Phormia regina - Knowledge

320: 722:: the growth and development of the fly is dependent on temperature. At room temperature, the egg to pupal stage lasts about 6–11 hours. With an increase in temperature of the surrounding environment, metabolic rates of the blow fly typically increase, causing an increase in the rate of growth and development. However, this species is intolerant to warmer temperatures, unlikely to survive to adulthood at temperatures of 40 °C or greater. This observation provides an explanation as to why the species cannot survive the summer months in southern regions of the US. The adult organism's activity becomes inhibited by temperatures lower than 12.5 °C. In addition to an increase in the growth and development, temperature also has a profound impact on female oviposition. It is key to note the fluctuations between diurnal and nocturnal temperatures. 448:

time of adult emergence was 265 hours (about 11 days). Flies at constant temperatures between 15 and 30 °C (at 5-degree increments) developed slower, with flies at the coolest temperatures taking the longest. Cyclic temperatures ranges of 25 to 35 °C and 15 to 25 °C proved to decrease the rate of development when compared to constant temperatures. (The cyclic temperature data were collected by placing specimens in an incubator which steadily alternated between the maximum and minimum temperatures of a particular 10-degree range (e.g. 25 to 35 °C). Each 10-degree fluctuation took place over a 12-hour span.)

817:(PMI). The first approach accounts for the general succession of arthropod communities, and the second considers environmental influences on the development of arthropods. With knowledge of the regional insect fauna and times of carrion colonization, the insect gathering associated with the remains can be analyzed to determine a window of time in which death took place. PMI is a critical aspect of criminal investigations following recovery of a corpse. PMI relies on an entomologist's ability to correlate the species or stage of development of arthropods, in this case 864: 44: 603:

located wing-like flaps on the phallus, protrude from the hypophallus. A pair of paraphallic bulbs are embedded in the cornua with only their tips jutting out. These bulbs are sclerotized, meaning they are hardened, as are a variety of spines on the outside of the cornua. From the cornua a narrower tube structure, the acrophallus, extends with a terminal fluted opening, referred to as the gonophore, from which sperm and accessory secretions flood.

832:, the remains go through rapid physical, biological, and chemical changes. If a corpse is found, the presence of Dipteran larvae may be used to suggest PMI by estimating the time it would have taken for eggs to have been deposited and larvae to have developed to the stage they were collected, while taking into account environmental factors. Blow flies will lay their eggs on the corpse, usually in a wound, if present, or in any of the natural 284:. Adult black blow flies aggregate on feces in order to mate. The success of these mating interactions has been studied and appears to be related to size and diet of the adult flies. Following successful mating encounters, the adult females are then attracted to decaying material rather quickly for oviposition, allowing forensic entomologists to use development stages of larvae as a clue in determining an approximate time of death. 481:; even then, a lower percentage of those feeding on dung will have fully developed. An experiment by Stoffolano demonstrated this, revealing that 100% of females feeding exclusively on beef liver were able to reach the final stage of sexual development after 13 days, while only 78% of females were able to do so when feeding exclusively on pig dung over a 20-day period. Although some Dipteran species oviposit on dung, 526: 773: 655: 333: 611:

During mating the tip of the male's phallic structure is near the spermathecal ducts of the female's reproductive system. The wing-like flap structures on the male's phallus are situated in grooves within the bursa copulatrix of the female's reproductive system. The males also have appendages used to

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Virgin adult females, when given access to protein and carbohydrate sources, utilize both for food. However, after their emergence as adults, they will gradually increase their protein intake until they are approximately 8 to 10 days old. From here they will continue to intake protein at a relatively

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Male black blow flies have an external phallus that is a tube-like structure with unique flaps centrally located. The phallus can be divided up into several different sections. There is the hypophallus, which protrudes from the abdomen of the fly. The cornua, which is the name given to the centrally

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at these high temperatures do not emerge as adults. The lowest temperature threshold for this species was found to be 12.5 °C below which females will not oviposit. The highest rate of development (with survival into adulthood) was seen at a constant temperature of 35 °C, where the average

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development in the ovaries to produce eggs that are completely mature, and ovaries in females which have been deprived of a high-protein diet do not develop fully. Although it is possible for females on a diet of only dung to reach the final stage of sexual maturity, it takes much more time than if

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Adult black blow flies aggregate on feces, particularly animal dung pats, not only because they act as a food source, but also in order to mate. Some research has suggested a preference for settling on human, swine, and mink feces, but this may be localized to the northwestern region of the United

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is predominantly found in the northern United States during spring and summer months, but in the winter they are localized to more southern regions. This localization is tentatively linked to the importance of temperature on their development. These flies prefer rural areas, especially near water

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flies collected from different regions to compare both within region and across region relatedness. They discovered adult flies take from the same corpse showed high relatedness, but between regions genetic variability was high. They suggest these findings may be especially important to forensic

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mass effect: a raise in temperature due to the aggregation of maggots. This rise in temperature may be beneficial to the larvae by aiding in feeding and development as well as protection from dangerously cold temperatures, predators, and parasites. Studies with other blow flies suggest that the

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are connected to the bursa copulatrix via spermathecal ducts, and two accessory glands attach to the bursa copulatrix near the spermathecae entries. The vagina is connected to the bursa copulatrix on the opposite end of the ovaries and allows the male aedeagus access to the bursa copulatrix and

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Protein intake in adult male black blow flies follows similar trends to that of virgin adult females; however, they require less total protein than females. The males will gradually increase their protein intake for the first 8–10 days of adulthood. They will then drop their protein intake to a

589:, one common oviduct, a vagina, and a bursa copulatrix, which is simply a sac-like cavity within the female that is roughly equivalent to a uterus. Each ovary has a lateral oviduct; these two lateral oviducts meet to form the common oviduct and connect the ovaries to the burs copulatrix. Three 725:

It is important to note the larval stage of the blowfly, due to its importance in forensics. The larvae have posterior spiracles, small openings on the back used for the intake of oxygen. Larvae are also equipped with mouth hooks used for the physical breakdown of proteins when feeding, while

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Also, studies have been conducted to assess the effects of light exposure on developmental variability in larvae. Larvae exposed to cyclic photoperiods (shifting intermittently between 12 hours of light to 12 hours of darkness) have higher rates of development than larvae exposed to constant

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adults are metallic blue or green in color and have a distinctive set of orange setae near the anterior thoracic spiracle. They are also recognizable by their black gena (the side of the head below eye level), mostly white calypteres, and the distinctive bend in their wings.

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system in adult males, which controls their mating behavior, must be stimulated before they will mate with a female. Protein in the male diet is not necessarily needed for this stimulation, but Stoffolano also saw that higher percentages of females were successfully

518:. The feeding habits of adult flies depend both on sex and reproduction status of the fly. This is particularly important with respect to their protein intake, which literature suggests has an important role in sexual maturation and copulation ability in adult 636:

females are known to oviposit their eggs on animal carcasses following copulation. Interestingly, it has been seen that the olfactory senses of female flies play some role in their decision of where and when to oviposit. Research suggests adult female

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occasionally oviposits on carrion at night only when certain conditions are met. A similar study found a combination of artificial lighting, warm temperatures, and the onset of low-pressure atmospheric conditions encourages nocturnal oviposition in

439:) to 35 °C (95 °F), it tends to inhabit the northern regions of the United States during summer months and southern regions in the winter. Researchers have discovered that at 40 to 45 °C, larval development occurs normally until the 501:

in male flies, but it is paramount for accessory reproductive gland development, higher rates of copulation, and the capability of impregnating females. An additional study found a positive correlation between male head size and the size of the

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can be found on human corpses, animal carcasses, and feces. Researchers have observed these flies on a wide variety of animal excrement, but at least in the northwestern United States, they exhibit a preference for human, mink, and swine feces.

883:, a type of biotherapy involving the intentional introduction of live, disinfected maggots into the skin and soft tissue wound of a human or animal for the purpose of selectively cleaning out only the necrotic tissue to promote healing. 288:

are extremely common in the United States and other areas in North America. Combined with their importance in forensic entomology, these flies have been relatively well studied, particularly for variables affecting their development.

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entomologists. For this reason, many researchers have conducted experiments to investigate the effect of various environmental factors on the duration time of larval development in this species (as well as many others).

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Weidner, L. M.; Jennings, D. E.; Tomberlin, J. K.; Hamilton, G. C. (September 2015). "Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Biodiversity of Forensically Important Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in New Jersey, USA".

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Kirkpatrick, Ryan S.; Olson, Jimmy K. (March 2007). "Nocturnal Light and Temperature Influences on Necrophagous, Carrion-Associating Blow Fly Species (Diptera:Calliphoridae) of Forensic Importance in Central Texas".

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constant rate that is lower than their required carbohydrate intake. Once a female has mated, either for the first time or all subsequent times, a spike in protein intake occurs following oviposition of her eggs.

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Brundage, Adrienne; Bros, Shannon; Honda, Jeffrey Y. (October 2011). "Seasonal and habitat abundance and distribution of some forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Central California".

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photoperiods (24 hours of light per day). These findings suggest that darkness may be a stimulus for larval growth. However, these variations in light photoperiods failed to influence pupal duration times.

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Like most other flies, the black blow fly feeds via sponging. Though adults require various types of nutrients, in the wild they are typically able to procure all their nutrition from feces.

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Yin, Chih-Ming; Qin, Wen-Hong; Stoffolano Jr, John G (September 1999). "Regulation of mating behavior by nutrition and the corpus allatum in both male and female Phormia regina (Meigen)".

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Relatively few studies have been conducted on the adults of this species in comparison to those on larval development, mostly due to the importance of blow fly larvae in determining the

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Merritt, David J.; Yin, Chih-Ming; Stoffolano, John G. (1 January 1994). "Copulatory Apparatus and Deposition of Male Accessory Secretion in Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)".

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Stoffolano, John G.; Gonzalez, Elizabeth Y.; Sanchez, Marilyn; Kane, Joann; Velázquez, Kenneth; Oquendo, Aida L.; Sakolsky, Gabrielle; Schafer, Peter; Yin, Chih-Ming (1 May 2000).

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Stoffolano, John G.; Gonzalez, Elizabeth Y.; Sanchez, Marilyn; Kane, Joann; Velázquez, Kenneth; Oquendo, Aida L.; Sakolsky, Gabrielle; Schafer, Peter; Yin, Chih-Ming (1 May 2000).

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change in temperature seen in the maggot mass effect functions well at a wide range of temperatures and that the larvae do not reduce their heat production at higher temperatures.

319: 506:(the external reproductive organs), which has been proposed as a possible reason for lower percentages of insemination between small males and large females within this species. 396:

stages until they have stored up enough calories to commence pupation and finally emerge as adult blow flies. Each transition from first, second, and third instar is marked by a

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Stoffolano, John G.; Li, Mei-Fang; Sutton, James A.; Yin, Chih-Ming (October 1995). "Faeces feeding by adult Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae): impact on reproduction".

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Stoffolano, John G.; Li, Mei-Fang; Sutton, James A.; Yin, Chih-Ming (October 1995). "Faeces feeding by adult Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae): impact on reproduction".

228:. Blow flies generally are about the size of a house fly or a little larger, and many are metallic blue or green in color. Key characteristics of this species include black 2310: 2362: 2431: 860:

could aid in increasing the accuracy of PMI determination, and the disagreement necessitates more experimentation to investigate this environmental effect.

810:. This aspect of forensic science stresses using arthropod evidence in solving crimes, often of a violent nature, through two ideal approaches to estimate 2092:"Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of the West Indies and description of a new species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy" 934:"Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of the West Indies and description of a new species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy" 624:

exhibit little or no parental care. Females, however, oviposit their eggs after mating on carrion, leaving the eggs to hatch and develop on their own.

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Fletcher, Fred Walker; Haub, James G. (March 1933). "Digestion in Blowfly Larvae, Phormia Regina Meigen, Used in the Treatment of Ostermyelitis".

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Fletcher, Fred Walker; Haub, James G. (March 1933). "Digestion in Blowfly Larvae, Phormia Regina Meigen, Used in the Treatment of Ostermyelitis".

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by male specimens which had been fed either dung or beef liver versus specimens with a diet of only sugar. Protein is not generally necessary for

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has been sequenced so that it may serve as a reference genome that can be used in comparison with other Calliphoridae species. This fly has a

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which leads to more successful insemination of females. The mechanism of how and why larger aedeagus lead to better insemination is unknown.

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Byrd, J. H., and J. L. Castner. 2001. Forensic entomology : The utility of arthropods in legal investigations. CRC Press, New York.

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Byrd, J. H., and J. L. Castner. 2001. Forensic entomology : The utility of arthropods in legal investigations. CRC Press, New York.

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Stoffolano, John G.; Tobin, Edward N.; Wilson, James; Yin, Chih-Ming (1995). "Diet Affects Insemination and Sexual Activity in Male

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Rognes, Knut. 1991. Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science Ltd., 272pp.

1502:"Genome sequence of Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae): implications for medical, veterinary and forensic research" 130: 2328: 1438:

Barton Browne, L. (October 1960). "The role of olfaction in the stimulation of oviposition in the blowfly, Phormia regina".

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Coffey, Marvin D. (1 January 1966). "Studies on the Association of Flies (Diptera) with Dung in Southeastern Washington1".

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Knipling, E. F.; Rainwater, H. T. (October 1937). "Species and Incidence of Dipterous Larvae Concerned in Wound Myiasis".

836:, and the maggot age can give a date of death accurate to a day or less, and is used in the first few weeks after death. 753:

of both humans and animals, particularly in the southern region of the United States. Often in a myiatic infection where

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entomology with respect to determining if a recovered body has moved locations by comparing AFLP data across individual

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preferentially distribute their eggs during the day. Confirming the preference for daytime or nighttime oviposition in

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species. Research supports mating success of adult males positively correlates to their size. Larger males have larger

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is a flesh-eating fly not usually used for medical gain. However, the maggots from the black blow fly are used in

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larvae are found, they are the only species involved; however, they had been found to be present in a wound with

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Greenberg, Bernard (1 September 1990). "Nocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)".

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Greenberg, Bernard (1 September 1990). "Nocturnal Oviposition Behavior of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)".

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Byrd, Jason H.; Allen, Jon C. (August 2001). "The development of the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen)".

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Byrd, Jason H.; Allen, Jon C. (August 2001). "The development of the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen)".

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are a heteromorphic chromosome pair, meaning they have two morphologically distinct chromosomes that remain a

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is commonly found across the entirety of the United States as well as across other regions in North America

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Because the larval life cycle of this species is dependent on a climate with temperatures ranging from 12.7

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Adult females oviposit eggs on carrion. These eggs hatch into larvae that feed on the decaying tissue.

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Blow flies are usually the first insects to colonize a body, frequently within minutes after death.

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will increase their ovipositing in the presence of a medium that provides odor stimuli to the fly.

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species, in which females oviposit their eggs onto a nutrient substrate. Then, after hatching, the

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The black blow fly's wings are specialized with a sharp bend. These flies also have well-developed

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Johnson, Aidan P.; Wallman, James F. (August 2014). "Effect of massing on larval growth rate".

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intake used for sexual development in both male and female adults, but diets with higher

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Catts, E P; Goff, M L (January 1992). "Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigations".

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Catts, E P; Goff, M L (January 1992). "Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigations".

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Andere, Anne A.; Platt, Roy N.; Ray, David A.; Picard, Christine J. (28 October 2016).

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ability of both sexes. Female sexual maturity requires the completion of 10 stages of

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Anderson, G.S. Forensic Entomology: the use of insects in death investigations.

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Sanitary entomology; the entomology of disease, hygiene and sanitation (1921)

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sources, as opposed to urban spaces—at least in the San Francisco Bay Area.

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Fly and beetle larvae on the 5-day old carcass of a South African porcupine

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that appear to be orange yellow due to being surrounded by bright orange

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Maureen C. Berg, M. Eric Benbow, Environmental Factors Associated With

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is a very important species in medico-criminal entomology, an area in

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While this species is in the wild, dung constitutes a majority of the

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stage, at which point a majority of the larvae die. The few able to

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Hays, A. History of Medicine Part 1: Maggot Therapy. 15 March 2007

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Forensic Entomology: the use of insects in death investigations.

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Female black blow flies each have a pair of ovaries and lateral

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Nabity, P. D.; Higley, L. G.; Heng-Moss, T. M. (1 March 2007).

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Nabity, P. D.; Higley, L. G.; Heng-Moss, T. M. (1 March 2007).

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Research is being conducted to further perfect the dating of a

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Black blow fly larvae, like many other blow flies, exhibit the

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Blowflies (Diptera, Calliphoridae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark

385: 98: 404:(hardened) casings which envelop and protect them throughout 828:

adults and larvae are attracted to the body because, during

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10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0673:RBSAMS]2.0.CO;2

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10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0673:RBSAMS]2.0.CO;2

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Feeding habits vary greatly throughout the life cycle of

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larvae have been shown to be an important organism in

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Similarly to other flies in the family Calliphoridae,

264:, like other blow flies in the family Calliphoridae, 2130: 1752:, Volume 50, Issue 2, 1 March 2013, Pages 451–457, 733:are used for chemical breakdown of these proteins. 485:females exclusively deposit their eggs on carrion. 400:, and eventually the third-instar larvae develop 2012:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1413:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1333:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1252:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1050:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 867:Maggot debridement therapy on a diabetic foot 612:grasp and hold the female during copulation. 8: 304:Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1826. Its specific 2118: 423:(PMI) of corpses during investigations by 42: 31: 2107: 2083:British Insects: the Families of Diptera. 2023: 1985: 1948: 1576: 1527: 1517: 1382: 1263: 1167: 949: 1598: 1596: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1549: 1547: 891: 696:amplified fragment length polymorphisms 1881: 1870: 1748:(Diptera: Calliphoridae) Oviposition, 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1356: 1354: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1191: 1189: 1187: 698:(AFLP) to create genetic profiles of 7: 2277:a0964248-cc3b-4271-adbf-eb26d11ff70f 2090:Whitworth, Terry (1 November 2010). 1363:"Survey of the Genetic Diversity of 1361:Picard, C. J.; Wells, J. D. (2009). 1073: 1071: 1043: 1041: 1029: 1027: 963: 961: 932:Whitworth, Terry (1 November 2010). 927: 925: 923: 897: 895: 556:relatively low and constant amount. 2432:Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen 1842:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001345 1724:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.001345 2057:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00010.x 1210:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00010.x 972:. E.J. Brill/Scandinavian Science. 380:The life cycle and development of 25: 2045:Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1198:Medical and Veterinary Entomology 683:of 2n=12. The sex chromosomes of 477:they were to feed exclusively on 384:is similar to that of most other 1479:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.006 1129:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.023 906:(5 ed.). London: Cassell. 1794:Forensic Science International 1467:Forensic Science International 1117:Forensic Science International 998:Forensic Science International 1: 1974:Journal of Medical Entomology 1897:Journal of Medical Entomology 1806:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00431-5 1750:Journal of Medical Entomology 1605:Journal of Medical Entomology 1371:Journal of Medical Entomology 1306:10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00047-5 1156:Journal of Medical Entomology 1081:Journal of Medical Entomology 1010:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00431-5 1452:10.1016/0022-1910(60)90019-6 1440:Journal of Insect Physiology 1294:Journal of Insect Physiology 300:was described by the German 1830:Annual Review of Entomology 1712:Annual Review of Entomology 1663:The Journal of Parasitology 1331:(Diptera: Calliphoridae)". 256:is especially important to 217:and was first described by 2448: 2081:Watson L., Dallwitz M.J., 904:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 843:. One study suggests that 581:Female reproductive system 2422:Insects described in 1826 2109:10.11646/zootaxa.2663.1.1 2008:(Diptera: Calliphoridae)" 1941:10.3958/0147-1724-32.1.31 1929:Southwestern Entomologist 1569:10.3958/0147-1724-32.1.31 1557:Southwestern Entomologist 1519:10.1186/s12864-016-3187-z 1248:(Diptera: Calliphoridae)" 951:10.11646/zootaxa.2663.1.1 468:intake better facilitate 184: 177: 159: 152: 52:Scientific classification 50: 41: 34: 2427:Diptera of North America 1987:10.1093/jmedent/44.2.351 1909:10.1093/jmedent/27.5.807 1617:10.1093/jmedent/27.5.807 1169:10.1093/jmedent/44.2.351 737:Interactions with humans 598:Male reproductive system 272:, where they hatch. The 808:criminal investigations 760:Cochliomyia hominivorax 718:, like other flies, is 1880:Cite journal requires 868: 852:Other studies suggest 777: 694:Picard and Wells used 659: 530: 392:feed throughout three 337: 324: 276:develop through three 1345:10.1093/aesa/88.2.240 1062:10.1093/aesa/59.1.207 968:Rognes, Knut (1991). 866: 775: 689:homologous chromosome 675:The entire genome of 657: 528: 335: 322: 219:Johann Wilhelm Meigen 2272:Fauna Europaea (new) 1425:10.1093/aesa/87.1.97 1384:10.1603/033.046.0334 308:is derived from the 902:Simpson DP (1979). 793:forensic entomology 784:Forensic importance 258:forensic entomology 1093:10.1093/jme/tjv104 872:Medical Importance 869: 778: 660: 650:Maggot mass effect 531: 529:Decomposing possum 412:Larval development 338: 325: 2404: 2403: 2389:Open Tree of Life 2124:Taxon identifiers 2114: 2085: 2077: 2038: 1997: 1992: 1963: 1921: 1890: 1854: 1823: 1818: 1787: 1640:Medicine, Biology 776:Severe myasis hen 681:chromosome number 456:Adult development 316:meaning 'queen'. 209:, belongs to the 198: 197: 192: 131:Robineau-Desvoidy 16:(Redirected from 2439: 2397: 2396: 2384: 2383: 2371: 2370: 2358: 2357: 2355:NBNSYS0000030362 2345: 2344: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2318: 2306: 2305: 2293: 2292: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2266: 2254: 2253: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2202: 2201: 2189: 2188: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1924: 1920: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1857: 1853: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1790: 1782: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1687: 1686: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1531: 1521: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1408: 1397: 1396: 1386: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1289: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1239: 1230: 1229: 1193: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1123:(1–3): 115–120. 1111: 1105: 1104: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1045: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1021: 993: 974: 973: 965: 956: 955: 953: 929: 918: 917: 899: 190: 165: 46: 32: 21: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2376:Observation.org 2374: 2366: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2192: 2184: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2126: 2089: 2042: 2001: 1967: 1925: 1894: 1879: 1869: 1858: 1827: 1791: 1783:Anderson, G.S. 1779: 1777:Further reading 1774: 1767: 1763: 1758:10.1603/ME12188 1743: 1739: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1690: 1675:10.2307/3272391 1660: 1659: 1655: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1410: 1409: 1400: 1360: 1359: 1352: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1195: 1194: 1185: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1025: 995: 994: 977: 967: 966: 959: 931: 930: 921: 914: 901: 900: 893: 889: 874: 786: 780: 744: 739: 713: 673: 652: 647: 645:Social behavior 630: 618: 609: 600: 583: 562: 553: 544: 536: 512: 499:spermatogenesis 458: 414: 378: 361: 350: 336:Another phormia 330: 295: 232:, mostly white 173: 167: 161: 148: 134: 128: 127: 113: 101: 89: 77: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2359: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2268: 2259:Fauna Europaea 2255: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2190: 2177: 2167: 2162:Phormia regina 2152: 2136: 2134: 2132:Phormia regina 2128: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2086: 2078: 2051:(4): 388–392. 2039: 2018:(3): 673–677. 2006:Phormia regina 1998: 1993: 1980:(2): 351–358. 1964: 1922: 1903:(5): 807–810. 1891: 1882:|journal= 1855: 1836:(1): 253–272. 1824: 1819: 1800:(1–2): 79–88. 1788: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1761: 1746:Phormia regina 1737: 1718:(1): 253–272. 1702: 1688: 1653: 1630: 1611:(5): 807–810. 1592: 1543: 1492: 1457: 1430: 1398: 1377:(3): 664–670. 1365:Phormia regina 1350: 1339:(2): 240–246. 1329:Phormia regina 1319: 1300:(9): 815–822. 1279: 1258:(3): 673–677. 1246:Phormia regina 1231: 1204:(4): 388–392. 1183: 1162:(2): 351–358. 1142: 1106: 1087:(5): 937–946. 1067: 1056:(1): 207–218. 1037: 1023: 1004:(1–2): 79–88. 975: 957: 919: 912: 890: 888: 885: 881:maggot therapy 877:Phormia regina 873: 870: 785: 782: 743: 740: 738: 735: 720:poikilothermic 712: 709: 672: 669: 651: 648: 646: 643: 629: 626: 617: 614: 608: 605: 599: 596: 594:spermathecae. 582: 579: 561: 558: 552: 549: 543: 540: 535: 532: 511: 508: 490:neuroendocrine 457: 454: 413: 410: 382:Phormia regina 377: 374: 360: 357: 349: 346: 341:Phormia regina 329: 326: 298:Phormia regina 294: 291: 268:their eggs on 207:black blow fly 202:Phormia regina 196: 195: 194: 193: 182: 181: 175: 174: 168: 163:Phormia regina 157: 156: 150: 149: 145:P. regina 142: 140: 136: 135: 129: 121: 119: 115: 114: 109: 107: 103: 102: 97: 95: 91: 90: 85: 83: 79: 78: 73: 71: 67: 66: 61: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 36:Phormia regina 27:Species of fly 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2444: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417:Calliphoridae 2415: 2414: 2412: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2007: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1419:(1): 97–103. 1418: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 976: 971: 964: 962: 958: 952: 947: 943: 939: 935: 928: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913:0-304-52257-0 909: 905: 898: 896: 892: 886: 884: 882: 878: 871: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 830:decomposition 827: 822: 820: 816: 814: 809: 805: 802: 798: 797:entomologists 794: 790: 783: 781: 774: 770: 768: 767: 762: 761: 756: 752: 748: 741: 736: 734: 732: 729: 723: 721: 717: 710: 708: 706: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 670: 668: 665: 656: 649: 644: 642: 640: 635: 627: 625: 623: 616:Parental care 615: 613: 606: 604: 597: 595: 592: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 568: 559: 557: 550: 548: 542:Adult females 541: 539: 533: 527: 523: 521: 517: 509: 507: 505: 500: 496: 491: 486: 484: 480: 475: 471: 467: 463: 455: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 426: 422: 420: 411: 409: 407: 406:metamorphosis 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 373: 370: 365: 358: 356: 354: 347: 345: 342: 334: 327: 321: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 292: 290: 287: 283: 280:stages until 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 249: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 215:Calliphoridae 212: 208: 204: 203: 189: 186: 185: 183: 180: 176: 171: 166: 164: 158: 155: 154:Binomial name 151: 147: 146: 141: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 120: 117: 116: 112: 111:Calliphoridae 108: 105: 104: 100: 96: 93: 92: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 2131: 2099: 2095: 2048: 2044: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1977: 1973: 1935:(1): 31–36. 1932: 1928: 1900: 1896: 1873:cite journal 1833: 1829: 1797: 1793: 1764: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1639: 1633: 1608: 1604: 1563:(1): 31–36. 1560: 1556: 1509: 1506:BMC Genomics 1505: 1495: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1446:(1): 16–22. 1443: 1439: 1433: 1416: 1412: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1297: 1293: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1201: 1197: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1084: 1080: 1053: 1049: 1001: 997: 969: 941: 937: 903: 876: 875: 857: 853: 849: 844: 838: 825: 823: 818: 812: 799:to aid with 788: 787: 779: 766:C. americana 764: 758: 754: 746: 745: 724: 715: 714: 704: 699: 693: 684: 676: 674: 661: 638: 633: 631: 621: 619: 610: 601: 591:spermathecae 584: 566: 563: 554: 545: 537: 519: 515: 513: 510:Food sources 487: 482: 459: 450: 430: 418: 415: 381: 379: 376:Life history 368: 363: 362: 352: 351: 348:Distribution 340: 339: 313: 302:entomologist 297: 296: 285: 261: 253: 252: 223: 206: 201: 200: 199: 191:Meigen, 1826 188:Musca regina 187: 162: 160: 144: 143: 123: 122: 35: 29: 2337:NatureServe 2298:iNaturalist 2156:Wikispecies 1950:1969.1/1104 1578:1969.1/1104 1473:: 141–149. 813:post mortem 795:which uses 728:proteolytic 628:Oviposition 551:Adult males 495:inseminated 462:nutritional 419:post mortem 402:sclerotized 328:Description 2411:Categories 1669:(5): 451. 1512:(1): 842. 887:References 711:Physiology 607:Copulation 520:P. regina. 479:beef liver 75:Arthropoda 1865:1811/2619 1648:1811/2619 858:P. regina 854:P. regina 850:P. regina 845:P. regina 826:P. regina 819:P. regina 801:arthropod 789:P. regina 763:formerly 755:P. regina 747:P. regina 716:P. regina 705:P. regina 700:P. regina 685:P. regina 677:P. regina 639:P. regina 634:P. regina 622:P. regina 571:panmictic 567:P. regina 516:P. regina 483:P. regina 369:P. regina 364:P. regina 353:P. regina 286:P. regina 262:P. regina 260:. Female 254:P. regina 244:spiracles 234:calypters 226:calypters 139:Species: 58:Kingdom: 2342:2.896302 2316:10128831 2194:BugGuide 2170:BioLib: 2147:Q7187389 2141:Wikidata 2102:(1): 1. 2073:46576978 2034:86641107 1959:85762551 1814:11457615 1587:85762551 1538:27793085 1487:24972255 1393:19496440 1314:12770294 1274:86641107 1226:46576978 1178:17427708 1137:21683536 1101:26336244 1018:11457615 944:(1): 1. 834:orifices 815:interval 804:evidence 769:as well. 671:Genetics 587:oviducts 575:aedeagus 565:States. 474:follicle 441:prepupal 425:forensic 421:interval 386:Dipteran 293:Taxonomy 282:pupation 266:oviposit 241:thoracic 238:anterior 211:blow fly 179:Synonyms 106:Family: 70:Phylum: 63:Animalia 2290:1502793 2096:Zootaxa 2065:8541589 1917:2231617 1850:1539937 1732:1539937 1683:3272391 1625:2231617 1529:5084420 1218:8541589 938:Zootaxa 751:myiasis 742:Myiasis 731:enzymes 632:Mature 504:aedeagi 466:protein 359:Habitat 306:epithet 270:carrion 213:family 124:Phormia 118:Genus: 99:Diptera 94:Order: 87:Insecta 82:Class: 18:Phormia 2394:334377 2329:151681 2303:449683 2264:397137 2251:137294 2238:PHORRE 2225:757433 2173:120137 2071: 2063: 2032: 1957: 1915: 1848: 1812: 1730: 1681: 1623: 1585: 1536: 1526: 1485: 1391: 1312: 1272: 1224: 1216: 1176: 1135: 1099: 1016: 910: 691:pair. 664:maggot 560:Mating 534:Larvae 470:mating 445:pupate 394:instar 390:larvae 314:regina 278:instar 274:larvae 236:, and 205:, the 172:, 1826 170:Meigen 133:, 1830 2381:29036 2311:IRMNG 2246:EUNIS 2212:4GRKV 2199:53678 2186:32673 2069:S2CID 2030:S2CID 1955:S2CID 1679:JSTOR 1583:S2CID 1270:S2CID 1222:S2CID 569:is a 312:word 310:Latin 248:setae 2368:7380 2363:NCBI 2324:ITIS 2285:GBIF 2233:EPPO 2181:BOLD 2100:2663 2061:PMID 1913:PMID 1886:help 1846:PMID 1810:PMID 1728:PMID 1621:PMID 1534:PMID 1483:PMID 1389:PMID 1310:PMID 1214:PMID 1174:PMID 1133:PMID 1097:PMID 1014:PMID 942:2663 908:ISBN 488:The 398:molt 230:gena 2350:NBN 2220:EoL 2207:CoL 2104:doi 2053:doi 2020:doi 1982:doi 1945:hdl 1937:doi 1905:doi 1861:hdl 1838:doi 1802:doi 1798:120 1754:doi 1720:doi 1671:doi 1644:hdl 1613:doi 1573:hdl 1565:doi 1524:PMC 1514:doi 1475:doi 1471:241 1448:doi 1421:doi 1379:doi 1341:doi 1302:doi 1260:doi 1206:doi 1164:doi 1125:doi 1121:212 1089:doi 1058:doi 1006:doi 1002:120 946:doi 841:PMI 806:in 435:(55 2413:: 2391:: 2378:: 2365:: 2352:: 2339:: 2326:: 2313:: 2300:: 2287:: 2274:: 2261:: 2248:: 2235:: 2222:: 2209:: 2196:: 2183:: 2158:: 2143:: 2098:. 2094:. 2067:. 2059:. 2047:. 2028:. 2016:93 2014:. 2010:. 1978:44 1976:. 1972:. 1953:. 1943:. 1933:32 1931:. 1911:. 1901:27 1899:. 1877:: 1875:}} 1871:{{ 1844:. 1834:37 1832:. 1808:. 1796:. 1726:. 1716:37 1714:. 1691:^ 1677:. 1667:23 1665:. 1642:. 1619:. 1609:27 1607:. 1595:^ 1581:. 1571:. 1561:32 1559:. 1546:^ 1532:. 1522:. 1510:17 1508:. 1504:. 1481:. 1469:. 1442:. 1417:87 1415:. 1401:^ 1387:. 1375:46 1373:. 1369:. 1353:^ 1337:88 1335:. 1308:. 1298:45 1296:. 1282:^ 1268:. 1256:93 1254:. 1250:. 1234:^ 1220:. 1212:. 1200:. 1186:^ 1172:. 1160:44 1158:. 1154:. 1131:. 1119:. 1095:. 1085:52 1083:. 1070:^ 1054:59 1052:. 1040:^ 1026:^ 1012:. 1000:. 978:^ 960:^ 940:. 936:. 922:^ 894:^ 707:. 437:°F 433:°C 408:. 250:. 221:. 2112:. 2106:: 2075:. 2055:: 2049:9 2036:. 2022:: 1990:. 1984:: 1961:. 1947:: 1939:: 1919:. 1907:: 1888:) 1884:( 1867:. 1863:: 1852:. 1840:: 1816:. 1804:: 1756:: 1734:. 1722:: 1685:. 1673:: 1650:. 1646:: 1627:. 1615:: 1589:. 1575:: 1567:: 1540:. 1516:: 1489:. 1477:: 1454:. 1450:: 1444:5 1427:. 1423:: 1395:. 1381:: 1347:. 1343:: 1316:. 1304:: 1276:. 1262:: 1228:. 1208:: 1202:9 1180:. 1166:: 1139:. 1127:: 1103:. 1091:: 1064:. 1060:: 1020:. 1008:: 954:. 948:: 916:. 20:)

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