402:: Estuarine environments, or estuaries, are located at the lower parts of rivers that flow into the open sea. Since they are in the seaward section of the drowned valley system they receive sediment from both marine and fluvial sources. These contain facies that are affected by tide and wave fluvial processes. An estuary is considered to stretch from the landward limit of tidal facies to the seaward limit of coastal facies. Phosphorites are often deposited in fjords within estuarine environments. These are estuaries with shallow sill constrictions. During Holocene sea-level rise, fjord estuaries formed by drowning of glacially-eroded U-shaped valleys.
20:
32:
488:
476:
382:. Normally phosphates are deposited in very shallow, near-shore marine or low energy environments. This includes environments such as supratidal zones, littoral or intertidal zones, and most importantly estuarine. Currently, areas of oceanic upwelling cause the formation of phosphates. This is because of the constant stream of phosphate brought from the large, deep ocean reservoir (see below). This cycle allows continuous growth of organisms.
458:
sediment. There are two different environmental conditions in which phosphorites are produced within continental margins. Continental margins can consist of organic rich sedimentation, strong coastal upwelling, and pronounced low oxygen zones. They can also form in conditions such as oxygen rich bottom waters and organic poor sediments.
362:
from continental weathering, brought out by rivers to the ocean. It is then processed by both micro- and macro-organisms. Diatomaceous plankton, phytoplankton, and zooplankton process and dissolve phosphorus in the water. The bones and teeth of certain fish (e.g. anchovies) absorb phosphorus and are later deposited and buried in the
701:
Rare earth elements are being found within phosphorites. With increasing demand from modern technology a different method of finding rare earth elements, independent of China, is becoming increasingly important. With yields greater than those from deposits in China, phosphorites offer a new resource
395:
Intertidal zones are also part of the tidal flat system. The intertidal zone is located within the mean high and low tide levels. It is subject to tidal shifts, which means that it is subaerially exposed once or twice a day. It is not exposed long enough to support the growth of most vegetation. The
369:
Depending on the pH and salinity levels of the ocean water, organic matter will decay, releasing phosphorus from sediment in shallow basins. Bacteria and enzymes dissolve organic matter on the water–bottom interface, thus returning phosphorus to the beginning of its biogenic cycle. Mineralization of
465:
Insular phosphorites: Insular phosphorites are located in carbonate islands, plateaus, coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon or, atoll lagoon, marine lakes. The phosphorite here originates from guano. Replacement of deep sea sediments precipitates, that has been formed in place on
457:
Continental margin phosphorites: Convergent, passive, upwelling, non-upwelling. This environment accumulates phosphorites in the form of hardgrounds, nodules and granular beds. These accumulate by carbonate fluorapatite precipitation during early diagenesis in the upper few tens of centimeters of
361:
The heaviest accumulation of phosphorus is mainly on the ocean floor. Phosphorus accumulation occurs from atmospheric precipitation, dust, glacial runoff, cosmic activity, underground hydrothermal volcanic activity, and deposition of organic material. The primary inflow of dissolved phosphorus is
697:
to apply rock phosphate as a fertilizer in certain soil types and countries, although it has many drawbacks. According to the report it may have higher sustainability compared to more concentrated fertilizers because of reduced manufacturing costs and the possibility of local procurement of the
439:
Phosphatization: Phosphatization is a type of rare diagenetic processes. It occurs when fluids that are rich in phosphate are leached from guano. These are then concentrated and reprecipitated in limestone. Phosphatized fossils or fragments of original phosphatic shells are important components
174:
are common phosphate-bearing rocks. Phosphate-rich sedimentary rocks can occur in dark brown to black beds, ranging from centimeter-sized laminae to beds that are several meters thick. Although these thick beds can exist, they are rarely only composed of phosphatic sedimentary rocks. Phosphatic
405:
The most common occurrence of phosphorites is related to strong marine upwelling of sediments. Upwelling is caused by deep water currents that are brought up to coastal surfaces where a large deposition of phosphorites may occur. This type of environment is the main reason why phosphorites are
659:
and animal feed supplements and the balance for industrial chemicals. In addition, phosphorus from rock phosphate is also used in food preservatives, baking flour, pharmaceuticals, anticorrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides, insecticides, detergents, ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.
388:
Supratidal environments are part of the tidal flat system where the presence of strong wave activity is non-existent. Tidal flat systems are created along open coasts and relatively low wave energy environments. They can also develop on high energy coasts behind barrier islands where they are
461:
Seamount phosphorites: These are phosphorites that occur in seamounts, guyots, or flat topped seamounts, seamount ridges. These phosphorites are produced in association with iron and magnesium bearing crusts. In this setting the productivity of phosphorus is recycled within an iron oxidation
389:
sheltered from the high energy wave action. Within the tidal flat system, the supratidal zone lies in a very high tide level. However, it can be flooded by extreme tides and cut across by tidal channels. This is also subaerially exposed, but is flooded twice a month by spring tides.
406:
commonly associated with silica and chert. Estuaries are also known as a phosphorus “trap”. This is because coastal estuaries contain a high productivity of phosphorus from marsh grass and benthic algae which allow an equilibrium exchange between living and dead organisms.
199:
by phosphates. They also can be composed of peloids, ooids, fossils, and clasts that are made up of apatite. There are some phosphorites that are very small and have no distinctive granular textures. This means that their textures are similar to that of collophane, or fine
415:
Phosphate nodules: These are spherical concentrations that are randomly distributed along the floor of continental shelves. Most phosphorite grains are sand size although particles greater than 2 mm may be present. These larger grains, referred to as
427:
Bioclastic phosphates or bone beds: Bone beds are bedded phosphate deposits that contain concentrations of small skeletal particles and coprolites. Some also contain invertebrate fossils like brachiopods and become more enriched in
572:
of
Morocco) respectively in 2012 while global production reached 195 Mt. It is thought that in India there are almost 260 million tons of rock phosphate. Other countries with significant production include
340:
Phosphatic particles, laminae and beds are considered condensed when they have been concentrated. This is helped by the extracting and reworking processes of phosphatic particles or bioturbation.
693:
alternative to "chemical" phosphate fertilizer which has been further concentrated from it, because it is perceived as being more "natural". According to a report for the FAO, it can be more
932:
Middleton V. Gerald, 2003 Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences series. Encyclopedia of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrect, Boston, London. pp 131, 727, 519–524.
454:
phosphorites are within marine shelf environments. These are in a broad and shallow cratonic setting. This is where granular phosphorites, phosphorite hardgrounds, and nodules occur.
85:. This occurs through washing, screening, de-liming, magnetic separation or flotation. By comparison, the average phosphorus content of sedimentary rocks is less than 0.2%.
257:
represents some 15 million years of sedimentation. It reaches a thickness of 420 metres and covers an area of 350,000 km. Commercially mined phosphorites occur in
608:
is used to concentrate the mined ore to rock phosphate. The mined ore is crushed and washed, creating a slurry, this ore slurry is then treated with
863:
Galmed, M.A.; Nasr, M.M.; Khater, A.E-S.M. (2020). "Petrology of Early
Paleogene phosphorite deposits in Hazm Al-Jalamid, Northwest Saudi Arabia".
809:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic ed. Andy Jorgensen. Ed.-in-Chief C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
840:
711:
19:
1308:
420:, can range up to several tens of centimeters in size. Phosphate nodules are known to occur in significant quantities offshore northern
31:
906:
793:
762:
754:
462:
reduction phosphorus cycle. This cycle can also form glauconite which is normally associated with modern and ancient phosphorites.
160:. Phosphorite deposits often occur in extensive layers, which cumulatively cover tens of thousands of square kilometres of the
1023:
997:
533:
As of 2006, the US is the world's leading producer and exporter of phosphate fertilizers, accounting for about 37% of world P
686:
oxides. Worldwide, the resources of high-grade ore are declining, and use of lower grade ore may become more attractive.
2325:
1111:
992:
Baturin, G.N, Phosphorites on the Sea Floor: Origin, Composition and
Distribution. Elsevier. 1981, New York, pp. 24–50
2320:
2310:
2305:
1281:
702:
located within the U.S. that would likely lead to independence from influence of countries outside of the U.S.
379:
1078:
1361:
1341:
1301:
694:
667:
industry, beneficiated rock phosphate must be concentrated to levels of at least 28% phosphorus pentoxide (P
541:
exports. As of
December 2018, the world's total economic demonstrated resource of rock phosphate is 70
639:
fertilizers. Elemental phosphorus is the base for furnace-grade phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentasulfide,
436:
after diagenetic processes have occurred. Bioclastic phosphates can also be cemented by phosphate minerals.
1786:
644:
1751:
1266:
487:
347:
Phosphatic particles that were moved by turbulent or gravity-driven flows and deposited by these flows.
231:
1231:
1051:
958:
640:
250:
191:. These layers contain the same textures and structures as fine-grained limestones and may represent
66:
24:
144:, which is often dissolved from vertebrate bones and teeth, whereas fluorapatite can originate from
2315:
1261:
1218:
Emsbo, Poul; McLaughlin, Patrick I.; Breit, George N.; Du Bray, Edward A.; Koenig, Alan E. (2015).
690:
664:
65:. The phosphate content of phosphorite (or grade of phosphate rock) varies greatly, from 4% to 20%
2036:
1271:
1144:
1582:
1294:
880:
636:
589:. Historically, large amounts of phosphates were obtained from deposits on small islands such as
196:
62:
1177:"Sustainable Phosphorus Measures: Strategies and Technologies for Achieving Phosphorus Security"
1039:
514:
for their phosphate content are not particularly common. The two main sources for phosphate are
1123:
475:
1537:
1019:
993:
902:
836:
789:
758:
632:
149:
145:
105:
77:). Marketed phosphate rock is enriched ("beneficiated") to at least 28%, often more than 30% P
2234:
1946:
1733:
1602:
1239:
1198:
1188:
1092:
1059:
966:
942:
872:
590:
417:
356:
157:
58:
1220:"Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: Solution to the global REE crisis?"
2046:
1806:
1659:
620:
605:
496:
480:
184:
161:
36:
1235:
1055:
962:
2239:
2081:
1674:
1597:
1083:
805:
628:
363:
205:
113:
2299:
2284:
2199:
2164:
2011:
1572:
1477:
884:
601:
557:
506:
Deposits which contain phosphate in quantity and concentration which are economic to
254:
748:
678:
It must also have reasonable amounts of calcium carbonate (5%), and <4% combined
2209:
2189:
2061:
1708:
1686:
1627:
1527:
1472:
1457:
1323:
1172:
370:
organic matter can also cause the release of phosphorus back into the ocean water.
326:
325:. In other words, the word pristine is used when phosphatic sediment, phosphatized
322:
278:
209:
89:
627:. Phosphoric acid is reacted with phosphate rock to produce the fertilizer triple
830:
526:
droppings, and rocks containing concentrations of the calcium phosphate mineral,
2098:
1989:
1969:
1959:
1836:
1761:
1607:
1542:
1512:
1467:
1425:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1346:
613:
609:
546:
451:
228:
1063:
876:
604:
of phosphate ore is a process which includes washing, flotation and calcining.
2264:
2249:
2224:
2219:
2129:
2114:
2031:
1999:
1964:
1954:
1936:
1916:
1861:
1841:
1796:
1718:
1703:
1679:
1639:
1612:
1592:
1562:
1522:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1462:
1371:
656:
624:
330:
192:
109:
1244:
1219:
1097:
1040:"The estuarine formation of United States Atlantic Coastal Plain phosphorite"
2279:
2269:
2259:
2244:
2214:
2194:
2179:
2174:
2139:
2134:
2093:
2086:
2051:
2021:
2006:
1984:
1926:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1876:
1856:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1776:
1741:
1654:
1622:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1507:
1502:
1442:
1403:
1366:
1193:
1176:
683:
290:
239:
235:
188:
167:
744:
947:"Phosphorus Accumulation in Marine Sediments and Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle"
564:
are the world's largest miners of phosphate rock, with a production of 77
2254:
2229:
2154:
2124:
2119:
2041:
2026:
1994:
1974:
1871:
1846:
1723:
1698:
1691:
1669:
1664:
1617:
1552:
1437:
1388:
1378:
1336:
243:
171:
112:-sedimentary apatite deposits of uncertain origin. It is also present as
55:
1077:
GarcĂa, Marcelo; Correa, Jorge; Maksaev, VĂctor; Townley, Brian (2020).
2274:
2204:
2169:
2144:
2076:
1911:
1851:
1791:
1756:
1649:
1577:
1492:
1452:
1420:
1415:
1331:
1203:
1018:(4th ed.), Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 217–223
586:
561:
527:
294:
286:
282:
274:
270:
262:
247:
201:
153:
971:
946:
619:
This rock phosphate is then either solubilized to produce wet-process
2184:
2159:
2056:
2016:
1979:
1881:
1746:
1644:
1634:
1587:
1547:
1517:
1447:
1432:
1410:
1356:
1351:
582:
578:
574:
569:
507:
306:
258:
221:
217:
675:), although most marketed grades of phosphate rock are 30% or more.
2149:
2071:
2066:
1931:
1896:
1816:
1771:
1766:
1079:"Potential mineral resources of the Chilean offshore: an overview"
594:
565:
553:
542:
515:
486:
474:
421:
302:
266:
180:
176:
175:
sedimentary rocks are commonly accompanied by or interbedded with
30:
18:
1286:
1921:
1866:
1781:
1713:
689:
Beneficiated rock phosphate is also marketed and accepted as an
679:
519:
298:
213:
1290:
745:"Chapter 1 - Introduction: Phosphorus in the soil-plant system"
16:
Sedimentary rock containing large amounts of phosphate minerals
523:
511:
321:
Phosphates that are in pristine conditions have not undergone
600:
Phosphate ore is mined and beneficiated into rock phosphate.
1276:
1160:
220:. Peloidal or pelletal phosphorites occur normally; whereas
655:
Approximately 90% of rock phosphate production is used for
1112:
US Geological Survey
Minerals Yearbook 2006 Rock Phosphate
445:
Tectonic and oceanographic settings of marine phosphorites
396:
zone contains both suspension sedimentation and bed load.
378:
Phosphates are known to be deposited in a wide range of
285:. In the United States phosphorites have been mined in
204:-like texture. Phosphatic grains may be accompanied by
35:
Fossiliferous peloidal phosphorite, (4.7 cm across),
829:
Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (22 August 2003).
2107:
1945:
1732:
1322:
1138:
1136:
750:Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture
148:. Other sources also include chemically dissolved
897:Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr.,
568:, 29.4 Mt and 26.8 Mt (including 2.5 Mt in the
597:, but these sources are now largely depleted.
313:Classification of phosphatic sedimentary rocks
108:masses (grain sizes < 1 ÎĽm) referred to as
1302:
1277:International Fertilizer Industry Association
1033:
1031:
8:
1016:Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
351:Phosphorus cycle, formation and accumulation
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
1309:
1295:
1287:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
491:Phosphorite mine near Oron, Negev, Israel.
1243:
1202:
1192:
1096:
988:
986:
984:
982:
970:
1150:. AIMR Report 2013 (Report). p. 90.
1010:
1008:
1006:
780:
778:
776:
774:
722:
393:Littoral environments/intertidal zones:
788:, Freeman, 1996, 2nd ed. pp. 345–349
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
712:Phosphate mining in the United States
612:to cause calcium phosphate to become
7:
784:Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy,
27:, Simplot Mine, Idaho. 4.6 cm wide.
623:, or smelted to produce elemental
14:
901:, Wiley, 1985, 20th ed., p. 360,
755:Food and Agriculture Organization
479:Guano phosphorite mining in the
835:. Macmillan. pp. 265–269.
410:Types of phosphorite deposition
1175:; White, Stuart (2013-01-31).
865:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
743:Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N. (2004).
545:, which occurs principally as
61:that contains high amounts of
1:
224:phosphorites are not common.
227:Phosphorites are known from
216:-sized detrital grains, and
88:The phosphate is present as
440:within some these deposits.
238:, but are more common from
2342:
1064:10.2113/gsecongeo.61.2.251
877:10.1007/s12517-020-05852-3
494:
450:Epeiric sea phosphorites:
354:
380:depositional environments
374:Depositional environments
333:have not been disturbed.
1245:10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.008
1098:10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260
1014:Boggs, Sam, Jr. (2006).
1362:Basaltic trachyandesite
1342:Alkali feldspar granite
1194:10.3390/agronomy3010086
804:C.Michael Hogan. 2011.
1038:Pevear, D. R. (1966).
645:phosphorus trichloride
492:
484:
400:Estuarine environments
232:banded iron formations
40:
28:
23:Peloidal phosphorite,
1752:Banded iron formation
1129:(Report). p. 10.
951:Biogeochemical Cycles
549:marine phosphorites.
495:Further information:
490:
478:
34:
22:
1262:US Geological Survey
899:Manual of Mineralogy
641:phosphorus pentoxide
251:Phosphoria Formation
67:phosphorus pentoxide
25:Phosphoria Formation
2326:Industrial minerals
1236:2015GondR..27..776E
1161:IFA 2012 statistics
1056:1966EcGeo..61..251P
963:1998GBioC..12..563D
832:Sedimentary Geology
665:chemical fertilizer
2321:Phosphate minerals
2108:Specific varieties
637:ammonium phosphate
493:
485:
471:Production and use
197:carbonate minerals
150:phosphate minerals
146:hydrothermal veins
63:phosphate minerals
41:
29:
2311:Sedimentary rocks
2293:
2292:
1538:Nepheline syenite
1224:Gondwana Research
972:10.1029/98GB02263
842:978-0-7167-3905-0
633:anhydrous ammonia
386:Supratidal zones:
158:metamorphic rocks
106:cryptocrystalline
2333:
2306:Economic geology
2235:Rapakivi granite
1947:Metamorphic rock
1734:Sedimentary rock
1603:Quartz monzonite
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1143:Britt, Allison.
1140:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1124:AIMR Report 2019
1120:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1044:Economic Geology
1035:
1026:
1012:
1001:
990:
977:
976:
974:
939:
933:
930:
909:
895:
889:
888:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
826:
811:
802:
796:
782:
769:
768:
740:
591:Christmas Island
483:of Peru, c. 1860
466:the ocean floor.
357:Phosphorus cycle
195:replacements of
59:sedimentary rock
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2103:
2047:Pseudotachylite
1941:
1728:
1660:Tephriphonolite
1318:
1315:
1267:USGS Statistics
1258:
1253:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1013:
1004:
991:
980:
941:
940:
936:
931:
912:
896:
892:
862:
861:
857:
847:
845:
843:
828:
827:
814:
803:
799:
783:
772:
765:
742:
741:
724:
720:
708:
674:
670:
663:For use in the
653:
635:to produce the
621:phosphoric acid
606:Froth flotation
540:
536:
504:
499:
497:Peak phosphorus
481:Chincha Islands
473:
447:
435:
431:
412:
376:
359:
353:
315:
253:of the western
246:sediments. The
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
104:F typically in
103:
99:
95:
84:
80:
76:
72:
37:Yunnan Province
17:
12:
11:
5:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Rhomb porphyry
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2082:Talc carbonate
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1675:Trachyandesite
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Quartz diorite
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:Types of rocks
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:Science Direct
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1256:External links
1254:
1252:
1251:
1230:(2): 776–785.
1210:
1164:
1153:
1132:
1115:
1104:
1084:Andean Geology
1069:
1050:(2): 251–256.
1027:
1002:
978:
957:(4): 563–572.
934:
910:
890:
855:
841:
812:
797:
770:
763:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
707:
704:
672:
668:
652:
649:
629:superphosphate
538:
534:
518:, formed from
503:
500:
472:
469:
468:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
443:
442:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
411:
408:
375:
372:
364:ocean sediment
355:Main article:
352:
349:
345:Allochthonous:
329:and phosphate
314:
311:
206:organic matter
187:and sometimes
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:hydroxyapatite
101:
97:
93:
82:
78:
74:
70:
52:rock phosphate
48:phosphate rock
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2286:
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2278:
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2268:
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2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
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2238:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Litchfieldite
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Hyaloclastite
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Litchfieldite
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
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1648:
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1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Phonotephrite
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Hyaloclastite
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
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1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
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1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
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1377:
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1365:
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1360:
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1340:
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1325:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:PIRSA website
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1187:(1): 86–116.
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Cordell, Dana
1168:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Delaney, M.L.
938:
935:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
911:
908:
907:0-471-80580-7
904:
900:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
844:
838:
834:
833:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
813:
810:
808:
801:
798:
795:
794:0-7167-2438-3
791:
787:
781:
779:
777:
775:
771:
766:
764:92-5-105030-9
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
723:
717:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
699:
698:refined ore.
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
666:
661:
658:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Beneficiation
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:United States
555:
550:
548:
544:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
498:
489:
482:
477:
470:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
448:
444:
438:
426:
423:
419:
414:
413:
409:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
383:
381:
373:
371:
367:
365:
358:
350:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
328:
327:stromatolites
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:United States
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:clay minerals
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:, limestone,
182:
178:
173:
169:
165:
163:
162:Earth's crust
159:
155:
151:
147:
115:
111:
107:
91:
86:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
26:
21:
2210:Luxullianite
2190:Lapis lazuli
2135:Blue Granite
2062:Serpentinite
2037:Metapsammite
1886:
1787:Conglomerate
1709:Trondhjemite
1687:Trachybasalt
1628:Pantellerite
1528:Monzogranite
1473:Hornblendite
1458:Granodiorite
1324:Igneous rock
1227:
1223:
1213:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1156:
1118:
1107:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1047:
1043:
1015:
954:
950:
937:
898:
893:
868:
864:
858:
846:. Retrieved
831:
806:
800:
785:
749:
700:
688:
677:
662:
654:
618:
599:
552:As of 2012,
551:
532:
505:
404:
399:
398:
392:
391:
385:
384:
377:
368:
360:
344:
342:
337:
335:
323:bioturbation
318:
316:
279:Saudi Arabia
226:
166:
90:fluorapatite
87:
51:
47:
43:
42:
2099:Whiteschist
1990:Greenschist
1970:Cataclasite
1960:Amphibolite
1887:Phosphorite
1837:Itacolumite
1762:Calcarenite
1608:Quartzolite
1543:Nephelinite
1513:Lamprophyre
1468:Harzburgite
1426:Napoleonite
1399:Charnockite
1394:Carbonatite
1384:Blairmorite
1347:Anorthosite
1204:10453/24038
1145:"Phosphate"
1091:(1): 1–13.
871:(17). 829.
848:15 December
695:sustainable
614:hydrophobic
610:fatty acids
547:sedimentary
452:Epeiric sea
331:hardgrounds
229:Proterozoic
44:Phosphorite
2316:Phosphorus
2300:Categories
2265:Teschenite
2250:Shonkinite
2225:Pietersite
2220:Novaculite
2130:Borolanite
2115:Adamellite
2032:Metapelite
2000:Calcflinta
1965:Blueschist
1955:Anthracite
1937:Wackestone
1917:Travertine
1862:Lumachelle
1842:Jaspillite
1797:Diamictite
1719:Websterite
1704:Troctolite
1680:Benmoreite
1640:Shonkinite
1613:Rhyodacite
1593:Pyroxenite
1563:Peridotite
1523:Lherzolite
1498:Kimberlite
1488:Ignimbrite
1483:Icelandite
1463:Granophyre
1372:Shoshonite
1024:0321643186
998:044441990X
718:References
657:fertilizer
625:phosphorus
566:megatonnes
543:gigatonnes
502:Production
338:Condensed:
193:diagenetic
168:Limestones
110:collophane
2280:Variolite
2270:Theralite
2260:Tachylite
2245:Rodingite
2215:Mangerite
2195:Larvikite
2180:Jasperoid
2175:Jadeitite
2140:Epidosite
2094:Tectonite
2087:Soapstone
2052:Quartzite
2022:Migmatite
2007:Itabirite
1985:Granulite
1927:Turbidite
1907:Sylvinite
1902:Siltstone
1892:Sandstone
1877:Oil shale
1857:Limestone
1832:Gritstone
1827:Greywacke
1822:Geyserite
1812:Evaporite
1802:Diatomite
1777:Claystone
1742:Argillite
1655:Tachylyte
1623:Comendite
1568:Phonolite
1558:Pegmatite
1533:Monzonite
1508:Lamproite
1503:Komatiite
1443:Foidolite
1404:Enderbite
1367:Mugearite
885:221200370
807:Phosphate
786:Petrology
691:"organic"
684:aluminium
319:Pristine:
291:Tennessee
240:Paleozoic
236:Australia
189:sandstone
185:dolomites
172:mudstones
54:is a non-
39:, China.
2255:Taconite
2230:Pyrolite
2155:Ganister
2125:Aphanite
2120:Appinite
2042:Phyllite
2027:Mylonite
1995:Hornfels
1975:Eclogite
1872:Mudstone
1847:Laterite
1807:Dolomite
1724:Wehrlite
1699:Trachyte
1692:Hawaiite
1670:Tonalite
1665:Tephrite
1618:Rhyolite
1583:Porphyry
1553:Obsidian
1438:Essexite
1389:Boninite
1379:Basanite
1337:Andesite
1181:Agronomy
945:(1998).
753:. Rome:
706:See also
631:or with
244:Cenozoic
128:OH or Ca
56:detrital
2275:Unakite
2205:Llanite
2170:Ijolite
2145:Felsite
2077:Suevite
1912:Tillite
1852:Lignite
1792:Coquina
1757:Breccia
1650:Syenite
1578:Picrite
1493:Ijolite
1453:Granite
1421:Diorite
1416:Diabase
1332:Adakite
1232:Bibcode
1052:Bibcode
959:Bibcode
587:Tunisia
562:Morocco
528:apatite
418:nodules
295:Wyoming
287:Florida
283:Algeria
275:Tunisia
271:Morocco
263:Belgium
248:Permian
222:oolitic
202:micrite
154:igneous
2185:Kenyte
2160:Gossan
2057:Schist
2017:Marble
1980:Gneiss
1882:Oolite
1747:Arkose
1645:Sovite
1635:Scoria
1588:Pumice
1548:Norite
1518:Latite
1448:Gabbro
1433:Dunite
1411:Dacite
1357:Basalt
1352:Aplite
1022:
996:
905:
883:
839:
792:
761:
643:, and
583:Jordan
579:Russia
575:Brazil
570:Sahara
556:, the
307:Kansas
259:France
218:pyrite
181:cherts
177:shales
2150:Flint
2072:Slate
2067:Skarn
1932:Varve
1897:Shale
1817:Flint
1772:Chert
1767:Chalk
1148:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
881:S2CID
595:Nauru
554:China
516:guano
422:Chile
303:Idaho
267:Spain
152:from
1922:Tufa
1867:Marl
1782:Coal
1714:Tuff
1020:ISBN
994:ISBN
903:ISBN
850:2012
837:ISBN
790:ISBN
759:ISBN
682:and
680:iron
651:Uses
593:and
585:and
560:and
520:bird
508:mine
343:(3)
336:(2)
317:(1)
305:and
299:Utah
281:and
242:and
214:silt
170:and
156:and
140:(OH)
2285:Wad
1240:doi
1199:hdl
1189:doi
1093:doi
1060:doi
967:doi
873:doi
524:bat
522:or
512:ore
510:as
234:in
132:(PO
120:(PO
96:(PO
50:or
2302::
1238:.
1228:27
1226:.
1222:.
1197:.
1183:.
1179:.
1135:^
1089:47
1087:.
1081:.
1058:.
1048:61
1046:.
1042:.
1030:^
1005:^
981:^
965:.
955:12
953:.
949:.
913:^
879:.
869:13
867:.
815:^
773:^
757:.
747:.
725:^
647:.
616:.
581:,
577:,
530:.
366:.
309:.
301:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
212:,
208:,
179:,
164:.
130:10
116:Ca
92:Ca
69:(P
46:,
1310:e
1303:t
1296:v
1248:.
1242::
1234::
1207:.
1201::
1191::
1185:3
1101:.
1095::
1066:.
1062::
1054::
1000:.
975:.
969::
961::
887:.
875::
852:.
767:.
673:5
671:O
669:2
539:5
537:O
535:2
434:5
432:O
430:2
428:P
424:.
142:2
138:6
136:)
134:4
126:3
124:)
122:4
118:5
102:3
100:)
98:4
94:5
83:5
81:O
79:2
75:5
73:O
71:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
