2361:. The Battle of Lauffen on 13 May 1534 cost Ferdinand his newly acquired possession and caused Philip to be recognized as the hero of the day in Protestant Germany; his victory was viewed as the victory of the Schmalkaldic League. The war to capture Wuerttemberg cost Philip upwards of half a million florins, which turned out to be the most costly of his campaigns. After consulting a host of possible investors in Philip's War, Philip raised: “21,000 fl. from Conrad Joham, February, 1543 -- 10,000 fl. From the civic regime April, 1534 – 10,000 fl. From the civic regime, June 24, 1534 – 5,000 fl. From the Great Hospital” The sum proved not to be enough to hold off the multi-ethnic Imperial hordes, backed by Genoese banks, Papal reserves, and subsidies collected from the Low Countries. In the years following, this coalition became one of the most important factors in European politics, largely through the influence of Philip, who lost no opportunity in furthering the Protestant cause. Its alliance was sought by both France and England; it was extended for a period of ten years with
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2298:. His sympathy for the Reformers associated with Zwingli in Switzerland and Bucer in Strasburg was intensified by the anger of the emperor at receiving from Philip a statement of Protestant tenets composed by the ex-Franciscan Lambert, and the landgrave's failure to secure any common action on the part of the Protestant powers regarding the approaching Turkish war. Philip eagerly embraced Zwingli's plan of a great Protestant alliance to extend from the Adriatic to Denmark to keep the Holy Roman Emperor from crossing into Germany. This association caused some coldness between himself and the followers of Luther at the
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2318:, but when the position of the Upper Germans was officially rejected, Philip left the Diet directing his representatives manfully to uphold the Protestant position, and to keep general, not particular, interests constantly in view. At this time he offered Luther a refuge in his own territories and began to cultivate close relations with Martin Bucer, whose understanding of political questions created a common bond of sympathy between them. Moreover, Bucer fully agreed with the landgrave on the importance of compromise measures in treating the controversy surrounding the
2365:; and new members were added to it for the cause; "To begin with and first of all, this constitution shall have no other purpose, form, or intent than to provide defense and repulsion and to keep ourselves and our subjects and related persons free of unjust violence. By this, we mean cases where, on account of the Christian, just, and correct cause – as defined in our treaty of Christian alliance – we are attacked, invaded, conquered, or in any other way injured, but only for this cause and no other."
2612:, was prevented from succeeding by the jealousy prevailing between Duke Maurice of Saxony and the Elector John Frederick I of Saxony. Fearful of the success of these plans, the emperor invited Philip to an interview at Speyer. Philip spoke plainly in criticism of the Emperor's policy, and it was soon evident that peace could not be preserved. Four months later (20 July 1546) the imperial ban was declared against John Frederick and Philip as perjured rebels and traitors. The result was the
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he did not give up hopes of reaching a religious compromise through diplomatic means. He was bitterly disgusted by the criticism directed against him, and feared that the law which he himself had enacted against adultery might be applied to his own case. In this state of mind he was now determined to make his peace with the
Emperor on terms which would not involve desertion of the Protestant cause. He offered to observe neutrality regarding the imperial acquisition of the
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2694:—had come to the fore. Philip no longer desired to assume the leadership of the Protestant party. All his energies were now directed toward finding a basis of agreement between Protestants and Roman Catholics. At his direction his theologians were prominent in the various conferences where representative Roman Catholics and Protestants assembled to attempt to find a working basis for reunion.
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2193:, were active in agitating against the growth of the Reformation. Their activities, along with other circumstances, including rumors of war, convinced Philip of the existence of a secret league among the Roman Catholic princes. His suspicions were confirmed to his own satisfaction by a forgery given him by an adventurer who had been employed in important missions by George of Saxony, one
2413:, but Luther replied that it was not enough for a Christian to consider the acts of the patriarchs, rather that he, like the patriarchs, must have special divine sanction. Since such sanction was clearly lacking in this case, Luther advised against bigamous marriage, especially for Christians, unless there was extreme necessity, as, for example, if the wife was
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2342:, which was to protect their religious and secular interests against interference from the Emperor. The landgrave and his ally, John, Elector of Saxony, became recognized leaders of this union of German princes and cities. Philip was thoroughly convinced that the Protestant cause depended on weakening the power of the
2373:. The emperor's fears as to the political purpose of the league were, for the time being, set aside, but at the same time a council which would include representatives of the pope was rejected and measures were taken to secure the permanence of the Protestant cause in the future. In 1538–39 relations between
2475:, where, on 4 March 1540, Philip and Margarethe were united. The time was particularly inauspicious for any scandal affecting the Protestants, for the Emperor, who had rejected the Frankfort Respite, was about to invade Germany. A few weeks later, however, the whole matter was revealed by Philip's sister
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In despair Philip, who had been negotiating with the
Emperor for some time, agreed to throw himself on his mercy, on condition that his territorial rights would not be impaired and that he himself would not be imprisoned. These terms were disregarded, however, and on 23 June 1547 both the leaders of
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The advances of Philip, though he declined to do anything prejudicial to the
Protestant cause, were welcomed by the Emperor. Following Bucer's advice, the landgrave now proceeded to take active steps with the hope of establishing religious peace between the Roman Catholics and Protestants. Secure of
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This event had affected the entire political situation in
Germany. Even while the marriage question was occupying his attention, Philip was engaged in constructing far-reaching plans for reforming the Church and for drawing together all the opponents of the House of Habsburg, though at the same time
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of Saxony. Philip easily gained his first wife's consent to the marriage. Bucer, who was strongly influenced by political arguments, was won over by the landgrave's threat to ally himself with the
Emperor if he did not secure the consent of the theologians to the marriage, and the Wittenberg divines
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Philip himself wrote from prison to forward the acceptance of the
Augsburg Interim, especially as his liberty depended upon it. As long as the unrestricted preaching of the Gospel and the Protestant tenet of justification by faith were secured, other matters seemed to him of subordinate importance.
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on 27 February 1526, he showed that he was already taking steps to organize a protective alliance of all
Protestant princes and powers. At the same time, he united political motives with his religious policy. As early as the spring of 1526, he sought to prevent the election of the Catholic Archduke
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of 1544, which opened his eyes to the danger threatening
Protestantism. He prevented the Roman Catholic Duke Henry V of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg from taking forcible possession of his dominions and unsuccessfully planned a new alliance with German princes against Austria, pledging its members to prevent
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Before engaging in hostilities, Philip attempted to achieve the goals of
Protestant policy by peaceful means. He proposed a compromise on the subject of confiscated church property, but at the same time he was untiring in preparing for a possible recourse to war and cultivated diplomatic relations
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The German prince's
Evangelical interpretation of, “cuius regio, eius religio” ("Whose realm, his religion" ) at the Diet of Speyer in 1526, gave the Landgrave authority to garner enough political support to start a war effort, or at least a defensive effort. This effort resulted in the foundation
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refused to obey the landgrave's commands. Meanwhile, his imprisonment was made still more bitter by the information which he received concerning conditions in Hesse, and the rigor of his confinement was increased after he had made an unsuccessful attempt to escape. It was not until 1552 that the
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on his behalf. The struggles over authority continued, however. To put an end to them, Philip was declared of age in 1518, his actual assumption of power beginning the following year. The power of the Estates had been broken by his mother, but he owed her little else. His education had been very
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For his part, the Emperor agreed not to attack him in case there was a common war against all Protestants. These arrangements for special terms led to the collapse of Philip's position as leader of the Protestant party. He had become an object of suspicion, and, although the league continued to
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The imprisonment of Philip put the Protestants in Hesse into great trials and difficulties. It had previously been organized carefully by Philip and Bucer, and synods, presbyteries, and a system of discipline had been established. Now the public worship showed no uniformity, discipline was not
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policy to Melanchthon and urged that all Protestants should stand together in demanding that a general council alone should decide religious differences. This was supposed to be indicative of Zwinglianism, and Philip soon found it necessary to explain his exact position on the question of the
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in March 1563. He gave permanent form to the Hessian Church by the great agenda of 1566–67, and in his will, dated 1562, urged his sons to maintain the Augsburg Confession and the Concord of Wittenberg, and at the same time to work in behalf of a reunion of Roman Catholics and Protestants if
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In 1543 the internal dissensions of the Protestant league compelled Philip to resign from its leadership and to think seriously of dissolving it. He put his trust entirely in the Emperor's good faith, agreeing to help him against both the French and the Turks. At the
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On the other hand, the struggle between Protestant factions injured the advancement of their mutual interests, and Bucer, encouraged by Philip, was accordingly occupied in the attempt to bring Protestants together on a common religious platform, the result being the
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in the same year, Philip openly championed the Protestant cause, rendering it possible for Protestant preachers to propagate their views while the Diet was in session, and, like his followers, openly disregarding ordinary Roman Catholic ecclesiastical usages.
2335:, which outlawed Martin Luther and demanded his punishment as a heretic”. The Schmalkaldic League assumed the role of protectors of Protestant lands, the members of which were formally recognized in the First Agreement of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531.
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and Protestants became strained almost to the breaking-point, and war was averted only by the Frankfort Respite. The Protestants, however, failed to avail themselves of their opportunities, largely through the extreme docility and pliability of Philip.
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Thus the "secret advice of a confessor" was won from Luther and Melanchthon (on 10 December 1539), neither of them knowing that the bigamous wife had already been chosen. Bucer and Melanchthon were now summoned, without any reason given, to appear in
2479:, and the scandal caused a painful reaction throughout Germany. Some of Philip's allies refused to serve under him, and Luther, under the plea that it was a matter of advice given in the confessional, refused to acknowledge his part in the marriage.
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with any and all powers whom he knew to have anti-Habsburg interests. A peaceful turn came when arrangements were made with the Emperor at Nuremberg on 25 July 1532, but this did not prevent Philip from preparing for a future struggle.
2435:, where the Reformer had proposed that the king's difficulty could be solved by his taking a second wife better than by his divorcing the first one. To strengthen his position, there were Luther's own statements in his sermons on the
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He read Roman Catholic controversial literature, attended mass, and was much impressed by his study of the Fathers of the Church. The Hessian clergy, however, boldly opposed the introduction of the Interim and the government at
2528:, of the secular princes were still faithful to the Roman Catholic cause, and while united action might at the time easily have resulted in the triumph of Protestantism, there was no union of purpose. Duke Maurice of Saxony and
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Although there was no strong popular movement for Protestantism in Hesse, Philip determined to organize the church there according to Protestant principles. In this he was aided not only by his chancellor, the humanist
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Philip was also much disturbed by the internal conflicts that arose after Luther's death between his followers and the disciples of Melanchthon. He never wearied in urging the necessity of mutual toleration between
2512:, and in return for the concession of an amnesty, he agreed to stand by Charles against all his enemies, excepting Protestantism and the Schmalkaldic League; to make no alliances with France, England, or the
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The civic regime was a group of able lenders at the free-city of Strasbourg, who consulted with the various powers of Strasbourg including: the guilds, Conrad Joham (one of the wealthiest men of Strasbourg),
2417:, or abnormal in other respects. Despite this discouragement, Philip gave up neither his project to secure a bigamous marriage nor his life of sensuality, which kept him for years from receiving communion.
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of: the League of Gotha, then the League of Torgau, and finally the Schmalkaldic League. The Holy Roman Empire's elector John of Saxony, Philip's most powerful ally, agreed to, “oppose the terms of the
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imperfect, and his moral and religious training had been neglected. Despite all this, he developed rapidly as a statesman, and soon began to take steps to increase his personal authority as a ruler.
2439:, as well as historical precedents which proved to his satisfaction that it was impossible for anything to be un-Christian that God had not punished in the case of the patriarchs, who in the
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Financial aid was given to the Huguenots, and Hessian troops fought side by side with them in the French religious civil wars, this policy contributing to the declaration of toleration at
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It seemed to him to be the only salve for his troubled conscience and the only hope of moral improvement open to him. He accordingly proposed to marry the daughter of one of his sister's
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and to prevent a French alliance, on condition that the emperor would pardon him for all his opposition and violation of the imperial laws, though without direct mention of his bigamy.
2279:. Although the attitude of the Wittenberg theologians frustrated his attempts to bring about harmonious relations, and although the situation was further complicated by the position of
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2454:. While the landgrave had no scruples in this matter whatsoever, Margarethe was unwilling to take the step unless they had the approval of the theologians and the consent of the
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The arrival of the emperor put an end to these disputes for the time being. But when Charles V demanded that the Protestant representatives should take part in the procession of
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Editors. "League of Gotha created as an association of Protestant princes". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 01 November 2010; last revised 30 November -1.
2166:, was abandoned, at least in part, the monasteries and religious foundations were dissolved and their property was applied to charitable and scholastic purposes. The
2314:, and that Protestant preaching should cease in the city, Philip bluntly refused to obey. He now sought in vain to secure a modification of the tenth article of the
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and Lutherans, and to the last cherished the hope of a great Protestant federation, so that, with this end in view, he cultivated friendly relations with
2228:, and Mainz, the latter bishopric also being compelled to recognize the validity of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Hessian and Saxon territory until the
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Brady A. Thomas Jr, Editor, Heiko A. Oberman, Communities, Politics and Reformation in Early Modern Europe(Leiden; Boston; Brill; Koeln, 1998) pp.92-96
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Brady A. Thomas Jr, Editor, Heiko A. Oberman, Communities, Politics and Reformation in Early Modern Europe(Leiden; Boston; Brill; Koeln, 1998) pp. 94
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declared he must be inspired by the Holy Spirit, and Emperor Charles V now intended to make him commander-in-chief in the next war against the Turks.
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on 9 March 1528, it was agreed that the Protestant princes should take the offensive in order to protect their territories from invasion and capture.
2092:. There he was attracted by Luther's personality, though he had at first little interest in the religious elements of the gathering. Philip embraced
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In 1531 Philip was successful in accomplishing the purpose for which he had so long worked by securing the adhesion of the Protestant powers to the
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now forbade all breach of the peace, and, after long negotiations, Philip succeeded in extorting the expenses for his armament from the dioceses of
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Political conditions were nonetheless very unfavorable to Philip, who might easily be charged with disturbing the peace of the empire, and at the
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2588:. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears."
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were held up as models of faith. It was during an illness due to his excesses that the thought of taking a second wife became a fixed purpose.
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2398:, who was also alleged to be an immoderate drinker, Philip committed adultery; and as early as 1526 he began to consider the permissibility of
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would not join the Schmalkaldic League; Cleves was successfully invaded by imperial troops; and Protestantism was rigorously suppressed in
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3656:"Nicht Bapst: nicht schreck uns mit deim ban, Und sey nicht so zorniger man. Wir thun sonst ein gegen wehre, Und zeigen dirs Bel vedere"
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The situation was suddenly changed, however, and Philip was tardily forced again into the opposition against the Emperor, by the
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in a possible war against the Protestants and proposed a new Protestant alliance to take the place of the Schmalkaldic League.
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represented the Protestant side. Philip was successful in securing the permission of the Emperor to establish a university at
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2283:, who demanded a uniform confession and a uniform church order, Philip held that the differences between the followers of
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Eucharist, whereupon he declared that he fully agreed with the Lutherans, but disapproved of persecuting the Swiss.
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2247:. Before leaving the city he succeeded in forming, on 22 April 1529, a secret understanding between Saxony, Hesse,
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Though Philip was now active in restoring order within his territories, new leaders—such as Maurice of Saxony and
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remain in force, and gained some new adherents in succeeding years, its real power had dissipated. But while only
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2068:. His father died when Philip was five years old, and in 1514 his mother, after a series of struggles with the
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gave him his long-desired freedom and that he was able, on 12 September 1552, to reenter his capital, Kassel.
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Philip accordingly wrote Luther for his opinion about the matter, alleging as a precedent the polygamy of the
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Philip was untiring in his attempts to draw new allies into the league against Charles V and the Archduke
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the next day that it pleased him very much. From a series of woodcuts (1545) usually referred to as the
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in 1547 and the capture of the Elector John Frederick marked the fall of the Schmalkaldic League.
2162:, a staunch enemy of the faith he had left. While the radical policy of Lambert, embodied in the
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and the followers of Luther in their sacramental theories admitted honest disagreement, and that
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On 29 March 1545 Philipp read the pamphlet that contained this woodcut and wrote in a letter to
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http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=4389&language=english
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27:"Philip of Hesse" redirects here. For Prince Philipp of Hesse (1896–1981), see
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2584:. Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet. German peasants respond to a papal bull of
2516:; and to prevent the admission of these powers into the Schmalkaldic League.
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was invited to Germany, and Philip thus prepared the way for the celebrated
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the Schmalkaldic League were taken to south Germany and held as captives.
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Philip was especially anxious to prevent division over the subject of the
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Within a few weeks of his 1523 marriage to the unattractive and sickly
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in 1544 he championed the Emperor's policy with great eloquence. The
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Barbara, Countess of Württemberg-Mömpelgard, then Countess of Waldeck
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3702: This article incorporates text from a publication in the
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Philip was affected by Melanchthon's opinion concerning the case of
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http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/docpage.cfm?docpage_id=5409
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Protestant Resistance, The Smalkaldic League (1531/35) accessed on
2640:(centre) enthroned over his defeated enemies (from left to right):
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was finally introduced, sanctioning Catholic practises and terms.
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Philipp Konrad, Count of Dietz (29 September 1547 – 25 May 1569),
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Christopher Ernst, Count of Dietz (16 July 1543 – 20 April 1603).
2778:(26 October 1529 – 10 July 1591), married on 24 February 1544 to
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were worked upon by the plea of the prince's ethical necessity.
2406:, he lived "constantly in a state of adultery and fornication."
2836:(13 February 1539 – 14 March 1582), married on 8 July 1560 to
2294:
The result was that Philip was suspected of a tendency toward
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33:
3647:
In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"
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The Constitution of the Smalkaldic League, December 23, 1535
2239:, in the spring of 1529, he was publicly ignored by Emperor
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Philip refused to be drawn into the anti-Lutheran league of
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The first agreement of the Schmalkaldic League accessed on
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Albrecht, Count of Dietz (10 March 1546 – 3 October 1569).
2601:. When this failed, he sought to secure the neutrality of
3714:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
3764:
WW-Person: A data base of the higher nobility in Europe.
2923:
Moritz, Count of Dietz (8 June 1553 – 23 January 1575).
2390:
Philip of Hesse and Christine of Saxony, by Jost v. Hoff
2608:
But all of this, like his projected coalition with the
2889:
Hermann, Count of Dietz (12 February 1542 – ca. 1568).
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or a Christian council should decide to the contrary.
3711:
New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
2504:
religious colloquy, in which Melanchthon, Bucer, and
2096:
in 1524 after a personal meeting with the theologian
2036:, notable for being one of the most important of the
3627:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46
3586:
Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46
3274:
Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and GĂĽstrow
2929:
Anna, Countess of Dietz (1557 – 2/5 January 1558).
2665:applied, and many competing sectaries existed. The
508:
492:
482:
472:
460:
329:
250:
237:
217:
213:
187:
177:
169:
162:
141:
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3667:. 2nd ed. (Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1992).
2953:) between his four sons by his first wife, namely
2791:(or Hesse-Cassel) (24 June 1532 – 25 August 1592).
2170:was founded in the summer of 1527 to be, like the
339:Agnes, Electress of Saxony, then Duchess of Saxony
3665:Reformation Europe: Age of Reform and Revolution
2721:Philip died in 1567 and was interred in Kassel.
2291:could not resolve the differences definitively.
2926:Ernst, Count of Dietz (12 August 1554 – 1570).
2597:the acceptance of the decrees of the projected
2496:the imperial favor, he agreed to appear at the
2185:, Konrad II von Thungen, and the archbishop of
1747:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)
2002:(13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed
2794:Philip Louis (29 June 1534 – 31 August 1535).
2718:opportunity and circumstances should permit.
2088:took place in 1521, at the age of 17, at the
2040:. He was one of the main belligerents in the
1980:
8:
3599:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994).
3553:The Life of Luther Written by Himself, p.251
2933:On his death, his territories were divided (
2004:
444:
437:
430:
423:
414:
407:
400:
390:
353:
294:
3579:
3577:
2628:Imprisonment of Philip and Interim in Hesse
2302:in 1530, especially when he propounded his
2011:
3768:
2986:
2977:
2748:(31 May 1527 – 4 November 1555), married:
2084:The first meeting of Philip of Hesse with
1987:
1973:
521:
246:, Landgraviate of Hesse, Holy Roman Empire
147:
138:
2981:Ancestors of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
2908:in Frauenberg on 10 August 1577 to Count
2852:(29 June 1543 – 13 May 1604), married in
2427:, copy of a painting by an unknown artist
2053:Early life and embracing of Protestantism
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
2741:) and had in this marriage 10 children:
2145:Introduction of the Reformation in Hesse
277:
3757:"Genealogy of the Hessian noble family"
3479:
2800:(8 April 1536 – 8 June 1597), married:
2174:, a school for Protestant theologians.
533:
376:Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels
3728:
3717:
3708:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914).
3569:The Life of Luther Written by Himself.
3347:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3105:
2995:
2991:
2866:(10 September 1547 – 7 February 1596).
2281:Georg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
1178:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century
386:George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
381:Christine, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp
344:Anna, Countess Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
3602:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays
3423:
3413:
3409:
3397:
3391:
3381:
3365:
3355:
3351:
3335:
3329:
3319:
3303:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3271:
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3245:
3235:
3231:
3207:
3197:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3123:
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3109:
3093:
3087:
3077:
3061:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3029:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2901:in Kassel on 3 October 1567 to Count
349:William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
281:
7:
3676:Toward the Bigamy of Philip of Hesse
3126:Ludwig I, Count of WĂĽrttemberg-Urach
2042:War of the Katzenelnbogen Succession
366:Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
314:
62:adding citations to reliable sources
2898:(14 October 1544 – 1608), married:
2846:(22 April 1541 – 20 November 1583).
2562:John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
2526:Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
318:
3368:Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast
2552:Resumption of hostility to Charles
2346:emperors both at home and abroad.
2038:early Protestant rulers in Germany
25:
2768:John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony
2522:Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg
2357:, who had been invested with the
2326:Leader of the Schmalkaldic League
1486:16th century Renaissance humanism
1225:Political and religious conflicts
409:Christopher Ernst, Count of Dietz
3697:
2158:, but also by the ex-Franciscan
2119:, in 1525. By his alliance with
1468:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
1344:Influence on church architecture
541:
512:
38:
2886:(12 March 1541 – 10 June 1569).
2830:(27 May 1537 – 9 October 1604).
310:
273:
49:needs additional citations for
3605:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3090:William II, Landgrave of Hesse
2208:Both Luther and the elector's
2100:. He then helped suppress the
1169:Counter-Reformation § Politics
477:William II, Landgrave of Hesse
432:Philipp Konrad, Count of Dietz
73:"Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse"
29:Prince Philipp of Hesse-Kassel
1:
3248:Henry IV, Duke of Mecklenburg
3152:Mathilde of WĂĽrttemberg-Urach
2910:Stephan Heinrich of Everstein
2818:on 11 November 1568 to Count
2809:George I, Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
2755:on 9 January 1541 to Elector
2197:. After meeting with Elector
1881:Conclusion and commemorations
1564:Hymnody of continental Europe
1477:Folklore of the Low Countries
1112:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
775:Theologies of seminal figures
371:Elisabeth, Electress Palatine
3817:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels
3332:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3210:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
3032:Louis II, Landgrave of Hesse
2963:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels
2896:Margretha, Countess of Dietz
2856:on 17 December 1564 to Duke
2844:Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels
2066:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2000:Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
786:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
487:Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
417:Margretha, Countess of Dietz
173:11 July 1509 – 31 March 1567
3860:German Protestant Reformers
3184:Mechthild of the Palatinate
3006:Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse
2864:George I of Hesse-Darmstadt
2160:François Lambert of Avignon
1513:English Renaissance theatre
995:Denmark–Norway and Holstein
3901:
3827:Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt
3797:William IV of Hesse-Kassel
3341:
3225:
3099:
2993:
2967:Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt
2955:William IV of Hesse-Kassel
2903:Hans Bernhard of Eberstein
2838:Louis VI, Elector Palatine
2789:William IV of Hesse-Kassel
2692:Christopher of WĂĽrttemberg
2660:and the Landgrave of Hesse
2506:Johann Pistorius the Elder
1708:Lutheran and Anglican Mass
1573:Music of the British Isles
1500:16th century in literature
26:
3823:
3813:
3807:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg
3803:
3793:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3615:– via Google Books.
3426:Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp
3411:
3403:
3394:Sophie of Pommern-Wolgast
3375:
3353:
3349:
3313:
3291:
3283:
3255:
3233:
3229:
3191:
3169:
3161:
3133:
3111:
3107:
3071:
3049:
3041:
3013:
2997:
2959:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg
2870:Also, on 4 March 1540 he
2858:Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp
2828:Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg
2530:Joachim II of Brandenburg
2263:Suspected of Zwinglianism
2191:Albert III of Brandenburg
1934:Calendrical commemoration
1247:War of the Three Kingdoms
781:Theology of Martin Luther
146:
2876:Margarethe von der Saale
2807:on 10 September 1555 to
2642:Suleiman the Magnificent
2574:Depictions of the Papacy
2483:Overtures to the Emperor
2452:Margarethe von der Saale
2425:Margarethe von der Saale
2172:University of Wittenberg
2076:, succeeded in becoming
646:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
425:Albrecht, Count of Dietz
297:Margarethe von der Saale
3678:, Brooklyn, New York.:
3629:By Mark U. Edwards, Jr.
3488:accessed 21 April 2015.
3306:Dorothea of Brandenburg
2783:Wolfgang of ZweibrĂĽcken
2766:on 26 May 1555 to Duke
2177:Philip's father-in-law
2121:John, Elector of Saxony
2110:Battle of Frankenhausen
1779:First Wittenberg hymnal
1237:French Wars of Religion
1051:Major political leaders
791:Theology of John Calvin
452:Anna, Countess of Dietz
402:Hermann, Count of Dietz
241:31 March 1567 (aged 62)
3631:Fortress Press, 2004.
3584:Mark U. Edwards, Jr.,
2739:George, Duke of Saxony
2725:Marriages and children
2708:Elizabeth I of England
2661:
2589:
2473:Rotenburg an der Fulda
2428:
2391:
2355:Ferdinand I of Austria
2245:Protestation at Speyer
2179:George, Duke of Saxony
2117:George, Duke of Saxony
2057:Philip was the son of
2034:Protestant Reformation
2005:
1495:16th century in poetry
1298:German Renaissance Art
1278:Painting and sculpture
445:
439:Moritz, Count of Dietz
438:
431:
424:
415:
408:
401:
391:
354:
295:
2635:
2559:
2423:
2389:
2237:Second Diet of Speyer
2168:University of Marburg
1903:Simultaneous rise of
1815:Book of Common Prayer
1615:Scottish church music
1601:Anglican church music
1082:Gaspard II de Coligny
1057:Henry VIII of England
861:Peter Martyr Vermigli
446:Ernst, Count of Dietz
228:Landgraviate of Hesse
2733:on 11 December 1523
2359:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
2164:Homberg church order
2154:, and his chaplain,
2102:German Peasants' War
2064:and his second wife
2032:and champion of the
1894:Protestant orthodoxy
1867:Whole Book of Psalms
1831:Book of Common Order
1699:Ecclesiastical Latin
1252:German Peasants' War
804:Protestant Reformers
734:Northern Renaissance
729:Bohemian Reformation
713:Contributing factors
617:Gottschalk of Orbais
317:; died
280:; died
58:improve this article
3885:People from Marburg
3875:Landgraves of Hesse
2735:Christine of Saxony
2396:Christine of Saxony
2340:Schmalkaldic League
2316:Augsburg Confession
2098:Philipp Melanchthon
2062:William II of Hesse
1899:Peace of Westphalia
1890:Confessionalization
1694:Liturgical Struggle
1620:Normative principle
1199:Holy Roman Emperors
1148:Counter-Reformation
599:Girolamo Savonarola
262:Christine of Saxony
3787:Landgrave of Hesse
2882:Philipp, Count of
2729:Philip married in
2704:French Protestants
2662:
2618:Battle of MĂĽhlberg
2590:
2580:, commissioned by
2546:bishop of Augsburg
2498:Diet of Regensburg
2429:
2392:
2371:Wittenberg Concord
2230:Holy Roman Emperor
2134:Holy Roman Emperor
1804:Thomissøn's hymnal
1606:Exclusive psalmody
1362:Metaphysical poets
1284:Northern Mannerism
1274:Art and literature
1187:Anti-Protestantism
1123:Electors of Saxony
1087:Henry IV of France
1077:William the Silent
1000:Sweden and Finland
891:Balthasar Hubmaier
856:Heinrich Bullinger
816:Philip Melanchthon
749:Johannes Gutenberg
739:Christian humanism
681:Ninety-five Theses
549:Ninety-five Theses
392:Philipp, Count of
164:Landgrave of Hesse
136:Landgrave of Hesse
18:Philipp I of Hesse
3833:
3832:
3824:Succeeded by
3814:Succeeded by
3804:Succeeded by
3794:Succeeded by
3755:Marek, Miroslav.
3727:Missing or empty
3720:cite encyclopedia
3693:Find in a Library
3670:Hastings, Eells.
3663:De Lamar Jensen,
3637:978-0-8006-3735-4
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
2820:Daniel of Waldeck
2757:Maurice of Saxony
2636:Allegory showing
2456:elector of Saxony
2448:ladies-in-waiting
2382:Bigamous marriage
1997:
1996:
1821:Metrical psalters
1242:Eighty Years' War
1232:Thirty Years' War
1117:Philip I of Hesse
841:Andreas Karlstadt
651:Johannes von Goch
632:Berengar of Tours
627:Claudius of Turin
608:Arnold of Brescia
520:
519:
232:Holy Roman Empire
209:(Hesse-Darmstadt)
204:(Hesse-Rheinfels)
134:
133:
126:
108:
16:(Redirected from
3892:
3870:German Lutherans
3777:Preceded by
3769:
3760:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3701:
3700:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3565:Internet Archive
3562:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3484:
2987:
2978:
2667:Augsburg Interim
2646:Pope Clement VII
2614:Schmalkaldic War
2599:Council of Trent
2570:Papstspottbilder
2460:John Frederick I
2300:Diet of Augsburg
2277:Marburg Colloquy
2273:Huldrych Zwingli
2181:, the bishop of
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1927:Luther Monuments
1922:Reformation Wall
1892:with subsequent
1856:Scottish Psalter
1770:Lutheran hymnals
1671:Calvin's liturgy
1666:Reformed worship
1587:Lutheran chorale
1430:BohoriÄŤ alphabet
1262:Schmalkaldic War
1160:Council of Trent
1135:John Frederick I
1034:Poland-Lithuania
911:Jacobus Arminius
821:Huldrych Zwingli
744:German mysticism
545:
522:
516:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
411:
404:
397:
357:
322:
320:
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221:13 November 1504
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3890:
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3835:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3809:
3799:
3790:
3782:
3759:. Genealogy.EU.
3754:
3749:
3743:
3726:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3582:
3575:
3559:
3557:
3556:. G. Bell. 1904
3550:
3549:
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3524:
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3515:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
2975:
2951:Hesse-Darmstadt
2947:Hesse-Rheinfels
2727:
2688:
2680:Peace of Passau
2630:
2594:Treaty of Crépy
2576:in English, by
2566:Papstspotbilder
2554:
2490:Duchy of Cleves
2485:
2437:Book of Genesis
2402:. According to
2384:
2375:Roman Catholics
2328:
2265:
2147:
2123:, concluded in
2055:
2050:
2030:German nobleman
2025:
2022:the Magnanimous
2020:
2017:
2014:
1993:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1941:Reformation Day
1931:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1849:Genevan Psalter
1843:
1838:Souterliedekens
1825:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1750:
1740:
1726:
1722:Paraphrase mass
1713:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1656:
1642:
1624:
1610:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1555:
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1164:
1155:Catholic Church
1149:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1107:Gustav II Adolf
1102:Gabriel Bethlen
1097:Stephen Bocskai
1092:Jeanne d'Albret
1067:Oliver Cromwell
1052:
1044:
1043:
936:
928:
927:
871:François Hotman
851:George Buchanan
836:William Tyndale
806:
796:
795:
776:
768:
767:
763:Johann Reuchlin
714:
706:
705:
676:
666:
665:
641:Wessel Gansfort
567:
557:
500:
456:
325:
324:
308:
304:
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199:(Hesse-Marburg)
195:
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15:
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5:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3865:House of Hesse
3862:
3857:
3855:Child monarchs
3852:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3831:
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3772:Regnal titles
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3742:
3741:External links
3739:
3738:
3737:
3695:
3680:AMS Press inc.
3668:
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3591:
3588:(2004), p. 199
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3408:
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3404:
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3399:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
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3377:
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3371:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
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3328:
3325:
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3315:
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3309:
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3064:Anna of Saxony
3060:
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2893:
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2887:
2872:morganatically
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2824:
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2812:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2780:Count palatine
2773:
2772:
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2760:
2726:
2723:
2687:
2684:
2658:Duke of Saxony
2654:Duke of Cleves
2629:
2626:
2553:
2550:
2542:Diet of Speyer
2514:duke of Cleves
2484:
2481:
2462:, and of Duke
2383:
2380:
2333:Edict of Worms
2327:
2324:
2312:Corpus Christi
2289:Holy Scripture
2271:. Through him
2264:
2261:
2146:
2143:
2138:Diet of Speyer
2106:Thomas MĂĽntzer
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2006:der GroĂźmĂĽtige
1995:
1994:
1992:
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1984:
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1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1797:Swenske songer
1792:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1685:Deutsche Messe
1682:
1680:Formula missae
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1629:Anglican chant
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1257:Wars of Kappel
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:James VI and I
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
943:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
918:
916:Roger Williams
913:
908:
906:Richard Hooker
903:
901:Thomas Cranmer
898:
893:
888:
886:Thomas MĂĽntzer
883:
881:Hubert Languet
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
802:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
753:printing press
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:Avignon Papacy
721:
719:Western Schism
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
656:Friends of God
653:
648:
643:
638:
629:
624:
619:
614:
605:
596:
587:
578:
568:
563:
562:
559:
558:
546:
538:
537:
531:
530:
518:
517:
510:
506:
505:
502:Roman Catholic
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
474:
470:
469:
467:House of Hesse
464:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
412:
405:
398:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
355:Philipp Ludwig
351:
346:
341:
335:
333:
327:
326:
306:
302:
293:
292:
291:
290:
269:
265:
260:
259:
258:
257:
254:
252:
248:
247:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
194:(Hesse-Kassel)
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
135:
132:
131:
46:
44:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3897:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:public domain
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:0-404-19829-5
3685:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3672:Attitudes of
3669:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3612:9780802807328
3608:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Hesse-Marburg
2940:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:(daughter of
2736:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:Closing years
2685:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2586:Pope Paul III
2583:
2582:Martin Luther
2579:
2578:Lucas Cranach
2575:
2572:in German or
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:New Testament
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2404:Martin Luther
2401:
2397:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2201:of Saxony in
2200:
2196:
2195:Otto von Pack
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:by defeating
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:Protestantism
2091:
2090:Diet of Worms
2087:
2086:Martin Luther
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:Protestantism
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1592:Lutheran hymn
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Art conflicts
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Frederick III
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
932:
931:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:William Farel
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:Theodore Beza
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Martin Luther
809:
808:
805:
800:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Diet of Worms
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
609:
606:
604:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
581:John Wycliffe
579:
577:
573:
570:
569:
566:
561:
560:
555:
554:Martin Luther
552:, written by
551:
550:
544:
540:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
491:
488:
485:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
463:
459:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
332:
328:
299:
298:
289:
288:
263:
256:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
198:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
156:
150:
145:
140:
128:
125:
117:
114:December 2021
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
19:
3880:Knights' War
3785:
3747:Bibliography
3729:|title=
3709:
3674:Martin Bucer
3671:
3664:
3652:
3643:
3626:
3621:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3568:
3563:– via
3558:. Retrieved
3552:
3546:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3494:
3482:
3209:
2939:Hesse-Kassel
2932:
2869:
2805:Reichenweier
2728:
2720:
2712:
2696:
2689:
2671:
2663:
2622:
2607:
2591:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2538:
2518:
2494:
2486:
2469:
2445:
2430:
2408:
2393:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2329:
2309:
2296:Zwinglianism
2293:
2285:Martin Bucer
2266:
2234:
2214:Gregor BrĂĽck
2207:
2176:
2152:Johann Feige
2148:
2114:
2083:
2056:
2021:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1913:
1884:
1865:
1854:
1847:
1836:
1829:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1658:
1657:
1652:Verse anthem
1647:Falsobordone
1557:
1506:
1505:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1331:Beeldenstorm
1289:Lutheran art
1277:
1211:Ferdinand II
1198:
1197:
1122:
1121:
1116:
921:
896:Menno Simons
831:Martin Bucer
696:Magisterials
691:Luther Bible
636:Berengarians
547:
504:(until 1524)
499:(since 1524)
451:
153:Portrait by
120:
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
56:Please help
51:verification
48:
3850:1567 deaths
3845:1504 births
3750:(in German)
2156:Adam Krafft
1909:Rationalism
1718:Cyclic mass
1386:Anglo-Irish
1357:Elizabethan
1312:English art
1303:Swedish art
1062:Elizabeth I
975:Czech Lands
970:Netherlands
946:Switzerland
935:By location
922:Many others
826:John Calvin
576:Waldensians
572:Peter Waldo
535:Reformation
178:Predecessor
3839:Categories
3791:1509–1567
3780:William II
3560:2011-09-28
3475:References
2700:Calvinists
2502:Regensburg
2433:Henry VIII
2411:patriarchs
2210:chancellor
1885:Conclusion
1367:Propaganda
1350:Literature
612:Arnoldists
565:Precursors
192:William IV
182:William II
155:Hans Krell
84:newspapers
2937:becoming
2850:Christine
2834:Elisabeth
2706:and with
2650:Francis I
2638:Charles V
2477:Elisabeth
2320:Eucharist
2269:Eucharist
2253:Strasburg
2249:Nuremberg
2241:Charles V
2136:. At the
2130:Ferdinand
2059:Landgrave
2048:Biography
2028:), was a
1915:Monuments
1659:Liturgies
1638:Polyphony
1634:Homophony
1578:Hymn tune
1463:Icelandic
1444:Norwegian
1206:Charles V
1192:Criticism
876:John Knox
674:Beginning
622:Ratramnus
509:Signature
202:Philip II
188:Successor
2973:Ancestry
2874:married
2344:Habsburg
2222:WĂĽrzburg
2183:WĂĽrzburg
1951:Anglican
1946:Lutheran
1745:Sequence
1710:in music
1526:Morality
1518:Pastoral
1420:Romanian
1381:Scottish
1338:Building
1317:Woodcuts
990:Slovenia
965:Scotland
751:and his
701:Radicals
603:Piagnoni
594:Hussites
585:Lollardy
527:a series
525:Part of
497:Lutheran
493:Religion
207:George I
197:Louis IV
142:Philip I
3706::
3682:(2003)
2854:Gottorp
2798:Barbara
2753:Marburg
2731:Dresden
2715:Amboise
2603:Bavaria
2510:Marburg
2464:Maurice
2415:leprous
2226:Bamberg
2108:at the
2070:Estates
2015:
1905:Pietism
1786:Ausbund
1753:Hymnals
1541:Revenge
1536:Tragedy
1531:History
1507:Theater
1454:Finnish
1449:Swedish
1439:Faroese
1415:Sorbian
1039:Ireland
1019:Austria
1010:Estonia
1005:Iceland
985:Romania
980:Hungary
960:England
941:Germany
758:Erasmus
661:Pataria
590:Jan Hus
556:in 1517
323:
307:
303:
286:
270:
266:
224:Marburg
98:scholar
3686:
3635:
3609:
2965:, and
2949:, and
2816:Kassel
2764:Weimar
2675:Kassel
2656:, the
2652:, the
2524:, and
2400:bigamy
2304:irenic
2255:, and
2218:Speyer
2203:Weimar
2078:regent
1767:Second
1425:Danish
1410:Slovak
1391:German
1024:France
1014:Latvia
954:ZĂĽrich
950:Geneva
529:on the
483:Mother
473:Father
313:
276:
251:Spouse
244:Kassel
157:, 1534
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
2935:Hesse
2884:Dietz
2746:Agnes
2610:Swiss
2187:Mainz
2125:Gotha
2074:Hesse
1761:First
1737:Rites
1735:Sarum
1731:Roman
1558:Forms
1554:Music
1405:Swiss
1400:Czech
1376:Welsh
1029:Italy
462:House
394:Dietz
331:Issue
321:)
309:(
305:
284:)
272:(
268:
170:Reign
105:JSTOR
91:books
3733:help
3684:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3424:15.
3366:14.
3304:13.
3246:12.
3182:11.
3124:10.
2776:Anna
2534:Metz
2199:John
2012:lit.
1907:and
1764:and
1733:vs.
1720:vs.
1636:vs.
1012:and
634:and
610:and
601:and
592:and
583:and
574:and
319:1566
315:1540
282:1549
278:1523
238:Died
218:Born
77:news
3392:7.
3330:3.
3272:6.
3208:1.
3150:5.
3088:2.
3062:9.
3030:4.
3004:8.
2814:in
2803:in
2762:in
2751:in
2568:or
2257:Ulm
2132:as
2072:of
60:by
3841::
3724::
3722:}}
3718:{{
3576:^
3567:.
2969:.
2961:,
2957:,
2945:,
2941:,
2710:.
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2644:,
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2251:,
2224:,
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2112:.
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311:m.
274:m.
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3731:(
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2860:.
2840:.
2822:.
2811:;
2785:.
2770:.
2759:;
2026:'
2018:'
2010:(
1988:e
1981:t
1974:v
956:)
952:/
948:(
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
54:.
31:.
20:)
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