293:
431:, suggests that the proclaimed sympathy of far-right sectors for the State of Israel and the Jews, often presented without distinction, reverberates anti-Semitic tropes in two ways. Firstly, by portraying Jews as a wealthy and powerful group. In this context, Jews are often depicted as pillars of capitalism, and therefore inherently hostile to the left. The second and most significant expression of antisemitism in the far right's sympathy for Judaism would be inspired by authors such as Rabbi
36:
435:, and reaffirms conspiracy theories presenting left-wing Jews as a group seeking world domination, but which would ultimately undermine the Jewish nation itself. In this context, researchers demonstrate how the philo-Semitism of the Brazilian extreme right has been employed to divide the Jewish community. The designation of true Jews is thus reserved for those who espouse conservative or reactionary policies, while left-wing Jews are regarded as apostates or traitors.
148:
283:
Iris Dekel writes that in twenty-first-century
Germany, philosemitism "is performed in three interconnected social domains: institutional, where state institutions declare their commitment to protecting Jews as a religious minority; group, where the contingent relations between love for the Jews and
402:
states that one could just as easily hate Jews for the reasons Twain gives for admiring them. In fact, Twain's essay was cited by Nazi sympathizers in the 1930s. Kravitz concludes, "The flawed logic of 'Concerning the Jews' and all philo-Semitism leads to the anti-Semitic beliefs that the latter
237:. The rise of philosemitism has also prompted some to reconsider Jewish history, and they argue that while antisemitism must be acknowledged, it is wrong to reduce the history of the Jewish people to one merely of suffering (as has been fostered by well-meaning gentile philosemites).
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
459:. In general, Jews are stereotyped with characteristics that in South Korean culture are considered positive: intelligence, business-savviness and commitment to family values and responsibility, while in the
284:
exclusionary statements about them appears, mostly in casting Jews as both strange and unknown and embraced; and individual, where individuals exhibit positive sentiments toward Jews as an ideal collective".
174:, is "defense, love, or admiration of Jews and Judaism". Such attitudes can be found in Western cultures across the centuries. The term originated in the nineteenth century by self-described German
86:
467:
is mandatory reading. According to Mary J. Ainslie, philosemitism in China is "part of a civilizationist narrative designed to position China as globally central and superior".
183:
1264:
463:, the first of the two aforementioned stereotypes more often have the negatively interpreted equivalents of guile and greed. In South Korean primary schools the
1421:
372:
admiration for Jews or
Judaism." In this sense, Wein quotes Masaryk's statements about a decisive Jewish influence over the press, and him mentioning Jews and
703:
427:'s professed philo-Semitism reproduces traces of anti-Semitism. This perspective, based on a study of the speeches of Bolsonaro and his mentor, the writer
1315:
96:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1555:
104:
1218:
1202:
743:
567:
447:
countries, but Jews are viewed in an especially positive light in some of them, partly owing to their shared wartime experiences during the
324:
remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence, but belief in her and her legacy is widespread and prolific. South of the Old Town of
1257:
845:
1177:
1160:
1143:
1126:
1109:
1088:
1071:
918:
348:, and influential Jews from the U.S. or elsewhere, myths created by Masaryk and adopted in amended forms by Czechoslovak Jews, let
1550:
1289:
301:
1224:
1250:
973:
1009:"Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft: Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism"
317:
254:
117:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1560:
704:"Christian Philosemitism in England from Cromwell to the Jew Bill, 1656-1753. A Study in Jewish and Christian Identity"
341:
292:
214:
The concept of philosemitism is not new, and it was arguably avowed by such thinkers as the 19th-century philosopher
261:
and an Israel-centered understanding of biblical prophecy, causing the belief that God still sees the Jews as his
262:
206:
to describe the positive prejudice towards Jews; in other words, a philosemite is a "Jew-lover" or "Jew-friend".
112:
133:
672:
191:
332:, which for many centuries was a place where ethnic Polish and Jewish cultures coexisted and intermingled.
1565:
1527:
1368:
432:
81:
1232:
1097:
808:
481:
309:
297:
1228:
1093:
523:
179:
1059:
399:
1165:
731:
513:
394:
215:
1148:
1114:
1038:
889:
793:
547:
187:
126:
732:"Anti-Judaism, Philosemitism, and Protestant New Testament Studies: Perspectives and Questions"
621:
Sutcliffe, A. (2011). The
Unfinished History of Philosemitism. Jewish Quarterly, 58(1), 64–68.
1470:
1198:
1173:
1156:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1084:
1067:
1030:
914:
908:
881:
841:
739:
655:
604:
563:
503:
476:
428:
408:
246:
219:
108:
833:
1531:
1020:
990:
773:
647:
596:
555:
518:
349:
258:
316:. About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to
1305:
635:
493:
364:" worldview, in which, in Wein's words, "antisemitism and philosemitism overlap and share
1153:
Im Anfang war
Auschwitz : Antisemitismus und Philosemitismus im deutschen Nachkrieg
186:
has asserted that philosemitism "can indeed easily recycle antisemitic themes, recreate
1482:
1131:
1119:
The
Whitewashing of the Yellow Badge: Antisemitism and Philosemitism in Postwar Germany
1102:
Philosemitism: Admiration and
Support in the English-Speaking World for Jews, 1840–1939
508:
498:
424:
404:
357:
353:
345:
48:
1544:
1523:
1515:
1498:
1477:
1428:
1343:
1076:
1042:
460:
253:
promotes a positive view of the Jewish people for religious reasons (in contrast to
1440:
1433:
1416:
1391:
1358:
448:
361:
234:
651:
622:
559:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1411:
1396:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1333:
1325:
1310:
1236:
452:
373:
230:
175:
147:
403:
seeks to deflate". Philosemitic ideas have also been promoted by some
American
340:
The case of the myths created around the supposed special relationship between
1519:
1465:
1406:
1401:
1281:
1273:
1025:
1008:
777:
585:"Philosemitism in History edited by Jonathan Karp and Adam Sutcliffe (review)"
487:
389:
376:
in the same breath, when it came to lobbies he allegedly managed to win over.
365:
226:
1034:
885:
659:
608:
1383:
1348:
1338:
1170:
The People of the Book: Philosemitism in
England, From Cromwell to Churchill
1064:
An
Unacknowledged Harmony: Philo-Semitism and the Survival of European Jewry
444:
329:
910:
O não-judeu judeu: A tentativa de colonização do judaísmo pelo bolsonarismo
325:
17:
1197:. Palgrave Macmillan-Springer International Publishing. pp. 201–214.
736:
Protestant Bible Scholarship: Antisemitism, Philosemitism and Anti-Judaism
600:
423:
has dedicated itself to studying the extent to which far-right politician
250:
152:
893:
869:
312:
allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as
870:"Philo-Semitism as Anti-Semitism in Mark Twain's "Concerning the Jews""
321:
229:, admiration for foreign cultures as embodied in the more widely known
203:
115:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
764:
Dekel, Irit (May 2022). "Philosemitism in contemporary German media".
584:
464:
420:
160:
1081:
Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655
456:
291:
178:
to describe their non-Jewish opponents. American-Jewish historian
146:
1136:
Philo-Semitic and Anti-Jewish Attitudes in Post-Holocaust Poland
202:
The controversial term "philosemitism" arose as a pejorative in
156:
73:
1246:
320:
due to Casimir's reforms. Casimir's legendary Jewish mistress
29:
1242:
308:
While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, king
225:
Philosemitism is an expression of the larger phenomenon of
85:
to this template: there are already 1,850 articles in the
693:, Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley
640:
S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation
554:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 201–214.
328:
king Casimir established the independent royal city of
300:
visiting his Jewish mistress Esther, by Polish painter
245:
Christian philosemitism which has been associated with
589:
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
398:
has been described as philosemitic. Israeli scholar
69:
1491:
1382:
1324:
1298:
1280:
257:). Christian philosemitism generally arises from a
791:"In Poland, a Jewish Revival Thrives—Minus Jews".
184:Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies
838:A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem
809:"Esterka: między legendą a prawdą historyczną"
623:https://doi.org/10.1080/0449010X.2011.10707112
111:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
1258:
997:. April 23, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
8:
1194:eds. Sol Goldberg, Scott Ury, Kalman Weiser
1192:Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism,
980:. May 12, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
1265:
1251:
1243:
1190:Samuels, Maurice (2021). "Philosemitism".
974:Why South Koreans are in love with Judaism
1024:
552:Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism
541:
539:
968:
966:
1235:'s Program for Jewish Civilization via
827:
825:
535:
1066:. (Contributions in Ethnic Studies).
90:
7:
725:
723:
957:
945:
933:
368:, producing exaggerated disregard
190:, or strategically compensate for
27:Affinity towards the Jewish people
25:
913:. São Paulo: Fósforo. p. 9.
123:{{Translated|de|Philosemitismus}}
691:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
681:in the New Republic by Adam Karp
34:
1104:. (Studies in Modern History).
419:A current of Jewish studies in
218:, who described himself as an "
1556:Admiration of foreign cultures
1138:. (Symposium Series, Vol 33).
121:You may also add the template
1:
840:. Routledge. pp. 44–50.
1221:, January 8, 2006; page A01.
1121:. (Studies in Antisemitism)
766:Media, Culture & Society
583:Burnett, Stephen G. (2013).
560:10.1007/978-3-030-51658-1_16
1316:Native Americans in Germany
738:, Brill, pp. 149–181,
652:10.23777/SN.0120/ESS_DCOH01
134:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
93:will aid in categorization.
1582:
991:Chinese: 'Jews make money'
874:Studies in Popular Culture
68:Machine translation, like
1512:
1026:10.1017/S0305741020000302
1007:Ainslie, Mary J. (2021).
868:Kravitz, Bennett (2002).
857:– via Google Books.
778:10.1177/01634437211060193
730:Frey, Jörg (2022-04-04),
546:Samuels, Maurice (2021).
344:, the founding father of
296:Depiction of Polish king
49:the corresponding article
907:Gherman, Michel (2022).
679:Philosemitism in History
407:due to the influence of
1551:Jewish political status
674:With Friends Like These
302:Władysław Łuszczkiewicz
247:Dispensational theology
241:Religious philosemitism
132:For more guidance, see
1528:Cultural appropriation
989:Nagler-Cohen, Liron. "
834:"Masaeyk and the Jews"
634:Cohen, Daniel (2020).
443:Very few Jews live in
433:Marvin Stuart Antelman
342:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
305:
255:Christian antisemitism
164:
1233:Georgetown University
1098:William D. Rubinstein
832:Wein, Martin (2015).
708:University of Bristol
601:10.1353/sho.2013.0098
482:Conversion to Judaism
310:Casimir III the Great
298:Casimir III the Great
295:
150:
105:copyright attribution
1229:Jacques Berlinerblau
1094:Hilary L. Rubinstein
978:The Jewish Chronicle
524:Sacred Name Movement
1561:Orientalism by type
1225:"On Philo-Semitism"
1166:Gertrude Himmelfarb
1013:The China Quarterly
948:, pp. 142, 145
514:Model minority myth
451:. Examples include
395:Concerning the Jews
216:Friedrich Nietzsche
794:The New York Times
360:'s concept of an "
352:Martin Wein quote
350:cultural historian
314:people of the king
306:
165:
113:interlanguage link
1538:
1537:
1204:978-3-030-51658-1
745:978-90-04-50515-5
569:978-3-030-51658-1
504:Messianic Judaism
477:Anti-antisemitism
429:Olavo de Carvalho
409:Dispensationalism
145:
144:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
1573:
1532:Racial fetishism
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1208:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1004:
998:
987:
981:
970:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
924:
904:
898:
897:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
829:
820:
819:
817:
815:
805:
799:
798:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
753:
752:
727:
718:
717:
715:
714:
700:
694:
688:
682:
670:
664:
663:
631:
625:
619:
613:
612:
580:
574:
573:
543:
519:Racial fetishism
449:Second World War
220:anti-anti-Semite
188:Jewish otherness
124:
118:
92:
91:|topic=
89:, and specifying
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1508:
1487:
1402:English/British
1378:
1354:Iranian/Persian
1320:
1294:
1276:
1271:
1219:Washington Post
1215:
1205:
1189:
1186:
1184:Further reading
1056:
1051:
1050:
1006:
1005:
1001:
988:
984:
971:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
921:
906:
905:
901:
867:
866:
862:
852:
850:
848:
831:
830:
823:
813:
811:
807:
806:
802:
797:. 12 July 2007.
790:
789:
785:
763:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
729:
728:
721:
712:
710:
702:
701:
697:
689:
685:
671:
667:
633:
632:
628:
620:
616:
582:
581:
577:
570:
548:"Philosemitism"
545:
544:
537:
532:
494:Judeo-Christian
473:
441:
417:
387:
382:
380:In the Americas
338:
290:
281:
276:
271:
243:
212:
200:
192:Holocaust guilt
159:in the city of
151:Celebration of
141:
140:
139:
122:
116:
62:
56:(November 2021)
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1374:Turkish/Turkic
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1222:
1214:
1213:External links
1211:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1163:
1146:
1132:Marion Mushkat
1129:
1112:
1091:
1074:
1060:Alan Edelstein
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
999:
982:
962:
950:
938:
926:
919:
899:
860:
847:978-1138811652
846:
821:
800:
783:
772:(4): 746–763.
756:
744:
719:
695:
683:
665:
646:(1): 118–127.
626:
614:
595:(4): 132–134.
575:
568:
534:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Model minority
506:
501:
499:La belle juive
496:
491:
484:
479:
472:
469:
440:
437:
425:Jair Bolsonaro
416:
413:
400:Bennet Kravitz
386:
383:
381:
378:
358:Artur Sandauer
354:Zygmunt Bauman
346:Czechoslovakia
337:
336:Czechoslovakia
334:
289:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
242:
239:
211:
208:
199:
196:
170:, also called
143:
142:
138:
137:
130:
119:
97:
94:
82:adding a topic
77:
66:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1578:
1567:
1566:Philosemitism
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Enculturation
1521:
1517:
1516:Acculturation
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:1-59403-570-9
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:3-88350-459-9
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:0-7734-9176-7
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:0-08-040653-X
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:0-312-22205-X
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:0-19-821885-0
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:David S. Katz
1075:
1073:
1072:0-313-22754-3
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
983:
979:
975:
972:Alper, Tim. "
969:
967:
963:
960:, p. 149
959:
954:
951:
947:
942:
939:
936:, p. 132
935:
930:
927:
922:
920:9786584568471
916:
912:
911:
903:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
849:
843:
839:
835:
828:
826:
822:
810:
804:
801:
796:
795:
787:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
757:
747:
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
720:
709:
705:
699:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
675:
669:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
627:
624:
618:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
576:
571:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
540:
536:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
466:
462:
461:Western world
458:
455:, Japan, and
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
385:United States
384:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
299:
294:
287:
285:
278:
273:
268:
266:
264:
263:chosen people
260:
259:premillennial
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
209:
207:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Philosemitism
162:
158:
154:
149:
135:
131:
128:
120:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
88:
87:main category
84:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
1503:
1195:
1191:
1169:
1152:
1135:
1118:
1101:
1080:
1063:
1016:
1012:
1002:
994:
985:
977:
953:
941:
929:
909:
902:
877:
873:
863:
851:. Retrieved
837:
812:. Retrieved
803:
792:
786:
769:
765:
759:
749:, retrieved
735:
711:. Retrieved
707:
698:
690:
686:
678:
673:
668:
643:
639:
629:
617:
592:
588:
578:
551:
486:
442:
418:
405:Evangelicals
393:
388:
369:
339:
313:
307:
282:
244:
235:Francophilia
224:
213:
201:
180:Daniel Cohen
171:
167:
166:
109:edit summary
100:
80:
54:
46:
1237:archive.org
1149:Frank Stern
1115:Frank Stern
1019:: 208–226.
880:(2): 1–12.
636:"Good Jews"
453:South Korea
366:stereotypes
362:allosemitic
231:Anglophilia
176:antisemites
172:Judeophilia
18:Philosemite
1545:Categories
1520:Allophilia
1514:See also:
1499:Australian
1274:Xenophilia
751:2024-02-13
713:2024-03-12
677:Review of
530:References
488:Ger toshav
445:East Asian
390:Mark Twain
374:freemasons
269:Prevalence
251:Puritanism
227:allophilia
1478:Ukrainian
1369:Pakistani
1043:218827042
1035:0305-7410
886:0888-5753
660:2408-9192
609:1534-5165
392:'s essay
330:Kazimierz
274:In Europe
198:Etymology
127:talk page
79:Consider
51:in German
1407:Estonian
1397:Austrian
1392:Albanian
1359:Japanese
1344:Georgian
1334:Armenian
1311:Canadian
1306:American
1299:Americas
1290:Egyptian
995:Ynetnews
894:41970387
814:28 March
471:See also
153:Hanukkah
103:provide
1471:Germany
1466:Swedish
1461:Serbian
1456:Russian
1446:Italian
1434:Spartan
1339:Chinese
1054:Sources
958:Gherman
946:Gherman
934:Gherman
439:In Asia
356:'s and
322:Esterka
279:Germany
210:Concept
204:Germany
182:of the
155:at the
125:to the
107:in the
53:.
1504:Jewish
1492:Others
1483:Viking
1451:Polish
1417:German
1412:French
1384:Europe
1364:Korean
1349:Indian
1282:Africa
1201:
1176:
1159:
1142:
1125:
1108:
1096:&
1087:
1070:
1041:
1033:
917:
892:
884:
853:2 July
844:
742:
658:
607:
566:
465:Talmud
421:Brazil
415:Brazil
326:Kraków
318:Poland
304:(1870)
288:Poland
163:, 2015
161:Warsaw
1441:Irish
1429:Greek
1422:Chile
1227:, by
1039:S2CID
890:JSTOR
457:China
70:DeepL
1326:Asia
1199:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1031:ISSN
915:ISBN
882:ISSN
855:2015
842:ISBN
816:2020
740:ISBN
656:ISSN
605:ISSN
564:ISBN
249:and
233:and
157:Sejm
101:must
99:You
1021:doi
1017:245
993:".
976:".
774:doi
648:doi
597:doi
556:doi
222:."
194:."
72:or
1547::
1530:•
1526:•
1522:•
1518:•
1231:,
1172:.
1168:.
1155:.
1151:.
1134:.
1117:.
1100:.
1083:.
1079:.
1062:.
1037:.
1029:.
1015:.
1011:.
965:^
888:.
878:25
876:.
872:.
836:.
824:^
770:44
768:.
734:,
722:^
706:.
654:.
642:.
638:.
603:.
593:31
591:.
587:.
562:.
550:.
538:^
411:.
370:or
265:.
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
1239:.
1207:.
1045:.
1023::
923:.
896:.
818:.
780:.
776::
716:.
662:.
650::
644:7
611:.
599::
572:.
558::
136:.
129:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
