1098:
highly variable flanking sequences in the isoform amino and carboxyl terminals. Because these areas often contain phosphorylation sites, changes in amino acid composition or terminal length may result in vastly different enzyme kinetics and characteristics. Each variant differs in their primary tissue of expression, response to protein kinase regulation, and ratio of kinase/phosphatase domain activity. While multiple types of isozymes may consist in a tissue, isozymes are identified by their primary tissue expression and tissue of discovery below.
1615:
Protein Kinase C, or AMP-activated
Protein Kinase phosphorylating a regulatory residue on Serine 461 in the C-terminus to stabilize PFK-2 kinase function. Furthermore, both isoforms transcribed from this gene are noted for having a particularly high, dominant rate of kinase activity as indicated by a kinase/phosphatase activity ratio of 700 (whereas the liver, heart, and testis isozymes respectively have PFK-2/FBPase-2 ratios of 1.5, 80, and 4). Therefore, PFKB3 in particular consistently produces large amounts of F-2,6-P
1362:
899:
408:
1672:
6390:
242:
1116:
1693:. Researchers hypothesize that this responsive characteristic of the PFK-2 genes may be a strong, evolutionary physiological adaptation. However, many human cancer cell types (including leukemia, lung, breast, colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers) demonstrate over-expression of PFK3 and/or PFK4; this change in metabolism likely plays a role in the
1651:
1668:
mechanisms for this isoform, studies have confirmed that modification from multiple transcription factors in the 5' flanking region regulates the amount of PFK-2 expression in developing testis tissue. This isoform has been particularly implicated as being modified and hyper-expressed for prostate cancer cell survival.
1391:
31:
1097:
Multiple mammalian isoforms of the protein have been reported to date, difference rising by either the transcription of different enzymes or alternative splicing. While the structural core that catalyzes the PFK-2/FBPase-2 reaction is highly conserved across isoforms, the major differences arise from
1684:
Because this enzyme family maintains rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it presents great potential for therapeutic action for control of metabolism particularly in diabetes and cancer cells. Data also demonstrates that all of the PFK-2 genes (although the PFKB3 gene response remains the most
1614:
PFKB3 is located on chromosome 10 and transcribes two major isoforms, inducible type and ubiquitous type. These forms differ in alternative splicing of Exon 15 in their C-terminus. However, they are similar in that for both, glucagon activates a cyclic AMP pathway; this results in
Protein Kinase A,
1037:
In almost all isoforms, PFK-2 undergoes covalent modification through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation based on the cell's hormonal signaling. Phosphorylation of a specific residue may prompt a shift that stabilizes either kinase or phosphatase domain function. This regulation signal thus controls
875:
On the other hand, the phosphatase domain is located on the C-terminal. It resembles the family of proteins that include phosphoglycerate mutases and acid phosphatases. The domain has a mixed α/ ÎČ structure, with a six-stranded central ÎČ sheet, plus an additional α-helical subdomain that covers the
1317:
Located on the X chromosome, this gene is the most well-known of the four genes particularly because it encodes the highly researched liver enzyme. Variable mRNA splicing of PFKB1 yields three different promoters (L, M and F) and therefore, three tissue-specific variants that differ in regulation:
867:
The monomers of the bifunctional protein are clearly divided into two functional domains. The kinase domain is located on the N-terminal. It consists of a central six-stranded ÎČ sheet, with five parallel strands and an antiparallel edge strand, surrounded by seven α helices. The domain contains
1667:
Gene PFKB4, located on chromosome 3, expresses PFK-2 in human testis tissue. PFK-2 enzymes encoded by PFK-4 are comparable to the liver enzyme in size at around 54kDa, and like the muscle tissue, do not contain a protein kinase phosphorylation site. While less research has clarified regulation
1374:
In contrast to most other PFK-2 tissues, PFK-2 in both skeletal muscle and fetal tissue is solely regulated by concentrations of
Fructose-6-phosphate. Within their first exon, there are no regulatory sites that require phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to provoke a change in function. High
879:
While this central catalytic core remains conserved in all forms of PFK-2, slight structural variations exist in isoforms as a result of different amino acid sequences or alternative splicing. With some minor exceptions, the size of PFK-2 enzymes is typically around 55 kDa.
1640:
Though discovered separately in the placental, pancreatic-ÎČ-islet, or brain tissues, the various isoforms appear identical. The tissues it was discovered in all require great energy to function, which may explain PFKB3's advantage of such high kinase-phosphatase activity
3380:
Manzano A, Rosa JL, Ventura F, PĂ©rez JX, Nadal M, Estivill X, Ambrosio S, Gil J, Bartrons R (1998). "Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a ubiquitously expressed human 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase gene (PFKFB3)".
1365:
Liver-Tissue PFK-2 Regulation: Concentrations of hormones glucagon and insulin activate proteins which change phosphorylation state of PFK-2. Depending on which domain is stabilized, PFK-2 will synthesize or degrade fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which impacts rates of
1077:
are enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded with different amino acid sequences and as such, display slight differences in protein characteristics. In humans, the four genes that encode phosphofructokinase 2 proteins include
858:
to accommodate tissue specific needs. While general function remains the same, isoforms feature slight differences in enzymatic properties and are controlled by different methods of regulation; these differences are discussed below.
3121:
Navarro-Sabaté A, Manzano A, Riera L, Rosa JL, Ventura F, Bartrons R (February 2001). "The human ubiquitous 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene (PFKFB3): promoter characterization and genomic structure".
1351:(PKA) phosphorylates Serine 32 near the N-terminus. This inactivates the bifunctional enzyme's ability to act as a kinase and stabilizes the phosphatase activity. Therefore, glucagon decreases concentrations of F-2,6-P
5917:
3424:
Sakai A, Kato M, Fukasawa M, Ishiguro M, Furuya E, Sakakibara R (March 1996). "Cloning of cDNA encoding for a novel isozyme of fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase from human placenta".
1605:
may also phosphorylate these regulatory sites, which are part of the FBPase-2 domain. When this serine residue is phosphorylated, FBPase-2 function is inactivated and greater PFK-2 activity is stabilized.
3636:
Manzano A, PĂ©rez JX, Nadal M, Estivill X, Lange A, Bartrons R (March 1999). "Cloning, expression and chromosomal localization of a human testis 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene".
2796:
Gómez M, Manzano A, Navarro-Sabaté A, Duran J, Obach M, Perales JC, Bartrons R (January 2005). "Specific expression of pfkfb4 gene in spermatogonia germ cells and analysis of its 5'-flanking region".
2051:
Kurland I, Chapman B, Lee YH, Pilkis S (August 1995). "Evolutionary reengineering of the phosphofructokinase active site: ARG-104 does not stabilize the transition state in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase".
3460:
Ventura F, Ambrosio S, Bartrons R, el-Maghrabi MR, Lange AJ, Pilkis SJ (April 1995). "Cloning and expression of a catalytic core bovine brain 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase".
2970:
Cosin-Roger J, Vernia S, Alvarez MS, Cucarella C, BoscĂĄ L, Martin-Sanz P, FernĂĄndez-Alvarez AJ, Casado M (February 2013). "Identification of a novel Pfkfb1 mRNA variant in rat fetal liver".
5927:
868:
nucleotide-binding fold (nbf) at the C-terminal end of the first ÎČ-strand. The PFK-2 domain appears to be closely related to the superfamily of mononucleotide binding proteins including
5922:
883:
Researchers hypothesize that the unique bifunctional structure of this enzyme arose from a gene fusion event between a primordial bacterial PFK-1 and a primordial mutase/phosphatase.
3283:
Manes NP, El-Maghrabi MR (June 2005). "The kinase activity of human brain 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is regulated via inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate".
2294:
El-Maghrabi MR, Noto F, Wu N, Manes N (September 2001). "6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: suiting structure to need, in a family of tissue-specific enzymes".
3715:
Minchenko, O., Opentanova, I., & Caro, J. (2003). Hypoxic regulation of the 6âphosphofructoâ2âkinase/fructoseâ2, 6âbisphosphatase gene family (PFKFBâ1â4) expression in vivo.
1005:
951:
2475:
Okar DA, Manzano A, Navarro-SabatĂš A, Riera L, Bartrons R, Lange AJ (January 2001). "PFK-2/FBPase-2: maker and breaker of the essential biofactor fructose-2,6-bisphosphate".
6042:
6020:
1013:
Because of the enzyme's dual functions, it can be categorized into multiple families. Through categorization by the kinase reaction, this enzyme belongs to the family of
1556:
1281:
196:
5838:
2181:"Hepatic 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. The role of surface loop basic residues in substrate binding to the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase domain"
1601:
and/or insulin hormone are circulated, a
Protein Kinase A pathway is activated which phosphorylates either Serine 466 or Serine 483 in the C-terminus. Alternatively,
679:
519:
366:
2088:"Distantly related sequences in the alpha- and beta-subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold"
1575:
1300:
215:
2012:"Expression of inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase/PFKFB3 isoforms in adipocytes and their potential role in glycolytic regulation"
1375:
concentrations of F-6-P will activate kinase function and increase rates of glycolysis, whereas low concentrations of F-6-P will stabilize phosphatase action.
3960:
770:
differentially regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, it can act as a key signal to switch between the opposing pathways. Because PFK-2 produces Fru-2,6-P
5948:
1644:
The brain isoform in particular has lengthy N- and C-terminus regions such that this type is almost twice as large as the typical PFK-2, at around 110 kDa.
876:
presumed active site of the molecule. Finally, the N-terminal region modulates PFK-2 and FBPase2 activities, and stabilizes the dimer form of the enzyme.
3735:"Cardiac phosphatase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase increases glycolysis, hypertrophy, and myocyte resistance to hypoxia"
3674:"Functional metabolic screen identifies 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 as an important regulator of prostate cancer cell survival"
2140:"Structure, function, and evolution of phosphoglycerate mutases: comparison with fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase"
1685:
drastic) were activated by limitations in oxygen. The control of PFK-2/FBP-ase2 activity was found to be linked to heart functioning, particularly for
5843:
2510:
Van
Schaftingen E, Hers HG (August 1981). "Phosphofructokinase 2: the enzyme that forms fructose 2,6-bisphosphate from fructose 6-phosphate and ATP".
2223:
Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2008). "The
Balance Between Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in the Liver Is Sensitive to Blood-Glucose Concentration".
6010:
4094:
3200:"The stimulation of glycolysis by hypoxia in activated monocytes is mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase and inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase"
2742:
Novellasdemunt L, Tato I, Navarro-Sabate A, Ruiz-Meana M, MĂ©ndez-Lucas A, Perales JC, Garcia-Dorado D, Ventura F, Bartrons R, Rosa JL (April 2013).
4502:
3320:"An inducible gene product for 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase with an AU-rich instability element: role in tumor cell glycolysis and the Warburg effect"
1061:
signifies that there is a high level of biosynthetic precursor and hence inhibits PFK2. Unlike PFK1, PFK2 is not affected by ATP concentration.
4749:
3870:
Van
Schaftingen E, Hers HG (1981). "Phosphofructokinase 2: the enzyme that forms fructose 2,6-bisphosphate from fructose 6-phosphate and ATP".
3538:"Regulation of ubiquitous 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway during myogenic C2C12 cell differentiation"
6439:
5649:
2878:
2853:
2232:
467:
314:
4663:
2698:"Molecular cloning of the DNA and expression and characterization of rat testes fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase:fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
1971:"The crystal structure of the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase reveals distinct domain homologies"
6444:
4764:
4758:
4559:
4309:
3784:"Expression and hypoxia-responsiveness of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 in mammary gland malignant cell lines"
5783:
4607:
6109:
5353:
5147:
4718:
4507:
4159:
3497:"Phosphorylation of the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase/PFKFB3 family of glycolytic regulators in human cancer"
1875:
Wang X, Deng Z, Kemp RG (September 1998). "An essential methionine residue involved in substrate binding by phosphofructokinases".
1568:
1293:
208:
5494:
3953:
1733:"Covalent control of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: insights into autoregulation of a bifunctional enzyme"
4825:
4713:
2744:"Akt-dependent activation of the heart 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB2) isoenzyme by amino acids"
1519:
1328:
activates liver PFK-2 function to indicate a high abundance of blood glucose is available for glycolysis. Insulin activates a
1244:
778:
can be more sensitively and efficiently controlled to align with the organism's glycolytic needs. This enzyme participates in
159:
4634:
4544:
4497:
4063:
1495:
1344:
1220:
135:
6265:
1053:
or phosphate group signifies a low energy charge state and thus stimulates PFK2. On the other hand, a high concentration of
699:
539:
386:
6067:
6062:
5622:
5440:
5056:
4997:
4028:
3938:
2661:
Tsuchiya Y, Uyeda K (May 1994). "Bovine heart fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase mRNA and gene structure".
6380:
5932:
5820:
5788:
5773:
5101:
4668:
4658:
1915:"6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: head-to-head with a bifunctional enzyme that controls glycolysis"
5455:
5061:
4953:
4578:
4049:
3946:
3064:
Marsin AS, Bertrand L, Rider MH, Deprez J, Beauloye C, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G, Carling D, Hue L (October 2000).
1836:"Sequence and structure of the human 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase heart isoform gene (PFKFB2)"
1332:
which dephosphorylates the PFK-2 complex and causes favored PFK-2 activity. PFK-2 then increases production of F-2,6-P
763:
839:
PFK-2 is known as the "bifunctional enzyme" because of its notable structure: though both are located on one protein
3066:"Phosphorylation and activation of heart PFK-2 by AMPK has a role in the stimulation of glycolysis during ischaemia"
1021:) with an alcohol group as acceptor. On the other hand, the phosphatase reaction is characteristic of the family of
4647:
4643:
4639:
4555:
4388:
4276:
2550:"Balancing glycolytic flux: the role of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatases in cancer metabolism"
6250:
6366:
6353:
6340:
6327:
6314:
6301:
6288:
6053:
6031:
6006:
5981:
5901:
5509:
5469:
5414:
5391:
5363:
5331:
5197:
4909:
4855:
4815:
4774:
4678:
4517:
4485:
4371:
4335:
4081:
3536:
Riera L, Obach M, Navarro-Sabaté A, Duran J, Perales JC, Viñals F, Rosa JL, Ventura F, Bartrons R (August 2003).
3245:
1694:
1513:
1238:
957:
Thus, the kinase domain hydrolyzes ATP to phosphorylate the carbon-2 of fructose-6-phosphate, producing Fru-2,6-P
743:
153:
6260:
5284:
2604:"5' flanking sequence and structure of a gene encoding rat 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
6214:
6157:
5518:
5499:
5430:
5164:
4563:
4412:
4326:
3909:
2869:
Hue L, Rider MH, Rousseau GG (1990). "Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in extra hepatic tissues". In Pilkis SJ (ed.).
1406:
1131:
970:
911:
715:
46:
1500:
1225:
687:
527:
374:
140:
2894:
Pilkis SJ, el-Maghrabi MR, Claus TH (1988). "Hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis".
2250:"Significance of the amino terminus of rat testis fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase:fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
6162:
5376:
4432:
4302:
4104:
4099:
3973:
1626:
This isoform's name is a result of its increased expression in response to hypoxic stress; its formation is
1050:
3587:"Bovine brain 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. Evidence for a neural-specific isozyme"
2931:"Glucocorticoid regulation of hepatic 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase gene expression"
2010:
Atsumi T, Nishio T, Niwa H, Takeuchi J, Bando H, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Bucala R, Koike T (December 2005).
5830:
5603:
5513:
4988:
4627:
4232:
1580:
1305:
220:
3905:
3318:
Chesney J, Mitchell R, Benigni F, Bacher M, Spiegel L, Al-Abed Y, Han JH, Metz C, Bucala R (March 1999).
1488:
1213:
990:
936:
128:
6183:
6102:
5684:
5639:
5341:
5326:
5242:
5140:
4923:
4820:
4573:
4437:
4359:
4183:
4033:
4022:
3495:
Bando H, Atsumi T, Nishio T, Niwa H, Mishima S, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Bucala R, Koike T (August 2005).
2929:
Marker AJ, Colosia AD, Tauler A, Solomon DH, Cayre Y, Lange AJ, el-Maghrabi MR, Pilkis SJ (April 1989).
1630:
by lack of oxygen. This type is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells, especially tumor cells.
759:
6255:
3825:"Evidence for linkage between regulatory enzymes in glycolysis and schizophrenia in a multiplex sample"
824:
described here bears a resemblance to the ATP-driven phospho-fructokinases; however, they share little
683:
523:
370:
5125:
3244:
Sakakibara R, Kato M, Okamura N, Nakagawa T, Komada Y, Tominaga N, Shimojo M, Fukasawa M (July 1997).
1423:
1148:
63:
5598:
5593:
5473:
5336:
5316:
5225:
5106:
4941:
4936:
4869:
4529:
4354:
4207:
4154:
3331:
3077:
2615:
2350:
1336:
As this product allosterically activates PFK-1, it activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
833:
751:
480:
327:
1516:
1241:
156:
6434:
6219:
5861:
5853:
5634:
5301:
5237:
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4931:
4735:
4730:
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4590:
4376:
1440:
1418:
1329:
1165:
1143:
1054:
829:
779:
80:
58:
3246:"Characterization of a human placental fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
6152:
5724:
5662:
5613:
5348:
5175:
5094:
4946:
4427:
4417:
4295:
3854:
3567:
3406:
3103:
3046:
2821:
2319:
1018:
895:
in response to glycolytic needs of the cell or organism, as depicted in the accompanying diagram.
825:
783:
1361:
6429:
6424:
5739:
5729:
5719:
5644:
5628:
5587:
5573:
5568:
5306:
5269:
4895:
4840:
4808:
4683:
4402:
3887:
3846:
3805:
3764:
3695:
3654:
3618:
3559:
3518:
3477:
3442:
3398:
3359:
3300:
3265:
3221:
3180:
3139:
3095:
3038:
2997:
2952:
2911:
2874:
2849:
2813:
2775:
2719:
2678:
2643:
2581:
2527:
2492:
2378:
2311:
2271:
2228:
2202:
2161:
2117:
2068:
2033:
1992:
1944:
1892:
1857:
1813:
1762:
1690:
1507:
1232:
926:
869:
674:
546:
514:
361:
147:
6198:
6193:
6167:
6095:
6072:
5734:
5714:
5656:
5552:
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5435:
5381:
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5133:
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4456:
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4407:
4145:
3879:
3836:
3795:
3782:
Minchenko OH, Opentanova IL, Ogura T, Minchenko DO, Komisarenko SV, Caro J, Esumi H (2005).
3754:
3746:
3685:
3646:
3608:
3598:
3549:
3508:
3469:
3434:
3390:
3349:
3339:
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3257:
3211:
3170:
3131:
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3028:
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2519:
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2192:
2151:
2107:
2099:
2060:
2023:
1982:
1934:
1926:
1884:
1847:
1803:
1793:
1752:
1744:
1627:
1602:
1476:
1348:
1201:
821:
813:
116:
666:
506:
353:
6245:
6229:
6142:
5995:
5985:
5807:
5778:
5404:
5311:
5296:
5073:
4887:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4706:
4701:
4461:
4339:
4227:
4114:
3981:
3672:
Ros S, Santos CR, Moco S, Baenke F, Kelly G, Howell M, Zamboni N, Schulze A (April 2012).
3438:
3261:
2339:"Evolution of a bifunctional enzyme: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
1452:
1177:
898:
739:
92:
1411:
1136:
51:
3915:
3335:
3081:
2907:
2619:
2354:
742:
in cells. It catalyzes formation and degradation of a significant allosteric regulator,
6394:
6283:
6224:
5963:
5802:
5709:
5701:
5578:
5541:
5046:
5041:
5036:
4422:
4397:
4393:
4366:
4349:
3759:
3734:
2770:
2743:
2576:
2549:
2103:
1939:
1914:
1852:
1835:
1808:
1781:
1757:
1732:
1551:
1276:
191:
3650:
3603:
3586:
3554:
3537:
3175:
3158:
3135:
3090:
3065:
2947:
2930:
2714:
2697:
2638:
2603:
2488:
2373:
2338:
2266:
2249:
2197:
2180:
2156:
2139:
2112:
2087:
1987:
1970:
1531:
1343:
increases FBPase-2 activity. At low blood glucose concentrations, glucagon triggers a
1256:
891:
This enzyme's main function is to synthesize or degrade allosteric regulator Fru-2,6-P
407:
171:
6418:
6188:
6147:
5232:
4787:
4696:
4446:
4198:
3923:
3883:
3354:
3319:
3033:
3016:
2523:
2307:
1705:
1526:
1251:
1120:
Crystal structure of human liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
843:, its two domains act as independently functioning enzymes. One terminus serves as a
840:
472:
319:
246:
crystal structure of human liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
166:
3571:
3410:
3050:
2825:
1671:
1045:
Furthermore, the allosteric regulation of PFK2 is very similar to the regulation of
616:
436:
270:
6137:
5321:
5291:
5220:
4914:
4845:
4568:
4489:
3858:
3107:
2323:
1782:"A fresh view of glycolysis and glucokinase regulation: history and current status"
794:
662:
502:
349:
3733:
Wang Q, Donthi RV, Wang J, Lange AJ, Watson LJ, Jones SP, Epstein PN (June 2008).
3513:
3496:
2809:
412:
Structure of PFK2. Shown: kinase domain (cyan) and the phosphatase domain (green).
283:
6410:
3933:
3690:
3673:
3159:"Insulin induces PFKFB3 gene expression in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells"
2423:
1913:
Rider MH, Bertrand L, Vertommen D, Michels PA, Rousseau GG, Hue L (August 2004).
628:
448:
295:
6361:
6296:
6132:
5887:
5877:
5478:
5215:
5156:
5089:
4860:
4754:
4617:
4583:
4521:
4287:
4170:
4018:
3750:
3017:"A rat gene encoding heart 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase"
2028:
2011:
1535:
1260:
1014:
848:
175:
6389:
3324:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2983:
2608:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2343:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5689:
5532:
5445:
5210:
5160:
5066:
4174:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4002:
3977:
3969:
3823:
Stone WS, Faraone SV, Su J, Tarbox SI, Van Eerdewegh P, Tsuang MT (May 2004).
3296:
1598:
907:
797:
787:
775:
758:
contributes to the rate-determining step of glycolysis as it activates enzyme
735:
1834:
Heine-Suñer D, DĂaz-GuillĂ©n MA, Lange AJ, RodrĂguez de CĂłrdoba S (May 1998).
6335:
6309:
5968:
5881:
5418:
5184:
4979:
4778:
4691:
4318:
2760:
2628:
2363:
1798:
1022:
922:
3850:
3809:
3800:
3783:
3768:
3699:
3658:
3563:
3522:
3473:
3402:
3363:
3344:
3304:
3225:
3216:
3199:
3184:
3157:
Riera L, Manzano A, Navarro-Sabaté A, Perales JC, Bartrons R (April 2002).
3143:
3099:
3001:
2817:
2779:
2674:
2585:
2496:
2315:
2165:
2064:
2037:
1948:
1888:
1817:
1748:
3891:
3622:
3481:
3446:
3269:
3042:
2956:
2915:
2723:
2682:
2647:
2566:
2531:
2382:
2275:
2206:
2121:
2072:
1996:
1896:
1861:
1766:
1597:
The PFKB2 gene is located on chromosome 1. When greater concentrations of
1115:
476:
323:
241:
6406:
5815:
5395:
5024:
5019:
5014:
4835:
4470:
4322:
4218:
3930:
3841:
3824:
2399:
1686:
1464:
1340:
1189:
914:
855:
623:
443:
290:
104:
3585:
Ventura F, Rosa JL, Ambrosio S, Pilkis SJ, Bartrons R (September 1992).
2451:
973:
5766:
5751:
5367:
5031:
5009:
5004:
4622:
4194:
4109:
3829:
American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics
3613:
2992:
1930:
1483:
1325:
1208:
1074:
1058:
640:
635:
460:
455:
307:
302:
123:
3394:
1704:
gene encoding PFK2/FBPase2 protein is linked to the predisposition to
1355:
slows rates of glycolysis, and stimulates the gluconeogenesis pathway.
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
6348:
6118:
5744:
5179:
5051:
4984:
4877:
4475:
4383:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
3984:
1563:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1288:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
918:
844:
817:
801:
731:
694:
534:
381:
203:
99:
87:
75:
1371:
M-Type: skeletal muscle tissue; F-Type: fibroblast and fetal tissue
969:
At the other terminal, the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate 2-phosphatase (
3015:
Darville MI, Chikri M, Lebeau E, Hue L, Rousseau GG (August 1991).
6322:
5761:
5756:
5608:
4993:
4744:
4740:
1670:
1650:
1649:
1360:
1026:
897:
809:
805:
791:
5918:
CDP-diacylglycerolâglycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase
1969:
Hasemann CA, Istvan ES, Uyeda K, Deisenhofer J (September 1996).
6402:
5672:
5667:
5563:
5558:
5257:
5252:
5247:
4725:
4602:
4595:
4539:
4534:
4122:
4118:
4045:
4041:
4037:
3926:
3739:
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
1471:
1196:
1046:
1017:, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (
656:
611:
496:
431:
343:
277:
265:
111:
6091:
5129:
4291:
3942:
1390:
980:
with the addition of water. This opposing chemical reaction is:
965:
A phosphohistidine intermediate is formed within the reaction.
30:
4014:
4010:
4006:
812:
often encode different isoforms, each of which differs in its
3163:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2602:
Darville MI, Crepin KM, Hue L, Rousseau GG (September 1989).
2179:
Li L, Lin K, Pilkis J, Correia JJ, Pilkis SJ (October 1992).
6087:
3916:
6-phosphofructokinase of Arabidopsis thaliana at genome.jp
2248:
Tominaga N, Minami Y, Sakakibara R, Uyeda K (July 1993).
2296:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
994:
940:
6401:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
3198:
Marsin AS, Bouzin C, Bertrand L, Hue L (August 2002).
2737:
2735:
2733:
854:
In mammals, genetic mechanisms encode different PFK-2
847:
domain (for PFK-2) while the other terminus acts as a
6378:
5928:
CDP-diacylglycerolâinositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
1635:
U-Type: Ubiquitous; also known as placental or brain
993:
939:
5933:
CDP-diacylglycerolâcholine O-phosphatidyltransferase
2337:
Bazan JF, Fletterick RJ, Pilkis SJ (December 1989).
6274:
6238:
6207:
6176:
6125:
6052:
6030:
6005:
5980:
5961:
5941:
5923:
CDP-diacylglycerolâserine O-phosphatidyltransferase
5910:
5900:
5870:
5852:
5829:
5801:
5700:
5540:
5531:
5508:
5468:
5413:
5390:
5362:
5196:
5172:
5082:
4970:
4922:
4908:
4886:
4868:
4854:
4834:
4773:
4677:
4516:
4484:
4334:
4245:
4216:
4192:
4168:
4143:
4136:
3991:
3462:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2972:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2512:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2289:
2287:
2285:
2053:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1574:
1562:
1550:
1545:
1525:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1400:
1383:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1270:
1250:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1125:
1108:
734:indirectly responsible for regulating the rates of
693:
673:
655:
650:
634:
622:
610:
602:
597:
592:
545:
533:
513:
495:
490:
466:
454:
442:
430:
422:
417:
400:
380:
360:
342:
337:
313:
301:
289:
276:
264:
256:
251:
234:
214:
202:
190:
185:
165:
146:
134:
122:
110:
98:
86:
74:
69:
57:
45:
40:
23:
3239:
3237:
3235:
2227:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. pp. 466â467.
2086:Walker JE, Saraste M, Runswick MJ, Gay NJ (1982).
1395:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase dimer, Human heart tissue
999:
945:
800:and is found in greatest quantities in the liver,
401:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-bisphosphatase-2
4613:Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
4253:Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
2873:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. pp. 173â193.
2133:
2131:
1675:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase structure, testis tissue
3375:
3373:
2543:
2541:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2597:
2595:
2218:
2216:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
6103:
5141:
4303:
3954:
2791:
2789:
1829:
1827:
8:
2144:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
1908:
1906:
5949:N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase
5839:UTPâglucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
35:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase dimer, Human heart
6110:
6096:
6088:
5977:
5907:
5537:
5528:
5193:
5148:
5134:
5126:
4919:
4865:
4851:
4310:
4296:
4288:
4140:
3995:
3961:
3947:
3939:
1542:
1267:
1025:, specifically those acting on phosphoric
647:
487:
406:
334:
240:
182:
6043:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
6021:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
5844:Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
3908:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3840:
3799:
3758:
3689:
3612:
3602:
3553:
3512:
3353:
3343:
3215:
3174:
3089:
3032:
2991:
2946:
2769:
2759:
2713:
2637:
2627:
2575:
2565:
2372:
2362:
2265:
2196:
2155:
2111:
2027:
1986:
1938:
1851:
1807:
1797:
1756:
992:
938:
4095:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
3922:This article incorporates text from the
2696:Sakata J, Abe Y, Uyeda K (August 1991).
762:in the glycolysis pathway, and inhibits
6385:
4503:Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1
3285:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2663:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1716:
1619:and sustains high rates of glycolysis.
2424:"6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (IPR013079)"
1610:PFKB3: Brain, placental, and inducible
1380:
1105:
953:ADP + beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
589:
397:
231:
20:
5083:either deoxy- or ribo-
3711:
3709:
3439:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021270
3262:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021719
2446:
2444:
2394:
2392:
7:
4664:Protein serine/threonine phosphatase
983:beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H
4765:Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
4759:Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin
4560:Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
3591:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3204:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2935:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2908:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.003543
2748:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2702:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2254:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2185:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1786:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1731:Kurland IJ, Pilkis SJ (June 1995).
1000:{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
976:) domain dephosphorylates Fru-2,6-P
946:{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
832:seem key to their interaction with
774:in response to hormonal signaling,
766:in gluconeogenesis. Since Fru-2,6-P
4608:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
2548:Ros S, Schulze A (February 2013).
2104:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01276.x
1853:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2540103.x
1007:D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate
933:ATP + beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate
786:. The enzyme is important in the
14:
5354:Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase
4508:4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase
4160:Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
1042:will be synthesized or degraded.
6388:
5495:Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase
2308:10.1097/00075197-200109000-00012
1840:European Journal of Biochemistry
1389:
1114:
29:
4826:N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase
4714:Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
1384:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase: PFKB2
1109:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase: PFKB1
1102:PFKB1: Liver, muscle, and fetal
4635:Inositol-phosphate phosphatase
4498:Palmitoyl protein thioesterase
4064:Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
3383:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics
2477:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
910:, a 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (
1:
6068:Protein-histidine tele-kinase
6063:Protein-histidine pros-kinase
5942:Glycosyl-1-phosphotransferase
4998:RNA-induced silencing complex
3872:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
3651:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00037-2
3604:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37133-9
3555:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00808-1
3514:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0149
3176:10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00169-6
3136:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00591-6
3091:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00742-9
2948:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83531-1
2896:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2810:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.096
2715:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98475-9
2489:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01699-6
2267:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82344-4
2198:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)36651-7
2157:10.1016/S0079-6107(00)00007-9
1988:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00109-8
1877:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1654:i-PFKB3, Human inducible form
764:fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1
651:Available protein structures:
491:Available protein structures:
338:Available protein structures:
6440:Genes on human chromosome 10
5774:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
5102:Serratia marcescens nuclease
4669:Dual-specificity phosphatase
4659:Protein tyrosine phosphatase
3884:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91859-3
3691:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0234
3034:10.1016/0014-5793(91)81009-W
2524:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91859-3
5681:RNA-directed DNA polymerase
5549:DNA-directed DNA polymerase
4579:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
4050:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
3906:Fructose+2,6-bisphosphatase
3751:10.1152/ajpheart.91501.2007
2029:10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3349
902:PFK-2 and FBPase-2 Reaction
828:similarity, although a few
6461:
6445:Enzymes of known structure
6400:
6034:: protein-dual-specificity
4277:Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
2984:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.109
1689:, and the control against
6266:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
4816:Galactosamine-6 sulfatase
4372:6-phosphogluconolactonase
4090:
4082:Triosephosphate isomerase
4059:
3998:
3297:10.1016/j.abb.2005.04.011
2871:Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
1541:
1388:
1266:
1113:
744:fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
724:fructose bisphosphatase-2
646:
593:fructose-bisphosphatase-2
486:
405:
333:
239:
181:
28:
6158:Diffusion-limited enzyme
6011:protein-serine/threonine
5911:Phosphatidyltransferases
5500:Thiamine diphosphokinase
4564:Purple acid phosphatases
3910:Medical Subject Headings
3788:Acta Biochimica Polonica
3501:Clinical Cancer Research
2400:"ENZYME entry 2.7.1.105"
2225:Biochemistry (Looseleaf)
716:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase
24:6-phosphofructo-2-kinase
4105:Phosphoglycerate mutase
4100:Phosphoglycerate kinase
3974:carbohydrate metabolism
3427:Journal of Biochemistry
3250:Journal of Biochemistry
2761:10.1074/jbc.M113.455998
2629:10.1073/pnas.86.17.6543
2554:Cancer & Metabolism
2452:"ENZYME entry 3.1.3.46"
2364:10.1073/pnas.86.24.9642
1919:The Biochemical Journal
1799:10.1074/jbc.R114.557314
1593:PFKB2: Cardiac (H-Type)
5831:Nucleotidyltransferase
5514:nucleotidyltransferase
5441:Nucleoside-diphosphate
4989:Microprocessor complex
4628:Beta-propeller phytase
4233:Glycerol dehydrogenase
3801:10.18388/abp.2005_3402
3474:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1616
3345:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3047
3217:10.1074/jbc.M205213200
2846:Metabolism at a Glance
2675:10.1006/abbi.1994.1194
2065:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2183
1889:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9311
1749:10.1002/pro.5560040601
1676:
1663:PFKB4: Testis (T-Type)
1655:
1367:
1001:
947:
903:
808:. In mammals, several
6251:EadieâHofstee diagram
6184:Allosteric regulation
5685:Reverse transcriptase
4924:Endodeoxyribonuclease
4821:Iduronate-2-sulfatase
4574:Glucose 6-phosphatase
4360:Butyrylcholinesterase
4184:Lactate dehydrogenase
4034:Phosphofructokinase 1
4023:Glucose 6-phosphatase
2567:10.1186/2049-3002-1-8
2138:Jedrzejas MJ (2000).
1780:Lenzen S (May 2014).
1680:Clinical significance
1674:
1653:
1364:
1322:L-Type: liver tissue
1002:
948:
901:
760:phosphofructokinase 1
712:Phosphofructokinase-2
6261:LineweaverâBurk plot
5474:diphosphotransferase
5456:Thiamine-diphosphate
5163:-containing groups (
5107:Micrococcal nuclease
4942:Deoxyribonuclease IV
4937:Deoxyribonuclease II
4870:Exodeoxyribonuclease
4530:Alkaline phosphatase
4355:Acetylcholinesterase
4208:Alanine transaminase
4155:Pyruvate carboxylase
4137:Gluconeogenesis only
3842:10.1002/ajmg.b.20132
991:
937:
834:fructose 6-phosphate
752:fructose-6-phosphate
6056:: protein-histidine
5974:; protein acceptor)
5862:mRNA capping enzyme
5854:Guanylyltransferase
4962:UvrABC endonuclease
4932:Deoxyribonuclease I
4655:Protein phosphatase
4591:Protein phosphatase
4389:Bile salt-dependent
4377:PAF acetylhydrolase
3336:1999PNAS...96.3047C
3082:2000CBio...10.1247M
2848:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2620:1989PNAS...86.6543D
2355:1989PNAS...86.9642B
1345:cAMP signal cascade
1330:protein phosphatase
1055:phosphoenolpyruvate
1019:phosphotransferases
851:domain (FBPase-2).
6220:Enzyme superfamily
6153:Enzyme promiscuity
5332:Phosphoinositide 3
5176:phosphotransferase
5095:Mung bean nuclease
4954:Restriction enzyme
4947:Restriction enzyme
2844:Salway JG (2017).
1931:10.1042/BJ20040752
1677:
1656:
1623:I-Type: Inducible
1368:
997:
943:
904:
784:mannose metabolism
574: A:30-249;
568: A:30-249;
562: B:40-251;
556: A:24-246;
6376:
6375:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
5957:
5956:
5896:
5895:
5797:
5796:
5710:Template-directed
5464:
5463:
5431:Phosphomevalonate
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
4904:
4903:
4896:Oligonucleotidase
4841:deoxyribonuclease
4809:Steroid sulfatase
4684:Phosphodiesterase
4413:Hormone-sensitive
4285:
4284:
4241:
4240:
4132:
4131:
4029:Glucose isomerase
3395:10.1159/000015181
2880:978-0-8493-4795-5
2855:978-0-470-67471-0
2456:enzyme.expasy.org
2404:enzyme.expasy.org
2234:978-1-4292-3502-0
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1489:metabolic pathway
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1214:metabolic pathway
1049:. High levels of
927:chemical reaction
870:adenylate cyclase
816:distribution and
750:) from substrate
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:structure summary
588:
587:
584:
583:
540:structure summary
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:structure summary
230:
229:
226:
225:
129:metabolic pathway
6452:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6256:HanesâWoolf plot
6199:Enzyme activator
6194:Enzyme inhibitor
6168:Enzyme catalysis
6112:
6105:
6098:
6089:
6073:Histidine kinase
5996:tyrosine kinases
5986:protein-tyrosine
5978:
5908:
5715:RNA polymerase I
5538:
5529:
5382:Aspartate kinase
5377:Phosphoglycerate
5194:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
4972:Endoribonuclease
4958:
4952:
4920:
4866:
4852:
4552:Acid phosphatase
4433:Monoacylglycerol
4343:ester hydrolases
4312:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4141:
3996:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3895:
3863:
3862:
3844:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3730:
3724:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3678:Cancer Discovery
3669:
3663:
3662:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3597:(25): 17939â43.
3582:
3576:
3575:
3557:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3241:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3210:(34): 30778â83.
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3093:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3036:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2841:
2830:
2829:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2754:(15): 10640â51.
2739:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2708:(24): 15764â70.
2693:
2687:
2686:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2191:(30): 21588â94.
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2092:The EMBO Journal
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1925:(Pt 3): 561â79.
1910:
1901:
1900:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1792:(18): 12189â94.
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1728:
1603:Protein Kinase B
1543:
1393:
1381:
1349:Protein Kinase A
1268:
1118:
1106:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
952:
950:
949:
944:
648:
590:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
488:
410:
398:
335:
244:
232:
183:
33:
21:
16:Class of enzymes
6460:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6399:
6387:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6284:Oxidoreductases
6270:
6246:Enzyme kinetics
6234:
6230:List of enzymes
6203:
6172:
6143:Catalytic triad
6121:
6116:
6086:
6077:
6048:
6026:
6001:
5972:
5966:
5962:2.7.10-2.7.13:
5953:
5937:
5904:: miscellaneous
5892:
5866:
5848:
5825:
5808:exoribonuclease
5805:
5793:
5779:Polyadenylation
5696:
5522:
5516:
5504:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5460:
5422:
5409:
5386:
5358:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5154:
5124:
5111:
5078:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4913:
4900:
4888:Exoribonuclease
4882:
4859:
4843:
4839:
4830:
4804:Arylsulfatase L
4799:Arylsulfatase B
4794:Arylsulfatase A
4769:
4682:
4673:
4512:
4480:
4342:
4330:
4316:
4286:
4281:
4237:
4228:Glycerol kinase
4212:
4188:
4164:
4128:
4115:Pyruvate kinase
4086:
4055:
3987:
3982:gluconeogenesis
3967:
3902:
3869:
3866:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3745:(6): H2889â97.
3732:
3731:
3727:
3714:
3707:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3507:(16): 5784â92.
3494:
3493:
3489:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3076:(20): 1247â55.
3070:Current Biology
3063:
3062:
3058:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2260:(21): 15951â7.
2247:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2150:(2â4): 263â87.
2137:
2136:
2129:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2022:(12): 3349â57.
2009:
2008:
2004:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1737:Protein Science
1730:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1682:
1665:
1618:
1612:
1595:
1396:
1354:
1335:
1121:
1104:
1071:
1041:
1038:whether F-2,6-P
1035:
989:
988:
986:
979:
964:
960:
935:
934:
894:
889:
865:
773:
769:
757:
749:
740:gluconeogenesis
580: :37-249
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
413:
247:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6458:
6456:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6398:
6397:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6331:
6318:
6305:
6292:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6208:Classification
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6015:
6013:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5990:
5988:
5975:
5970:
5964:protein kinase
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5803:Phosphorolytic
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5702:RNA polymerase
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5542:DNA polymerase
5535:
5526:
5520:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5327:Diacylglycerol
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5238:Phosphofructo-
5235:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5191:
5186:
5170:
5169:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4991:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4849:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4783:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4747:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4438:Diacylglycerol
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4391:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Pectinesterase
4364:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4350:Cholinesterase
4346:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4031:
4026:
3999:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3901:
3900:External links
3898:
3897:
3896:
3878:(3): 1078â84.
3865:
3864:
3815:
3774:
3725:
3705:
3664:
3628:
3577:
3528:
3487:
3452:
3416:
3389:(3â4): 214â7.
3369:
3330:(6): 3047â52.
3310:
3275:
3231:
3190:
3149:
3113:
3056:
3007:
2962:
2941:(12): 7000â4.
2921:
2886:
2879:
2861:
2854:
2831:
2785:
2729:
2688:
2653:
2614:(17): 6543â7.
2591:
2537:
2518:(3): 1078â84.
2502:
2467:
2440:
2415:
2388:
2349:(24): 9642â6.
2329:
2281:
2240:
2233:
2212:
2171:
2127:
2078:
2043:
2002:
1981:(9): 1017â29.
1954:
1902:
1867:
1823:
1772:
1743:(6): 1023â37.
1715:
1713:
1710:
1695:Warburg effect
1681:
1678:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1011:
1010:
1008:
996:
984:
981:
977:
962:
958:
955:
954:
942:
892:
888:
885:
864:
861:
820:activity. The
771:
767:
755:
747:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:
691:
690:
677:
671:
670:
660:
653:
652:
644:
643:
638:
632:
631:
626:
620:
619:
614:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
594:
586:
585:
582:
581:
549:
543:
542:
537:
531:
530:
517:
511:
510:
500:
493:
492:
484:
483:
470:
464:
463:
458:
452:
451:
446:
440:
439:
434:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
403:
402:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
378:
377:
364:
358:
357:
347:
340:
339:
331:
330:
317:
311:
310:
305:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
281:
274:
273:
268:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
237:
236:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
179:
178:
169:
163:
162:
151:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6457:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:Enzyme family
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:Cooperativity
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Oxyanion hole
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:Class II PI 3
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Deoxycytidine
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5285:ADP-thymidine
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:arylsulfatase
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:Phospholipase
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:Phospholipase
4445:
4444:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:Alanine cycle
4196:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:public domain
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3723:(3), 264-270.
3722:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3684:(4): 328â43.
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:(1â2): 83â9.
3644:
3640:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3548:(1â3): 23â9.
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:(3): 1140â8.
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:(3): 506â11.
3432:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:(2): 125â36.
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3027:(1â2): 91â4.
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:(2): 357â62.
2803:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:(2): 467â74.
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:(8): 945â51.
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:(2): 663â72.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1846:(1): 103â10.
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:schizophrenia
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Gene Ontology
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:NiceZyme view
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1347:and in turn,
1346:
1342:
1339:In contrast,
1338:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Gene Ontology
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:NiceZyme view
1188:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
982:
975:
972:
968:
967:
966:
932:
931:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
900:
896:
886:
884:
881:
877:
873:
871:
862:
860:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
765:
761:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
701:
698:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
649:
645:
642:
639:
637:
633:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
550:
548:
544:
541:
538:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
494:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
471:
469:
465:
462:
459:
457:
453:
450:
447:
445:
441:
438:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
409:
404:
399:
388:
385:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:
316:
312:
309:
306:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
243:
238:
233:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
168:
167:Gene Ontology
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
105:NiceZyme view
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6362:Translocases
6359:
6346:
6333:
6320:
6307:
6297:Transferases
6294:
6281:
6138:Binding site
6040:
6018:
5993:
5614:
5579:
5337:Class I PI 3
5302:Pantothenate
5262:
5173:2.7.1-2.7.4:
5157:Transferases
4957:}}
4951:{{
4915:Endonuclease
4846:ribonuclease
4786:
4612:
4569:Nucleotidase
4490:Thioesterase
4252:
4146:oxaloacetate
3921:
3920:
3875:
3871:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3794:(4): 881â8.
3791:
3787:
3777:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3720:
3717:FEBS Letters
3716:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3545:
3542:FEBS Letters
3541:
3531:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3386:
3382:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3256:(1): 122â8.
3253:
3249:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3169:(2): 89â92.
3166:
3162:
3152:
3130:(1): 131â8.
3127:
3123:
3116:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3024:
3021:FEBS Letters
3020:
3010:
2978:(1): 36â40.
2975:
2971:
2965:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2845:
2801:
2798:FEBS Letters
2797:
2751:
2747:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2611:
2607:
2557:
2553:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2302:(5): 411â8.
2299:
2295:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2224:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2147:
2143:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1978:
1974:
1922:
1918:
1883:(2): 466â8.
1880:
1876:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1740:
1736:
1701:
1700:Lastly, the
1699:
1683:
1666:
1613:
1596:
1453:BRENDA entry
1316:
1178:BRENDA entry
1096:
1072:
1044:
1036:
1015:transferases
1012:
956:
905:
890:
882:
878:
874:
866:
853:
838:
795:carbohydrate
727:
723:
719:
711:
710:
93:BRENDA entry
18:
6133:Active site
5888:Transposase
5878:Recombinase
5523:-nucleoside
5349:Sphingosine
5090:Nuclease S1
4861:Exonuclease
4755:Lecithinase
4584:Calcineurin
4522:Phosphatase
4428:Lipoprotein
4418:Endothelial
4019:Glucokinase
3835:(1): 5â10.
3614:2445/177133
2993:11336/19538
2483:(1): 30â5.
1441:IntEnz view
1424:78689-77-7
1401:Identifiers
1366:glycolysis.
1166:IntEnz view
1149:78689-77-7
1126:Identifiers
849:phosphatase
754:. Fru-2,6-P
598:Identifiers
418:Identifiers
252:Identifiers
81:IntEnz view
64:78689-77-7
41:Identifiers
6435:Glycolysis
6419:Categories
6336:Isomerases
6310:Hydrolases
6177:Regulation
5690:Telomerase
5533:Polymerase
5307:Mevalonate
5270:Riboflavin
5161:phosphorus
4403:Pancreatic
4340:Carboxylic
4246:Regulatory
4175:Cori cycle
4066:(Aldolase
4003:Hexokinase
3992:Glycolysis
3978:glycolysis
3970:Metabolism
2902:: 755â83.
2461:2018-03-25
2434:2018-03-25
2430:. EMBL-EBI
2409:2018-03-24
1712:References
1599:adrenaline
1510:structures
1477:KEGG entry
1235:structures
1202:KEGG entry
1057:(PEP) and
1033:Regulation
1023:hydrolases
908:enzymology
798:metabolism
788:regulation
776:metabolism
746:(Fru-2,6-P
736:glycolysis
663:structures
503:structures
350:structures
150:structures
117:KEGG entry
6411:IPR013079
6215:EC number
5882:Integrase
5806:3' to 5'
5451:Guanylate
5446:Uridylate
5436:Adenylate
5280:Thymidine
5275:Shikimate
4980:RNase III
4838:(includes
4779:Sulfatase
4692:Autotaxin
4556:Prostatic
4408:Lysosomal
4323:esterases
4319:Hydrolase
3934:IPR013079
1975:Structure
1430:Databases
1412:2.7.1.105
1155:Databases
1137:2.7.1.105
1027:monoester
995:⇌
941:⇌
923:catalyzes
915:2.7.1.105
863:Structure
841:homodimer
818:enzymatic
730:), is an
641:PDOC00114
629:IPR028343
461:PDOC00158
449:IPR013079
308:PDOC00158
296:IPR013079
70:Databases
52:2.7.1.105
6430:EC 3.1.3
6425:EC 2.7.1
6407:InterPro
6239:Kinetics
6163:Cofactor
6126:Activity
5816:RNase PH
5424:acceptor
5405:Creatine
5398:acceptor
5370:acceptor
5312:Pyruvate
5297:Glycerol
5258:Platelet
5233:Galacto-
5204:acceptor
5074:RNase T1
4836:Nuclease
4471:Cutinase
4219:glycerol
4046:Platelet
3931:InterPro
3851:15108172
3810:16025159
3769:18456722
3700:22576210
3659:10095107
3572:41726316
3564:12935880
3523:16115917
3411:23221556
3403:10072580
3364:10077634
3305:15896703
3226:12065600
3185:12007784
3144:11245987
3100:11069105
3051:34116121
3002:23291237
2826:33170865
2818:15642344
2780:23457334
2586:24280138
2560:(1): 8.
2497:11165514
2428:InterPro
2316:11568503
2166:10958932
2038:16306349
2016:Diabetes
1949:15170386
1818:24637025
1687:ischemia
1581:proteins
1569:articles
1557:articles
1514:RCSB PDB
1341:glucagon
1306:proteins
1294:articles
1282:articles
1239:RCSB PDB
1075:isozymes
1073:Protein
1069:Isozymes
974:3.1.3.46
917:) is an
887:Function
856:isoforms
830:residues
826:sequence
780:fructose
728:FBPase-2
680:RCSB PDB
624:InterPro
606:FBPase-2
520:RCSB PDB
444:InterPro
367:RCSB PDB
291:InterPro
221:proteins
209:articles
197:articles
154:RCSB PDB
6395:Biology
6349:Ligases
6119:Enzymes
5767:PrimPol
5752:Primase
5226:Hepatic
5221:Fructo-
5047:RNase E
5042:RNase Z
5037:RNase A
5032:RNase P
5005:RNase H
4623:Phytase
4423:Hepatic
4398:Lingual
4394:Gastric
4195:alanine
4171:lactate
4110:Enolase
3985:enzymes
3892:6458291
3859:2420843
3760:4239994
3623:1325453
3482:7733968
3447:8830046
3332:Bibcode
3270:9276680
3108:7920767
3078:Bibcode
3043:1652483
2957:2540168
2916:3052289
2771:3624444
2724:1651918
2683:8179334
2648:2549541
2616:Bibcode
2577:4178209
2532:6458291
2383:2557623
2351:Bibcode
2324:6638455
2276:8393455
2207:1328239
2122:6329717
2073:7646523
1997:8805587
1940:1133864
1897:9753654
1862:9652401
1809:4007419
1767:7549867
1758:2143155
1691:hypoxia
1628:induced
1536:QuickGO
1501:profile
1484:MetaCyc
1419:CAS no.
1326:Insulin
1261:QuickGO
1226:profile
1209:MetaCyc
1144:CAS no.
1080:PFKFB-1
1059:citrate
1029:bonds.
961:and ADP
792:hepatic
636:PROSITE
617:PF00316
456:PROSITE
437:PF01591
303:PROSITE
271:PF01591
176:QuickGO
141:profile
124:MetaCyc
59:CAS no.
6381:Portal
6323:Lyases
6054:2.7.13
6032:2.7.12
6007:2.7.11
5982:2.7.10
5821:PNPase
5789:PNPase
5745:POLRMT
5740:ssRNAP
5253:Muscle
5216:Gluco-
5180:kinase
4985:Drosha
4910:3.1.21
4878:RecBCD
4856:3.1.11
4476:PETase
4384:Lipase
4270:PFKFB4
4266:PFKFB3
4262:PFKFB2
4258:PFKFB1
4042:Muscle
3912:(MeSH)
3890:
3857:
3849:
3808:
3767:
3757:
3698:
3657:
3621:
3570:
3562:
3521:
3480:
3445:
3409:
3401:
3362:
3352:
3303:
3268:
3224:
3183:
3142:
3106:
3098:
3049:
3041:
3000:
2955:
2914:
2877:
2852:
2824:
2816:
2778:
2768:
2722:
2681:
2646:
2639:297880
2636:
2584:
2574:
2530:
2495:
2381:
2374:298557
2371:
2322:
2314:
2274:
2231:
2205:
2164:
2120:
2113:553140
2110:
2071:
2036:
1995:
1947:
1937:
1895:
1860:
1816:
1806:
1765:
1755:
1702:Pfkfb2
1641:ratio.
1564:PubMed
1546:Search
1532:AmiGO
1520:PDBsum
1460:ExPASy
1448:BRENDA
1436:IntEnz
1407:EC no.
1289:PubMed
1271:Search
1257:AmiGO
1245:PDBsum
1185:ExPASy
1173:BRENDA
1161:IntEnz
1132:EC no.
1092:PFKFB4
1088:PFKFB3
1084:PFKFB2
919:enzyme
845:kinase
822:family
814:tissue
802:kidney
732:enzyme
695:PDBsum
669:
659:
603:Symbol
535:PDBsum
509:
499:
481:SUPFAM
423:Symbol
382:PDBsum
356:
346:
328:SUPFAM
284:CL0023
257:Symbol
204:PubMed
186:Search
172:AmiGO
160:PDBsum
100:ExPASy
88:BRENDA
76:IntEnz
47:EC no.
6275:Types
5902:2.7.8
5871:Other
5510:2.7.7
5470:2.7.6
5415:2.7.4
5392:2.7.3
5364:2.7.2
5248:Liver
5211:Hexo-
5198:2.7.1
4994:Dicer
4949:;see
4775:3.1.6
4745:PDE4B
4741:PDE4A
4679:3.1.4
4648:IMPA3
4644:IMPA2
4640:IMPA1
4518:3.1.3
4486:3.1.2
4336:3.1.1
4217:from
4193:from
4169:from
4038:Liver
3855:S2CID
3568:S2CID
3407:S2CID
3355:15892
3104:S2CID
3047:S2CID
2822:S2CID
2320:S2CID
1496:PRIAM
1221:PRIAM
921:that
810:genes
806:heart
722:) or
720:PFK-2
477:SCOPe
468:SCOP2
426:6PF2K
324:SCOPe
315:SCOP2
260:6PF2K
235:6PF2K
136:PRIAM
6405:and
6403:Pfam
6367:list
6360:EC7
6354:list
6347:EC6
6341:list
6334:EC5
6328:list
6321:EC4
6315:list
6308:EC3
6302:list
6295:EC2
6289:list
6282:EC1
6041:see
6019:see
5994:see
5368:COOH
5167:2.7)
4912:-31:
4858:-16:
4844:and
4750:PDE5
4736:PDE3
4731:PDE2
4726:PDE1
4618:PTEN
4603:OCRL
4596:PP2A
4545:ALPP
4540:ALPL
4535:ALPI
4329:3.1)
4123:PKM2
4119:PKLR
3929:and
3927:Pfam
3888:PMID
3847:PMID
3833:127B
3806:PMID
3765:PMID
3696:PMID
3655:PMID
3639:Gene
3619:PMID
3560:PMID
3519:PMID
3478:PMID
3443:PMID
3399:PMID
3360:PMID
3301:PMID
3266:PMID
3222:PMID
3181:PMID
3167:1589
3140:PMID
3124:Gene
3096:PMID
3039:PMID
2998:PMID
2953:PMID
2912:PMID
2875:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2814:PMID
2776:PMID
2720:PMID
2679:PMID
2644:PMID
2582:PMID
2528:PMID
2493:PMID
2379:PMID
2312:PMID
2272:PMID
2229:ISBN
2203:PMID
2162:PMID
2118:PMID
2069:PMID
2034:PMID
1993:PMID
1945:PMID
1893:PMID
1858:PMID
1814:PMID
1763:PMID
1576:NCBI
1517:PDBe
1472:KEGG
1301:NCBI
1242:PDBe
1197:KEGG
1090:and
1047:PFK1
925:the
804:and
782:and
738:and
688:PDBj
684:PDBe
667:ECOD
657:Pfam
612:Pfam
577:1bif
571:3bif
565:2bif
559:1k6m
553:2axn
528:PDBj
524:PDBe
507:ECOD
497:Pfam
473:1bif
432:Pfam
375:PDBj
371:PDBe
354:ECOD
344:Pfam
320:1bif
280:clan
278:Pfam
266:Pfam
216:NCBI
157:PDBe
112:KEGG
5784:PAP
5725:III
5659:/Y
5650:TDT
5631:/X
5623:III
5615:Pfu
5590:/B
5580:Taq
5555:/A
5322:PFP
5292:NAD
5067:4/5
4144:to
4048:)â/
4021:)â/
4015:HK3
4011:HK2
4007:HK1
3880:doi
3876:101
3837:doi
3796:doi
3755:PMC
3747:doi
3743:294
3721:554
3686:doi
3647:doi
3643:229
3609:hdl
3599:doi
3595:267
3550:doi
3546:550
3509:doi
3470:doi
3466:209
3435:doi
3431:119
3391:doi
3350:PMC
3340:doi
3293:doi
3289:438
3258:doi
3254:122
3212:doi
3208:277
3171:doi
3132:doi
3128:264
3086:doi
3029:doi
3025:288
2988:hdl
2980:doi
2976:431
2943:doi
2939:264
2904:doi
2806:doi
2802:579
2766:PMC
2756:doi
2752:288
2710:doi
2706:266
2671:doi
2667:310
2634:PMC
2624:doi
2572:PMC
2562:doi
2520:doi
2516:101
2485:doi
2369:PMC
2359:doi
2304:doi
2262:doi
2258:268
2193:doi
2189:267
2152:doi
2108:PMC
2100:doi
2061:doi
2057:213
2024:doi
1983:doi
1935:PMC
1927:doi
1923:381
1885:doi
1881:250
1848:doi
1844:254
1804:PMC
1794:doi
1790:289
1753:PMC
1745:doi
1552:PMC
1508:PDB
1277:PMC
1233:PDB
1051:AMP
906:In
790:of
675:PDB
547:PDB
515:PDB
362:PDB
192:PMC
148:PDB
6421::
6409::
6009::
5984::
5969:PO
5730:IV
5720:II
5629:IV
5625:/C
5588:II
5574:T7
5519:PO
5512::
5472::
5419:PO
5417::
5394::
5366::
5202:OH
5200::
5185:PO
5165:EC
5159::
5025:2C
5020:2B
5015:2A
4996::
4987::
4777::
4657::
4646:,
4642:,
4558:)/
4520::
4488::
4457:A2
4452:A1
4338::
4327:EC
4321::
4268:,
4264:,
4260:,
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4121:,
4074:,
4070:,
4044:,
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5635:ÎČ
5609:ζ
5604:Δ
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