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As Fig. 11a makes clear, MSP is of little use in defining cone spectral sensitivities except close to the photopigment λmax. The large discrepancies between MSP and other estimates of cone spectral sensitivities arise because of the small signal to noise ratio of the MSP
718:
Extant vertebrates typically have four cone opsin classes (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2) as well as one rod opsin class (rhodopsin, Rh1), all of which were inherited from early vertebrate ancestors. These five classes of vertebrate visual opsins emerged through a series of
233:, the process that underlies the visual signal, the retinal must be bound to an opsin when it is isomerized. The retinylidene protein has a spectral sensitivity that differs from that of free retinal and depends on the opsin sequence.
267:
Animals living on land and marine fish form their visual pigments exclusively with retinal 1. However, many freshwater fish and amphibians can also form visual pigments with retinal 2, depending on the activation of the enzyme
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1002:
Stockman, Andrew; Sharpe, Lindsay T. (June 2000). "The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype".
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of the three human photopsins and of human rhodopsin (dashed). Drawn after
Bowmaker and Dartnall (1980). (Absorption curves do not directly reflect sensitivity spectra.)
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absorbs a photon, the retinal isomerizes and is released by the opsin. The process that follows the isomerization and renewal of retinal is known as the
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sequence of the opsins, are frequently used to categorize cone opsins into their respective class. Mammals lost Rh2 and SWS2 classes during the
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500:(dim light). Compared to cone opsins, the spectral sensitivity of rhodopsin is quite stable, not deviating far from 500 nm in any vertebrate.
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While opsins can only bind retinal, there are two forms of retinal that can act as the chromophore for vertebrate visual opsins:
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There are two classes of vertebrate visual opsin, differentiated by whether they are expressed in rod or cone photoreceptors.
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194:. However, the distinction is often ignored, and opsin may refer loosely to both (regardless of whether retinal is bound).
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Three-dimensional structure of bovine rhodopsin. The seven transmembrane domains are shown in varying colors. The retinal
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for his experiments in the 1950s that showed the difference in absorbance by these photopsins (see image).
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731:. Each class has since evolved into numerous variants. Evolutionary relationships, deduced using the
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of their iodopsin, namely the wavelength at which the highest light absorption is observed (
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Opsins expressed in cone cells are called cone opsins. The cone opsins are called
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two LWS opsins (LWS and MWS), leaving humans with 4 visual opsins in 3 classes.
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Opsins expressed in rod cells are called rod opsins. The rod opsins are called
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Gurevich, V. V.; Gurevich, E. V. (2010-01-01), Dartt, Darlene A. (ed.),
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1142:"Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals"
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871:"Adaptations of Cetacean Retinal Pigments to Aquatic Environments"
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when bound to retinal (1 and 2, respectively). Rod opsins mediate
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induces a conformational change in the protein that activates the
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The in vivo
Regeneration of Goldfish Rhodopsin and Porphyropsin.
343:(daylight). Cone opsins are further subdivided according to the
209:— in order to be photosensitive, since the retinal acts as the
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4129:
3677:
1579:
1537:
1264:
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186:(without bound retinal). When an opsin binds retinal to form a
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26:
272:(GO:0061899). Many of these species can switch between these
1140:
Hunt DM, Carvalho LS, Cowing JA, Davies WL (October 2009).
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beginning with LWS and ending with Rh1, according to the
276:
during their life cycle, to adapt to a changing habitat.
168:
discovered and are still the most widely studied opsins.
869:
Fasick, Jeffry I.; Robinson, Phyllis R. (23 June 2016).
955:"Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina"
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
152:in vertebrates. They include the opsins in human
1240:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967"
927:Andrew T. C. Tsin & Janie M. Flores (1985):
953:Bowmaker, J K; Dartnall, H J (1 January 1980).
225:-retinal is photosensitive and carries its own
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8:
1057:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 370–374,
1093:"Evolution of opsins and phototransduction"
727:to the right; this serves as an example of
339:when bound to retinal. Cone opsins mediate
201:(GPCRs) and must bind retinal — typically
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1051:"Phototransduction: Inactivation in Cones"
900:
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248:) - the common form present in most opsins
1214:
1165:
1116:
978:
886:
845:
835:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1091:Shichida Y, Matsuyama T (October 2009).
502:
356:
803:
2706:Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
1189:Trezise AE, Collin SP (October 2005).
3710:Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
756:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
509:
363:
259:) - a rarer form that is relatively
55:adding citations to reliable sources
652:
630:
608:
586:
564:
557:
1063:10.1016/b978-0-12-374203-2.00190-1
935:Bd. 122, S. 269–275. PMID 3723071
875:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
229:of 380nm. However, to trigger the
25:
911:The Journal of General Physiology
741:Primate ancestors later developed
4059:Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
160:. They are often abbreviated to
31:
4019:Corticotropin-releasing hormone
906:The Porphyropsin Visual System.
42:needs additional citations for
2681:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1191:"Opsins: evolution in waiting"
971:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013097
1:
4099:Vasoactive intestinal peptide
2969:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
1016:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00021-3
182:Opsin refers strictly to the
488:when unbound to retinal and
434:Short-wave sensitive 2
408:Short-wave sensitive 1
335:when unbound to retinal and
4463:G protein-coupled receptors
2884:Prolactin-releasing peptide
1569:G protein-coupled receptors
1513:Guanylate cyclase activator
818:Terakita A (1 March 2005).
403:"green" chlorolabe (534nm)
199:G-protein-coupled receptors
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477:
175:
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4338:
4149:
4125:
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1593:
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1216:10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.025
959:The Journal of Physiology
657:
650:
635:
628:
613:
606:
591:
584:
569:
562:
398:"red" erythrolabe (564nm)
313:phototransduction pathway
231:phototransduction cascade
164:, as they were the first
66:"Vertebrate visual opsin"
4205:Calcium-sensing receptor
4074:Methuselah-like proteins
793:Visual phototransduction
546:human rhodopsin (498nm)
423:"blue" cyanolabe (420nm)
142:Vertebrate visual opsins
2351:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
2239:Hydroxycarboxylic acids
1055:Encyclopedia of the Eye
888:10.3389/fevo.2016.00070
837:10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213
190:, it is referred to as
4232:Metabotropic glutamate
1238:The Nobel Foundation.
1158:10.1098/rstb.2009.0044
1109:10.1098/rstb.2009.0051
293:
270:retinal-3,4-desaturase
263:compared to retinal 1.
138:
2261:Lysophosphatidic acid
1565:Cell surface receptor
1246:. Nobel Media AB 2014
467:(Extinct in mammals)
287:
132:
4186:Vomeronasal receptor
3156:Vomeronasal receptor
1308:retinylidene protein
915:Bd. 22, S. 775–794.
904:George Wald (1939):
778:Retinylidene protein
737:nocturnal bottleneck
729:neofunctionalization
383:Long-wave sensitive
345:spectral sensitivity
227:spectral sensitivity
215:Retinylidene protein
192:Retinylidene protein
51:improve this article
4079:Parathyroid hormone
2039:signaling molecules
1207:2005CBio...15.R794T
1152:(1531): 2941–2955.
1103:(1531): 2881–2895.
540:Porphyropsin: ~522
257:-3,4-Dehydroretinal
4228:Glutamate receptor
3613:Protease-activated
754:received the 1967
303:-retinal into all-
294:
290:absorption spectra
144:are a subclass of
139:
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1201:(19): R794–R796.
1072:978-0-12-374203-2
1010:(13): 1711–1737.
721:gene duplications
715:
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455:Rhodopsin-like 2
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16:(Redirected from
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2296:Lysophospholipid
2043:
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1599:Neurotransmitter
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1523:Rhodopsin kinase
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137:is shown in red.
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2604:Cholecystokinin
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2214:Free fatty acid
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2037:Metabolites and
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1195:Current Biology
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1004:Vision Research
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768:Color blindness
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538:Rhodopsin: ~500
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498:scotopic vision
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448:therian mammals
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341:photopic vision
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3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3558:Adrenomedullin
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2636:Formyl peptide
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2108:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1244:Nobelprize.org
1230:
1181:
1132:
1083:
1071:
1041:
994:
965:(1): 501–511.
940:
920:
894:
861:
824:Genome Biology
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
763:
760:
748:
745:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
664:
663:
656:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
634:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
612:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
590:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
551:
548:
547:
541:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
524:Human variant
522:
518:
515:
512:
507:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
452:
451:
444:
441:
438:
435:
431:
430:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
378:Human variant
376:
372:
369:
366:
361:
351:
328:
325:
320:
317:
281:
278:
265:
264:
249:
176:Main article:
173:
170:
146:ciliary opsins
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4480:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:Miscellaneous
3005:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:Anaphylatoxin
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:Prostaglandin
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:Acetylcholine
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
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1037:measurements.
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933:J. Exp. Biol.
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494:porphyropsins
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297:Isomerization
291:
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107:November 2022
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
4196:
4163:
4136:Metabotropic
4000:
3885:
3838:
3796:
3762:
3733:
3704:
3549:
3174:
3023:
2974:Urotensin-II
2914:Somatostatin
2869:Prokineticin
2766:Melanocortin
2469:
2402:Neuropeptide
2341:Oxoglutarate
2183:
2145:Prostacyclin
2114:
2101:
2054:
1942:GHB receptor
1843:
1786:
1317:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1233:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1076:, retrieved
1054:
1044:
1035:
1007:
1003:
997:
962:
958:
932:
928:
923:
909:
905:
878:
874:
864:
827:
823:
820:"The opsins"
788:Visual cycle
750:
717:
659:
658:
637:
636:
615:
614:
593:
592:
571:
570:
483:
446:(extinct in
425:(extinct in
348:
330:
322:
307:-retinal by
304:
300:
295:
274:chromophores
266:
254:
243:
235:
222:
219:visual cycle
204:
196:
181:
161:
148:and mediate
141:
140:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
3844:Latrophilin
2979:Vasopressin
2964:Thyrotropin
2541:Angiotensin
2494:Neurotensin
2171:Cannabinoid
2150:Thromboxane
1331:Cone opsins
1250:12 December
752:George Wald
327:Cone opsins
288:Normalised
261:red-shifted
251:Retinal 2 (
240:Retinal 1 (
213:. When the
211:chromophore
197:Opsins are
188:holoprotein
135:chromophore
4457:Categories
4434:Smoothened
4427:Smoothened
4350:Smoothened
4009:Calcitonin
2944:Tachykinin
2841:, but not
2835:Nociceptin
2701:Kisspeptin
2619:Endothelin
2582:Bradykinin
2470:Neuromedin
2047:Eicosanoid
1676:Purinergic
1608:Adrenergic
1404:Crystallin
1370:Melanopsin
1078:2024-05-02
830:(3): 213.
799:References
773:Melanopsin
733:amino acid
529:Scotopsin
490:rhodopsins
486:scotopsins
474:Rod opsins
427:monotremes
333:photopsins
319:Subclasses
221:. Free 11-
184:apoprotein
158:cone cells
77:newspapers
4344:Class F:
4143:pheromone
4139:glutamate
3563:Olfactory
2599:Chemokine
2381:Succinate
2166:Bile acid
1974:Melatonin
1947:Histamine
1787:(all but
1779:Serotonin
1684:Adenosine
1586:Rhodopsin
1518:Recoverin
1362:nonvisual
1326:Rhodopsin
783:Rhodopsin
725:cladogram
553:Evolution
480:rhodopsin
337:iodopsins
18:Photopsin
4368:Frizzled
4361:Frizzled
4346:Frizzled
4188:, type 2
4094:Secretin
4034:Glucagon
3739:Cadherin
3697:Adhesion
3684:Secretin
3017:, bitter
2864:Oxytocin
2561:Bombesin
2209:Estrogen
1910:Dopamine
1508:Arrestin
1295:proteins
1225:16213808
1176:19720655
1127:19720651
1024:10814758
856:15774036
762:See also
464:480–530
443:400–470
417:355–445
392:500–570
280:Function
246:-Retinal
207:-retinal
4157:, sweet
4132:Class C
4064:PACAPR1
3680:Class B
2889:Relaxin
2811:Motilin
2696:Ghrelin
2661:Galanin
2394:Peptide
1582:Class A
1345:OPN1MW2
1203:Bibcode
1167:2781856
1118:2781858
1032:7886523
989:7359434
980:1279132
847:1088937
747:History
91:scholar
4468:Vision
4348:&
4277:GPRC6A
4014:CALCRL
3878:Orphan
3167:Orphan
3158:type 1
2849:Orexin
2837:&
2816:Opioid
2556:Apelin
1350:OPN1SW
1341:OPN1MW
1336:OPN1LW
1318:visual
1223:
1174:
1164:
1125:
1115:
1069:
1030:
1022:
987:
977:
854:
844:
421:OPN1SW
401:OPN1MW
396:OPN1LW
299:of 11-
172:Opsins
166:opsins
150:vision
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
4197:Other
4164:TAS1R
4155:Taste
4053:GLP2R
4048:GLP1R
4001:Other
3866:ELTD1
3839:ADGRL
3797:ADGRG
3763:ADGRE
3734:ADGRC
3705:ADGRB
3686:-like
3568:Opsin
3550:Other
3024:TAS2R
3015:Taste
2843:Sigma
2825:Kappa
2820:Delta
2528:C5a (
2513:Other
2159:Other
2087:FPRL1
2055:CysLT
1873:Other
1824:5-HT2
1794:5-HT1
1789:5-HT3
1588:-like
1501:Other
1462:Gamma
1412:Alpha
1303:Opsin
1028:S2CID
521:(nm)
514:Cell
510:Abbr.
506:Name
461:Cone
440:Cone
437:SWS2
414:Cone
411:SWS1
389:Cone
375:(nm)
368:Cell
364:Abbr.
360:Name
309:light
305:trans
178:opsin
162:opsin
98:JSTOR
84:books
4302:RAIG
4210:GABA
4043:GIPR
3790:CD97
3638:SREB
3439:137B
3414:109B
3409:109A
2839:Zeta
2796:MCHR
2576:NMBR
2571:GRPR
2566:BRS3
2204:EBI2
2070:LTB4
1994:TAAR
1844:5-HT
1427:Beta
1380:OPN5
1375:OPN3
1252:2015
1221:PMID
1172:PMID
1123:PMID
1067:ISBN
1020:PMID
985:PMID
931:In:
908:In:
852:PMID
616:SWS2
594:SWS1
535:Rod
532:Rh1
458:Rh2
386:LWS
156:and
70:news
4296:179
4291:158
4286:156
4282:GPR
4069:GPR
3990:157
3985:155
3980:144
3975:143
3970:133
3965:128
3960:126
3955:125
3950:124
3945:123
3940:116
3935:115
3930:114
3925:113
3920:112
3915:111
3910:110
3886:GPR
3768:EMR
3607:RRH
3602:RGR
3597:1SW
3592:1MW
3587:1LW
3539:183
3534:182
3529:177
3524:176
3519:174
3514:173
3509:171
3504:162
3499:161
3494:160
3489:153
3484:152
3479:151
3474:150
3469:149
3464:148
3459:146
3454:142
3449:141
3444:139
3434:135
3429:132
3424:120
3419:119
3404:103
3399:101
3175:GPR
2711:MAS
2656:FSH
2524:C3a
2410:B/W
2346:PAF
2198:119
2184:GPR
2180:CB2
2175:CB1
2136:),
2113:),
2092:OXE
1709:P2Y
1698:A2B
1693:A2A
1390:RGR
1385:RRH
1292:Eye
1211:doi
1162:PMC
1154:doi
1150:364
1113:PMC
1105:doi
1101:364
1059:doi
1012:doi
975:PMC
967:doi
963:298
937:PDF
917:PDF
883:doi
842:PMC
832:doi
660:Rh1
638:Rh2
572:LWS
544:RHO
519:max
492:or
373:max
354:).
352:max
301:cis
255:cis
253:11-
244:cis
242:11-
223:cis
205:cis
203:11-
154:rod
53:by
4459::
4417:10
4273:))
4141:/
4134::
4038:GR
3905:98
3900:97
3895:64
3890:56
3682::
3394:92
3389:88
3384:87
3379:85
3374:84
3369:83
3364:82
3359:81
3354:78
3349:75
3344:68
3339:65
3334:63
3329:62
3324:61
3319:55
3314:52
3309:50
3304:45
3299:44
3294:42
3289:39
3284:37
3279:35
3274:34
3269:33
3264:32
3259:31
3254:27
3249:26
3244:25
3239:23
3234:22
3229:21
3224:20
3219:19
3214:18
3209:17
3204:15
3199:12
3149:60
3144:50
3139:46
3134:45
3129:43
3124:42
3119:41
3114:40
3109:39
3104:38
3099:31
3094:30
3089:20
3084:19
3079:16
3074:14
3069:13
3064:10
2988:1B
2983:1A
2830:Mu
2760:X4
2755:X3
2750:X2
2745:X1
2720:1L
2591:B2
2586:B1
2537:))
2490:))
2425:FF
2200:))
2193:55
2188:18
2182:,
2138:FP
2115:EP
2102:DP
1988:1C
1983:1B
1978:1A
1967:H4
1962:H3
1957:H2
1952:H1
1935:D5
1930:D4
1925:D3
1920:D2
1915:D1
1904:M5
1899:M4
1894:M3
1889:M2
1884:M1
1853:5A
1768:14
1763:13
1758:12
1753:11
1748:10
1703:A3
1688:A1
1666:β3
1661:β2
1656:β1
1636:α2
1616:α1
1584::
1567::
1456:B3
1451:B2
1446:B1
1441:A4
1436:A2
1431:A1
1242:.
1219:.
1209:.
1199:15
1197:.
1193:.
1170:.
1160:.
1148:.
1144:.
1121:.
1111:.
1099:.
1095:.
1065:,
1053:,
1034:.
1026:.
1018:.
1008:40
1006:.
983:.
973:.
961:.
957:.
943:^
897:^
881:.
877:.
873:.
850:.
840:.
826:.
822:.
806:^
739:.
450:)
429:)
315:.
4419:)
4412:9
4407:8
4402:7
4397:6
4392:5
4387:4
4382:3
4377:2
4372:1
4370:(
4323:)
4321:4
4316:3
4311:2
4306:1
4304:(
4298:)
4284:(
4271:8
4266:7
4261:6
4256:5
4251:4
4246:3
4241:2
4236:1
4234:(
4230:(
4224:)
4222:2
4217:1
4215:(
4212:B
4179:3
4174:2
4169:1
4110:)
4108:2
4103:1
4101:(
4090:)
4088:2
4083:1
4081:(
4055:)
4036:(
4030:)
4028:2
4023:1
4021:(
3992:)
3888:(
3859:3
3854:2
3849:1
3832:7
3827:6
3822:5
3817:4
3812:3
3807:2
3802:1
3783:3
3778:2
3773:1
3754:3
3749:2
3744:1
3725:3
3720:2
3715:1
3654:)
3652:3
3647:2
3642:1
3640:(
3634:)
3632:4
3627:3
3622:2
3617:1
3615:(
3609:)
3582:5
3577:4
3572:3
3570:(
3541:)
3194:6
3189:4
3184:3
3179:1
3177:(
3059:9
3054:8
3049:7
3044:5
3039:4
3034:3
3029:1
2995:)
2993:2
2981:(
2960:)
2958:3
2953:2
2948:1
2946:(
2940:)
2938:5
2933:4
2928:3
2923:2
2918:1
2916:(
2910:)
2908:4
2903:3
2898:2
2893:1
2891:(
2880:)
2878:2
2873:1
2871:(
2860:)
2858:2
2853:1
2851:(
2845:)
2818:(
2807:)
2805:2
2800:1
2798:(
2792:)
2790:5
2785:4
2780:3
2775:2
2770:1
2768:(
2762:)
2740:G
2735:F
2730:E
2725:D
2715:1
2713:(
2692:)
2690:2
2685:1
2683:(
2677:)
2675:3
2670:2
2665:1
2663:(
2652:)
2650:3
2645:2
2640:1
2638:(
2629:B
2624:A
2615:)
2613:B
2608:A
2606:(
2593:)
2584:(
2578:)
2552:)
2550:2
2545:1
2543:(
2535:2
2530:1
2522:(
2505:)
2503:2
2498:1
2496:(
2488:2
2483:1
2481:(
2479:U
2474:B
2472:(
2466:)
2464:5
2459:4
2454:2
2449:1
2447:(
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2440:S
2436:)
2434:2
2429:1
2427:(
2421:)
2419:2
2414:1
2412:(
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2375:5
2370:4
2365:3
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2355:1
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2335:8
2330:7
2325:6
2320:5
2315:4
2310:3
2305:2
2300:1
2298:(
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2290:6
2285:5
2280:4
2275:3
2270:2
2265:1
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2249:2
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2233:4
2228:3
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2218:1
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2186:(
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2129:3
2124:2
2119:1
2117:(
2111:2
2106:1
2104:(
2080:2
2075:1
2066:)
2064:2
2059:1
2057:(
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2023:9
2018:8
2013:6
2008:5
2003:2
1998:1
1996:(
1990:)
1976:(
1906:)
1882:(
1865:)
1863:7
1858:6
1848:4
1846:(
1840:)
1838:C
1833:B
1828:A
1826:(
1820:)
1818:F
1813:E
1808:D
1803:B
1798:A
1796:(
1791:)
1770:)
1743:9
1738:8
1733:6
1728:5
1723:4
1718:2
1713:1
1711:(
1705:)
1686:(
1652:)
1650:C
1645:B
1640:A
1638:(
1632:)
1630:D
1625:B
1620:A
1618:(
1557:e
1550:t
1543:v
1493:)
1491:S
1486:N
1481:D
1476:C
1471:B
1466:A
1464:(
1458:)
1429:(
1423:)
1421:B
1416:A
1414:(
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1306:(
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1277:t
1270:v
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1227:.
1213::
1205::
1178:.
1156::
1129:.
1107::
1061::
1014::
991:.
969::
913:.
891:.
885::
879:4
858:.
834::
828:6
517:λ
371:λ
349:λ
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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