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409:(ISM) obtained 45000 spectra in the near infrared (from 0.75 to 3.2 μm) in the equatorial areas of Mars, with a spatial resolution ranging from 7 to 25 km, and 400 spectra of Phobos at 700 m resolution. These observations made it possible to retrieve the first mineralogical maps of the planet and its satellite, and to study the atmosphere of Mars. ISM was developed at
328:, and so removing the test code would have required removing and replacing the entire computer. Because of time pressure from the impending launch, engineers decided to leave the command sequence in, though it should never be used. However, a single-character error in constructing an upload sequence resulted in the command executing, with subsequent loss of the spacecraft.
2212:
625:
D.; Lumme, K.; Mishev, D. N.; Mohlmann, D.; Muinonen, K.; Murav'ev, V. M.; Murchie, S.; Murray, B.; Neumann, W.; Paul, L.; Petkov, D.; Petuchova, I.; Possel, W.; Rebel, B.; Shkuratov, Yu G.; Simeonov, S.; Smith, B.; Totev, A.; Fedotov, V. P.; Weide, G.-G.; Zapfe, H.; Zhukov, B. S.; Ziman, Ya L. (October 14, 1989).
319:
operated nominally until, a few weeks into the cruise to Mars, an expected communications session on
September 2, 1988, failed to occur. The failure of controllers to regain contact with the spacecraft was traced to an error in the software uploaded on August 29/August 30, which had deactivated the
624:
Avanesov, G. A.; Bonev, B. I.; Kempe, F.; Bazilevsky, A. T.; Boycheva, V.; Chikov, K. N.; Danz, M.; Dimrtrov, D.; Duxbury, T.; Gromatikov, P.; Halmann, D.; Head, J.; Heifets, V. N.; Kolev, V.; Kostenko, V. I.; Kottsov, V. A.; Krasavtsev, V. M.; Krasikov, V. A.; Krumov, A.; Kuzmin, A. A.; Losev, K.
343:
365:
operated nominally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases on
January 29, 1989, gathering data on the Sun, the interplanetary medium, Mars, and Phobos. Phobos 2 investigated Mars's surface and atmosphere and returned 37 images of Phobos with a resolution of up to 40 meters.
323:
Software instructions to turn off the probe's attitude control, normally a fatal operation, were part of a routine used when testing the spacecraft on the ground. Normally this routine would be removed before launch. However, the software was coded in
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The program featured cooperation from 14 other nations, including Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, France, West
Germany, and the United States (which contributed the use of its
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attitude thrusters. By losing its lock on the Sun, the spacecraft could no longer properly orient its solar arrays, thus depleting its batteries.
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thrusters and four 10 N thrusters) were mounted on the spherical tanks, with additional thrusters mounted on the spacecraft body and
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Sample image taken by the Phobos 2 probe. Enhanced image released by the IKI. Taken 430 km away with a resolution of 80/420 m.
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Lima-D laser experiment - designed to vaporise material from the Phobos surface for chemical analysis by a mass spectrometer
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Automatic Space Plasma
Experiment with Rotating Analyzer (ASPERA), an electron spectrometer and ion mass analyser from the
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attained Mars orbit, but contact was lost before the final phase, prior to deployment of the planned Phobos landers.
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section, surrounding a modular cylindrical experiment section. Below these were mounted four spherical tanks (the
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298:. Attitude was maintained through the use of a three-axis control system, with pointing maintained with Sun and
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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upper stage from
Baikonur cosmodrome on July 12, 1988, and entered Mars orbit on January 29, 1989.
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and the Grunt radar experiment designed to study the surface relief of Phobos. The lander had an
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to provide information on the chemical element composition of the surface of Phobos, a
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R. Z. Sagdeev & A. V. Zakharov (1989). "Brief history of the Phobos mission".
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mechanical sensors (penetrometer, UIU accelerometer, sensors on hopping mechanism)
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491:"ISM" thermal infrared spectrometer/radiometer - 1–2 km resolution
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Communications were lost before planned deployment of a Phobos lander.
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The main section of the spacecraft consisted of a pressurized toroidal
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Another site with processed images from the Soviet Phobos 2 mission
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for testing the physical and mechanical properties of the surface.
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582:"Soviet Mars Probe Lost in Space Because of Controller's Error"
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study the surface composition of the
Martian satellite Phobos.
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Phobos mission images from the Space
Research Institute (IKI)
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and, after the main propulsion module was to be jettisoned,
801:- an article on the Phobos program at the Web site of the
682:"PDS-SBN: Phobos 2 Mars/Phobos/Jupiter VSK-Fregat Images"
214:(6220 kg with orbital insertion hardware attached).
787:
Raw image data from the Phobos 2 ISM infrared instrument
447:
Kappameter magnetic permeability / susceptibility sensor
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to determine the internal structure of Phobos, and the "
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High quality processed images from the Phobos 2 mission
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435:PROP-F "hopping" lander. Only carried by Phobos 2.
2012:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
1857:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
374:Phobos probes carried several instruments: solar
233:conduct studies of the interplanetary environment;
2265:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union
522:"Grunt" imaging radar - Only carried by Phobos 1
438:ARS-FP automatic X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
177:were of a new spacecraft design, succeeding the
229:The objectives of the Phobos missions were to:
163:suffered a terminal failure en route to Mars.
1075:
831:
730:Articles in Nature 341 (1989) pages 581 - 619
464:"DAS" (long-lived autonomous station) lander
398:" penetrator with temperature sensors and an
8:
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1938:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
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1973:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
758:The Complete Phobos 2 VSK Image Data Set
601:Neumann, Peter G. (September 14, 1989).
39:This article includes a list of general
2207:
734:Phobos Project Information (NASA NSSDC)
662:
660:
554:
470:ALPHA-X Alpha-Proton-X-Ray Spectrometer
562:
560:
558:
1842:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
749:The Airport Terminal - also known as
603:"The RISKS Digest, Volume 9 Issue 24"
497:thermal imaging camera; magnetometers
7:
247:environment in the Martian vicinity;
792:What we are searching for on Phobos
627:"Television observations of Phobos"
613:(24) – via catless.ncl.ac.uk.
221:for tracking the twin spacecraft).
1116:List of artificial objects on Mars
517:Swedish Institute of Space Physics
494:near-infrared imaging spectrometer
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2129:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
147:was launched on 7 July 1988, and
2210:
1817:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
894:
30:
1988:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
1794:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
456:BISIN conductometer / tiltmeter
210:. They each had a mass of 2600
190:missions of 1975–1985, and the
151:on 12 July 1988, each aboard a
486:Celestial mechanics experiment
1:
1943:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
568:"Phobos Project Information"
236:perform observations of the
194:design last used during the
16:1988 Soviet missions to Mars
1867:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
1812:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
1788:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
1156:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
653:– via www.nature.com.
2281:
509:radar and laser altimeters
483:RAZREZ anchor penetrometer
335:
309:
286:adjustment. A total of 28
18:
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1924:
1665:
1250:
1174:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
1101:
892:
113:
105:
2240:1988 in the Soviet Union
2124:Mars Exploration Program
1106:List of missions to Mars
538:List of missions to Mars
477:(also known as STENOPEE)
388:x-ray/alpha spectrometer
19:Not to be confused with
1214:Mars Science Laboratory
500:gamma-ray spectrometers
432:"VSK" TV imaging system
219:NASA Deep Space Network
60:more precise citations.
1583:Mars Exploration Rover
1273:
1265:
1257:
744:ISM - Phobos-2 archive
347:
118:uncrewed space mission
93:
2255:Derelict space probes
1778:(2024, flyby in 2025)
1770:(2024, flyby in 2025)
1349:(2023, flyby in 2026)
1340:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
1272:
1264:
1256:
1111:List of Mars orbiters
428:List of instruments:
407:infrared spectrometer
345:
254:studies of Mars; and,
91:
2250:Soviet Mars missions
2134:Mars Next Generation
2093:Permanent settlement
1983:Mars Surveyor Lander
1449:Mars Climate Orbiter
1435:Mars Global Surveyor
803:Russian Space Agency
421:) with support from
384:neutron spectrometer
353:was launched atop a
250:conduct surface and
2245:1988 in spaceflight
1091:Spacecraft missions
904:Space observatories
847:Soviet space probes
708:1989Natur.341..581S
643:1989Natur.341..585A
533:Exploration of Mars
506:radiation detectors
453:temperature sensors
370:Systems and sensors
2119:Mars Scout Program
1958:Mars 4NM & 5NM
1882:Mars Micro Orbiter
1872:Mars Geyser Hopper
1274:
1266:
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797:2009-07-20 at the
763:2020-06-30 at the
348:
274:stage) containing
120:consisting of two
94:
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2187:
2186:
2158:The Case for Mars
2068:Atmospheric entry
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1963:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
1920:
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1897:Next Mars Orbiter
1805:Rosalind Franklin
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1516:Mars Polar Lander
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1247:
1142:2001 Mars Odyssey
1057:
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702:(6243): 581–585.
637:(6243): 585–587.
543:Space exploration
419:Paris Observatory
262:Spacecraft design
243:characterize the
181:type used in the
86:
85:
78:
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2235:Missions to Mars
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2164:Inspiration Mars
2151:The Mars Project
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716:10.1038/341581a0
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668:"Instrument ISM"
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607:The RISKS Digest
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587:Associated Press
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290:(twenty-four 50
280:attitude control
124:launched by the
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56:this article by
47:inline citations
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1862:Mars Base Alpha
1852:Icebreaker Life
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1719:Mars 3MS No.170
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1510:Mars Pathfinder
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52:Please help to
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771:External links
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1428:Mars Observer
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405:The Phobos 2
403:
401:
400:accelerometer
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
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69:
66:February 2015
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2222:
2217:Solar System
2174:Mars Society
2156:
2149:
2103:Terraforming
2098:Colonization
2024:Voyager Mars
2016:
2004:
1997:
1823:
1803:
1774:
1761:Mangalyaan-2
1760:
1679:Mars 1M No.1
1638:
1618:
1602:
1588:
1576:
1552:
1545:
1539:Schiaparelli
1538:
1530:
1520:Deep Space 2
1509:
1502:
1495:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1345:
1332:
1325:
1227:Perseverance
1226:
1207:
1186:
1179:
1154:
1149:Mars Express
1147:
1140:
1007:
962:Zond program
915:
806:(in Russian)
750:
699:
695:
676:
634:
630:
619:
610:
606:
596:
585:
576:
443:magnetometer
427:
404:
373:
362:
350:
349:
322:
316:
315:
296:solar panels
265:
228:
216:
208:Comet Halley
206:missions to
201:
195:
182:
174:
170:
164:
158:
157:
148:
144:
126:Soviet Union
106:Фобос, Fobos
97:
95:
92:Phobos probe
72:
63:
44:
2038:Exploration
1887:MELOS rover
1790:(mid 2020s)
1729:Fobos-Grunt
1603:Opportunity
945:exploration
480:Seismometer
441:ferroprobe
392:seismometer
380:ultraviolet
268:electronics
252:atmospheric
58:introducing
21:Fobos-Grunt
2229:Categories
2112:Strategies
2006:Red Dragon
1968:Mars-Aster
1912:Sky-Sailor
1907:Phootprint
1877:Mars-Grunt
1694:2MV-3 No.1
1689:2MV-4 No.1
1641:helicopter
1456:Mangalyaan
549:References
475:Sun sensor
473:LIBRATION
450:gravimeter
225:Objectives
41:references
2179:Mars race
1993:NetLander
1953:Marsokhod
1931:proposals
1929:Cancelled
1733:Yinghuo-1
1714:Mariner 8
1709:2M No.522
1699:Mariner 3
1651:Mars 2020
1639:Ingenuity
1577:Sojourner
1553:Tianwen-1
1374:Mariner 9
1301:Mariner 4
1233:Mars 2020
1208:Curiosity
1187:Tianwen-1
751:Mariner 9
467:TV camera
302:sensors.
288:thrusters
276:hydrazine
188:planetary
128:to study
116:) was an
2143:Advocacy
2078:Aircraft
2046:Concepts
1978:Mars One
1948:Beagle 3
1835:Proposed
1825:Kazachok
1808:) (2028)
1782:EscaPADE
1672:launches
1630:Aircraft
1609:timeline
1595:timeline
1537:ExoMars
1525:Beagle 2
1503:Viking 2
1496:Viking 1
1420:Phobos 2
1415:Phobos 1
1402:Viking 2
1395:Viking 1
1357:Orbiters
1238:timeline
1219:timeline
1162:timeline
1133:Orbiters
933:RELIKT-1
795:Archived
761:Archived
753:#4209-75
739:Fobos 1F
724:41464654
527:See also
363:Phobos 2
355:Proton-K
351:Phobos 2
338:Phobos 2
332:Phobos 2
317:Phobos 1
312:Phobos 1
306:Phobos 1
171:Phobos 1
166:Phobos 2
160:Phobos 1
149:Phobos 2
145:Phobos 1
132:and its
2063:Landing
2058:Orbiter
1847:DePhine
1800:ExoMars
1753:Planned
1724:Mars 96
1684:1M No.2
1646:flights
1619:Zhurong
1546:InSight
1531:Phoenix
1467:Landers
1327:Rosetta
1189:orbiter
928:Prognoz
881:GLONASS
866:Molniya
704:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
357:with a
102:Russian
54:improve
2203:Portal
1892:MetNet
1796:(2026)
1784:(2024)
1764:(2024)
1746:Future
1670:Failed
1589:Spirit
1571:PrOP-M
1564:Rovers
1555:lander
1490:Mars 7
1485:Mars 6
1480:Mars 3
1475:Mars 2
1442:Nozomi
1384:Mars 5
1379:Mars 4
1369:Mars 3
1364:Mars 2
1346:Psyche
1321:Mars 7
1316:Mars 6
1306:Zond 2
1296:Mars 1
1288:Flybys
1199:Rovers
1125:Active
1039:2M/M69
980:Venera
923:Granat
917:Astron
886:Meteor
861:Kosmos
722:
696:Nature
631:Nature
396:Razrez
359:Blok D
272:Fregat
245:plasma
203:Vega 2
197:Vega 1
184:Venera
141:Deimos
137:Phobos
122:probes
43:, but
2073:Rover
2053:Flyby
2018:Vesta
1902:PADME
1169:MAVEN
1008:Fobos
972:Venus
911:Orion
871:Zenit
720:S2CID
415:DESPA
376:x-ray
326:PROMs
284:orbit
134:moons
114:Φόβος
110:Greek
1775:Hera
1334:Dawn
1280:Past
1180:Hope
1095:Mars
1003:Mars
995:Mars
985:Vega
952:Luna
943:Moon
876:Bion
423:CNES
413:and
378:and
300:star
278:for
200:and
173:and
139:and
130:Mars
96:The
1093:to
1049:5VK
1044:4MV
1034:3MV
1029:2MV
1024:1MV
712:doi
700:341
647:doi
635:341
411:IAS
238:Sun
192:5VK
179:4MV
2231::
1731:/
1518:/
718:.
710:.
698:.
659:^
645:.
633:.
629:.
609:.
605:.
584:.
557:^
425:.
212:kg
155:.
143:.
112::
108:,
104::
2205::
1802:(
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
958:)
954:(
839:e
832:t
825:v
726:.
714::
706::
684:.
670:.
649::
641::
611:9
590:.
570:.
519:.
417:(
292:N
240:;
175:2
100:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
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