reactions
520:genetic variations
428:
273:
258:immunosuppressants
231:
155:Ayurvedic medicine
130:
1922:(11): 4187–4192.
1801:978-3-0365-3344-5
1748:978-1-260-45710-0
1722:978-1-83969-218-5
1305:978-0-470-01553-7
1197:978-0-470-01553-7
1138:(12): 1611–1619.
1045:978-1-119-91327-6
960:978-0-12-812736-0
905:10.1136/bmj.n1493
702:clinical sciences
611:. It targets the
609:allergic rhinitis
597:allergic diseases
394:According to the
275:The discovery of
243:Alexander Fleming
106:genetic variation
83:surgical oncology
58:radiation therapy
16:(Redirected from
2303:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2038:(6): 1074–1090.
2023:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1871:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1760:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:. 28 August 2019
1508:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1350:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1029:
1016:
1015:
997:
991:
990:
980:
972:
944:
933:
932:
884:
865:
860:
776:General practice
613:immunoglobulin E
529:pharmacokinetics
492:Pharmacogenomics
487:drug metabolisms
482:Pharmacogenetics
475:pharmacogenomics
471:Pharmacogenetics
464:Pharmacodynamics
459:Pharmacokinetics
454:pharmacodynamics
450:pharmacokinetics
444:pharmacogenomics
438:pharmacogenetics
373:chronic diseases
343:guidelines (for
62:physical therapy
40:, also known as
21:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2202:(7): e1002595.
2189:
2188:
2184:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2025:
2024:
2015:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:. MDPI, Basel.
1787:
1786:
1782:
1761:
1749:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1549:(6): e13–e115.
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1516:www.nice.org.uk
1510:
1509:
1500:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1038:. Hoboken, NJ.
1031:
1030:
1019:
999:
998:
994:
973:
961:
946:
945:
936:
886:
885:
868:
861:
857:
852:
847:
813:Neuromodulation
771:Family medicine
749:
722:applied science
694:
673:
649:
586:
545:immunomodulator
538:
478:
420:
381:type-2 diabetes
329:
223:
191:schistosomiasis
135:
122:
71:medical therapy
38:Pharmacotherapy
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2270:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2182:
2120:
2085:(3): 297–309.
2065:
2013:
1959:
1899:
1862:(2): 167–177.
1842:
1807:
1800:
1780:
1747:
1728:
1721:
1715:. IntechOpen.
1698:
1663:(3): 475–492.
1643:
1606:(6): 952–963.
1586:
1528:
1498:
1437:
1400:(39): e17209.
1380:
1316:
1304:
1288:Drug Discovery
1275:
1211:
1196:
1173:
1115:
1100:
1073:
1044:
1017:
992:
959:
934:
866:
854:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
794:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
757:
750:
748:
745:
693:
690:
672:
666:
648:
645:
585:
582:
537:
534:
477:
468:
419:
416:
328:
325:
305:chemoreceptors
222:
221:Drug discovery
219:
134:
131:
121:
118:
90:drug discovery
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:PLOS Medicine
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:0-8020-0949-2
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
988:
984:
978:
970:
966:
962:
956:
952:
951:
943:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
867:
864:
859:
856:
849:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
746:
744:
740:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:basic science
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
691:
689:
686:
682:
678:
671:
667:
665:
663:
658:
655:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
483:
476:
472:
469:
467:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
447:
445:
440:
439:
434:
424:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:comorbidities
374:
369:
368:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:serendipitous
278:
269:
265:
263:
262:Cyclosporin A
259:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
207:
203:
202:Mesopotamians
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:typhoid fever
184:
180:
179:tartar emetic
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:in China and
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
126:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
60:), movement (
59:
55:
50:
48:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2273:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2142:
2138:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2035:
2031:
1979:
1975:
1919:
1915:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1835:, retrieved
1823:
1790:
1783:
1737:
1731:
1711:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1546:
1543:Hypertension
1542:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1458:
1454:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1338:
1334:
1309:, retrieved
1287:
1278:
1237:
1233:
1186:
1135:
1132:Parasitology
1131:
1090:
1034:
1002:
995:
949:
896:
892:
858:
833:Primary care
760:Chemotherapy
741:
733:patient care
730:
706:Pharmacology
695:
684:
677:tuberculosis
674:
659:
651:
650:
599:, including
587:
541:Azathioprine
539:
527:
501:
490:
480:
479:
457:
442:
436:
429:
393:
370:
365:hypertension
362:
361:
330:
309:Emil Fischer
297:Paul Ehrlich
274:
251:mold on the
246:
237:, the first
232:
199:
195:praziquantel
143:apothecaries
136:
87:
70:
69:
51:
41:
37:
36:
1455:Circulation
1341:(5): 1496.
797:ICPC-2 PLUS
781:Health care
697:Pharmacists
633:eosinophils
379:), such as
248:Penicillium
211:antibiotics
177:. In 1657,
175:Renaissance
159:Dioscorides
47:prophylaxis
2145:: 100098.
1837:2023-03-12
1757:1242235520
1522:2023-04-08
1311:2023-04-03
1054:1333930216
969:1110705461
850:References
828:Pharmacist
662:metabolite
641:omalizumab
637:eosinophil
629:biomarkers
625:omalizumab
621:omalizumab
589:Omalizumab
569:metabolism
553:metabolite
516:phenotypes
277:penicillin
253:petri dish
239:antibiotic
66:physicians
2218:1549-1676
2159:2405-5794
2099:1098-9048
2052:0149-2918
1982:: 53–61.
1936:0022-1767
1894:211160441
1878:1323-8930
1765:cite book
1693:196519969
1677:1932-2275
1620:1556-5653
1565:0194-911X
1475:0009-7322
1414:0025-7974
1357:1420-3049
1335:Molecules
1262:0036-8075
1206:154714913
1152:0031-1820
1062:cite book
1012:926313996
977:cite book
929:236970676
913:1756-1833
899:: n1493.
754:ATC codes
668:Example:
643:therapy.
605:urticaria
573:phenotype
502:Multiple
293:receptors
215:biologics
183:Louis XIV
2290:Category
2236:29969463
2177:31867442
2115:51907855
2107:30071545
2060:10440628
2008:29662320
1954:27864548
1886:32067933
1832:28520349
1685:31337479
1638:29935653
1581:34986818
1573:29133356
1493:30586774
1432:31574830
1394:Medicine
1375:35268598
1270:10720314
1168:44279233
1160:19691867
1110:40982537
921:34380627
804:(ICPC-2)
747:See also
714:academia
433:genetics
321:proteins
171:antimony
79:oncology
2227:6029765
2168:6904830
1999:5892947
1945:5123831
1629:6366451
1484:7403606
1423:6775415
1366:8911833
1242:Bibcode
1234:Science
843:Therapy
577:enzymes
575:of the
557:enzymes
512:enzymes
504:alleles
323:, etc.
301:tissues
289:enzymes
167:mercury
120:History
54:surgery
2234:
2224:
2216:
2175:
2165:
2157:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2058:
2050:
2006:
1996:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1830:
1798:
1755:
1745:
1719:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1491:
1481:
1473:
1430:
1420:
1412:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1302:
1268:
1260:
1204:
1194:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1108:
1098:
1052:
1042:
1010:
967:
957:
927:
919:
911:
791:ICD-10
724:, and
607:, and
601:asthma
565:NUDT15
543:is an
508:enzyme
402:or an
353:asthma
313:ligand
279:was a
169:, and
163:copper
2111:S2CID
1890:S2CID
1689:S2CID
1577:S2CID
1164:S2CID
925:S2CID
767:(CPR)
591:is a
410:or a
260:like
206:Galen
147:opium
139:Sumer
2232:PMID
2214:ISSN
2173:PMID
2155:ISSN
2103:PMID
2095:ISSN
2056:PMID
2048:ISSN
2004:PMID
1950:PMID
1932:ISSN
1882:PMID
1874:ISSN
1828:PMID
1796:ISBN
1775:link
1771:link
1753:OCLC
1743:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1681:PMID
1673:ISSN
1634:PMID
1616:ISSN
1569:PMID
1561:ISSN
1489:PMID
1471:ISSN
1428:PMID
1410:ISSN
1371:PMID
1353:ISSN
1300:ISBN
1266:PMID
1258:ISSN
1202:OCLC
1192:ISBN
1156:PMID
1148:ISSN
1106:OCLC
1096:ISBN
1068:link
1050:OCLC
1040:ISBN
1008:OCLC
987:link
983:link
965:OCLC
955:ISBN
917:PMID
909:ISSN
716:use
712:and
675:For
563:and
561:TPMT
547:for
497:gene
473:and
452:and
441:and
396:NICE
385:gout
2222:PMC
2204:doi
2163:PMC
2147:doi
2087:doi
2040:doi
1994:PMC
1984:doi
1940:PMC
1924:doi
1920:197
1864:doi
1665:doi
1624:PMC
1608:doi
1604:109
1551:doi
1479:PMC
1463:doi
1459:139
1418:PMC
1402:doi
1361:PMC
1343:doi
1292:doi
1250:doi
1238:287
1140:doi
1136:136
901:doi
897:374
341:AHA
337:ACC
213:to
185:of
49:).
2292::
2230:.
2220:.
2212:.
2200:15
2198:.
2194:.
2171:.
2161:.
2153:.
2143:17
2141:.
2137:.
2123:^
2109:.
2101:.
2093:.
2083:39
2081:.
2077:.
2054:.
2046:.
2036:21
2034:.
2030:.
2016:^
2002:.
1992:.
1980:11
1978:.
1974:.
1962:^
1948:.
1938:.
1930:.
1918:.
1914:.
1902:^
1888:.
1880:.
1872:.
1860:69
1858:.
1854:.
1822:,
1810:^
1767:}}
1763:{{
1751:.
1701:^
1687:.
1679:.
1671:.
1661:37
1659:.
1655:.
1632:.
1622:.
1614:.
1602:.
1598:.
1575:.
1567:.
1559:.
1547:71
1545:.
1541:.
1514:.
1501:^
1487:.
1477:.
1469:.
1457:.
1453:.
1440:^
1426:.
1416:.
1408:.
1398:98
1396:.
1392:.
1369:.
1359:.
1351:.
1339:27
1337:.
1333:.
1319:^
1298:,
1286:,
1264:.
1256:.
1248:.
1236:.
1232:.
1214:^
1200:.
1176:^
1162:.
1154:.
1146:.
1134:.
1130:.
1118:^
1104:.
1076:^
1064:}}
1060:{{
1048:.
1020:^
979:}}
975:{{
963:.
937:^
923:.
915:.
907:.
895:.
891:.
869:^
720:,
704:.
603:,
532:.
387:,
383:,
291:,
197:.
165:,
112:.
85:.
2238:.
2206::
2179:.
2149::
2117:.
2089::
2062:.
2042::
2010:.
1986::
1956:.
1926::
1896:.
1866::
1804:.
1777:)
1759:.
1725:.
1695:.
1667::
1640:.
1610::
1583:.
1553::
1525:.
1495:.
1465::
1434:.
1404::
1377:.
1345::
1294::
1272:.
1252::
1244::
1208:.
1170:.
1142::
1112:.
1070:)
1056:.
1014:.
989:)
971:.
931:.
903::
559:(
514:(
446:.
375:(
367:)
339:/
264:.
45:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
