937:) are produced in the swollen gonads, around the stomach. The gametes swim through the metacoelom to the metanephridia. Sperm exit by the nephridiopores and some are captured by the lophophores of individuals of the same species. Species that lay small fertilized eggs release them into the water as plankton, while species with larger eggs brood them either in the body's tube or stuck in the center of the lophophore by adhesive. The brooded eggs are released to feed on plankton when they develop into larvae.
779:(little hairs) on the sides of the tentacles draw water down between the tentacles and out at the base of the lophophore. Shorter cilia on the inner sides of the tentacles flick food particles into a groove in a circle under and just inside the tentacles, and cilia in the groove push the particles into the mouth. Phoronids direct their lophophores into the water current, and quickly reorient to maximize the food-catching area when currents change. Their diet includes
143:
1013:
121:
343:(little hairs) on the sides of the tentacles draw food particles to the mouth, which is inside and slightly to one side of the base of the lophophore. Unwanted material can be excluded by closing a lid above the mouth or be rejected by the tentacles, whose cilia can switch into reverse. The food then moves down to the stomach, which is in the ampulla. Solid wastes are moved up the intestine and out through the
977:
1001:(radical change) in 30 minutes: the hood and larval tentacles are absorbed and the juvenile body forms from the larva's metasomal sack. The adult lophophore is created around the mouth, and by growing a ventral side that is extremely long compared to the dorsal side, the gut develops a U-bend so that the anus is just under and outside the lophophore. Finally the adult phoronid builds a tube.
827:
combined into one a little below the lophophore ring. The downward vessel(s) leads back to the peritoneum, and also to blind branches throughout the body. There is no heart, but muscles in the major vessels contract in waves to move the blood. Unlike many animals that live in tubes, phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on
1154:
102:
394:, while others form tangled masses buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. Species able to bore into materials like limestone and dead corals do so by chemical secretions. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter. The actinotroch larvae are familiar among
2155:. Recently the term "Lophophorata" has been applied only to the Phoronida and Brachiopoda, and Halanych (2004) thinks this change will cause confusion. Some analyses regard Phoronida and Brachiopoda as sister-groups, while others place Phoronida as a sub-group within Brachiopoda, implying that Brachiopoda is
1065:, the anemone experiences no significant benefits nor harm, while the phoronid benefits from: a foundation for its tube; food (both animals are filter-feeders); and protection, as the cerianthid withdraws into its tube when danger threatens, and this alerts the phoronid to retract into its own tube.
350:
A blood vessel leads up the middle of the body from the stomach to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring to the stomach and also to blind branches
952:
of the egg are holoblastic (the cells divide completely) and radial (they gradually form a stack of circles). The process is regulative (the fate of each cell depends on interaction with other cells, not on a rigid program in each cell), and experiments that divided early embryos produced complete
386:
from spring to autumn. The eggs of most species form free-swimming actinotroch larvae, which feed on plankton. An actinotroch settles to the seabed after about 20 days and then undergoes a radical change in 30 minutes: the larval tentacles are replaced by the adult lophophore; the anus moves
1088:
predators, including fish and crabs. The unpalatability is strongest in the top section, including the lophophore, which is exposed to predators when phoronids feed. When the lophophores were removed in an experiment, the phoronids were more palatable, but this effect reduced over 12 days as the
826:
supplying the stomach. The blood vessel leads up the middle of the body to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore, and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle. A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward from the lophophore ring, and in most species these are
1038:
zone and about 400 meters down. Some occur separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft sediment such as sand, mud, or fine gravel. Others form tangled masses of many individuals buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of
1217:. In the authors' opinion, the U-shaped gut extended beyond the hinge line and outside the smaller shell. This would have precluded the attachment of muscles to close and open the shells, and the 50% of the animal's length beyond the hinge line would have needed longitudinal muscles and also a
710:
are horizontal and tangled. Phoronids can move within their tubes but never leave them. The bottom end of the body is an ampulla (a flask-like swelling in a tube-like structure), which anchors the animal in the tube and enables it to retract its body when threatened, reducing the body to
795:, small invertebrate larvae, and detritus. Unwanted material can be excluded by closing the epistome (lid above the mouth) or be rejected by the tentacles, whose cilia can switch into reverse. The gut uses cilia and muscles to move food towards the stomach and secretes
988:, the only known species with a lecithotrophic (non-feeding) larvae, lack tentacles and swims for about 4 days, creeps on the seabed for 3 to 4 days, then bores into a carbonate floor. Nothing is known about three species. The remaining species develop free-swimming
387:
from the bottom to just outside the lophophore; and this changes the gut from upright to a U-bend, with the stomach at the bottom of the body. One species forms a "slug-like" larva, and the larvae of a few species are not known. Phoronids live for about one year.
764:. Above the mouth is the epistome, a hollow lid which can close the mouth. The cavity in the epistome is sometimes called the protocoelom, although other authors disagree that it is a coelom and Ruppert, Fox and Barnes think it is built by a different process.
992:
larvae, which feed on plankton. The actinotroch is an upright cylinder with the anus at the bottom and fringed with cilia. At the top is a lobe or hood, under which are: a ganglion, connected to a patch of cilia outside the apex of the hood; a pair of
1386:, which he regards as protostomes, have multiple cilia per cell. Helmkampf, Bruchhaus and Hausdorf (2008) summarise several authors' embryological and morphological analyses which doubt or disagree that phoronids and brachiopods are deuterostomes:
1401:("acorn worms"). This suggests that the ancestral deuterostome looks more like a mobile worm-like enteropneust than a sessile colonial pterobranch. The fact that lophophorates and pterobranchs both use tentacles for feeding is probably not a
4141:
675:
338:
The bottom end of the body is an ampulla (a flask-like swelling), which anchors the animal in the tube and enables it to retract its body very quickly when threatened. When the lophophore is extended at the top of the body,
741:, in the bottom of the ampulla. The intestine runs from the stomach, up the other side of the body, and exits at the anus, outside and a little below the crown of tentacles. The gut and intestine are both supported by two
4447:
Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (2015).
508:
are confident that members of
Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. Some analyses regard phoronids and brachiopods as
886:
Except for retracting the body into the tube, phoronids have limited and slow movement: partial emerging from the tube; bending the body when extended; and the lophophore's flicking of food into the mouth.
997:(smaller and simpler than the metanephridia in the adult); the mouth; and feeding tentacles that encircle the mouth. After swimming for about 20 days, the actinotroch settles on the seabed and undergoes a
2092:
While analyses by molecular phylogeny are confident that members of
Lophotrochozoa are more closely related to each other than of non-members, the relationships between members are mostly unclear. The
730:
with tentacles on the outer and inner sides, and in the largest species the ends of the horseshoe wind into complex spirals. These more elaborate shapes increase the area available for feeding and
873:
There is a nervous center between the mouth and anus, and a nerve ring at the base of the lophophore. The ring supplies nerves to the tentacles and, just under the skin, to the body-wall muscles.
2151:(Ectoprocta) are not closely related to this group, despite using a similar lophophore for feeding and respiration. This implies that the traditional definition "Lophophorata" is not
2163:(those in which the hinge between the two valves have no teeth and sockets) and sister-group of the other inarticulate sub-groups. The authors also suggest that the ancestors of
351:
throughout the body. There is no heart, but the major vessels can contract in waves to move the blood. Phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated water, but rely on
4707:"Molecular evidence that phoronids are a subtaxon of brachiopods (Brachiopoda: Phoronata) and that genetic divergence of metazoan phyla began long before the early Cambrian"
711:
20 percent of its maximum length. Longitudinal muscles retract the body very quickly, while circular muscles slowly extend the body by compressing the internal fluid.
905:
or by splitting into top and bottom sections which then grow into full bodies. In experiments, other species have split successfully, but only when both parts have enough
4503:
6531:
3372:
3177:
3074:
2954:
2878:
2830:
3668:"Metamorphic remodeling of morphology and the body cavity in Phoronopsis harmeri (Lophotrochozoa, Phoronida): the evolution of the phoronid body plan and life cycle"
7136:
4101:
Skovsted, C. B.; Brock; Topper, T. P.; Paterson, J. R.; Holmer, L. E. (2011). "Scleritome construction, biofacies, biostratigraphy and systematics of the tommotiid
4332:
Halanych, Kenneth M. (Feb 1996). "Convergence in the
Feeding Apparatuses of Lophophorates and Pterobranch Hemichordates Revealed by 18S rDNA: An Interpretation".
861:, each with a funnel-like intake, filter the fluid a second time, returning any useful products to the coelom and dumping the remaining wastes through a pair of
7162:
3802:
1089:
lophophores regenerated. These broadly effective defenses, which appear unusual among invertebrates inhabiting soft sediment, may be important in allowing
2089:. Cohen wrote, "This inference, if true, undermines virtually all morphology–based reconstructions of phylogeny made during the past century or more."
7256:
7110:
317:
zone and about 400 meters down. Most adult phoronids are 2 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide, although the largest are 50 cm long.
7149:
6237:
1416:
in phoronids and bryozoans, but does in deuterostomes, while there are disagreements about whether brachiopods form the mesoderm by enterocoely.
4915:
4550:"Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with Linnaean classification (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.)"
4881:
4153:
3593:
3424:
3356:
3319:
3161:
3130:
3099:
3058:
3027:
2977:
2938:
2907:
2862:
2814:
2595:
2500:
3194:
Bartolomaeus, T. (February 2001). "Ultrastructure and formation of the body cavity lining in
Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida, Lophophorata)".
2485:
682:
Most adult phoronids are 2 to 20 cm long and about 1.5 mm wide, although the largest are 50 cm long. Their skins have no
4924:
3272:
375:
filter the body fluid, returning any useful products and dumping the remaining soluble wastes through a pair of pores beside the anus.
4951:
4608:
4554:
2654:
414:
infest phoronids' body cavities, digestive tract and tentacles. It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans. The
3583:
3301:
745:(partitions that run the length of the body) connected to the body wall, and another mesentery connects the gut to the intestine.
7221:
4988:
2176:
1205:. In 2009 Balthasar and Butterfield found in western Canada two specimens from about 505 million years ago of a new fossil,
309:
to support and protect their soft bodies. They live in most of the oceans and seas, including the Arctic Ocean but excluding the
3890:
4983:
3229:
Temereva, Elena; Shcherbakova, Tatiana; Tzetlin, Alexander (2020). "First data on the structure of tubes formed by phoronids".
2416:. She wrote that, while there are 12 undisputed adult phoronid species, 25 morphological types of larvae have been identified.
3089:
7154:
3801:
Stampar, Sergio; Christian C. Emig; Andre C. Morandini; Guilherme Kodja; Ana Paula
Balboni; Fabio Lang Da Silveira (2010).
5067:
5057:
5040:
1057:
3617:"Development, organization, and remodeling of phoronid muscles from embryo to metamorphosis (Lophotrochozoa: Phoronida)"
4869:
737:
The mouth is inside the base of the crown of tentacles but to one side. The gut runs from the mouth to one side of the
7084:
7071:
6230:
3803:"Is there any danger in a symbiotic species associated with an endangered one? A case of a phoronid worm growing on a
3091:
Seashore life of southern
California: an introduction to the animal life of California beaches south of Santa Barbara
857:
on the walls of the blood vessels perform first-stage filtration of soluble wastes into the main coelom's fluid. Two
3821:
3412:
7167:
142:
3760:
2650:"Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confirm the Lophotrochozoa concept"
1378:, which also filter-feed by tentacles, because the current-driving cells of the lophophores of all three have one
6374:
2240:
1061:, and uses this as a foundation for building its own tube. One cerianthid can house up to 100 phoronids. In this
3547:
998:
4066:
from the Lower
Cambrian of South Australia: Lophophorate affinities and implications for tommotiid phylogeny".
2406:
2309:
731:
4398:
Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T. C. A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019).
2404:, and that " species diversity is currently underestimated". In 2009 Temereva described what may be larvae of
2217:
421:
As of 2010 there are no indisputable body fossils of phoronids. There is good evidence that phoronids created
2268:
2233:
883:(nerves that transmit signals very fast) which co-ordinate the retraction of the body when danger threatens.
6459:
5072:
2412:
2337:
2284:
840:
832:
360:
3018:
Doherty, P.J. (1998). "The lophophorates – Phoronida, Brachiopoda and
Ectoprocta". In D.T. Anderson (ed.).
2376:
7011:
6223:
4944:
4812:
2328:
2300:
1299:
or
Hederelloids are fossilized tubes, usually curved and between 0.1 and 1.8 mm wide, found from the
7089:
2388:
726:. In small species the "crown" is a simple circle, in medium-size species it is bent into the shape of a
398:, and sometimes account for a significant proportion of the zooplankton biomass. Predators include fish,
7198:
6687:
6337:
5035:
2370:
4062:
Skovsted, C. B.; Brock, G. A.; Paterson, J. R.; Holmer, L. E.; Budd, G. E. (2008). "The scleritome of
799:
that digest some of the food, but the stomach digests the majority of the food. Phoronids also absorb
734:. The tentacles are hollow, held upright by fluid pressure, and can be moved individually by muscles.
7177:
7097:
7058:
6352:
4919:
4721:
4461:
4411:
4114:
4075:
3679:
2394:
2277:
2210:
1406:
1344:
807:) through their skins, mainly in summer. Solid wastes are moved up the intestine and out through the
477:
4283:"Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla"
7226:
3729:(Phoronida, Lophophorata) in the White Sea: the first discovery of phoronids in the Arctic Basin".
2382:
2321:
2054:
1185:
1121:
910:
828:
819:
742:
715:
505:
383:
352:
129:
2167:
and the brachiopod+phoronid clade diverged between 900 Ma and 560 Ma, most probably about 685 Ma.
1129:
263:
7251:
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5500:
5052:
5030:
5018:
4993:
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4365:
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4038:
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3254:
3211:
3171:
3068:
2948:
2872:
2824:
2362:
2249:
1672:
1047:
989:
137:
4910:
3761:"New data on distribution, morphology and taxonomy of phoronid larvae (Lophophorata: Phoronida)"
3471:
3311:
3305:
761:
757:
496:. While a minority adhere to this view, most researchers now regard phoronids as members of the
7203:
4497:
Telford, M. J.; Bourlat, S. J.; Economou, A.; Papillon, D.; Rota-Stabelli, O. (27 April 2008).
4176:
2506:
767:
The tube comprises a three-layered organic inner cylinder, and an agglutinated external layer.
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5922:
5842:
5192:
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5003:
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4015:
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3707:
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3315:
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3126:
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1214:
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225:
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4729:
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4625:
4617:
4571:
4563:
4520:
4512:
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4419:
4341:
4304:
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4122:
4083:
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3978:
3858:
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3638:
3628:
3238:
3203:
2728:
2671:
2663:
2293:
1168:
445:
7141:
6923:
6828:
6790:
6745:
6677:
6434:
6394:
6379:
6272:
6203:
6109:
5960:
5863:
5720:
5253:
3847:"Chemical defense of a soft-sediment dwelling phoronid against local epibenthic predators"
3348:
3342:
3153:
3147:
3050:
3044:
2930:
2924:
2899:
2893:
2854:
2848:
2806:
2800:
2568:
2535:
2358:
2354:
2226:
2198:
2133:
2125:
1821:
1685:
1031:
1018:
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897:
875:
310:
7049:
6215:
4725:
4465:
4415:
4211:
4118:
4079:
3683:
1374:
Nielsen (2002) views the phoronids and brachiopods as affiliated with the deuterostome
120:
6983:
6928:
6918:
6760:
6574:
6526:
6439:
6414:
6409:
6389:
6384:
6287:
6277:
5868:
5664:
5576:
5554:
5517:
5008:
4630:
4603:
4576:
4549:
4525:
4498:
3991:
3966:
3702:
3667:
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3616:
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2649:
2579:
2530:
2137:
2093:
2066:
1859:
1785:
1284:
994:
914:
879:
has two nerve trunks under the skin, whereas other species have one. The trunk(s) have
723:
501:
184:
4655:"The Lesser-Known Protostome Taxa: An Introduction and a Tribute to Robert P. Higgins"
3496:
2563:
1178:
as a phoronid since it had tentacles and a U-shaped gut, and in 2004 Chen interpreted
1164:
As of 2016 there are no indisputable body fossils of phoronids. Researching the Lower
7245:
6707:
6692:
6654:
6579:
6515:
6501:
6449:
6444:
6358:
6347:
6342:
6322:
6317:
6292:
6013:
5917:
5416:
4309:
4282:
4126:
3901:
3297:
3258:
2615:
2583:
2147:
Molecular phylogeny indicates that
Phoronida are closely related to Brachiopoda, but
1510:
1235:
1101:
862:
858:
372:
298:
59:
4369:
4267:
4042:
3215:
976:
6903:
6898:
6873:
6848:
6838:
6765:
6634:
6508:
6469:
6454:
6429:
6424:
6369:
6302:
6119:
6114:
6002:
5858:
5744:
5630:
5533:
5512:
5382:
5333:
5289:
5270:
4688:
3898:
Bryozoan Studies 2007: Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Conference
3521:
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1914:
1806:
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1707:
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1348:
1332:
1247:
1052:
941:
510:
485:
481:
465:
422:
197:
7063:
3386:
2159:. Cohen and Weydman's analysis (2005) concludes that phoronids are a sub-group of
7076:
4234:"The Phylogenetic Position of Entoprocta, Ectoprocta, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda"
1043:, and sometimes account for a significant proportion of the zooplankton biomass.
7123:
7043:
6958:
6933:
6878:
6853:
6775:
6770:
6735:
6725:
6419:
6332:
6080:
6051:
6037:
6027:
5612:
5428:
5341:
5123:
4706:
3780:
3548:"Hawaiian Phoronida (Lophophorata) and Their Distribution in the Pacific Region"
3341:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Introduction to Bilateria".
2923:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Kamptozoa and Cycliophora".
2105:
1967:
1587:
1538:
1426:
1413:
966:
962:
823:
753:
699:
613:
271:
252:
34:
4779:
4762:
4400:"A new spiralian phylogeny places the enigmatic arrow worms among gnathiferans"
3242:
6991:
6953:
6883:
6863:
6858:
6843:
6813:
6785:
6740:
6730:
6702:
6697:
6639:
6614:
6307:
6282:
6177:
6162:
6157:
6138:
6133:
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6008:
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5912:
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5778:
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5406:
5346:
5308:
5282:
5128:
5113:
4733:
4474:
4449:
4424:
4399:
4146:
The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis
3692:
3446:
2799:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Lophophorata: Phoronida".
2160:
1954:
1942:
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792:
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719:
539:
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493:
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457:
449:
442:
407:
356:
321:
314:
302:
210:
79:
44:
7034:
4825:
4741:
4016:"Early Cambrian "soft- shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids"
3872:
6908:
6888:
6780:
6659:
6594:
6584:
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6564:
6545:
6297:
6143:
6090:
6085:
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6045:
5994:
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5941:
5853:
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5635:
5597:
5446:
5438:
5367:
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5240:
5227:
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5203:
5162:
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2611:
2117:
2101:
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1645:
1461:
1436:
1336:
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1230:
1201:
1197:
1117:
1109:
1069:
1062:
922:
727:
695:
469:
399:
154:
84:
4788:
4680:
4671:
4654:
4639:
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4516:
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4299:
4259:
4250:
4233:
4000:
3982:
3742:
3711:
3652:
3250:
3146:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Compartmentalization".
2685:
2667:
851:; the blood's volume in cm per gm of body weight is twice that of a human.
4905:
4034:
3207:
468:, because all use lophophores to feed. From about the 1940s to the 1990s,
359:, which is unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to
7028:
6963:
6938:
6913:
6893:
6868:
6833:
6823:
6818:
6649:
6624:
6604:
6264:
6167:
6151:
6074:
6066:
6021:
5984:
5965:
5954:
5936:
5930:
5732:
5708:
5605:
5486:
5375:
5259:
5150:
5141:
5047:
4191:
3725:
Temereva, E.N.; Malakhov V.V.; Yakovis E.L.; Fokin M.V. (Sep–Oct 2000). "
2543:
2495:. Vol. 2: Protostomes (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 491–495.
2141:
2121:
2078:
1902:
1887:
1872:
1746:
1632:
1474:
1383:
1356:
1335:, because all feed using lophophores. From about the 1940s to the 1990s,
1312:
1300:
1281:
1262:
1258:
1165:
1094:
1073:
1040:
954:
918:
854:
703:
489:
453:
438:
430:
426:
411:
403:
395:
391:
326:
242:
174:
110:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1394:
cavities, lophophorates such as phoronids and brachiopods have only two.
1039:
individuals per square meter. The actinotroch larvae are familiar among
706:
particles and other debris. Most species' tubes are erect, but those of
6968:
6948:
6644:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6555:
6492:
6127:
6103:
6095:
6032:
5946:
5766:
5753:
5686:
5677:
5622:
5547:
4916:
Phoronidae – Guide to the Marine Zooplankton of south eastern Australia
4353:
3950:
2164:
2148:
2113:
2109:
2074:
2070:
1927:
1846:
1328:
1304:
1218:
1153:
1124:
1080:, which reaches densities of 26,500 per square meter on tidal flats in
1068:
Although predators of phoronids are not well known, they include fish,
902:
839:, which unusual in such small animals and seems to be an adaptation to
804:
738:
687:
683:
461:
434:
379:
89:
64:
4929:
4087:
3971:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3900:. Virginia Museum of Natural History. pp. 301–309. Archived from
3863:
3846:
2100:(animals that have lophophores), including Phoronida and Brachiopoda;
1136:
It is unknown whether phoronids have any significance for humans. The
674:
7128:
6808:
6800:
6669:
6172:
5906:
5196:
5106:
5093:
4964:
4961:
2350:
1391:
1196:
as synonyms for the same genus, which in his opinion looked like the
1173:
1113:
1027:
926:
796:
784:
749:
691:
644:
567:
368:
306:
294:
164:
7005:
4345:
2648:
Helmkampf, Martin; Iris Bruchhaus; Bernhard Hausdorf (August 2008).
2549:
1363:. In the early development of their embryos, deuterostomes form the
756:. The main body cavity, under the crown of tentacles, is called the
101:
4450:"Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages"
3022:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press Australia. pp. 346–349.
7115:
6717:
6589:
2968:
Doherty, P.J (2001). "The Lophophorates". In Anderson, D.T (ed.).
2847:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Brachiopoda".
2491:. In Bernhard Grzimek; Devra G. Kleiman; Michael Hutchins (eds.).
1379:
1277:
1273:
1152:
1105:
1011:
975:
930:
906:
780:
776:
673:
513:, while others place phoronids as a sub-group within brachiopoda.
340:
3307:
Five kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on earth
1405:
of lophophorates and deuterostomes, but evolved independently as
390:
Some species live separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft
6755:
6247:
4763:"Molecular Data Indicate the Protostome Affinity of Brachiopods"
3275:. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Archived from
3043:
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Arthropod".
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
1364:
1137:
934:
880:
808:
604:
415:
382:
or by splitting into top and bottom sections, and all phoronids
344:
7009:
6219:
5225:
4933:
579:
skeletons, plant-like shapes, and a mass of gelatinous material
406:(tiny roundworms). One phoronid species is unpalatable to many
2062:
7102:
3967:"Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'"
3754:
3752:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3935:– cited by Emig (Mar 2010) and Taylor, Vinn and Wilson(2010)
3413:"Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates"
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
1315:. Their branching colonies may have been made by phoronids.
2361:
names. Zoologists have given the larvae, usually called an
4604:"Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life"
4281:
Cameron, C.B.; Garey, J.R.; Swalla, B.J. (25 April 2000).
3927:
Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Taipei
3896:. In Hageman, S.J.; Key, M.M. Jr.; Winston, J.E. (eds.).
2972:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 356–363.
2842:
2840:
3925:
Chen, J.Y.; G. Zhou. "Biology of the Chengjiang fauna".
2892:
Ruppert, E.E; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D (2004). "Bryozoa".
2596:
Coral Reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Climatic Extremes
1026:
Phoronids live in all the oceans and seas including the
921:(fertilize the eggs of other members), while others are
4876:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 1133–1134.
4874:
Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity
4105:
sp. nov. from the Early Cambrian of South Australia".
3891:"Morphology and affinities of hederelloid "bryozoans""
2605:
2603:
811:, which is outside and slightly below the lophophore.
347:, which is outside and slightly below the lophophore.
4849:(Lophophorata, Phoronida) from the south China Sea".
4383:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory (3 March 2020).
1138:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
616:, or none and solid waste is ejected out of the mouth
416:
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
305:(a "crown" of tentacles), and build upright tubes of
4705:
Cohen, Bernard L.; Agata Weydman (1 December 2005).
3953:: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press. p. 366.
2721:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2081:
but excludes the other main protostome super-phylum
917:(have both male and female reproductive organs) but
7018:
6981:
6799:
6716:
6668:
6553:
6544:
6491:
6263:
5896:
5777:
5752:
5743:
5719:
5697:
5662:
5621:
5596:
5589:
5574:
5526:
5499:
5484:
5437:
5415:
5395:
5366:
5359:
5332:
5317:
5306:
5269:
5238:
5161:
5122:
5091:
4700:
4698:
3884:
3882:
3189:
3187:
3123:
Academic Press dictionary of science and technology
2616:"Evolution of biomineralization in 'Lophophorates'"
1140:has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.
418:has not listed any phoronid species as endangered.
3666:Temereva, Elena N.; Malakhov, Vladimir V. (2015).
3546:Bailey-Brock, Julie H.; Christian C. Emig (2000).
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2065:, have placed phoronids and brachiopods among the
4504:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
4214:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
6532:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4808:(Lophophorata, Phoronida) from the Sea of Japan"
4014:Balthasar, Uwe; Nicholas J. Butterfield (2009).
3577:
3575:
4920:Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute
4872:. In Darryl L. Felder; Sylvia A. Earle (eds.).
4287:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4177:"Fossil Phoronida and their inferred ichnotaxa"
3615:Temereva, Elena N.; Tsitrin, Eugeni B. (2013).
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2050:Relationships of Phoronida to other protostomes
822:that loosely encloses the stomach), with blind
722:, a "crown" of tentacles with which the animal
4597:
4595:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
895:Only the smallest species of horseshoe worms,
847:carries as much oxygen per cm as that of most
835:sediments. The blood has hemocytes containing
6231:
4945:
4845:Temereva, E.N. (2000). "New phoronid species
3125:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 102.
1239:lies somewhere in the phoronid stem lineage.
760:, and the tentacles and their base share the
8:
4925:Bioerosion website at The College of Wooster
3411:Rinkevich, Baruch; Valeria Matranga (2009).
3371:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3073:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2877:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2829:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2374:. In 2000 Temereva described a new species,
1347:features placed lophophorates among or as a
593:In through sides of shell, out through front
480:features placed lophophorates among or as a
3955:– cited in Taylor, Vinn & Wilson (2010)
3845:Larson, Amy A.; John J. Stachowicz (2008).
2182:Names of undisputed adult and larva species
464:(ectoprocts) have collectively been called
355:through the lophophore. The blood contains
7006:
6550:
6488:
6260:
6256:
6238:
6224:
6216:
5893:
5749:
5725:
5701:
5670:
5593:
5586:
5582:
5505:
5496:
5492:
5421:
5399:
5392:
5363:
5329:
5325:
5314:
5303:
5275:
5246:
5235:
5222:
5134:
5099:
5088:
4952:
4938:
4930:
3121:Morris, Christopher G. (1992). "Ampulla".
2069:, a protostome super-phylum that includes
1233:brachiopods. Another alternative is that
973:(a dent in the embryo) becomes the mouth.
119:
100:
20:
4778:
4670:
4629:
4575:
4524:
4473:
4423:
4308:
4298:
4249:
3990:
3862:
3779:
3701:
3691:
3642:
3632:
3582:Emig, C.C. (1982). J.H.S. Blaxter (ed.).
2675:
2380:, while Emig regards it as a synonym for
2365:, a separate genus name from the adults.
5290:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2733:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130124
2368:In 1999 Temereva and Malakhov described
2180:
1269:periods. The Talpina animal bored into
1221:for protection. Hence they suggest that
940:Development of the eggs is a mixture of
913:from spring to autumn. Some species are
520:
4804:"A new rock dwelling phoronid species,
2429:
1242:There is good evidence that species of
831:by the lophophore, which extends above
5284:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5254:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4802:Temereva, E.N.; V.V. Malakhov (1999).
3364:
3347:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3169:
3152:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
3066:
3049:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2946:
2929:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2898:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2870:
2853:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2822:
2805:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
1120:in phoronids' digestive tract; and an
4142:"A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion"
1331:(ectoprocts) are collectively called
1225:may have been a member of a phoronid
1209:, which had two shells like those of
1051:bores into the wall of the tube of a
909:(reproductive) tissue. All phoronids
320:The name of the group comes from its
7:
7178:ceeaf2fd-9f8b-4e47-96b2-6a64d7203cd4
5555:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
4714:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
2053:From 1988 onwards analyses based on
1171:, in 1997 Chen and Zhou interpreted
4659:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4548:Cohen, Bernard L. (February 2000).
4238:Integrative and Comparative Biology
4212:"Introduction to the Deuterostomia"
4148:. Geological Society. p. 461.
3526:The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3501:The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3451:The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3391:The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1960:
1920:
1865:
1799:
1791:
1722:
1700:
1678:
1638:
1580:
1516:
1467:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1409:adaptations to a sessile lifestyle.
1397:Pterobranchs may be a sub-group of
1004:Phoronids live for about one year.
718:each phoronid has at the top end a
522:Summary of distinguishing features
371:as a human of the same weight. Two
5152:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
4609:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4555:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3965:Conway Morris, S. (29 June 2006).
3889:Taylor, P.D.; Wilson, M.A (2008).
3588:. Academic Press. pp. 22–23.
3472:"Cross-fertilization – Definition"
3094:. University of California Press.
2714:"The new view of animal phylogeny"
2712:Halanych, K.M (15 December 2004).
2655:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2493:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
771:Feeding, circulation and excretion
694:, similar to the material used in
14:
3310:(3 ed.). Elsevier. pp.
2392:is a different species from both
2061:features such as similarities in
1287:(shells), mollusc shells and the
775:When the lophophore is extended,
6196:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
4761:de Rosa, Renaud (Nov–Dec 2001).
4499:"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"
4127:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01031.x
2574:"New Latin, probably from Latin
2177:List of bilaterial animal orders
2124:; and some other phyla (such as
1184:as a phoronid. However, in 2006
702:, and sometimes reinforced with
488:, a super-phylum which includes
141:
7257:Taxa named by Berthold Hatschek
4870:"Phorida of the Gulf of Mexico"
4602:Giribet, Gonzalo (April 2008).
4175:Emig, Christian C. (Mar 2010).
3528:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
3503:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
3478:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
3476:Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3453:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
3393:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
2620:Special Papers in Palaeontology
1390:While deuterostomes have three
1382:per cell, while lophophores of
1355:, a super-phylum that includes
1257:, which have been found in the
901:, naturally builds colonies by
814:A blood vessel starts from the
378:One species builds colonies by
5383:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
3851:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3417:Stem Cells in Marine Organisms
3300:; Karlene V. Schwartz (1998).
2569:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2536:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1412:The mesoderm does not form by
1093:to reach high densities. Some
1084:(USA), is unpalatable to many
1:
4653:Garey, James R. (July 2002).
4387:. Princeton University Press.
4385:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
4023:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2108:larvae), including molluscs,
1058:Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis
1016:A dense colony of phoronids (
980:Photo of an actinotroch larva
5995:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
3947:The dawn of the animal world
3447:"Hermaphrodite – Definition"
2104:(animals many of which have
2096:are generally divided into:
678:Anatomy of an adult phoronid
657:
654:
651:
648:
638:
635:
632:
629:
621:
618:
611:
608:
598:
595:
592:
589:
581:
571:
565:
557:
554:
551:
548:
525:
6052:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
5792:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
5607:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
5518:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
5407:Loricifera (corset animals)
3781:10.15298/invertzool.06.1.05
3731:Doklady Biological Sciences
2484:Emig, Christian C. (2003).
2241:Actinotrocha vancouverensis
925:(have separate sexes). The
869:Nervous system and movement
843:environments. The blood of
575:Various, including chitin,
517:Comparison of similar phyla
363:environments. The blood of
7273:
5942:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
5688:Annelida (segmented worms)
5513:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5429:Onychophora (velvet worms)
4780:10.1080/106351501753462830
3585:Advances in Marine Biology
3243:10.1016/j.zool.2020.125849
2174:
999:catastrophic metamorphosis
965:. The coelom is formed by
891:Reproduction and lifecycle
752:, compartments lined with
643:
626:
603:
586:
562:
545:
504:. Although analysts using
6487:
6259:
6255:
6250:phyla/divisions by domain
6192:
5990:Asterozoans inc. starfish
5892:
5885:
5836:
5787:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
5768:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
5728:
5704:
5673:
5613:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
5585:
5508:
5495:
5424:
5402:
5391:
5342:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5328:
5302:
5278:
5249:
5234:
5221:
5186:
5137:
5114:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
5102:
5087:
4971:
4868:Santagata, Scott (2009).
4734:10.1016/j.ode.2004.12.002
4475:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068
4425:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042
4232:Nielsen, C. (July 2002).
3820:: 205–211. Archived from
3693:10.1186/s12862-015-0504-0
3621:BMC Developmental Biology
3419:. Springer. p. 123.
2614:; Mark A. Wilson (2010).
1980:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1925:
1918:
1900:
1885:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1819:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1744:
1727:
1720:
1705:
1698:
1683:
1676:
1658:
1643:
1636:
1600:
1585:
1578:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1514:
1487:
1472:
1465:
1447:
1440:
1430:
1034:, and appear between the
748:The body is divided into
622:Inside ring of tentacles
619:Outside ring of tentacles
609:Outside ring of tentacles
238:
233:
138:Scientific classification
136:
127:
118:
108:
99:
23:
5548:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5347:Priapulida (penis worms)
4911:Phoronida World database
3672:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3497:"Dioecious – Definition"
3273:"The Structures of Life"
2586:who was loved by Zeus)."
2582:, mythical priestess of
2407:Phoronopsis albomaculata
2310:Phoronopsis albomaculata
2218:Actinotrocha hippocrepia
2161:inarticulate brachiopods
2085:, whose members include
1367:before the mouth, while
803:(the building blocks of
16:Phylum of marine animals
6460:Thermodesulfobacteriota
5762:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
5734:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
5455:Tardigrada (waterbears)
5448:Arthropoda (arthropods)
4144:. In D. McIlroy (ed.).
3759:Temereva, E.N. (2009).
3634:10.1186/1471-213X-13-14
2413:Phoronopsis californica
2338:Phoronopsis californica
2269:Actinotrocha branchiata
2234:Phoronis vancouverensis
1116:cavities; unidentified
984:The slug-like larva of
948:characteristics. Early
708:Phoronis vancouverensis
563:Protection and support
297:of marine animals that
5937:Anthozoans inc. corals
5636:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4851:Zoologicheskii Zhurnal
4813:Zoologicheskii Zhurnal
4622:10.1098/rstb.2007.2241
4568:10.1098/rspb.2000.0991
4517:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243
4300:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4469
4140:Bromley, R.G. (2004).
3983:10.1098/rstb.2006.1846
2668:10.1098/rspb.2008.0372
2285:Actinotrocha sabatieri
1371:form the mouth first.
1307:, and possibly in the
1161:
1157:Branching colonies of
1023:
981:
679:
639:Most species colonial
448:, and possibly in the
367:carries twice as much
7199:Paleobiology Database
6688:Neocallimastigomycota
6067:Hexapods inc. insects
5377:Nematoda (roundworms)
4847:Phoronopsis malakhovi
4103:Eccentrotheca helenia
4035:10.4202/app.2008.0042
3522:"Gamete – Definition"
3208:10.1007/s004350000030
2377:Phoronopsis malakhovi
1156:
1015:
979:
961:originating from the
677:
572:Shell with two valves
6353:Coprothermobacterota
5260:Chordata (chordates)
4672:10.1093/icb/42.3.611
4251:10.1093/icb/42.3.685
3768:Invertebrate Zoology
3387:"Gonad – Definition"
3344:Invertebrate Zoology
3149:Invertebrate Zoology
3088:Hinton, Sam (1987).
3046:Invertebrate Zoology
3020:Invertebrate Zoology
2970:Invertebrate Zoology
2926:Invertebrate Zoology
2895:Invertebrate Zoology
2850:Invertebrate Zoology
2802:Invertebrate Zoology
2395:Phoronis psammophila
2329:Actinotrocha harmeri
2301:Actinotrocha pallida
2278:Phoronis psammophila
2211:Phoronis hippocrepia
1207:Lingulosacculus nuda
1144:Evolutionary history
1133:, in the tentacles.
1063:unequal relationship
845:Phoronis architecta
5710:Mollusca (molluscs)
5195:of the animal root
4726:2005ODivE...5..253C
4616:(1496): 1513–1522.
4511:(1496): 1529–1537.
4466:2015CBio...25.2000L
4416:2019CBio...29E.312M
4334:Biological Bulletin
4184:Carnets de Géologie
4119:2011Palgy..54..253S
4080:2008Geo....36..171S
3977:(1470): 1069–1083.
3945:Chen, J.Y. (2004).
3684:2015BMCEE..15..229T
2662:(1645): 1927–1933.
2486:"Phylum: Phoronida"
2389:Phoronis architecta
2386:. Santagata thinks
2383:Phoronopsis harmeri
2349:The phylum has two
2322:Phoronopsis harmeri
2185:
2055:molecular phylogeny
1091:Phoronopsis viridis
1078:Phoronopsis viridis
1076:(tiny roundworms).
523:
506:molecular phylogeny
410:predators. Various
365:Phoronis architecta
289:, sometimes called
130:Phoronopsis harmeri
6683:Blastocladiomycota
5923:Calcareous sponges
5108:Porifera (sponges)
4806:Phoronis svetlanae
4767:Systematic Biology
4192:10.4267/2042/35531
2572:. Merriam-Webster.
2539:. Merriam-Webster.
2371:Phoronis svetlanae
2250:Phoronis australis
2181:
1169:Chengjiang fossils
1162:
1097:infest phoronids:
1053:cerianthid anemone
1048:Phoronis australis
1030:and excepting the
1024:
982:
841:anoxic and hypoxic
680:
521:
384:reproduce sexually
361:anoxic and hypoxic
313:, and between the
7237:
7236:
7186:Open Tree of Life
7012:Taxon identifiers
7003:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6977:
6976:
6540:
6539:
6483:
6482:
6475:Verrucomicrobiota
6213:
6212:
6188:
6187:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5355:
5354:
5298:
5297:
5217:
5216:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
4883:978-1-60344-094-3
4562:(1440): 225–231.
4460:(15): 2000–2006.
4410:(2): 312–318.e3.
4155:978-1-86239-154-3
4088:10.1130/g24385a.1
3864:10.3354/meps07767
3595:978-0-12-026119-2
3426:978-90-481-2766-5
3358:978-0-03-025982-1
3321:978-0-7167-3027-9
3163:978-0-03-025982-1
3132:978-0-12-200400-1
3101:978-0-520-05924-5
3060:978-0-03-025982-1
3029:978-0-19-553941-7
2979:978-0-19-551368-4
2940:978-0-03-025982-1
2909:978-0-03-025982-1
2864:978-0-03-025982-1
2816:978-0-03-025982-1
2610:Taylor, Paul D.;
2541:"New Latin, from
2502:978-0-7876-5362-0
2401:Phoronis muelleri
2347:
2346:
2262:Phoronis muelleri
2204:(creeping larva)
2057:, which compares
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1832:
1831:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1564:
1563:
1500:
1499:
865:beside the anus.
662:
661:
636:All but one genus
546:Tentacles hollow
285:(scientific name
280:
279:
258:
248:
229:
7264:
7230:
7229:
7217:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7194:
7193:
7181:
7180:
7171:
7170:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7144:
7132:
7131:
7119:
7118:
7106:
7105:
7093:
7092:
7080:
7079:
7067:
7066:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7007:
6751:Anthocerotophyta
6630:Hemimastigophora
6551:
6522:Nitrososphaerota
6489:
6465:Thermomicrobiota
6405:Kiritimatiellota
6400:Ignavibacteriota
6365:Deferribacterota
6328:Campylobacterota
6313:Bdellovibrionota
6261:
6257:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6217:
5894:
5850:
5750:
5726:
5702:
5671:
5667:
5594:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5506:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5422:
5400:
5393:
5364:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5276:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5223:
5200:
5135:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5000:
4980:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4674:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4293:(9): 4469–4474.
4278:
4272:
4271:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4020:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3811:
3805:Ceriantheomorphe
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3552:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3015:
2984:
2983:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2796:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2718:
2709:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2645:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2573:
2560:
2554:
2540:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2505:. Archived from
2490:
2481:
2294:Phoronis pallida
2186:
1961:
1921:
1866:
1800:
1792:
1723:
1701:
1679:
1639:
1581:
1517:
1468:
1443:
1433:
1423:
714:For feeding and
524:
256:
246:
224:
146:
145:
123:
104:
94:
31:
30:Silurian– Recent
27:Temporal range:
21:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7233:
7225:
7220:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7197:
7189:
7184:
7176:
7174:
7166:
7161:
7153:
7148:
7140:
7135:
7127:
7122:
7114:
7109:
7101:
7096:
7088:
7083:
7075:
7070:
7062:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7014:
7004:
6995:
6973:
6924:Gnathostomulida
6829:Xenacoelomorpha
6795:
6791:Flowering plant
6746:Marchantiophyta
6712:
6678:Chytridiomycota
6664:
6536:
6479:
6435:Planctomycetota
6395:Gemmatimonadota
6380:Elusimicrobiota
6273:Acidobacteriota
6251:
6244:
6214:
6209:
6184:
6110:Phylactolaemata
5898:
5888:
5887:
5873:
5864:Xenambulacraria
5840:
5796:
5773:
5739:
5721:Kryptotrochozoa
5715:
5693:
5663:
5650:
5641:Monoblastozoa (
5617:
5575:
5562:
5534:Micrognathozoa
5522:
5485:
5460:
5433:
5411:
5387:
5351:
5318:
5307:
5294:
5265:
5239:
5230:
5213:
5190:
5174:
5157:
5126:
5118:
5092:
5083:
5082:
4998:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4902:
4897:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4857:(9): 1088–1093.
4844:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4454:Current Biology
4446:
4445:
4441:
4404:Current Biology
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4346:10.2307/1542669
4331:
4330:
4326:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3727:Phoronis ovalis
3724:
3723:
3719:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3555:Pacific Science
3550:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3363:
3359:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3168:
3164:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3065:
3061:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3017:
3016:
2987:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2945:
2941:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2869:
2865:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2821:
2817:
2798:
2797:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2693:
2647:
2646:
2631:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2231:
2227:Phoronis ijimai
2199:Phoronis ovalis
2184:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2134:Gnathostomulida
2126:Platyhelminthes
2051:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1833:
1822:Platyhelminthes
1776:
1767:
1758:
1686:Gnathostomulida
1623:
1614:
1565:
1501:
1321:
1223:Lingulosacculus
1176:chengjiangensis
1151:
1146:
1032:Antarctic Ocean
1019:Phoronis ijimai
1010:
986:Phoronis ovalis
957:is formed from
919:cross-fertilize
898:Phoronis ovalis
893:
876:Phoronis ovalis
871:
773:
690:rigid tubes of
672:
667:
519:
336:
311:Antarctic Ocean
291:horseshoe worms
257:Gilchrist, 1907
223:
140:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7270:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7244:
7243:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7218:
7208:
7195:
7182:
7172:
7159:
7146:
7133:
7120:
7107:
7094:
7081:
7068:
7055:
7040:
7024:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6989:
6987:
6984:Incertae sedis
6979:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6929:Micrognathozoa
6926:
6921:
6919:Acanthocephala
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6761:Lycopodiophyta
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:Ancyromonadida
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6527:Thermoproteota
6524:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6495:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6440:Pseudomonadota
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:Mycoplasmatota
6412:
6410:Lentisphaerota
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6390:Fusobacteriota
6387:
6385:Fibrobacterota
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6288:Armatimonadota
6285:
6280:
6278:Actinomycetota
6275:
6269:
6267:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6075:Platyhelminths
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5902:
5900:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5869:Centroneuralia
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5665:Lophotrochozoa
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5580:
5577:Platytrochozoa
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5539:
5536:(Limnognathia)
5530:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5490:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5323:
5312:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:(Triploblasts)
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5146:and relatives)
5138:
5132:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:Mesomycetozoea
5070:
5065:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5009:Diaphoretickes
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4900:External links
4898:
4896:
4895:
4882:
4860:
4853:(in Russian).
4837:
4820:(5): 626–630.
4816:(in Russian).
4794:
4773:(6): 848–859.
4753:
4720:(4): 253–273.
4694:
4665:(3): 611–618.
4645:
4591:
4540:
4489:
4439:
4390:
4375:
4324:
4273:
4244:(3): 685–691.
4224:
4203:
4167:
4154:
4132:
4113:(2): 253–286.
4093:
4074:(2): 171–174.
4054:
4029:(2): 307–314.
4006:
3957:
3949:(in Chinese).
3937:
3917:
3878:
3837:
3814:Cah. Biol. Mar
3793:
3748:
3717:
3658:
3607:
3594:
3571:
3538:
3513:
3488:
3463:
3438:
3425:
3403:
3378:
3357:
3333:
3320:
3298:Margulis, Lynn
3289:
3264:
3221:
3202:(3): 135–148.
3183:
3162:
3138:
3131:
3113:
3100:
3080:
3059:
3035:
3028:
2985:
2978:
2960:
2939:
2915:
2908:
2884:
2863:
2836:
2815:
2744:
2691:
2629:
2599:
2588:
2555:
2522:
2501:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2192:Larva species
2190:
2172:
2169:
2138:Micrognathozoa
2094:Lophotrochozoa
2067:Lophotrochozoa
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1860:Lophotrochozoa
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1786:Platytrochozoa
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1395:
1320:
1317:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1112:in phoronids'
1072:(snails), and
1009:
1006:
995:protonephridia
915:hermaphroditic
911:breed sexually
892:
889:
870:
867:
863:nephridiopores
772:
769:
671:
670:Body structure
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
617:
610:
607:
601:
600:
599:Bottom to top
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
573:
570:
566:Erect tube of
564:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
537:
534:
531:
528:
518:
515:
502:Lophotrochozoa
402:(snails), and
335:
332:
293:) are a small
278:
277:
276:
275:
268:
259:
249:
236:
235:
231:
230:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
185:Lophotrochozoa
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
115:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7269:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7240:
7228:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7008:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6708:Basidiomycota
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Glomeromycota
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Stramenopiles
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Apusomonadida
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6516:Nanoarchaeota
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:Euryarchaeota
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:Spirochaetota
6448:
6446:
6445:Rhodothermota
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Dictyoglomota
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6359:Cyanobacteria
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Chrysiogenota
6346:
6344:
6343:Chloroflexota
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6323:Calditrichota
6321:
6319:
6318:Caldisericota
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Atribacterota
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6205:
6204:dubious phyla
6201:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6003:Hemichordates
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Glass sponges
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:Deuterostomia
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:of Bilateria
5844:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5678:Cycliophora (
5676:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5646:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5573:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Panarthropoda
5414:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:Stramenopiles
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4999:(major groups
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4885:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4754:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4168:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4107:Palaeontology
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:Eccentrotheca
4058:
4055:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3907:on 2010-03-26
3903:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3827:on 2010-11-12
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3279:on 2014-06-07
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:Zoomorphology
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2512:on 2010-03-27
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
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2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2391:
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2385:
2384:
2379:
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2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:, also called
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:Adult species
2188:
2187:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:Panarthropoda
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:enteropneusts
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:deuterostomes
1350:
1346:
1345:morphological
1342:
1341:embryological
1338:
1334:
1333:lophophorates
1330:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:trace fossils
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:Eccentrotheca
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:Conway Morris
1183:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1149:Fossil record
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:ancistrocomid
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:metacercariae
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
978:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
890:
888:
884:
882:
878:
877:
868:
866:
864:
860:
859:metanephridia
856:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
669:
664:
646:
642:
625:
615:
606:
602:
596:Top to bottom
590:Top to bottom
587:Feeding flow
585:
578:
574:
569:
561:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
516:
514:
512:
511:sister-groups
507:
503:
500:super-phylum
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:deuterostomes
483:
479:
478:morphological
475:
474:embryological
471:
467:
466:lophophorates
463:
459:
456:. Phoronids,
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:found in the
424:
423:trace fossils
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
385:
381:
376:
374:
373:metanephridia
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:
333:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
273:
269:
266:
265:
260:
255:
254:
250:
245:
244:
240:
239:
237:
232:
227:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
181:Superphylum:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
126:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
7239:
7019:
6990:
6982:
6943:
6904:Orthonectida
6899:Gastrotricha
6874:Nematomorpha
6849:Chaetognatha
6839:Hemichordate
6766:Pteridophyta
6635:Malawimonada
6509:Korarchaeota
6470:Thermotogota
6455:Synergistota
6430:Nitrospirota
6425:Nitrospinota
6370:Deinococcota
6303:Bacteroidota
6202:Potentially
6197:
6150:
6126:
6120:Gymnolaemata
6115:Stenolaemata
6104:Ectoproctans
6102:
6073:
6044:
6020:
6014:Pterobranchs
6001:
5977:
5953:
5929:
5905:
5899:within phyla
5897:Major groups
5791:
5767:
5754:Bryozoa s.l.
5745:Lophophorata
5733:
5709:
5687:
5679:
5642:
5631:Orthonectida
5606:
5553:
5546:
5535:
5454:
5447:
5376:
5334:Scalidophora
5283:
5271:Ambulacraria
5258:
5171:(see below↓)
5151:
5143:
5107:
5058:Opisthokonta
4887:. Retrieved
4873:
4863:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4829:. Retrieved
4817:
4811:
4805:
4797:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4745:. Retrieved
4717:
4713:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4613:
4607:
4559:
4553:
4543:
4508:
4502:
4492:
4457:
4453:
4442:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4384:
4378:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4216:. Retrieved
4206:
4195:. Retrieved
4183:
4170:
4159:. Retrieved
4145:
4135:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4026:
4022:
4009:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3946:
3940:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3909:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3897:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3829:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3817:
3813:
3804:
3796:
3785:. Retrieved
3774:(1): 47–48.
3771:
3767:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3599:. Retrieved
3584:
3563:. Retrieved
3561:(2): 119–126
3558:
3554:
3541:
3530:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3455:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3416:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3390:
3381:
3343:
3336:
3325:. Retrieved
3306:
3292:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:the original
3267:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3199:
3195:
3148:
3141:
3122:
3116:
3105:. Retrieved
3090:
3083:
3045:
3038:
3019:
2969:
2963:
2925:
2918:
2894:
2887:
2849:
2801:
2736:. Retrieved
2724:
2720:
2659:
2653:
2623:
2619:
2591:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2492:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2336:
2327:
2320:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2197:
2157:paraphyletic
2153:monophyletic
2146:
2130:Gastrotricha
2098:Lophophorata
2091:
2052:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1941:
1926:
1915:Lophophorata
1901:
1886:
1871:
1845:
1844:
1820:
1807:Gastrotricha
1805:
1745:
1731:Limnognathia
1729:
1728:
1708:Chaetognatha
1706:
1684:
1661:Orthonectida
1659:
1644:
1601:
1586:
1575:Scalidophora
1552:
1537:
1522:
1490:Nematomorpha
1488:
1473:
1448:
1403:synapomorphy
1376:pterobranchs
1373:
1349:sister group
1337:family trees
1322:
1254:
1246:created the
1243:
1241:
1234:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1135:
1130:Heterocineta
1128:
1090:
1077:
1067:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1017:
1003:
985:
983:
942:deuterostome
939:
896:
894:
885:
874:
872:
853:
844:
813:
774:
766:
747:
736:
724:filter-feeds
713:
707:
700:exoskeletons
681:
533:Brachiopods
482:sister group
470:family trees
420:
389:
377:
364:
349:
337:
325:
319:
290:
286:
282:
281:
264:Cytosporella
262:
251:
247:Wright, 1856
241:
220:
204:
198:Lophophorata
191:
171:(unranked):
128:
109:
18:
7124:iNaturalist
7044:Wikispecies
6959:Brachiopoda
6934:Cycliophora
6879:Onychophora
6854:Kinorhyncha
6776:Ginkgophyta
6771:Cycadophyta
6736:Chlorophyta
6726:Glaucophyta
6420:Myxococcota
6338:Chlorobiota
6333:Chlamydiota
6178:Tusk shells
6163:Cephalopods
6134:Polychaetes
6081:Turbellaria
6062:Crustaceans
6038:Secernentea
6028:Chromadorea
6009:Acorn worms
5979:Echinoderms
5971:Vertebrates
5913:Demosponges
5847:is disputed
5309:Protostomia
5197:is disputed
5124:ParaHoxozoa
3857:: 101–111.
3737:: 523–525.
3302:"Phoronida"
2727:: 229–256.
2531:"Phoronida"
2363:actinotroch
2118:sipunculans
2106:trochophore
2059:biochemical
1968:Brachiopoda
1588:Kinorhyncha
1539:Onychophora
1427:Protostomia
1414:enterocoely
1369:protostomes
1361:echinoderms
1325:brachiopods
1323:Phoronids,
1319:Family tree
1297:Hederellids
1231:linguliform
1229:within the
1215:mineralized
1211:brachiopods
1159:hederellids
990:actinotroch
967:schizocoely
963:archenteron
881:giant axons
849:vertebrates
829:respiration
824:capillaries
801:amino acids
793:peridinians
789:flagellates
754:mesothelium
743:mesenteries
732:respiration
716:respiration
665:Description
630:One species
577:mineralized
494:echinoderms
458:brachiopods
353:respiration
299:filter-feed
272:Hederellids
253:Phoronopsis
7246:Categories
6992:Parakaryon
6954:Entoprocta
6889:Arthropoda
6884:Tardigrada
6864:Priapulida
6859:Loricifera
6844:Echinoderm
6814:Ctenophora
6786:Gnetophyta
6741:Charophyta
6731:Rhodophyta
6703:Ascomycota
6698:Zygomycota
6640:Metamonada
6615:Euglenozoa
6600:Ciliophora
6308:Balneolota
6283:Aquificota
6158:Gastropods
6139:Clitellata
6046:Arthropods
5985:Sea lilies
5931:Cnidarians
5849:; see also
5779:Brachiozoa
5542:Syndermata
5501:Gnathifera
5199:; see also
5144:Trichoplax
5142:Placozoa (
5129:Planulozoa
4889:2011-03-29
4831:2011-03-31
4747:2011-03-15
4340:(1): 1–5.
4218:2010-03-08
4197:2011-03-04
4161:2011-03-12
4048:2011-03-08
3911:2011-03-26
3831:2011-03-02
3787:2011-03-11
3678:(1): 229.
3601:2011-03-12
3565:2011-03-11
3532:2011-03-03
3507:2011-03-03
3482:2011-03-10
3457:2011-03-03
3432:2011-03-29
3397:2011-03-03
3327:2011-03-27
3283:2011-03-03
3237:: 125849.
3107:2011-08-28
2738:2011-03-09
2626:: 317–333.
2564:"Phoronis"
2516:2011-03-01
2425:References
2353:, with no
2343:(unknown)
2315:(unknown)
2255:(unknown)
2175:See also:
2122:nemerteans
2087:arthropods
1955:Brachiozoa
1943:Entoprocta
1795:Rouphozoa
1673:Gnathifera
1603:Priapulida
1554:Tardigrada
1524:Arthropoda
1450:Loricifera
1407:convergent
1309:Ordovician
1293:belemnites
1271:calcareous
1267:Cretaceous
1252:ichnogenus
1227:stem group
1194:Eophoronis
1181:Eophoronis
1127:parasite,
1118:gregarines
1110:trematodes
1099:progenetic
1086:epibenthic
1082:California
1070:gastropods
1036:intertidal
971:blastopore
969:, and the
959:mesenchyme
946:protostome
837:hemoglobin
816:peritoneum
762:mesocoelom
758:metacoelom
720:lophophore
696:arthropods
540:Entoprocts
536:Bryozoans
530:Phoronids
498:protostome
450:Ordovician
443:Cretaceous
408:epibenthic
400:gastropods
357:hemoglobin
322:type genus
315:intertidal
303:lophophore
211:Brachiozoa
7252:Phoronids
7077:Phoronida
7064:Phoronida
7050:Phoronida
7020:Phoronida
6909:Dicyemida
6781:Pinophyta
6660:Telonemia
6595:Cryptista
6585:Breviatea
6570:Amoebozoa
6565:Alveolata
6546:Eukaryote
6298:Bacillota
6144:Sipuncula
6091:Monogenea
6086:Trematoda
6057:Myriapods
6022:Nematodes
5966:Tunicates
5961:Lancelets
5955:Chordates
5947:Myxozoans
5854:Nephrozoa
5843:phylogeny
5643:Salinella
5598:Rouphozoa
5439:Tactopoda
5368:Nematoida
5320:Ecdysozoa
5241:Bilateria
5228:Bilateria
5209:Benthozoa
5204:Eumetazoa
5193:phylogeny
5163:Bilateria
5053:Amoebozoa
5031:Alveolata
5019:Cryptista
4994:Eukaryota
4906:PHORONIDA
4826:0044-5134
4742:1439-6092
3933:: 11–105.
3873:0171-8630
3367:cite book
3259:224887177
3172:cite book
3069:cite book
2949:cite book
2873:cite book
2825:cite book
2612:Olev Vinn
2114:echiurans
2102:Trochozoa
2083:Ecdysozoa
2079:flatworms
1983:Phoronida
1646:Dicyemida
1462:Nematoida
1437:Ecdysozoa
1384:bryozoans
1357:chordates
1339:based on
1329:bryozoans
1202:Louisella
1198:priapulid
1188:regarded
1095:parasites
1074:nematodes
950:divisions
923:dioecious
855:Podocytes
728:horseshoe
627:Colonial
490:chordates
472:based on
462:bryozoans
412:parasites
404:nematodes
287:Phoronida
283:Phoronids
221:Phoronida
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
24:Phoronids
7029:Wikidata
6969:Annelida
6964:Mollusca
6944:Phoronid
6939:Nemertea
6914:Rotifera
6894:Flatworm
6869:Nematoda
6834:Chordate
6824:Cnidaria
6819:Placozoa
6650:Rhizaria
6625:Haptista
6605:Cercozoa
6265:Bacteria
6168:Bivalves
6152:Molluscs
6128:Annelids
5487:Spiralia
5094:Animalia
5048:Amorphea
5026:Rhizaria
5014:Hacrobia
5004:Excavata
4989:Bacteria
4789:12116636
4681:21708757
4640:18192183
4586:10714876
4535:18192181
4484:26212884
4434:30639106
4370:44165536
4362:29244547
4319:10781046
4268:15883626
4260:21708765
4043:54072910
4001:16754615
3743:11103334
3712:26489660
3653:23617418
3251:33099239
3216:23516505
2686:18495619
2576:Phoronis
2544:Phoronis
2171:Taxonomy
2165:molluscs
2142:Rotifera
2110:annelids
2075:annelids
2071:molluscs
1903:Nemertea
1888:Mollusca
1873:Annelida
1747:Rotifera
1633:Spiralia
1475:Nematoda
1392:coelomic
1313:Triassic
1301:Silurian
1282:echinoid
1263:Jurassic
1259:Devonian
1244:Phoronis
1213:but not
1166:Cambrian
1114:coelomic
1041:plankton
955:Mesoderm
953:larvae.
820:membrane
805:proteins
704:sediment
527:Feature
454:Triassic
439:Jurassic
431:Devonian
427:Silurian
396:plankton
392:sediment
334:Overview
327:Phoronis
243:Phoronis
226:Hatschek
217:Phylum:
175:Spiralia
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
111:Phoronis
7035:Q162907
6949:Bryozoa
6645:Provora
6620:Jakobea
6610:Discoba
6556:Protist
6493:Archaea
6246:Extant
6173:Chitons
6096:Cestoda
6033:Enoplea
5907:Sponges
5680:Symbion
5623:Mesozoa
5063:Animals
4984:Archaea
4960:Extant
4722:Bibcode
4689:2117991
4631:2614230
4577:1690528
4526:2614232
4462:Bibcode
4412:Bibcode
4354:1542669
4115:Bibcode
4076:Bibcode
4068:Geology
3992:1578734
3951:Nanjing
3703:4618516
3680:Bibcode
3644:3658900
3349:212–213
3312:340–341
3231:Zoology
3154:205–206
2931:808–812
2900:829–845
2855:821–829
2807:817–821
2677:2593926
2149:Bryozoa
1928:Bryozoa
1847:Symbion
1351:to the
1305:Permian
1303:to the
1255:Talpina
1250:of the
1219:cuticle
1125:ciliate
1008:Ecology
927:gametes
907:gonadal
903:budding
833:hypoxic
797:enzymes
785:diatoms
750:coeloms
739:stomach
688:secrete
684:cuticle
612:In the
484:to the
446:periods
435:Permian
380:budding
301:with a
234:Genera
7214:230459
7211:uBio:
7191:612209
7175:NZOR:
7168:120557
7155:155456
7090:370374
6809:Sponge
6801:Animal
6198:bolded
5041:Plants
4978:Domain
4962:animal
4880:
4824:
4787:
4740:
4687:
4679:
4638:
4628:
4584:
4574:
4533:
4523:
4482:
4432:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4317:
4307:
4266:
4258:
4152:
4041:
3999:
3989:
3871:
3741:
3710:
3700:
3651:
3641:
3627:: 14.
3592:
3423:
3355:
3318:
3257:
3249:
3214:
3160:
3129:
3098:
3057:
3026:
2976:
2937:
2906:
2861:
2813:
2684:
2674:
2499:
2351:genera
2140:, and
1380:cilium
1289:rostra
1278:corals
1190:Iotuba
1174:Iotuba
1028:Arctic
931:sperms
692:chitin
645:Coelom
614:mantle
568:chitin
369:oxygen
307:chitin
295:phylum
228:, 1888
7222:WoRMS
7204:67152
7137:IRMNG
7129:48051
6718:Plant
6670:Fungi
6590:CRuMs
5360:N+L+P
5068:Fungi
4965:phyla
4710:(PDF)
4685:S2CID
4366:S2CID
4350:JSTOR
4310:18258
4264:S2CID
4180:(PDF)
4039:S2CID
4019:(PDF)
3905:(PDF)
3894:(PDF)
3825:(PDF)
3810:(PDF)
3807:tube"
3764:(PDF)
3551:(PDF)
3255:S2CID
3212:S2CID
2717:(PDF)
2584:Argos
2510:(PDF)
2489:(PDF)
2420:Notes
2359:order
2355:class
1311:and
1285:tests
1274:algae
1106:cysts
818:(the
781:algae
777:cilia
582:None
341:cilia
205:Clade
192:Clade
7227:1789
7163:NCBI
7150:ITIS
7111:GBIF
7103:8867
7085:BOLD
6756:Moss
6248:life
5841:The
5191:The
4878:ISBN
4822:ISSN
4785:PMID
4738:ISSN
4677:PMID
4636:PMID
4582:PMID
4531:PMID
4480:PMID
4430:PMID
4358:PMID
4315:PMID
4256:PMID
4150:ISBN
3997:PMID
3869:ISSN
3739:PMID
3708:PMID
3649:PMID
3590:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3373:link
3353:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3247:PMID
3178:link
3158:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3075:link
3055:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2955:link
2935:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2879:link
2859:ISBN
2831:link
2811:ISBN
2682:PMID
2550:-ida
2497:ISBN
2410:and
2398:and
2120:and
2077:and
1365:anus
1359:and
1343:and
1327:and
1265:and
1192:and
1104:and
944:and
933:and
809:anus
686:but
605:Anus
492:and
476:and
460:and
452:and
441:and
345:anus
114:sp.
35:PreꞒ
7142:248
7098:EoL
7072:AFD
7059:ADW
5698:M+K
5590:R+M
5527:M+S
5396:L+P
4775:doi
4730:doi
4667:doi
4626:PMC
4618:doi
4614:363
4572:PMC
4564:doi
4560:267
4521:PMC
4513:doi
4509:363
4470:doi
4420:doi
4342:doi
4338:190
4305:PMC
4295:doi
4246:doi
4188:doi
4123:doi
4084:doi
4031:doi
3987:PMC
3979:doi
3975:361
3859:doi
3855:374
3776:doi
3735:374
3698:PMC
3688:doi
3639:PMC
3629:doi
3239:doi
3235:143
3204:doi
3200:120
3051:518
2729:doi
2672:PMC
2664:doi
2660:275
2357:or
2144:).
2063:DNA
1291:of
1108:of
935:ova
658:No
655:Yes
652:Yes
649:Yes
558:No
555:Yes
552:Yes
549:Yes
7248::
7224::
7201::
7188::
7165::
7152::
7139::
7126::
7116:19
7113::
7100::
7087::
7074::
7061::
7046::
7031::
4918:,
4855:79
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