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board regarding streamlining the name of the journal reported significant differences in the way the terms "optics" and "photonics" describe the subject area, with some description proposing that "photonics embraces optics". In practice, as the field evolves, evidences that "modern optics" and
Photonics are often used interchangeably are very diffused and absorbed in the scientific jargon.
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levels, and measure biometrics such as pulse rate. Photonic integrated circuits are being designed as comprehensive and ubiquitous sensors with glass/silicon, and embedded via high-volume production in various mobile devices. Mobile platform sensors are enabling us to more directly engage with practices that better protect the environment, monitor food supply and keep us healthy.
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circuits can remove background noise from an RF signal with unprecedented precision, which will increase the signal to noise performance and make possible new benchmarks in low power performance. Taken together, this high precision processing enables us to now pack large amounts of information into ultra-long-distance radio communications.
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Data Center
Interconnects: Data centers continue to grow in scale as companies and institutions store and process more information in the cloud. With the increase in data center compute, the demands on data center networks correspondingly increase. Optical cables can support greater lane bandwidth at
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Incidentally, I’ve decided to invent a new science — photonics. It bears the same relationship to Optics that electronics does to electrical engineering. Photonics, like electronics, will deal with the individual units; optics and EE deal with the group-phenomena! And note that you can do things with
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distances of more than 100 km without amplification depending on the bit rate and modulation format used for transmission. A very advanced research topic within photonics is the investigation and fabrication of special structures and "materials" with engineered optical properties. These include
399:
An important aspect in the modern definition of
Photonics is that there is not necessarily a widespread agreement in the perception of the field boundaries. Following a source on optics.org, the response of a query from the publisher of Journal of Optics: A Pure and Applied Physics to the editorial
210:
The word 'Photonics' is derived from the Greek word "phos" meaning light (which has genitive case "photos" and in compound words the root "photo-" is used); it appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the
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is having an immediate application in driverless cars to reduce collisions, and in biomedical imaging. Phased arrays can also be used for free-space communications and novel display technologies. Current versions of LIDAR predominantly rely on moving parts, making them large, slow, low resolution,
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Analog RF Signal
Applications: Using the GHz precision signal processing of photonic integrated circuits, radiofrequency (RF) signals can be manipulated with high fidelity to add or drop multiple channels of radio, spread across an ultra-broadband frequency range. In addition, photonic integrated
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Sensors: Photons can also be used to detect and differentiate the optical properties of materials. They can identify chemical or biochemical gases from air pollution, organic produce, and contaminants in the water. They can also be used to detect abnormalities in the blood, such as low glucose
278:
circa 2001, photonics was a field focused largely on optical telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology, and
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Taubert, Martin; Stöckel, Stephan; Geesink, Patricia; Girnus, Sophie; Jehmlich, Nico; von Bergen, Martin; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen; Küsel, Kirsten (January 2018). "Tracking active groundwater microbes with D2 O labelling to understand their ecosystem function".
356:. However, each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.
1130:. Biophotonics mainly focuses on improving medical diagnostic abilities (for example for cancer or infectious diseases) but can also be used for environmental or other applications. The main advantages of this approach are speed of analysis,
194:. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals with the theoretical part of it while photonics deal with its engineering applications. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole
1099:: Arrays of PICs can take advantage of phase delays in the light reflected from objects with three-dimensional shapes to reconstruct 3D images, and Light Imaging, Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) with laser light can offer a complement to
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Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are optically active integrated semiconductor photonic devices. The leading commercial application of PICs are optical transceivers for data center optical networks. PICs were fabricated on III-V
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costly, and prone to mechanical vibration and premature failure. Integrated photonics can realize LIDAR within a footprint the size of a postage stamp, scan without moving parts, and be produced in high volume at low cost.
258:
Though coined earlier, the term photonics came into common use in the 1980s as fiber-optic data transmission was adopted by telecommunications network operators. At that time, the term was used widely at
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Wichmann, Christina; Chhallani, Mehul; Bocklitz, Thomas; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (5 November 2019). "Simulation of
Transportation and Storage and Their Influence on Raman Spectra of Bacteria".
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of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, sensors, laser defense, and
996:
Modulation of a light source is used to encode information on a light source. Modulation can be achieved by the light source directly. One of the simplest examples is to use a
202:
light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s.
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Lorenz, Björn; Wichmann, Christina; Stöckel, Stephan; Rösch, Petra; Popp, Jürgen (May 2017). "Cultivation-Free Raman
Spectroscopic Investigations of Bacteria".
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longer transmission distances than copper cables. For short-reach distances and up to 40 Gbit/s data transmission rates, non-integrated approaches such as
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semiconductor wafer substrates were the first to achieve commercial success; PICs based on silicon wafer substrates are now also a commercialized technology.
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systems. This area of research focuses on the implementation of photonic systems like high speed photonic networks. This also includes research on
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came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the
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251:. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the
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networks. Beyond this range and bandwidth, photonic integrated circuits are key to enable high-performance, low-cost optical transceivers.
320:, and various optical components and instruments developed throughout the 15th to 19th centuries. Key tenets of classical optics, such as
489:, which studies the development of photonic circuits that can be reprogrammed to implement different functions in the same fashion as an
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Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. light detection,
439:, in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology;
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Al-Tarawni, Musab A. M. (October 2017). "Improvement of integrated electric field sensor based on hybrid segmented slot waveguide".
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connotes devices or circuits that comprise both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term
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has been the commonly used modulation format in optical communications. In the last years more advanced modulation formats like
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433:, which involves the study of the interaction between light and mechanical vibrations of mesoscopic or macroscopic objects;
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2001:
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was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Economically important applications for
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Optical amplifiers are used to amplify an optical signal. Optical amplifiers used in optical communications are
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Responsive
Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials, Editor: Yadong Yin RSC Cambridge 2013
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656:: the use of lasers for welding, drilling, cutting, and various methods of surface modification
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energy delivered into biological tissues will be absorbed and converted into heat, leading to
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513:), showing colorful spines, a remarkable example of photonic engineering by a living organism
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and the wave equations, developed in the 19th, do not depend on quantum properties of light.
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678:: IR sensors, command and control, navigation, search and rescue, mine laying and detection
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1369:
Hervé Rigneault; Jean-Michel
Lourtioz; Claude Delalande; Ariel Levenson (5 January 2010).
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by providing precision imaging (with 3D information) at close distances. This new form of
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1004:. Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external
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typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc.
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Photonics also includes research on photonic systems. This term is often used for
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Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of
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photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications,
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467:, which differs from photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a
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Campbell, John W. (1991). "December 14, 1954". In
Chapdelaine, Perry A. (ed.).
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Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first
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The potential of creating signal processing device technologies using photons,
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An additional topic covered by modulation research is the modulation format.
304:. Classical optics long preceded the discovery that light is quantized, when
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The John W. Campbell
Letters With Isaac Asimov and A.E. van Vogt, Volume II
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for communications applications over medium speed charge coupled devices (
935:. A very advanced research topic on optical amplifiers is the research on
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in dielectric and metallic structures. Plasmons are the quantizations of
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Optical Fiber Telecommunications Volume VIA: Components and Subsystems
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Photonics commonly uses semiconductor-based light sources, such as
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An early instance of the word was in a December 1954 letter from
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Datacenter Connectivity Technologies: Principles and Practice
974:. There are also many other photodetectors based on thermal,
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860:. They are also used in conjunction with silicon to produce
553:(surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring),
453:; when coupled to an electromagnetic wave, they manifest as
1126:
employs tools from the field of photonics to the study of
227:
electronics that are impossible in electrical engineering!
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can be used to guide the light along a desired path. In
561:, laser material processing, art diagnostics (involving
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https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-653-4
761:
The science of photonics includes investigation of the
1439:
Ivan Kaminow; Tingye Li; Alan E Willner (3 May 2013).
662:: laser leveling, laser rangefinding, smart structures
231:
Photonics as a field began with the invention of the
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that degrade the quality of the transmitted signal.
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1065:Key Applications for Integrated Photonics include:
608:, to name several interesting additional examples.
475:, and operate in the range of frequencies from 300
412:and quantum optics. Other emerging fields include:
283:. Further growth of photonics is likely if current
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1023:have been investigated to counteract effects like
950:detect light. Photodetectors range from very fast
745:Microphotonics and nanophotonics usually includes
445:, which studies the interaction between light and
408:Photonics also relates to the emerging science of
239:in 1958 to 1960. Other developments followed: the
726:: clock distribution and communication between
396:, but also includes advanced imaging sensors.
2874:
2522:
1651:
832:instead of the classical semiconductors like
312:in 1905. Optics tools include the refracting
8:
805:. Note that while CRTs, plasma screens, and
840:. This is due to the special properties of
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2859:
2529:
2515:
2507:
1706:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1021:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
789:, and lasers. Other light sources include
616:scanner, printer, CD/DVD/Blu-ray devices,
471:. Polaritons are a mixture of photons and
1209:
1207:
1205:
848:. Examples for material systems used are
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3005:Time stretch analog-to-digital converter
1307:"Optics or photonics: what's in a name?"
1074:can be used for optical transceivers on
1043:, which improve optical signal quality.
373:The practical application of optics, and
3056:Monte Carlo method for photon transport
1201:
1072:vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
2727:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2438:Electrical and electronics engineering
1375:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–.
1185:European Photonics Industry Consortium
417:Optoacoustics or photoacoustic imaging
267:established an archival journal named
265:IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society
247:for transmitting information, and the
1244:Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction
1134:diagnostics, and the ability to work
872:Light can be transmitted through any
844:that allow for the implementation of
630:, optical down converter to microwave
600:(based on xerography), displays, and
7:
2995:Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre
2471:
649:, surgical endoscopy, tattoo removal
274:During the period leading up to the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2481:
1241:Richard S. Quimby (14 April 2006).
809:displays generate their own light,
717:: time and frequency measurements,
3046:Extraordinary optical transmission
1321:"Sea mouse promises bright future"
939:semiconductor optical amplifiers.
711:, sensors for consumer electronics
25:
700:Passive daytime radiative cooling
367:The particle properties of light,
324:, developed in the 17th century,
263:. Its use was confirmed when the
154:that involves the application of
2960:Erbium-doped waveguide amplifier
2490:
2480:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2330:
925:semiconductor optical amplifiers
300:Photonics is closely related to
34:
27:Technical applications of optics
2848:Timeline of physics discoveries
1466:Chang, Frank (17 August 2018).
645:: correction of poor eyesight,
45:needs additional citations for
3061:Wavelength selective switching
823:cold cathode fluorescent lamps
757:Overview of photonics research
1:
933:optical parametric amplifiers
921:erbium-doped fiber amplifiers
287:developments are successful.
1688:List of engineering branches
1550:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02932
1214:Chai Yeh (2 December 2012).
1047:Photonic integrated circuits
825:or, more often today, LEDs.
807:organic light-emitting diode
363:more specifically connotes:
291:Relationship to other fields
269:Photonics Technology Letters
249:erbium-doped fiber amplifier
2975:Photonic integrated circuit
2812:Quantum information science
1053:Photonic integrated circuit
734:, or within optoelectronic
3160:
2643:Classical electromagnetism
1590:Environmental Microbiology
1116:
1050:
989:
912:
854:aluminium gallium arsenide
628:fiber-optic communications
459:localized surface plasmons
455:surface plasmon polaritons
3082:Fiber-optic communication
3026:Arrayed waveguide grating
2955:Delay line interferometer
2456:
2328:
1673:
1507:10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.002
1418:10.1117/1.oe.56.10.107105
1247:. John Wiley & Sons.
1220:. Elsevier. pp. 1–.
888:optical fibers allow for
271:at the end of the 1980s.
2950:Optical DPSK demodulator
2749:Condensed matter physics
1076:multi-mode optical fiber
336:Photonics is related to
3010:Wireless power transfer
2349:Bachelor of Engineering
2191:Engineering mathematics
1602:10.1111/1462-2920.14010
899:photonic crystal fibers
858:compound semiconductors
811:liquid crystal displays
787:superluminescent diodes
308:famously explained the
3087:Optical neural network
2985:Photonic-crystal fiber
2833:Nobel Prize in Physics
2695:Relativistic mechanics
2448:Structural engineering
2443:Mechanical engineering
2186:Engineering management
1495:Trends in Microbiology
1169:Bio-inspired photonics
886:optical communications
846:light emitting devices
732:printed circuit boards
695:Information processing
523:information processing
514:
487:Programmable photonics
229:
162:, and manipulation of
144:
2838:Philosophy of physics
2428:Aerospace engineering
2341:Engineering education
1037:optical communication
882:plastic optical fiber
862:hybrid silicon lasers
791:single photon sources
783:light-emitting diodes
504:
224:
135:
2797:Mathematical physics
2369:Graduate certificate
1538:Analytical Chemistry
1472:. River Publishers.
1272:. AC Projects, Inc.
1041:optical regenerators
842:III-V semiconductors
830:III-V semiconductors
672:lacking mobile parts
612:Consumer equipment:
479:to approximately 10
310:photoelectric effect
143:(photons) by a prism
54:improve this article
3118:Solid-state physics
3051:Holographic grating
3041:Diffraction grating
2970:Optical interleaver
2772:Atmospheric physics
2611:Classical mechanics
2539:branches of physics
2354:Bachelor of Science
2196:Engineering physics
2180:Engineering drawing
1702:Interdisciplinarity
1544:(21): 13688–13694.
1410:2017OptEn..56j7105A
1398:Optical Engineering
982:and other effects.
751:solid state devices
736:integrated circuits
638:Solar power systems
559:military technology
451:plasma oscillations
410:quantum information
354:quantum electronics
326:Maxwell's Equations
2828:History of physics
1956:Telecommunications
1861:Naval architecture
1445:. Academic Press.
1017:phase-shift keying
966:that are used for
868:Transmission media
856:(AlGaAs) or other
724:Photonic computing
624:Telecommunications
531:photonic computing
519:telecommunications
515:
511:Aphrodita aculeata
145:
3126:
3125:
2929:Silicon photonics
2924:Optical computing
2856:
2855:
2843:Physics education
2792:Materials science
2759:Interdisciplinary
2717:Quantum mechanics
2504:
2503:
2433:Civil engineering
2379:Licensed engineer
2374:Engineer's degree
2326:
2325:
2158:Building services
2141:Health technology
2002:Chemical reaction
1951:Signal processing
1479:978-87-93609-22-8
1452:978-0-12-397235-4
1382:978-0-470-39459-5
1254:978-0-471-79158-4
1227:978-0-08-049926-0
1217:Applied Photonics
1190:IOWN Global Forum
1164:Organic photonics
1006:optical modulator
992:Optical modulator
968:energy harvesting
915:Optical amplifier
895:photonic crystals
799:cathode ray tubes
795:fluorescent lamps
769:, detection, and
747:photonic crystals
740:quantum computing
738:; in the future:
322:Huygens Principle
316:, the reflecting
285:silicon photonics
281:optical computing
261:Bell Laboratories
184:signal processing
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3151:
3066:Photon diffusion
3031:Atomic coherence
2980:Photonic crystal
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2782:Chemical physics
2722:Particle physics
2648:Classical optics
2531:
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1921:Electromechanics
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1265:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1160:/optoelectronics
1060:indium phosphide
1031:Photonic systems
929:Raman amplifiers
850:gallium arsenide
765:, transmission,
688:, beam effects,
634:Renewable Energy
565:Reflectography,
296:Classical optics
220:Gotthard Gunther
216:John W. Campbell
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3159:
3158:
3154:
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3129:
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3127:
3122:
3096:
3070:
3014:
2933:
2892:
2887:
2857:
2852:
2816:
2802:Medical physics
2753:
2712:Nuclear physics
2681:
2675:Non-equilibrium
2597:
2569:
2541:
2535:
2505:
2500:
2452:
2399:
2383:
2359:Master's degree
2335:
2322:
2236:Instrumentation
2099:
2041:
2007:Electrochemical
1960:
1946:Radio frequency
1885:
1812:
1776:Municipal/Urban
1700:
1698:
1692:
1669:
1664:
1634:
1633:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1492:
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1487:
1480:
1465:
1464:
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1453:
1438:
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1433:
1395:
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1390:
1383:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:Wayback Machine
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1299:
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1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1176:(on submarines)
1144:
1121:
1115:
1055:
1049:
1033:
994:
988:
960:digital cameras
945:
917:
911:
870:
779:
759:
690:holographic art
602:optical pumping
499:
491:electronic FPGA
406:
404:Emerging fields
386:optoelectronics
350:optoelectronics
334:
306:Albert Einstein
298:
293:
208:
166:in the form of
150:is a branch of
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3113:Quantum optics
3110:
3104:
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3098:
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3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
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3028:
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3016:
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3013:
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3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:Slot-waveguide
2987:
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2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2909:Microphotonics
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
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2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2854:
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2755:
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2691:
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2678:
2677:
2672:
2665:Thermodynamics
2662:
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2655:
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2640:
2635:
2634:
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2400:
2398:
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2388:Related topics
2385:
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2308:Sustainability
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
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2208:
2203:
2198:
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2188:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2170:Geoengineering
2167:
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2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:Rehabilitation
2148:
2146:Pharmaceutical
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Bioinformatics
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:Semiconductors
2087:
2082:
2080:Nanotechnology
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
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1992:
1987:
1977:
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1962:
1961:
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1814:
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1796:Transportation
1793:
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1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
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1665:
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1596:(1): 369–384.
1579:
1528:
1501:(5): 413–424.
1485:
1478:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1404:(10): 107105.
1388:
1381:
1361:
1337:
1312:
1297:
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1253:
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1226:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Photonic radar
1177:
1174:Photonics mast
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1105:machine vision
1087:
1083:
1079:
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1032:
1029:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
948:Photodetectors
944:
941:
913:Main article:
910:
907:
869:
866:
803:plasma screens
778:
775:
758:
755:
743:
742:
721:
712:
702:
697:
692:
679:
673:
663:
657:
650:
640:
631:
621:
618:remote control
598:laser printing
573:fluorescence,
498:
495:
494:
493:
484:
462:
440:
434:
428:
405:
402:
390:electro-optics
382:
381:
376:An analogy to
374:
371:
368:
346:electro-optics
338:quantum optics
333:
330:
297:
294:
292:
289:
245:optical fibers
243:in the 1970s,
207:
204:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3156:
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3137:
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3119:
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3105:
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3099:
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3037:
3034:
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3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
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2993:
2991:
2988:
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2973:
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2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:Nanophotonics
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
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2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
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2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Ocean physics
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2742:Modern optics
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
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2698:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
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2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2591:Computational
2589:
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2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
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2532:
2527:
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2520:
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2469:
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2239:
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2222:
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
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2187:
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2178:
2176:
2173:
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2147:
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2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
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2109:
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2088:
2086:
2083:
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2058:
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2015:
2013:
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1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
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1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Manufacturing
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Biomechanical
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
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1764:
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1740:
1739:Environmental
1737:
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1719:Architectural
1717:
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1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1372:Nanophotonics
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:. Optics.org.
1308:
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1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:On-off keying
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
985:
983:
981:
980:photoelectric
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:to very slow
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
908:
906:
904:
903:metamaterials
900:
896:
891:
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879:
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867:
865:
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839:
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831:
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820:
816:
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792:
788:
784:
777:Light sources
776:
774:
772:
768:
767:amplification
764:
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754:
752:
748:
741:
737:
733:
729:
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687:
683:
682:Entertainment
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661:
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654:manufacturing
651:
648:
647:laser surgery
644:
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632:
629:
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619:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:fusion energy
603:
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594:semiconductor
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
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560:
556:
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536:
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527:photovoltaics
524:
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478:
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466:
463:
460:
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431:Optomechanics
429:
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403:
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375:
372:
369:
366:
365:
364:
362:
357:
355:
351:
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343:
342:optomechanics
339:
332:Modern optics
331:
329:
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323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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295:
290:
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276:dot-com crash
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223:
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188:amplification
186:, switching,
185:
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43:This article
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3075:Applications
2904:Biophotonics
2889:
2767:Astrophysics
2581:Experimental
2412:Engineering
2258:Mechatronics
2111:Agricultural
1761:Geotechnical
1729:Construction
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1346:Ghostarchive
1344:Archived at
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1327:. 2001-01-03
1324:
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1305:Optics.org.
1300:
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1132:non-invasive
1124:Biophotonics
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1119:Biophotonics
1113:Biophotonics
1094:phased array
1064:
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719:rangefinding
660:Construction
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543:spectroscopy
516:
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465:Polaritonics
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2670:Statistical
2586:Theoretical
2563:Engineering
2486:Wikiproject
2241:and Control
2231:Information
2055:Biomaterial
1985:Bioresource
1976:/Bioprocess
1974:Biochemical
1926:Electronics
1697:Specialties
1667:Engineering
1148:Nano-optics
978:, quantum,
964:solar cells
952:photodiodes
937:quantum dot
878:Glass fiber
874:transparent
852:(GaAs) and
815:TFT screens
686:laser shows
668:: photonic
652:Industrial
579:agriculture
571:UltraViolet
378:electronics
241:laser diode
69:"Photonics"
3133:Categories
3092:Solar sail
3036:Dark state
3000:Superprism
2918:Plasmonics
2787:Geophysics
2777:Biophysics
2621:Analytical
2574:Approaches
2405:Glossaries
2226:Industrial
2206:Facilities
2201:Explosives
2126:Biomedical
2121:Automation
2070:Metallurgy
1980:Biological
1931:Microwaves
1891:Electrical
1836:Automotive
1818:Mechanical
1791:Structural
1756:Geological
1744:Ecological
1734:Earthquake
1331:2013-05-05
1196:References
1092:and other
1025:dispersion
1002:Morse code
998:flashlight
986:Modulation
909:Amplifiers
821:of either
817:require a
773:of light.
771:modulation
670:gyroscopes
590:transistor
547:holography
443:Plasmonics
425:ultrasonic
180:modulation
156:generation
137:Dispersion
110:April 2013
80:newspapers
3139:Photonics
2945:Biophoton
2890:Photonics
2737:Molecular
2638:Acoustics
2631:Continuum
2626:Celestial
2616:Newtonian
2603:Classical
2546:Divisions
2364:Doctorate
2278:Packaging
2248:Logistics
2221:Geomatics
2182:/graphics
2075:Molecular
2065:Corrosion
2047:Materials
2027:Petroleum
2017:Molecular
1899:Broadcast
1881:Tribology
1831:Aerospace
1766:Hydraulic
1610:1462-2920
1574:203924741
1558:1520-6882
1515:1878-4380
1426:125975031
1356:- YouTube
1158:Optronics
943:Detection
838:germanium
819:backlight
728:computers
715:Metrology
539:metrology
507:sea mouse
481:terahertz
477:gigahertz
469:polariton
427:emission.
384:The term
361:photonics
359:The term
160:detection
148:Photonics
3101:See also
3019:Concepts
2466:Category
2395:Engineer
2303:Software
2298:Security
2273:Ontology
2263:Military
2253:Robotics
2216:Forensic
2136:Clinical
2095:Surfaces
2085:Polymers
2060:Ceramics
2037:Reaction
1966:Chemical
1904:Computer
1826:Acoustic
1781:Offshore
1749:Sanitary
1626:25510308
1618:29194923
1566:31592643
1523:28188076
1348:and the
1325:BBC News
1142:See also
1019:or even
1000:to send
976:chemical
972:sunlight
876:medium.
785:(LEDs),
763:emission
676:Military
666:Aviation
643:Medicine
583:robotics
563:InfraRed
551:medicine
535:lighting
447:plasmons
437:Optomics
253:Internet
200:infrared
196:spectrum
172:emission
170:through
18:Photonic
2821:Related
2705:General
2700:Special
2558:Applied
2476:Commons
2318:Textile
2313:Systems
2283:Privacy
2268:Nuclear
2032:Process
1990:Genetic
1936:Optical
1916:Control
1909:outline
1876:Thermal
1866:Railway
1806:Railway
1801:Traffic
1724:Coastal
1683:Outline
1678:History
1406:Bibcode
1136:in-situ
1128:biology
1097:imaging
834:silicon
705:Sensors
620:devices
614:barcode
473:phonons
206:History
192:sensing
168:photons
94:scholar
3144:Optics
3108:Optics
2897:Fields
2732:Atomic
2687:Modern
2537:Major
2496:Portal
2293:Survey
2288:Safety
2175:Design
1995:Tissue
1871:Sports
1856:Marine
1846:Energy
1771:Mining
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581:, and
419:where
318:mirror
302:optics
190:, and
152:optics
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2965:Laser
2938:Tools
2116:Audio
2104:Other
2022:Paper
1941:Power
1786:River
1711:Civil
1622:S2CID
1570:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1101:radar
1090:LIDAR
970:from
709:LIDAR
567:Xrays
421:laser
237:laser
233:maser
164:light
141:light
101:JSTOR
87:books
2658:Wave
2553:Pure
2211:Fire
2012:Food
1614:PMID
1606:ISSN
1562:PMID
1554:ISSN
1519:PMID
1511:ISSN
1474:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1222:ISBN
956:CCDs
931:and
901:and
836:and
749:and
352:and
314:lens
235:and
73:news
2653:Ray
2421:M–Z
2416:A–L
2163:MEP
1699:and
1598:doi
1546:doi
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