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print. A typical typewritten document would appear on the photostat print with a black background and white letters. Thanks to the prism, the text would remain legible. Producing photostats took about two minutes in total. The result could, in turn, be photostated again to make any number of
576:, was formed. By 1912, Photostat brand machines were in use, as evidenced by a record of one at the New York Public Library. By 1913, advertisements described the Commercial Camera Company as headquartered at Rochester and with a licensing and manufacturing relationship with
572:, for a specific type of photographic camera, for quickly and easily photographing small objects, with a further object "to provide a camera of the type known as 'copying cameras' that will be simple and convenient " In 1911, the Commercial Camera Company of
632:
The photographic prints produced by such machines are commonly referred to as "photostats" or "photostatic copies". The verbs "photostat", "photostatted", and "photostatting" refer to making copies on such a machine in the same way that the trademarked name
623:
to reverse the image. After a 10-second exposure, the paper was directed to developing and fixing baths, then either air- or machine-dried. Since the print was directly exposed, without the use of an intermediate film, the result was a
567:
by Oscar T. Gregory in 1907. A directory of the city from 1909 shows his "Gregory
Commercial Camera Company". By 1910, Gregory had co-filed a patent application with Norman W. Carkhuff, of the photography department of the
644:
It was the expense and inconvenience of photostats that drove
Chester Carlson to study electrophotography. In the mid-1940s Carlson sold the rights to his invention – which became known as
584:. The Commercial Camera Company apparently became the Photostat Corporation around 1921, for "Commercial Camera Company" is described as a former name of Photostat Corporation in a 1922 issue of
560:
equipment and in 1958 the firm was reorganized to Haloid Xerox, Inc., which in 1961 was renamed Xerox
Corporation. Haloid continued selling RetinalGraph machines into the 1960s.
456:
411:
563:
The
Photostat brand machine, differing in operation from the RetinalGraph but with the same purpose of the photographic copying of documents, was invented in
468:
580:. The pair filed another U.S. patent application in 1913 further developing their ideas. By 1920, distribution agency in various European markets was by the
440:
by the
Commercial Camera Company, which became the Photostat Corporation. The "Photostat" name, which was originally a trademark of the company, became
1023:
898:"Earliest printed reports of the trade mark decisions of the Court Of Appeals of the District Of Columbia and the Commissioner Of Patents"
808:
768:
404:
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537:
founded the
RetinalGraph Company in 1906 or 1907, producing the first photographic copying machines; he later moved the company to
493:
was first used in the early 19th century. By the late 1840s copying presses were used to copy outgoing correspondence. One by one,
749:
569:
978:
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The
RetinalGraph Company was acquired by the Haloid Company in 1935. In 1948 Haloid purchased the rights to produce
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509:; copying baths; copying books; and roller copiers. Among the most significant of them was the
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441:
253:
163:
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444:, and was often used to refer to similar machines produced by the RetinalGraph Company or to
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onto rolls of sensitized photographic paper that were about 350 feet (110 m) long. A
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649: – to the Haloid Company and photostatting soon sank into history.
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created the need for a more efficient means of transcription than hand copying.
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588:. For at least 40 years the brand was widespread enough that its name was
521:(more commonly known as "Mimeograph machines") surfaced in 1874, and the
143:
17:
641:. People who operated these machines were known as photostat operators.
108:
608:
634:
542:
467:
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appeared. These included the "manifold writer", developed from
678:
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Both
RetinalGraph and Photostat machines consisted of a large
611:
that photographed documents or papers and exposed an image
944:"A History of The Rochester, NY Camera and Lens Companies"
525:
in 1891. All were manual and most involved messy fluids.
979:
Heavy Metal
Madness: Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos
637:" was later used to refer to any copy made by means of
595:
The
Photostat Corporation was eventually absorbed by
472:
Commercial Camera Company Photostat advertisement in
460:
Commercial Camera Company Photostat advertisement in
799:
Biographical dictionary of American business leaders
875:"Commercial Camera Company Photostat advertisement"
839:"Commercial Camera Company Photostat advertisement"
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513:in the early 1870s, which was mainly used to make
995:, 68 (3). pp. 24–31. ISSN 0013-7812 (PDF)
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8:
849:(25), New York: Hill Publishing Company: 6.
517:of architectural and engineering drawings.
412:
398:
45:
29:
908:(11), William Wallace White Company: 347.
769:Learn how and when to remove this message
873:Commercial Camera Company (1920-07-01),
837:Commercial Camera Company (1913-06-19),
787:
37:
705:Please improve this article by adding
59:
7:
485:The growth of business during the
25:
803:. Greenwood. pp. 1648–1649.
446:any copy made by any such machine
885:(1), New York: McGraw-Hill: 231.
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960:"Fact File: Chester F. Carlson"
570:United States Geological Survey
958:Vij, Illa (December 4, 1999).
529:Retinal and Photostat machines
1:
707:secondary or tertiary sources
669:List of duplicating processes
338:
113:
98:
902:Patent and Trade Mark Review
586:Patent and Trade Mark Review
541:in 1909 to be closer to the
1024:Products introduced in 1907
619:was placed in front of the
1040:
942:Kingslake, Rudolf (1974).
924:"Antique Copying Machines"
639:electrostatic photocopying
359:Thermal-transfer printing
795:Ingham, John N. (1983).
582:Alfred Herbert companies
574:Providence, Rhode Island
234:Photostat and rectigraph
993:Engineering and Science
33:Part of a series on the
694:relies excessively on
477:
465:
434:projection photocopier
84:Intaglio (printmaking)
27:Projection photocopier
896:Staff (August 1922),
861:U.S. patent 1,127,231
825:U.S. patent 1,167,356
545:, his main source of
533:George C. Beidler of
487:Industrial Revolution
471:
459:
204:Hot metal typesetting
664:Duplicating machines
224:Daisy wheel printing
989:"Copies in Seconds"
987:David Owen (2005),
977:Glen Gable (2005),
928:Early Office Museum
718:"Photostat machine"
659:Cyclostyle (copier)
539:Rochester, New York
519:Stencil duplicators
438:decade of the 1900s
264:Dot matrix printing
39:History of printing
879:American Machinist
547:photographic paper
499:Christoph Scheiner
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474:American Machinist
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349:Solid ink printing
64:Woodblock printing
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778:
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629:positive prints.
426:Photostat machine
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254:Spirit duplicator
164:Chromolithography
16:(Redirected from
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1014:Printing devices
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294:Phototypesetting
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592:by the public.
554:Chester Carlson
549:and chemicals.
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436:created in the
432:, was an early
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314:Dye-sublimation
304:Inkjet printing
244:Screen printing
194:Offset printing
134:Relief printing
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759:December 2014
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720: –
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714:Find sources:
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535:Oklahoma City
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1009:Photocopiers
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947:. Retrieved
931:. Retrieved
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917:Bibliography
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511:Blue process
505:and used by
491:Carbon paper
484:
473:
461:
429:
425:
423:
233:
174:Rotary press
74:Movable type
983:CreativePro
964:The Tribune
603:Description
590:genericized
565:Kansas City
558:xerographic
442:genericized
369:3D printing
342: 1972
154:Lithography
117: 1515
102: 1440
1003:Categories
729:newspapers
696:references
675:References
647:xerography
523:Cyclostyle
515:blueprints
507:Mark Twain
503:pantograph
481:Background
274:Xerography
214:Mimeograph
184:Hectograph
56:Techniques
599:in 1963.
430:Photostat
124:Mezzotint
18:Photostat
1019:Machines
966:. India.
653:See also
626:negative
613:directly
144:Aquatint
949:July 8,
933:July 8,
743:scholar
476:, 1920.
464:, 1913.
452:History
109:Etching
807:
745:
738:
731:
724:
716:
609:camera
782:Notes
750:JSTOR
736:books
635:Xerox
617:prism
428:, or
951:2019
935:2019
805:ISBN
722:news
621:lens
597:Itek
424:The
383:1991
373:1986
363:1981
353:1972
328:1969
318:1957
308:1950
298:1949
288:1940
278:1938
268:1925
258:1923
248:1911
238:1907
228:1889
218:1885
208:1884
198:1875
188:1860
178:1843
168:1837
158:1796
148:1772
138:1690
128:1642
88:1430
78:1040
698:to
556:'s
501:'s
68:200
1005::
991:,
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962:.
926:.
906:20
904:,
900:,
883:53
881:,
877:,
847:69
845:,
841:,
709:.
448:.
339:c.
114:c.
99:c.
953:.
937:.
813:.
772:)
766:(
761:)
757:(
747:·
740:·
733:·
726:·
703:.
633:"
413:e
406:t
399:v
20:)
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