218:
143:
345:
24:
632:, the dye is unable to entere cell because of their membranes. Dead yeast cells lose membrane integrity, so phloxine B can enter and stain the intracellular cytosolic compounds. Therefore, staining is a measure of cell death. In cell counting assays, the number of fluorescent (i.e. dead) cells observed through a
100:
358:
636:
can be compared to the total number of cells to give a measure of mortality. The same principle can be applied at higher throughput by fluorescence-activated
54:
Cyanosin; Cyanosine; Eosine bluish; Eosine Blue; Cyanosin B; Eosin Blue; Phloxine P; Phloxin B; Eosine I Bluish; Acid red 92; C.I. 45410; D & C Red no. 28
676:
232:
660:
508:
949:
Leive, Loretta; Kollin, Virginia (July 1967). "Controlling EDTA treatment to produce permeable escherichia coli with normal metabolic processes".
429:
733:
Duarte, Paulo; Ferreira, Diana P.; Ferreira
Machado, Isabel; Filipe, Luis; Ferreira, Vieira; Rodríguez, Hernan B.; San Román, Enrique (2012).
832:"In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Phloxine B and Other Halogenated Fluoresceins against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"
1001:
515:
of 25 μM, growth is reduced by 10-fold within 2.5 hours. At concentrations of 50 μM and 100 μM, growth is stopped completely and
512:
583:
784:
Coppeta, J.; Rogers, C. (1998). "Dual emission laser induced fluorescence for direct planar scalar behavior measurements".
365:
520:
175:
196:
620:
566:
are formed. These compounds cause irreversible damage to the bacteria, leading to growth arrest and cell death.
1210:
614:
1190:
138:
1205:
591:
567:
1195:
503:
1138:
1038:
793:
36:
910:"Expanding the bactericidal action of the food color additive phloxine B to gram-negative bacteria"
559:
213:
66:
809:
587:
551:
880:
1200:
1166:
1107:
1066:
1007:
997:
966:
931:
861:
766:
487:
457:
433:
1156:
1146:
1097:
1056:
1046:
989:
958:
921:
851:
843:
801:
756:
746:
713:
594:, removes the phloxine B resistance and allows gram-negative bacteria to be killed as well.
532:
323:
255:
1025:
Guérin, Renée; Beauregard, Pascale B.; Leroux, Alexandre; Rokeach, Luis A. (16 July 2009).
582:
creates a permeability barrier that prevents efficient uptake of the compound. Addition of
184:
76:
603:
540:
493:
441:
217:
142:
1142:
1042:
797:
120:
1061:
1026:
761:
734:
678:
The Code of
Federal Regulations of the United States of America, Title 21, Part 74.1328
641:
637:
633:
625:
575:
563:
336:
1161:
1126:
1125:
Minois, Nadège; Frajnt, Magdalena; Wilson, Chris; Vaupel, James W. (11 January 2005).
993:
856:
831:
436:
maximum around 564 nm. Apart from industrial use, phloxine B has functions as an
1184:
962:
847:
579:
571:
547:
516:
482:
437:
401:
131:
1086:"Comparison of methods used for assessing the viability and vitality of yeast cells"
813:
164:
425:
240:
C1=C2C(=C(C(=C1Br))Br)OC3=C(C(=C(C=C3C24C5=C(C(=C(C(=C5Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)C(=O)O4)Br))Br..
1051:
926:
909:
498:
478:
409:
1131:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
984:
Noda, Takeshi (2008). "Chapter 2 Viability Assays to
Monitor Yeast Autophagy".
1027:"Calnexin Regulates Apoptosis Induced by Inositol Starvation in Fission Yeast"
751:
718:
701:
385:
301:
1151:
1102:
1085:
453:
449:
397:
1170:
1111:
1070:
1011:
935:
865:
770:
970:
805:
445:
421:
417:
536:
413:
151:
1127:"Advances in measuring lifespan in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
523:
deems phloxine B to be safe up to a daily dosage of 1.25 mg/kg.
735:"Phloxine B as a Probe for Entrapment in Microcrystalline Cellulose"
335:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
23:
629:
609:
474:
405:
111:
99:
89:
1084:
Kwolek-Mirek, Magdalena; Zadrag-Tecza, Renata (September 2014).
644:), where all phloxine B-stained cells in a sample are counted.
393:
543:
389:
986:
Autophagy: Lower
Eukaryotes and Non-Mammalian Systems, Part A
448:. For example, it is used in hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (
201:
706:
Food
Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi)
555:
41:
Disodium 2′,4′,5′,7′-tetrabromo-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-3-oxo-3
988:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 451. pp. 27–32.
353:
608:
Phloxine B can be used to stain dead cells of several
951:
519:decrease by a factor of 10 to 10. For humans, the
702:"Thin Layer Chromatography of Synthetic Dyes (X)"
163:
45:-spirobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-bis(olate)
75:
903:
901:
825:
823:
681:. U S Government Printing Office. p. 296
8:
914:FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology
570:are phloxine B-resistant due to the outer
216:
141:
15:
1160:
1150:
1101:
1060:
1050:
925:
855:
760:
750:
717:
554:. When phloxine B is subjected to light,
183:
830:Rasooly, Avraham; Weisz, Adrian (2002).
531:Bacteria exposed to phloxine B die from
416:atoms at positions 2, 4, 5 and 7 of the
653:
237:
212:
412:, but differs by the presence of four
132:
836:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
675:Food and Drug Administration (2001).
670:
668:
119:
7:
154:
432:maximum around 540 nm and an
14:
848:10.1128/AAC.46.11.3650-3653.2002
513:minimum inhibitory concentration
343:
279:
267:
22:
908:Rasooly, Reuven (August 2005).
339:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
273:
586:, which is known to strip the
291:
285:
261:
1:
994:10.1016/S0076-6879(08)03202-3
1052:10.1371/journal.pone.0006244
963:10.1016/0006-291x(67)90434-2
927:10.1016/j.femsim.2005.04.004
885:Narkive Mailing List Archive
521:Food and Drug Administration
1227:
601:
574:that surrounds them. This
380:(commonly known simply as
752:10.3390/molecules17021602
719:10.3358/shokueishi.11.242
621:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
333:
248:
228:
59:
51:
35:
30:
21:
661:Phloxine B (Acid red 92)
615:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
464:Antimicrobial properties
452:) staining to color the
1152:10.1073/pnas.0408332102
1103:10.1111/1567-1364.12202
568:Gram-negative bacteria
550:to positively charged
806:10.1007/s003480050202
786:Experiments in Fluids
602:Further information:
592:membrane permeability
539:in water to become a
504:Staphylococcus aureus
408:. It is derived from
404:and coloring food in
879:Borgerink, Hermina.
700:Kamikura, M (1970).
598:Measure of viability
469:Lethal dosage levels
317:Red to brown powder
37:Preferred IUPAC name
1143:2005PNAS..102..402M
1090:FEMS Yeast Research
1043:2009PLoSO...4.6244G
798:1998ExFl...25....1C
588:lipopolysaccharides
552:cellular components
527:Mechanism of action
477:, phloxine B has a
473:In the presence of
324:Solubility in water
309: g·mol
18:
541:negatively charged
460:in shades of red.
392:used for coloring
366:Infobox references
16:
842:(11): 3650–3653.
488:Bacillus subtilis
485:strains, such as
458:connective tissue
374:Chemical compound
372:
371:
197:CompTox Dashboard
101:Interactive image
1218:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1115:
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1096:(7): 1068–1079.
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1022:
1016:
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745:(2): 1602–1616.
730:
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723:
721:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
672:
663:
658:
533:oxidative damage
511:) strains. At a
446:biological stain
428:ring. It has an
356:
350:
347:
346:
308:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
256:Chemical formula
221:
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103:
79:
26:
19:
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1211:Spiro compounds
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604:Viability assay
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494:Bacillus cereus
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361: ?)
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12:
11:
5:
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1198:
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1191:Organobromides
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1137:(2): 402–406.
1117:
1076:
1017:
1002:
976:
957:(2): 229–236.
941:
920:(2): 239–244.
897:
871:
819:
776:
725:
712:(4): 242–248.
692:
664:
652:
651:
649:
646:
638:flow cytometry
634:haemocytometer
599:
596:
576:polysaccharide
564:singlet oxygen
528:
525:
497:, and several
470:
467:
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420:ring and four
373:
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337:standard state
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1206:Fluorone dyes
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590:and increase
589:
585:
581:
580:lipid bilayer
577:
573:
572:cell membrane
569:
565:
561:
560:free radicals
557:
556:debromination
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
535:. Phloxine B
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:gram-positive
480:
476:
468:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:antimicrobial
435:
431:
427:
426:carboxyphenyl
424:atoms in the
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:United States
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:water-soluble
383:
379:
367:
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355:
338:
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328:
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214:DTXSID1031090
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133:ECHA InfoCard
130:
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50:
44:
38:
34:
29:
25:
20:
1196:Chloroarenes
1134:
1130:
1120:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1037:(7): e6244.
1034:
1030:
1020:
985:
979:
954:
950:
944:
917:
913:
888:. Retrieved
884:
874:
839:
835:
789:
785:
779:
742:
738:
728:
709:
705:
695:
683:. Retrieved
677:
656:
630:growth media
619:
613:
612:, including
607:
530:
502:
492:
486:
479:bactericidal
472:
381:
377:
376:
60:Identifiers
52:Other names
42:
881:"HPS stain"
792:(1): 1–15.
558:occurs and
517:cell counts
501:-resistant
499:methicillin
440:substance,
410:fluorescein
314:Appearance
249:Properties
139:100.038.490
121:CHEBI:87192
1185:Categories
648:References
481:effect on
430:absorption
378:Phloxine B
302:Molar mass
185:767IP0Y5NH
88:3D model (
77:18472-87-2
67:CAS Number
739:Molecules
628:in yeast
454:cytoplasm
442:viability
398:cosmetics
17:Phloxine
1201:Lactones
1171:15625107
1112:25154541
1071:19606215
1031:PLOS ONE
1012:19185710
936:15949926
890:18 April
866:12384384
814:37649159
771:22314381
685:15 April
578:-coated
444:dye and
434:emission
422:chlorine
418:xanthene
382:phloxine
329:Soluble
1139:Bibcode
1062:2705804
1039:Bibcode
971:4166571
794:Bibcode
762:6268435
626:diluted
624:. When
537:ionizes
414:bromine
400:in the
384:) is a
359:what is
357: (
165:6433718
152:PubChem
1169:
1162:544282
1159:
1110:
1069:
1059:
1010:
1000:
969:
934:
864:
857:128710
854:
812:
769:
759:
610:yeasts
354:verify
351:
307:829.63
233:SMILES
31:Names
810:S2CID
548:binds
546:that
475:light
406:Japan
394:drugs
112:ChEBI
90:JSmol
1167:PMID
1108:PMID
1067:PMID
1008:PMID
998:ISBN
967:PMID
932:PMID
892:2016
862:PMID
767:PMID
687:2016
642:FACS
618:and
584:EDTA
562:and
509:MRSA
456:and
396:and
388:red
176:UNII
1157:PMC
1147:doi
1135:102
1098:doi
1057:PMC
1047:doi
990:doi
959:doi
922:doi
852:PMC
844:doi
802:doi
757:PMC
747:doi
714:doi
544:ion
450:HPS
390:dye
202:EPA
155:CID
1187::
1165:.
1155:.
1145:.
1133:.
1129:.
1106:.
1094:14
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1055:.
1045:.
1033:.
1029:.
1006:.
996:.
965:.
955:28
953:.
930:.
918:45
916:.
912:.
900:^
883:.
860:.
850:.
840:46
838:.
834:.
822:^
808:.
800:.
790:25
788:.
765:.
755:.
743:17
741:.
737:.
710:11
708:.
704:.
667:^
491:,
286:Na
280:Cl
274:Br
265:20
1173:.
1149::
1141::
1114:.
1100::
1073:.
1049::
1041::
1035:4
1014:.
992::
973:.
961::
938:.
924::
894:.
868:.
846::
816:.
804::
796::
773:.
749::
722:.
716::
689:.
640:(
507:(
349:N
295:5
292:O
289:2
283:4
277:4
271:2
268:H
262:C
204:)
200:(
92:)
43:H
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