260:, the home rule MPs though nominally its leaders, showed little interest in its activities so that by 1875 the IALU had faded away. Other reasons for this were that the IALU activities aroused conservative and clerical suspicion due to its nationalism and Fenian connection and the rhetoric of some of its speakers. This in turn led to a breakdown of relations with the NALU. Johnson began to suffer health problems after an accident and turned to advocating emigration to
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It can be said of
Johnson that he took a formative role in the creation of a form of âlabour-nationalismâ centred in Munster committed to the well-being of the landless labourers, although he was primarily a believer in a cross class nationalist alliance rather than a trade unionist in the latter day
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Many supporters advocated that he be returned to parliament, but it never came about, though the police regarded him as a candidate for arrest, which also didnât happen. From mid 1882 Johnson recognised that the national directory was neglecting the labourersâ needs and reducing their organisations
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in May 1881. The league functioned as a pressure group within the Land League movement and campaigned for more attention to be given to the demands of labourers as well as betterment for small tenant farmers. It also acted as an umbrella, uniting the many local âlabourer leaguesâ which had sprung up
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Johnson first turned to the concerns of labourers in 1869 when he co-founded in
September the Kanturk Labourersâ Club, becoming its secretary in January 1870. It was the first body of its kind in the country which attempted to represent agricultural labourers. The club had several hundred members
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Together with Buttâs Home
Government Association, Johnson operated the club from 1871 as affiliated to it, but his more genuine commitment to the labourersâ cause and his belief that British radicals were natural allies of Irish republicans had him establish contact to the newly evolving National
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over wage rates. Johnson attempted to organise clubs elsewhere in the country, with only limited success. This largely due to the labourersâ situation, although extremely discontent, they were widely dispersed and had irregular seasonal work patterns. Their dwindling numbers due to emigration and
169:. When he returned to Ireland in the late 1850s he worked as a commercial agent and stationmaster. He married Teresa Rourke in September 1857 and they had two daughters. He became proprietor in 1860 of the substantial Egmont Hotel in Kanturk through renting it from the estate of the
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Agricultural
Labourers Union (NALU) in Britain. A few of their activists came to Ireland to support him. At a meeting at Johnsonâs hotel in August 1873 attended by Butt and P. J. Smyth and some NALU representatives, the Irish Agricultural Labourers Union (IALU) was founded.
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and was a leading activist in north Cork and the surrounding counties. When from
December 1880 landlords attempted to encourage divisions between farmers and labourers, Johnson reactivated labourersâ organisations as a countermeasure to these attempts.
235:, the club demanded that its legislation needed to incorporate provisions for housing and small holdings to be made available to labourers at a âfair rentâ. On the other hand the club discouraged conflict with
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their limited vision made them difficult to organise. As a result labourersâ organisations tended to be organised by agrarian activists and radicals such as
Johnson, who were themselves not labourers.
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Johnson bought his hotel and six acres of adjoining land in the 1890s and stayed in business in
Kanturk until 1917. He remained an outspoken anti-Parnellite, though in the years prior to the
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From the
Earliest Times to the Year 2002; Royal Irish Academy Vol.4, Johnson, Philip Francis pp 997-98; Cambridge University Press (2009)
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candidates. In
October 1872 he, together with Butt and John Nolan, leader of the Amnesty Association, went on a speaking tour of Britain.
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Lane, Fintan: "Rural
Labourers, Social Change and Politics in Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland" in Lane, Fintan and Ă Drisceoil (eds):
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where Johnson displayed his fierce gift of oratory. He also addressed further pro-Fenian meetings, which included a commemoration at
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sense of the word. His engagement played a notable, if sub-ordinate, part in nationalist politics throughout the
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in 1870, Johnson was active in its formation and campaigned for it in several elections always opposing the
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and attracted thousands to its rallies. It recruited its supporters largely from Fenian sympathisers.
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Wood, the site of the death of Peter OâNeill Crawley. He contributed letters to the weekly pro-Fenian
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He then took a leading role in establishing a Munster Labour League at a conference in
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of the early 1880s Johnson was symbolically nominated to the founding executive of the
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Johnson played a prominent role from 1869 in the Amnesty Association established by
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Johnson was well educated and widely travelled, as a youth he spent eight years in
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Lane, Fintan: "P.F. Johnson, Nationalism and Irish Rural Labourers, 1869-1882",
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prisoners. The association organised its first open-air rallies in Mallow and
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After selling his hotel in 1917 he retired to live with his grandchildren in
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which was backed by the Kanturk founder of a newer labourersâ association,
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121:, usually known as P. F. Johnson (1835 – 3 November 1926) was an
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Maume, Patrick in: McGuire, James and Quinn, James (eds):
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Focused on calling for improvements to Gladstoneâs first
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are unclear, often denying he was a sworn Fenian member.
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spontaneously as a reaction to the agricultural crisis.
405:, vol. xxxiii, no. 130 (November 2002), pp 191â208
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and had also some influence on the post-independence
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410:Politics and the Irish working class, 1830-1945
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