212:
and the maximum power Pmax. The first studies about the behavior of PV cells under varying conditions of G and T date back several decades ago.1-4 In general, it is known that VOC shows a significant inverse correlation with T, whereas for ISC that correlation is direct, but weaker, so that this increment does not compensate for the decrease of VOC. As a consequence, Pmax reduces when T increases. This correlation between the output power of a solar cell and its junction working temperature depends on the semiconductor material,2 and it is due to the influence of T on the concentration, lifetime, and mobility of the intrinsic carriers, that is, electrons and holes, inside the PV cell.
195:. When conductive or semiconductive material is heated by absorption of electromagnetic radiation, the heating can lead to increased temperature gradients in the semiconductor material or differentials between materials. These thermal differences in turn may generate a voltage because the electron energy levels are shifted differently in different areas, creating a potential difference between those areas which in turn create an electric current. The relative contributions of the photovoltaic effect versus the Seebeck effect depend on many characteristics of the constituent materials.
27:
608:
203:
PV effect is suggested to be a result of the relative shift and realignment between the quasi-Fermi levels of the semiconductors adjacent to the junction/interface under the nonequilibrium conditions. The electrons flow in the external circuit back and forth to balance the potential difference between two electrodes. The organic solar cell, which the materials have no initial carrier concentration, does not have the AC PV effect.
614:
1410:
138:
620:
1422:
211:
The performance of a photovoltaic module depends on the environmental conditions, mainly on the global incident irradiance G on the module plane. However, the temperature T of the p–n junction also influences the main electrical parameters: the short-circuit current ISC, the open-circuit voltage VOC,
202:
in 2017. The AC PV effect is the generation of alternating current (AC) in the nonequilibrium states when the light periodically shines at the junction or interface of material. The AC PV effect is based on the capacitive model that the current strongly depends on the frequency of the chopper. The AC
228:
Techniques for estimating these coefficients from experimental data can be found in the literature. Few studies analyse the variation of the series resistance with respect to the cell or module temperature. This dependency is studied by suitably processing the current–voltage curve. The temperature
252:
nanofilm. It is found that except for the DC output generated by the conventional PV effect based on a p–n junction, AC current is also produced when a flashing light is illuminated at the interface. The AC PV effect does not follow Ohm's law, being based on the capacitive model that the current
215:
The temperature sensitivity is usually described by some temperature coefficients, each one expressing the derivative of the parameter it refers to with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters can be found in any PV module data sheet; they are the following:
253:
strongly depends on the frequency of the chopper, but voltage is independent of the frequency. The peak current of AC at high switching frequency can be much higher than that from DC. The magnitude of the output is also associated with the light absorption of materials.
245:. In the case of a semiconductor p–n (diode) junction solar cell, illuminating the material creates an electric current because excited electrons and the remaining holes are swept in different directions by the built-in electric field of the depletion region.
77:(or voltage) is produced by the separation of charges, and the light has to have a sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier for excitation. The physical essence of the difference is usually that photoelectric emission separates the charges by
130:
and an electric current, and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy. The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process called
198:
All above effects generate direct current, the first demonstration of the alternating current photovoltaic effect (AC PV) was done by Dr. Haiyang Zou and Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at the
99:, "the production of an electric current when two plates of platinum or gold immersed in an acid, neutral, or alkaline solution are exposed in an uneven way to solar radiation."
118:
absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These excited electrons diffuse, and some reach the rectifying junction (usually a diode
95:
311:
381:
Zou, Haiyang; Dai, Guozhang; Wang, Aurelia Chi; Li, Xiaogan; Zhang, Steven L.; Ding, Wenbo; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Ying; Wang, Zhong Lin (2020-02-03).
1103:
546:
110:
in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency. However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices, mainly in
1214:
1005:
875:
321:
81:
and photovoltaic emission separates them by diffusion, but some "hot carrier" photovoltaic devices concepts blur this distinction.
1010:
885:
1395:
1075:
199:
945:
566:
131:
1448:
1219:
1093:
645:
115:
980:
970:
191:
In addition to the direct photovoltaic excitation of free electrons, an electric current can also arise through the
114:. When sunlight or other sufficiently energetic light is incident upon the photodiode, the electrons present in the
1463:
1453:
1240:
950:
722:
539:
1468:
787:
515:
371:
R.Delamare, O.Bulteel, D.Flandre, Conversion lumière/électricité: notions fondamentales et exemples de recherche
1323:
925:
845:
817:
737:
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1031:
990:
960:
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812:
576:
571:
229:
coefficient of the series resistance is estimated by using the single diode model or the double diode one.
1458:
1390:
1070:
1000:
975:
965:
940:
935:
890:
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835:
827:
695:
650:
1414:
1276:
1245:
1065:
995:
930:
920:
905:
895:
865:
860:
532:
262:
26:
1015:
985:
915:
910:
900:
870:
802:
637:
440:"Temperature coefficients of degraded crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules at outdoor conditions"
394:
272:
78:
54:
17:
1370:
1144:
1060:
807:
705:
665:
267:
127:
1198:
792:
700:
498:
459:
354:
74:
69:
is now usually used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a vacuum) and
607:
248:
The AC PV is operated at the non-equilibrium conditions. The first study was based on a p-Si/TiO
73:
used when the excited charge carrier is still contained within the material. In either case, an
122:) where they are accelerated into the n-type semiconductor material by the built-in potential (
1360:
1318:
1224:
1124:
755:
420:
412:
317:
148:
give their energy to electrons in the depletion or quasi-neutral regions. These move from the
123:
47:
119:
1365:
750:
597:
490:
451:
402:
346:
90:
39:
292:
153:
479:"Series resistance temperature sensitivity in degraded mono–crystalline silicon modules"
398:
1098:
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690:
613:
192:
107:
62:
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1139:
1134:
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778:
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502:
463:
161:
358:
293:"Solar Cells - Chemistry Encyclopedia - structure, metal, equation, The pn Junction"
1339:
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670:
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797:
727:
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111:
416:
350:
1193:
745:
238:
424:
407:
382:
225:– δ Coefficient of variation of Pmax with respect to T, given by ∂Pmax/∂T.
438:
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2021).
222:– α Coefficient of variation of ISC with respect to T, given by ∂ISC/∂T.
219:– β Coefficient of variation of VOC with respect to T, given by ∂VOC/∂T.
157:
103:
58:
455:
145:
93:
in 1839, used an electrochemical cell. He explained his discovery in
439:
136:
57:. For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an
43:
25:
518:. Scienzagiovane.unibo.it (2006-12-01). Retrieved on 2010-12-12.
65:
to a higher-energy state. The main distinction is that the term
528:
524:
313:
Power for the World - The
Emergence of Electricity from the Sun
592:
477:
Piliougine, M.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2020).
89:
The first demonstration of the photovoltaic effect, by
106:
covered with a thin film of gold, was experimented by
444:
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1269:
1233:
1207:
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1024:
826:
769:
736:
679:
636:
627:
585:
337:Guarnieri, M. (2015). "More light on information".
53:The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the
316:. Belgium: Pan Stanford Publishing. p. 6.
241:source is sunlight, and the devices are called
102:The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of
540:
8:
1161:
1050:
633:
547:
533:
525:
406:
383:"Alternating Current Photovoltaic Effect"
144:illustration of the photovoltaic effect.
96:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
164:are accelerated by drift electric field
284:
237:In most photovoltaic applications, the
1104:Financial incentives for photovoltaics
182:, which gives scattering photocurrent.
23:Electric current generation from light
7:
1421:
339:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
268:Electromotive force in solar cells
175:, or by scattering electric field
38:is the generation of voltage and
14:
1215:Building-integrated photovoltaics
1420:
1409:
1408:
618:
612:
606:
200:Georgia Institute of Technology
42:in a material upon exposure to
132:two-photon photovoltaic effect
1:
1220:Passive solar building design
646:Passive solar building design
156:. Depending on the location,
495:10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.026
1485:
723:Photovoltaic power station
297:www.chemistryexplained.com
15:
1404:
788:artificial photosynthesis
604:
562:
207:Effect of the temperature
171:, which gives generation
30:Mafate Marla solar panel
1324:Solar water disinfection
818:Thermoelectric generator
351:10.1109/MIE.2015.2485182
16:Not to be confused with
1032:Solar Shade Control Act
813:Space-based solar power
516:The photovoltaic effect
310:Palz, Wolfgang (2010).
1396:Solar power by country
1071:Thermal energy storage
696:Nanocrystal solar cell
651:Solar air conditioning
408:10.1002/adma.201907249
183:
31:
1277:Salt evaporation pond
1246:Hybrid solar lighting
1066:Phase-change material
263:Theory of solar cells
140:
126:). This generates an
29:
1449:Electrical phenomena
803:Solar thermal rocket
273:Photoelectric effect
79:ballistic conduction
67:photoelectric effect
55:photoelectric effect
18:Photoelectric effect
1371:Solar water heating
1145:Solar water heating
1061:Grid energy storage
808:Solar updraft tower
717:Photovoltaic module
712:Photovoltaic effect
666:Solar water heating
399:2020AdM....3207249Z
128:electromotive force
71:photovoltaic effect
36:photovoltaic effect
1199:Solar-powered pump
793:Solar-pumped laser
706:Photovoltaic array
701:Organic solar cell
684:and related topics
387:Advanced Materials
184:
75:electric potential
32:
1464:Quantum chemistry
1454:Energy conversion
1436:
1435:
1379:
1378:
1361:Solar combisystem
1319:Soil solarization
1225:Urban heat island
1153:
1152:
1125:Electric aircraft
1040:
1039:
756:Solar power tower
124:Galvani potential
1476:
1469:Electrochemistry
1424:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1366:Solar controller
1162:
1051:
751:Parabolic trough
634:
622:
616:
610:
598:Solar irradiance
549:
542:
535:
526:
519:
513:
507:
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483:Renewable Energy
474:
468:
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456:10.1002/pip.3396
435:
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91:Edmond Becquerel
40:electric current
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611:
602:
581:
558:
553:
523:
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510:
476:
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437:
436:
432:
393:(11): 1907249.
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309:
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154:conduction band
87:
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12:
11:
5:
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1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Feed-in tariff
1096:
1094:Cost by source
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1080:
1079:
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1068:
1063:
1057:
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1048:
1042:
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1038:
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1034:
1028:
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1021:
1019:
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1013:
1008:
1006:United Kingdom
1003:
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993:
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983:
978:
973:
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938:
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928:
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876:Czech Republic
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784:Solar chemical
781:
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742:
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691:Floating solar
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508:
469:
450:(5): 558–570.
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364:
329:
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283:
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277:
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258:
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234:
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208:
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193:Seebeck effect
188:
185:
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168:
108:Charles Fritts
86:
83:
63:charge carrier
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1462:
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1459:Photovoltaics
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1391:Photovoltaics
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1359:
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1354:Water heating
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1282:Solar furnace
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1135:Solar balloon
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1130:Electric boat
1128:
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1011:United States
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779:Magnetic sail
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761:Solar tracker
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719:(solar panel)
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708:(and systems)
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689:
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681:Photovoltaics
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656:Solar chimney
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323:9789814303385
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1425:
1413:
1340:Desalination
1333:Desalination
1312:Disinfection
1303:Solar cooker
1270:Process heat
1171:horticulture
1158:Applications
1118:Applications
1109:Net metering
1045:Distribution
981:South Africa
971:Saudi Arabia
772:and proposed
770:Experimental
738:Concentrated
711:
671:Thermal mass
556:Solar energy
511:
486:
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345:(4): 58–61.
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173:photocurrent
165:
150:valence band
142:Band diagram
120:p–n junction
116:valence band
101:
94:
88:
70:
66:
52:
50:phenomenon.
35:
33:
1345:Solar still
1241:Daylighting
1179:Agrivoltaic
1166:Agriculture
951:New Zealand
946:Netherlands
629:Solar power
489:: 677–684.
243:solar cells
233:Solar cells
112:photodiodes
1443:Categories
1287:Solar pond
1261:Solar Tuki
1256:Solar lamp
1251:Light tube
1189:Polytunnel
1184:Greenhouse
828:By country
798:Solar sail
728:Solar cell
661:Solar pond
279:References
46:. It is a
1194:Row cover
926:Lithuania
846:Australia
746:Heliostat
503:225364125
464:233976803
417:0935-9648
239:radiation
158:electrons
61:or other
1415:Category
1384:See also
1234:Lighting
1208:Building
1087:Adoption
1076:seasonal
1047:and uses
991:Thailand
961:Portugal
956:Pakistan
586:Concepts
577:Timeline
425:32009275
359:13343534
257:See also
104:selenium
59:electron
48:physical
1427:Commons
1296:Cooking
1054:Storage
1001:Ukraine
976:Somalia
966:Romania
941:Myanmar
936:Morocco
891:Germany
886:Georgia
881:Denmark
856:Belgium
851:Austria
841:Armenia
836:Albania
638:Thermal
593:The Sun
572:Outline
395:Bibcode
187:Physics
152:to the
146:Photons
85:History
996:Turkey
931:Mexico
921:Kosovo
906:Israel
896:Greece
866:Canada
861:Brazil
501:
462:
423:
415:
357:
320:
1025:Legal
1016:Yemen
986:Spain
916:Japan
911:Italy
901:India
871:China
567:Index
499:S2CID
460:S2CID
355:S2CID
180:scatt
169:drift
162:holes
44:light
1169:and
786:and
421:PMID
413:ISSN
318:ISBN
160:and
34:The
491:doi
487:162
452:doi
403:doi
347:doi
1445::
497:.
485:.
481:.
458:.
448:29
446:.
442:.
419:.
411:.
401:.
391:32
389:.
385:.
353:.
341:.
295:.
134:.
548:e
541:t
534:v
505:.
493::
466:.
454::
427:.
405::
397::
361:.
349::
343:9
326:.
299:.
250:2
177:E
166:E
20:.
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