335:
324:
212:
35:
313:
629:"Make the oil press disk 4 ft wide, with Phoenician joints, 6 digits thick, add oaken tenons. When these have been fitted in their places, secure them with dowels of dogwood. Fit three battens to the disk; make the battens and the disk straight together by means of iron nails. Make the disk of elm or hazel; if you have both, lay them alternately."
199:, provided the Phoenicians with a large supply of high-quality cedar wood. Cedar was particularly prized for its strength, durability, and resistance to rot, making it ideal for shipbuilding. These ships, often depicted with rows of oars on either side, facilitated long-distance travel and trade across the
380:. The Uluburun and Gelidonya ships allowed scholars to date back the Phoenicians' maritime activity to an earlier period when it was thought that Canaanite seafaring did not start before the first millennium BC, and that maritime trade in the Eastern Mediterranean was solely conducted by Mycenaeans.
626:
In Latin: "Orbem olearium latum P. IIII Punicanis coagmentis facito, crassum digitos VI facito, subscudes iligneas adindito. Eas ubi confixeris, clavis corneis occludito. In eum orbem tris catenas indito. Eas catenas cum orbi clavis ferreis corrigito. Orbem ex ulmo aut ex corylo facito: si utrumque
353:
The
Phoenicians pioneered the use of locked mortise and tenon joints in nautical joinery to secure the underwater planking of seagoing ships. The use of pegged mortises and tenons in shipbuilding spread westward from the Levantine littoral. According to McGrail, this joinery method could have given
182:
One factor contributing to their success was the abundance of cedar forests in their territory. These forests provided them with a steady supply of high-quality timber, a crucial resource for shipbuilding This access to timber enabled the
Phoenicians to construct large seafaring vessels capable of
383:
By the first millennium BC, Phoenician joints became a common edge-to-edge fastening method in the ancient
Mediterranean. Greek shipbuilders abruptly abandoned the laced wood technique and adopted the Phoenician joinery. Scholars posit that Greek shipbuilders acquired the mortise and tenon joinery
456:
The locked (or pegged) mortise and tenon technique consists of cutting a mortise, or socket, into the faces of two planks to be fastened together. A piece of wood called a tenon, usually taking the form of a rectangle, is inserted into each mortise to join the two planks together. The assembly is
248:
employed a similar technique, however, the mortise and tenon joints were not locked in place using pegs. To ensure ship hull stability, the
Egyptians used their unlocked fastening technique together with other methods of wood fastening. An example of this technique is the
183:
carrying hundreds of people. Due to the amount of timber they were producing, logs were brought onto the ship for trade, bringing them to other civilizations in exchange goods such as gold and tin. These forested mountains, documented by ancient writers such as
387:
By the middle of the first millennium BC shipbuilders developed deeper understanding and expertise in the locked mortise and tenon joints as evidenced in the fourth century BC Kyrenia shipwreck and the third century BC wreckage of the
Marsala Punic warship.
395:, they did become involved in military conflicts throughout their history. Phoenician fleets participated in some of the most well-known battles of antiquity. These engagements included both direct conflicts involving Phoenicia itself and those involving
365:, is the earliest evidence of pegged Phoenician joints used in Mediterranean shipbuilding. The ship's hull was built with Lebanese cedar, with oak tenons. Additional early evidence of Phoenician joint usage comes from another Canaanite shipwreck in
616:
Cedar is well documented in Bronze Age sources as the material of choice for shipbuilding. This preference is due to its light weight, its resistance to saltwater damage from prolonged periods of submersion, and because it did not shrink
106:. The locked (or pegged) mortise and tenon technique consists of cutting a mortise, or socket, into the edges of two planks and fastening them together with a rectangular wooden knob. The assembly is then locked in place by driving a
1884:]. Techniques et économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l'innovation: colloque international (C.N.R.S.) Aix-en-Provence, 21–23 mai 1996, 1997, ISBN 2-87772-147-7, págs. 195–203 (in French). Errance. pp. 195–203.
432:
in 260 BC, the
Phoenician joint technique allowed the Romans to build a fleet of 100 quinqueremes within a period of two months.Later, going on to win the Punic War after creating hundreds of replica ships to fight with.
227:
Phoenician joints postdate the sewn watercraft lacing joinery technique. Archaeological finds have revealed transitional watercrafts integrating elements from both mortise and tenon, and other joinery techniques.
1907:
Introduction 3 - Technological transfers in
Mediterranean naval architecture from Antiquity to modern times: technical identity and cultural identity. Proceedings of the Istanbul Round Table 19–22 May 2007
117:
pioneered the use of locked mortise and tenon joints in nautical joinery to secure the underwater planking of seagoing ships. The use of pegged mortises and tenons in shipbuilding spread westward from the
1909:]. Transferts technologiques en architecture navale méditerranéenne de l'Antiquité aux temps modernes: identité technique et identité culturelle. Actes de la Table Ronde d'Istanbul 19–22 mai 2007.
171:
reported that the Romans copied the locked mortise and tenon technique from a Punic warship that ran aground in 264 BC. They exploited this technique to their advantage early in the
420:
reports that the ship served as a model for the Romans' fleet ships; they realized the advantage of using
Phoenician joints in shipbuilding, as the lumber used in edge-joined ship
384:
technique from the
Phoenicians. Phoenician influence on Greek shipbuilding technology resulted from contact between the two people during the Phoenicians' westward colonization.
2144:
1647:"The Greek Sewn Shipbuilding Tradition and the Ma'agan Mikhael Ship: A Comparison with Mediterranean Parallels from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries Bc"
1689:
The royal ship of Cheops: a retrospective account of the discovery, restoration and reconstruction: based on interviews with Hag Ahmed
Youssef Moustafa
461:) through one or more holes drilled through the mortise side wall and tenon. This technique is known as Phoenician joint when applied to shipbuilding.
2100:
231:
Chinese Neolithic societies used the locked mortise and tenon method, but did not use a separate rectangular tenon nor edge-to-edge plank joining.
2063:
1625:
Hepper, N. (2001b). The cedar of Lebanon in history . Autumn 2001/The Cedar of Lebanon in History - F. Nigel Hepper.pdfThe punic wars. (n.d.-b).
469:
The origin of the term Phoenician joinery comes from the Latin, since Roman writers credited the joinery technique to Phoenicians by calling it
414:
that ran aground. Prior to the war, the Romans had zero ships and were at a disadvantage, until they found one of the Phoenician ships ashore.
2110:
2089:
1993:
1889:
1839:
1760:
1739:
1718:
1697:
1616:
1542:
491:, Cato describes the construction of a wooden disk used in oil presses using locked mortise and tenon joinery; he refers to the technique as
1428:
1877:
Un exemple d'évolution des techniques de construction navale antique: de l'assemblage par ligatures à l'assemblage par tenons et mortaises
444:
revealed the adoption of a variety of the locked mortise and tenon technique in the construction of a logboat. The boat dates back to the
1729:
1606:
343:
The Phoenicians were famed in antiquity for their shipbuilding skills. They often depicted ships and war galleys on their currency, the
1534:
Early observations on the construction of the pre-Classical wreck at Campese Bay, island of Giglio: clues to the vessel's nationality
1818:
1595:
1446:
155:
shipbuilders adopted the technique of Phoenician joinery. Roman writers credited the joinery technique to Phoenicians by calling it
1324:
274:. The barque's cedar planks were joined together using unlocked mortise and tenon, and two types of lashings between bordering
282:
to sheer. The mixed use of unlocked mortise and tenon with wood lashing is also attested in later ancient Egyptian ships from
2134:
1882:
An example of the evolution of ancient shipbuilding techniques: from assembly by ligatures to assembly by tenons and mortises
1340:
Bass, George F.; Throckmorton, Peter; Taylor, Joan Du Plat; Hennessy, J. B.; Shulman, Alan R.; Buchholz, Hans-Günter (1967).
211:
304:). The use of pegged mortise and tenon shipbuilding in Egypt is not supported by material evidence before around 500 BC.
2149:
587:
334:
323:
411:
670:
1949:
250:
1563:
1387:
Tropis I: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Piraeus, 1985
241:
in non-nautical Ancient Egyptian joinery, but not in hull-planking, which only featured unlocked mortises.
2013:
1750:
1555:. World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/897/the-phoenicians---master-mariners/
2139:
1484:"Ancient Boats, Boat Timbers, and Locked Mortise-and-Tenon Joints from Bronze/Iron-Age Northern Vietnam"
34:
1483:
2055:
2026:
1779:
1495:
271:
1532:
1687:
1935:
1913:(in French). Vol. 20, no. 1. Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes. pp. 131–136.
1795:
1674:
1519:
1462:
1415:
1369:
557:
355:
123:
1850:
219:
with its deck removed to expose the hull. The ship's planks and frames are lashed together with
1988:(in French). Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique: Presses du CNRS.
1900:
437:
2106:
2085:
2042:
1999:
1989:
1970:
1885:
1875:
1835:
1814:
1756:
1735:
1714:
1693:
1666:
1612:
1591:
1538:
1511:
1442:
1438:
1407:
1361:
1328:
699:
392:
200:
103:
99:
147:
By the first millennium BC, Phoenician joints became a common edge-to-edge fastening method.
2129:
2034:
1962:
1927:
1862:
1787:
1770:
Mark, Samuel (2009). "The Construction of the Khufu I Vessel (c.2566 BC): a Re-Evaluation".
1658:
1503:
1434:
1353:
597:
445:
1474:
724:
712:
577:
487:
429:
267:
188:
172:
2030:
1783:
1499:
1396:"New Techniques of Archaeology and Greek Shipwrecks of the Sixth and Fifth Centuries BC"
436:
The technique is also seen in Vietnam. Excavation carried out in waterlogged burials in
2038:
1966:
1559:
482:
366:
148:
134:
91:
1640:(Report). Vol. 2. Israel Exploration Society, University of Haifa. pp. 3–79.
2123:
1939:
1799:
1791:
1678:
1523:
1507:
529:
264:
245:
196:
1189:
122:. Examples of the use of Phoenician joints in the ancient Mediterranean include the
1662:
1638:
The Ma'agan Mikhael Ship: The Recovery of a 2400-Year-Old Merchantman: Final Report
279:
216:
152:
52:
2079:
1983:
1829:
1808:
1708:
1646:
1585:
1918:
Prag, Jonathan R. W. (2006). "Poenus Plane Est – but Who Were the "Punickes"?".
1482:
Bellwood, Peter; Cameron, Judith; Van viet, Nguyen; Van liem, Bui (2007-03-01).
425:
176:
79:
48:
1312:
312:
1931:
404:
354:
rise to the Phoenicians' reputation for seafaring excellence. The hull of the
253:
2046:
2003:
1974:
1670:
1515:
1411:
1365:
1332:
1866:
592:
119:
114:
1855:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
110:
through one or more holes drilled through the mortise side wall and tenon.
519:
582:
458:
417:
396:
168:
1853:[The Greek and Roman wrecks of Place Jules-Verne in Marseille].
568:
translates to the English "coagment" meaning to join together or unite.
560:
used indiscriminately to refer to both western and eastern Phoenicians.
511:
1419:
1395:
1373:
1341:
441:
400:
294:
220:
481:. The Latin term is known through the extant writings such as that of
1851:"Les épaves grecques et romaines de la place Jules-Verne à Marseille"
551:
539:
525:
421:
410:
During the First Punic War in 264 BC, the Romans seized a Phoenician
370:
344:
275:
1382:
1357:
506:
283:
210:
192:
184:
107:
102:
wood joinery technique used in shipbuilding to fasten watercraft
391:
While the Phoenicians primarily focused on trade throughout the
1217:
794:
782:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
1383:"The Construction of a Seagoing Vessel of the Late Bronze Age"
1242:
1240:
1238:
1055:
1710:
The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean
943:
941:
939:
937:
545:
533:
70:
Watercraft hulls secured with locked mortise and tenon joints
528:
and other western Phoenicians. These terms derived from the
1985:
La charpenterie navale romaine: matériaux, méthodes, moyens
39:
Phoenician joint with pegged mortise and tenon construction
1636:
Kahanov, Y.; Linder, E. (2004). The sewing of the ship in
1201:
1199:
817:
815:
1584:
Catsambis, Alexis; Ford, Ben; Hamilton, Donny L. (2014).
1315:[Shipbuilding in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean].
909:
907:
905:
2081:
Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant
1810:
Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times
868:
866:
1313:"La construcción naval en el Mediterráneo Greco-Romano"
924:
922:
448:
in the late Vietnamese prehistory (500 BC to AD 200).
737:
175:
in 260 BC which allowed them to build a fleet of 100
1831:
Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World
1707:López-Ruiz, Carolina; Doak, Brian R. (2019-07-29).
399:, its most prominent colony, located on modern day
74:
66:
58:
44:
2012:
1948:
1611:. Tilbury House Publishers and Cadent Publishing.
1608:A History of Travel in 50 Vehicles (History in 50)
1572:] (in Latin). Translated by Henderson, Jeffrey
1346:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1311:Amores, Carlos León; Hay, Beatriz Domingo (1992).
1686:Lipke, Paul; Moustafa, Hag Ahmed Youssef (1984).
1645:Kahanov, Dr Yaacov; Pomey, Patrice (2004-01-01).
1400:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
244:In the third and early second millennium BC, the
234:The locked mortise and tenon method occurs as of
1427:Bass, George F. (2012). Cline, Eric H. (ed.).
758:
2019:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1955:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1772:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1488:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1127:
857:
358:, an early Phoenician/Canaanite vessel dated
8:
947:
263:), an intact 43.6 meters (143 ft) long
21:
1587:The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology
896:
563:
517:
509:
500:
492:
476:
470:
162:
156:
24:
16:Wood joinery technique used in shipbuilding
33:
20:
1813:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1731:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries
1590:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
1282:
1163:
1079:
995:
524:, which were used mostly to refer to the
457:locked by driving a peg (or dowel pin or
1342:"Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck"
1246:
1205:
2014:"Phoenician joints, coagmenta punicana"
1439:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.001.0001
913:
845:
833:
806:
647:
609:
1470:
1460:
1317:Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología
1229:
1031:
720:
708:
697:
1950:"The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview"
1175:
1151:
1103:
1043:
1019:
1007:
928:
770:
7:
1920:Papers of the British School at Rome
1728:Lucas, A.; Harris, J. (2012-04-30).
1630:Phoenicians: Lebanon’s Epic Heritage
1294:
1270:
1258:
1139:
1115:
1091:
1067:
983:
971:
959:
884:
872:
821:
497:, thereby crediting Rome's enemies.
2145:Science and technology in Phoenicia
1579:– via Loeb Classical Library.
738:Catsambis, Ford & Hamilton 2014
671:"The Phoenicians - Master Mariners"
2084:. Texas A&M University Press.
2039:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1980.tb01303.x
1967:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x
1755:. Texas A&M University Press.
485:. In his treatise on agriculture,
14:
1553:The Phoenicians - master mariners
505:means Punic and derives from the
1792:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00212.x
1551:Cartwright, M. (2022, July 25).
1508:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2006.00128.x
836:, pp. 36–38, 133, 147, 162.
333:
322:
311:
179:within a period of two months.
2066:from the original on 2020-09-25
552:
540:
2054:Teague, Matthew (2007-05-01).
2011:Sleeswyk, A. W. (1980-08-01).
1663:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656882
1325:Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
1034:, pp. 118, 134, 136, 408.
167:. The ancient Greek historian
1:
374:
359:
298:
287:
257:
235:
138:
127:
2105:. Cornell University Press.
270:, that was unearthed in the
2078:Wachsmann, Shelley (2009).
2056:"The Pegged Joint, Exposed"
1834:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1713:. Oxford University Press.
1433:. Oxford University Press.
2166:
2102:Greek and Roman Technology
1605:Grey, Paula (2016-09-06).
759:López-Ruiz & Doak 2019
675:World History Encyclopedia
658:, Harvard University Press
627:habebis, alternas indito."
588:Phoenician Ship Expedition
546:
534:
403:, most notably during the
1932:10.1017/S0068246200003214
1128:Kahanov & Linder 2004
858:Lipke & Moustafa 1984
32:
1828:Meiggs, Russell (1982).
1430:Cape Gelidonya shipwreck
1394:Bass, George F. (2006).
1381:Bass, George F. (1989).
948:Kahanov & Pomey 2004
1899:Pomey, Patrice (2010).
1874:Pomey, Patrice (1997).
1867:10.3406/crai.1995.15483
1849:Pomey, Patrice (1995).
1734:. Courier Corporation.
897:Lucas & Harris 2012
1982:Rival, Michel (1991).
1807:McGrail, Sean (2001).
1531:Bound, Mensun (1985).
564:
518:
510:
501:
493:
477:
471:
224:
163:
157:
95:
25:
2135:Watercraft components
2099:White, K. D. (1984).
1947:Pulak, Cemal (1998).
1749:Mark, Samuel (2005).
1283:Amores & Hay 1992
1190:"Punic Wars Timeline"
1142:, pp. 35, 67–68.
583:Phoenician expedition
214:
195:, as well as the Old
1651:The Mariner's Mirror
1218:Bellwood et al. 2007
795:Bellwood et al. 2007
783:Bellwood et al. 2007
656:PHOENICIANS OVERSEAS
424:does not have to be
272:Giza pyramid complex
45:Industrial sector(s)
2031:1980IJNAr...9..243S
1784:2009IJNAr..38..133M
1500:2007IJNAr..36....2B
1261:, Chapter XVIII, 9.
1249:, pp. 243–244.
998:, pp. 239–241.
899:, pp. 452–453.
887:, pp. 134–135.
824:, pp. 133–140.
494:Punicanis coamentis
478:Punicanis coamentis
254:Khufu funerary ship
164:Punicanis coamentis
29:
2150:Ancient technology
1632:. SANTORINI BOOKS.
1628:HOLST, S. (2021).
1562:(1934) . "XVIII".
669:Cartwright, Mark.
472:coagmenta punicana
225:
158:coagmenta punicana
120:Levantine littoral
96:coagmenta punicana
26:coagmenta punicana
2112:978-0-8014-1439-8
2091:978-1-60344-080-6
2062:. Taunton Press.
1995:978-2-222-04391-1
1891:978-2-87772-147-9
1841:978-0-19-814840-1
1762:978-1-60344-594-8
1752:Homeric Seafaring
1741:978-0-486-14494-8
1720:978-0-19-049935-8
1699:978-0-86054-293-3
1618:978-0-88448-398-4
1544:978-0-86054-352-7
1058:, pp. 50–51.
1046:, pp. 35–36.
875:, pp. 23–24.
860:, pp. 74–75.
719:Missing or empty
707:Missing or empty
393:Mediterranean Sea
378: 1200±50 BC
363: 1320±50 BC
268:lashed-lug vessel
246:Ancient Egyptians
215:Model of Khufu's
201:Mediterranean Sea
131: 1320±50 BC
100:mortise and tenon
88:Phoenician joints
85:
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22:Phoenician joints
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1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
935:
927:
920:
912:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
744:
736:
732:
718:
706:
696:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
668:
667:
663:
654:
653:
649:
644:
639:
634:
633:
628:
625:
621:
615:
611:
606:
578:Lashed-lug boat
574:
544:), plural form
488:De agri cultura
467:
454:
430:First Punic War
428:. Early in the
377:
362:
351:
350:
349:
348:
340:
339:
338:
329:
328:
327:
318:
317:
316:
301:
290:
260:
238:
209:
173:First Punic War
141:
130:
40:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2075:
2051:
2025:(3): 243–244.
2008:
1994:
1979:
1961:(3): 188–224.
1944:
1915:
1902:Introduction 3
1896:
1890:
1871:
1861:(2): 459–484.
1846:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1804:
1778:(1): 133–152.
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1683:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1581:
1570:On agriculture
1556:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1479:
1471:|website=
1447:
1424:
1391:
1378:
1337:
1319:(in Spanish).
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1285:, p. 205.
1275:
1263:
1251:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1208:, p. 244.
1195:
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 241.
1164:Wachsmann 2009
1156:
1154:, p. 201.
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 801.
1084:
1082:, p. 208.
1080:Wachsmann 2009
1072:
1070:, p. 300.
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1022:, p. 213.
1012:
1010:, p. 210.
1000:
996:Wachsmann 2009
988:
986:, p. 800.
976:
964:
952:
933:
931:, p. 134.
918:
916:, p. 134.
901:
889:
877:
862:
850:
838:
826:
811:
799:
787:
775:
773:, p. 478.
763:
761:, p. 424.
742:
740:, p. 363.
730:
686:
661:
646:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
632:
631:
619:
608:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
573:
570:
483:Cato the Elder
466:
463:
453:
450:
367:Cape Gelidonya
342:
341:
332:
331:
330:
321:
320:
319:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
302: 1859 BC
291: 1950 BC
261: 2600 BC
251:Fourth Dynasty
239: 3000 BC
208:
205:
142: 1200 BC
137:ship dated to
135:Cape Gelidonya
98:) is a locked
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
46:
42:
41:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1857:(in French).
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1820:9780198144687
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1597:9780199336005
1593:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1464:
1450:
1448:9780199873609
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:Sleeswyk 1980
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:Sleeswyk 1980
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1178:, p. 62.
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:, p. 14.
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
974:, p. 27.
973:
968:
965:
962:, p. 35.
961:
956:
953:
950:, p. 24.
949:
944:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
881:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
848:, p. 36.
847:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
809:, p. 25.
808:
803:
800:
797:, p. 13.
796:
791:
788:
785:, p. 19.
784:
779:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
726:
714:
701:
690:
687:
676:
672:
665:
662:
657:
651:
648:
641:
636:
623:
620:
613:
610:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
569:
566:
561:
559:
531:
530:Ancient Greek
527:
526:Carthaginians
522:
521:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
495:
490:
489:
484:
479:
473:
464:
462:
460:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
372:
368:
357:
356:Uluburun ship
346:
336:
325:
314:
305:
296:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
265:Lebanon cedar
255:
252:
247:
242:
232:
229:
222:
218:
213:
206:
204:
203:and beyond.
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
159:
154:
150:
149:Ancient Greek
145:
136:
125:
124:Uluburun ship
121:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
36:
31:
27:
19:
2140:Shipbuilding
2101:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2059:
2022:
2018:
1984:
1958:
1954:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1881:
1876:
1858:
1854:
1830:
1809:
1775:
1771:
1751:
1730:
1709:
1688:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1629:
1607:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1569:
1564:
1560:Cato, Marcus
1552:
1533:
1491:
1487:
1452:. Retrieved
1429:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1352:(8): 1–177.
1349:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1225:
1220:, p. 8.
1213:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
914:McGrail 2001
892:
880:
853:
846:McGrail 2001
841:
834:McGrail 2001
829:
807:McGrail 2001
802:
790:
778:
766:
733:
709:|title=
689:
678:. Retrieved
674:
664:
655:
650:
622:
617:excessively.
612:
562:
499:
486:
468:
455:
435:
416:
409:
390:
386:
382:
352:
243:
233:
230:
226:
221:halfah grass
217:Solar barque
181:
177:quinqueremes
146:
112:
87:
86:
53:shipbuilding
18:
1657:(1): 6–28.
1494:(1): 2–20.
1406:(1): 1–14.
1327:: 199–218.
1273:, XVIII, 9.
1230:Teague 2007
1032:Meiggs 1982
553:"Phoinikes"
452:Description
115:Phoenicians
80:Phoenicians
49:Woodworking
2124:Categories
2070:2021-04-28
1576:2021-04-27
1454:2021-04-27
1176:Bound 1985
1152:Pomey 1997
1104:White 1984
1044:Rival 1991
1020:Pulak 1998
1008:Pulak 1998
929:Pomey 2010
771:Pomey 1995
721:|url=
694:Tretheway.
680:2024-05-09
637:References
405:Punic Wars
278:and, from
133:, and the
67:Product(s)
2047:1057-2414
2004:474333861
1975:1095-9270
1940:162396151
1800:162096494
1679:163985847
1671:0025-3359
1524:162593190
1516:1057-2414
1473:ignored (
1463:cite book
1412:0003-049X
1366:0065-9746
1333:0211-1608
1295:Prag 2006
1271:Cato 1934
1259:Cato 1934
1140:Mark 2005
1116:Bass 2006
1092:Bass 2012
1068:Bass 2012
984:Bass 2012
972:Bass 1989
960:Mark 2005
885:Mark 2009
873:Grey 2016
822:Mark 2009
642:Citations
593:Sewn boat
565:Coamentis
541:"Phoinix"
502:Punicanis
465:Etymology
197:Testament
59:Feedstock
2064:Archived
1926:: 1–37.
700:cite web
572:See also
547:Φοίνικες
459:treenail
418:Polybius
412:penteres
397:Carthage
169:Polybius
126:, dated
75:Inventor
2130:Joinery
2027:Bibcode
1780:Bibcode
1496:Bibcode
1420:4598971
1374:1005978
1305:Sources
520:punicus
442:Vietnam
438:Dong Xa
422:strakes
401:Tunisia
276:strakes
207:History
2109:
2088:
2045:
2002:
1992:
1973:
1938:
1888:
1838:
1817:
1798:
1759:
1738:
1717:
1696:
1677:
1669:
1615:
1594:
1541:
1522:
1514:
1445:
1418:
1410:
1372:
1364:
1331:
558:exonym
556:), an
535:Φοῖνιξ
512:poenus
373:dated
371:Turkey
345:shekel
295:Dashur
293:) and
191:, and
62:Timber
1936:S2CID
1905:[
1880:[
1796:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1568:[
1520:S2CID
1416:JSTOR
1370:JSTOR
604:Notes
532:word
507:Latin
426:dried
284:Lisht
280:sheer
193:Plato
189:Pliny
185:Homer
153:Roman
108:dowel
104:hulls
92:Latin
2107:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2043:ISSN
2000:OCLC
1990:ISBN
1971:ISSN
1886:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1667:ISSN
1613:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1512:ISSN
1475:help
1443:ISBN
1408:ISSN
1362:ISSN
1329:ISSN
725:help
713:help
516:and
151:and
113:The
78:The
2035:doi
1963:doi
1928:doi
1863:doi
1859:139
1788:doi
1659:doi
1504:doi
1435:doi
1404:150
1354:doi
475:or
440:in
407:.
369:in
161:or
2126::
2058:.
2041:.
2033:.
2021:.
2017:.
1998:.
1969:.
1959:27
1957:.
1953:.
1934:.
1924:74
1922:.
1794:.
1786:.
1776:38
1774:.
1692:.
1673:.
1665:.
1655:90
1653:.
1649:.
1537:.
1518:.
1510:.
1502:.
1492:36
1490:.
1486:.
1467::
1465:}}
1461:{{
1441:.
1414:.
1402:.
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1385:.
1368:.
1360:.
1350:57
1348:.
1344:.
1323:.
1321:19
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698:{{
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375:c.
360:c.
299:c.
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128:c.
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2037::
2029::
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2006:.
1977:.
1965::
1942:.
1930::
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1869:.
1865::
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1790::
1782::
1765:.
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1723:.
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1681:.
1661::
1621:.
1600:.
1547:.
1526:.
1506::
1498::
1477:)
1457:.
1437::
1422:.
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1376:.
1356::
1335:.
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1232:.
1192:.
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1106:.
727:)
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683:.
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297:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
