210:
238:
279:
129:
416:. This type of extract is rich in condensed tannins of natural high molecular weight (phlobaphenes), which are not easily soluble. Its use is therefore limited to small additions during sole leather tannage carried out in hot liquors (temperature above 35 °C) to improve the yield and the water-proofness of the leather. The cold soluble extracts are obtained by subjecting the ordinary extract to a
359:, and unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1) modifies P1-wr expression to confer pigmentation in kernel pericarp, as well as vegetative tissues, which normally do not accumulate significant amounts of phlobaphene pigments. The maize P gene encodes a Myb homolog that recognizes the sequence CCT/AACC, in sharp contrast with the C/TAACGG bound by vertebrate Myb proteins.
17:
420:
which transforms the phlobaphenes into completely soluble tannins. The cold soluble quebracho extracts are the most universally known and used types. The main properties of these extracts are: a very rapid penetration, a high tannin content and a relatively low percentage of non-tannins. The rather
1188:
Boddu, Jayanand; Jiang, Cizhong; Sangar, Vineet; Olson, Terry; Peterson, Thomas; Chopra, Surinder (2006). "Comparative
Structural and Functional Characterization of Sorghum and Maize Duplications Containing Orthologous Myb Transcription Regulators of 3-Deoxyflavonoid Biosynthesis".
1232:
Dihydroquercetin dimers by oxidative coupling reactions. Gonzalez-Laredo, Ruben F., Malan, Johannes C.S., Chen, Jie, Todd, Jim, Karchesy, Joseph J. 2nd
International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry (ECSOC-2), September 1–30,
982:
Braess, CH; Cocciolone, SM; Bushman, S; Sangar, V; McMullen, MD; Peterson, T (1976). "Is Igls worth a journey? Report on the 19th
International Congress on General Medicine of the SIMG in Igls/Innsbruck, September 22–27, 1975".
1106:
Grotewold, Erich; Drummond, Bruce J.; Bowen, Ben; Peterson, Thomas (1994). "The myb-homologous P gene controls phlobaphene pigmentation in maize floral organs by directly activating a flavonoid biosynthetic gene subset".
1150:
Boddu, Jayanand; Svabek, Catherine; Ibraheem, Farag; Jones, A. Daniel; Chopra, Surinder (2005). "Characterization of a deletion allele of a sorghum Myb gene yellow seed1 showing loss of 3-deoxyflavonoids".
27:(or phlobaphens, CAS No.:71663-19-9) are reddish, alcohol-soluble and water-insoluble phenolic substances. They can be extracted from plants, or be the result from treatment of tannin extracts with
1168:
1086:
351:. The p1 gene encodes an Myb-homologous transcriptional activator of genes required for biosynthesis of red phlobaphene pigments, while the P1-wr allele specifies colorless kernel
620:
1077:
Lee E.A; Harper V (2002). "Suppressor of
Pericarp Pigmentation 1 (SPP1), a novel gene involved in phlobaphene accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) pericarps".
109:. They have not been found in flowers, unless the brown and black pigments in the involucrum of certain compositae are found to be of the phlobaphene type.
1354:
1010:
Structural And
Transcriptional Analysis Of The Complex P1-wr Cluster In Maize. Wolfgang Goettel, Joachim Messing. Plant & Animal Genomes XVI Conference
649:
209:
1308:
630:
506:
480:
1030:"Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes"
754:
Stansbury, Mack F.; Field, Elsie T.; Guthrie, John D. (1950). "The tannin and related pigments in the red skins (Testa) of peanut kernels".
660:
237:
362:
In the sorghum, the corresponding yellow seed 1 gene (y1) also encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regulates the expression of
1262:
Sealy-Fisher, V. J.; Pizzi, A. (1992). "Increased pine tannins extraction and wood adhesives development by phlobaphenes minimization".
1012:
873:
36:
1347:
300:, of which it contains 70 to 80 per cent. It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation.
788:
580:
1174:
1092:
182:, is an unstable substance, having a tendency to give off water to form anhydrides (phlobaphenes), one of which is called
709:
Hager's
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Vols. 2–6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969–1979
412:
Ordinary or warm soluble quebracho (also known as insoluble quebracho) is the natural extract obtained directly from the
846:
424:
Phlobaphenes formation (tannins condensation and precipitation) can be minimized in using strong nucleophiles, such as
340:
1340:
348:
1298:
891:"Effect of grain colour gene (R) on grain dormancy and sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat"
371:
336:
496:
811:
Himi, Eiko; Noda, Kazuhiko (2005). "Red grain colour gene (R) of wheat is a Myb-type transcription factor".
683:
Buchanan, M. A.; Lewis, H. F.; Kurth, E. F. (1944). "Chemical Nature of
Redwood Tannin and Phlobaphene".
932:"Flavonoid Biosynthesis. A Colorful Model for Genetics, Biochemistry, Cell Biology, and Biotechnology"
581:
A Manual of pharmacology and its applications to therapeutics and toxicology by Torald
Sollmann, M. D.
170:
133:
67:
799:
1465:
307:
but can be studied as the pigment responsible for the red color in some monocot cereals, including
284:
740:
327:
In maize, phlobaphenes are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of
1279:
1214:
1132:
828:
771:
552:
429:
367:
347:
into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of
Pericarp Pigmentation 1 or SPP1) acts as a
261:) or in the red skins or testa of the peanut. They are also reported in the fruits of the genus
569:
421:
low acid and medium salt content characterise them as mild tanning extracts (low astringency).
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It is a dark-colored resin-like substance made of water-insoluble, alcohol-soluble polymers.
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No biological activities have currently been reported for phlobaphenes. Phlobaphenes from
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Phlobaphene is the red pigment present in the pericarp of certain maize varieties
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472:
328:
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1202:
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293:
179:
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463:
Foo, L. Yeap; Karchesy, Joseph J. (1989), "Chemical Nature of
Phlobaphenes",
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263:
59:
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by the expression of maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene which encodes an R2R3
1327:
1128:
996:
947:
907:
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352:
246:
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L., the European dodder, is reported to contain 30,000 ppm in the root.
142:
87:
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443:
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356:
316:
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165:
149:, which by oxidation rapidly yields a dark-coloured phlobaphene called
117:
113:
91:
1332:
570:
Phlobaphene on Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
532:
16:
495:
Richard W. Hemingway; Peter Edward Laks; Susan J. Branham (1992).
312:
308:
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Copious flow of kino from a wound near the base of the trunk of a
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127:
94:
71:
15:
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98:
1336:
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Phlobaphens can be formed under action of acids or heating of
52:
397:. Water containing soda can be used for the conversion of
733:
Blyth, Alexander Wynter; Wynter Blyth, Meredith (1903).
446:
D can help solubilize phlobaphene in tanning solutions.
498:
Plant polyphenols: synthesis, properties, significance
1421:
1370:
889:Himi, E; Mares, DJ; Yanagisawa, A; Noda, K (2002).
222:Phlobaphenes can be extracted from the root of the
1243:Dingler's Polytech. Journ., C. Etti, 1878, p. 354.
592:Paech, K (1955). "Colour Development in Flowers".
303:Phlobaphenes are not present in the model plant
465:Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannins
1348:
977:
975:
756:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
174:or in oak barks where the chief constituent,
8:
401:tannins into phlobaphens. When heated with
1252:Warden C. J. H., Pharm. Jour., , xviii. 985
1355:
1341:
1333:
1028:Dong, X.; Braun, EL; Grotewold, E (2001).
789:The Principles Of Hop-Analysis, Cech G. O.
622:Handbook of Nuts: Herbal Reference Library
533:"Zur Geschichte der Eichenrindegerbsäuren"
1053:
955:
906:
650:Cinchona Bark (Cortex Cinchonae). Part 3
112:In bark, phlobaphenes accumulate in the
521:Römpp CD 2006, Georg Thieme Verlag 2006
455:
374:genes required for the biosynthesis of
720:"Herbal Medicine Materia Medica: Kola"
685:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
739:. C. Griffin & Co., Ltd. p.
736:Foods: Their composition and analysis
393:or of the fraction of tannins called
7:
1328:Phlobaphene on www.liberherbarum.com
82:Natural phlobaphenes are the common
66:) may have a specific action on the
847:"Phlobaphene biosynthesis in maize"
672:Quinine on www.1902encyclopedia.com
606:10.1146/annurev.pp.06.060155.001421
409:yield a glucose and a phlobaphene.
145:barks contain a particular tannin,
116:layer of cork cambium, part of the
439:, during pine tannins extraction.
14:
594:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
985:Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin
800:Kino on www.henriettesherbal.com
661:Cinchonaceae on chestofbooks.com
339:of the A1 gene encoding for the
245:Phlobaphens can be found in the
1165:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.007
895:Journal of Experimental Botany
382:Chemically formed phlobaphenes
1:
178:, a molecule also present in
78:Naturally formed phlobaphenes
1297:Georg Grasser (March 2007).
1121:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90117-1
619:Duke, James A (2000-11-10).
442:The use of synthetic tannin
1264:Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff
930:Winkel-Shirley, B. (2001).
871:Phlobaphene on trophort.com
473:10.1007/978-1-4684-7511-1_6
341:dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
1482:
271:)or can be extracted from
70:. They are converted into
1203:10.1007/s11103-005-3568-1
825:10.1007/s10681-005-7854-4
372:dihydroflavonol reductase
337:transcriptional activator
292:The chief constituent of
31:(tanner's red). The name
1191:Plant Molecular Biology
249:(where they are called
537:Monatshefte für Chemie
289:
242:
218:
213:The common tormentil (
138:
21:
281:
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212:
131:
19:
948:10.1104/pp.126.2.485
305:Arabidopsis thaliana
171:Sequoia sempervirens
155:cinchono-fulvic acid
134:Cinchona officinalis
68:coronary circulation
1046:10.1104/pp.127.1.46
697:10.1021/ie50418a008
285:Corymbia calophylla
164:They are common in
1393:Proguibourtinidins
1276:10.1007/BF02663290
1015:2012-02-18 at the
908:10.1093/jxb/erf005
901:(374): 1569–1574.
876:2012-03-01 at the
768:10.1007/BF02649320
549:10.1007/BF01517990
368:chalcone isomerase
290:
243:
219:
139:
22:
1448:
1447:
1413:Proteracacinidins
1398:Promelacacinidins
1364:Condensed tannins
1310:978-1-4067-7301-9
1300:Synthetic Tannins
632:978-0-8493-3637-9
531:Etti, C. (1883).
508:978-0-306-44252-0
482:978-1-4684-7513-5
433:-phenylenediamine
418:sulfiting process
403:hydrochloric acid
391:condensed tannins
376:3-deoxyflavonoids
364:chalcone synthase
228:Potentilla erecta
215:Potentilla erecta
176:quercitannic acid
147:cinchotannic acid
1473:
1403:Propelargonidins
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345:dihydroflavonols
269:Fructus Crataegi
255:chocolate liquor
224:common tormentil
203:Cuscuta europaea
64:Fructus Crataegi
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1383:Prodelphinidins
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691:(10): 907–910.
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1322:External links
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1303:. Read Books.
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1197:(2): 185–199.
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1115:(3): 543–553.
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35:come from the
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1085:(1): 51–58.
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855:. Retrieved
851:the original
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501:. Springer.
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407:cocoa solids
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323:Biosynthesis
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158:
154:
150:
140:
132:
111:
102:
81:
63:
57:
48:
40:
32:
25:Phlobaphenes
24:
23:
600:: 273–298.
543:: 512–530.
168:barks like
124:Occurrences
37:Greek roots
1466:Plant dyes
1455:Categories
1270:(5): 212.
1159:(3): 542.
857:2016-11-04
819:(3): 239.
762:(8): 317.
450:References
349:suppressor
343:(reducing
180:quercitron
74:in soils.
51:) meaning
47:and βαφή (
43:) meaning
33:phlobaphen
1440:Tannosome
1371:Oligomers
813:Euphytica
557:105109992
275:flowers.
264:Crataegus
259:cocoa red
120:mixture.
99:seed coat
1219:23841582
1211:16429259
1175:16983977
1137:42197232
1093:13772300
1064:11553733
1013:Archived
966:11402179
917:12096095
874:Archived
833:26883288
776:95107923
355:and red
353:pericarp
257:(called
251:kola red
247:kola nut
241:Kola nut
166:redwoods
143:cinchona
107:pigments
88:pericarp
62:fruits (
60:hawthorn
39:φλoιὀς (
1461:Tannins
1284:6585979
1129:8313474
1079:Maydica
997:1266355
957:1540115
444:neradol
317:sorghum
288:(marri)
184:oak-red
118:suberin
114:phellem
41:phloios
1307:
1282:
1217:
1209:
1172:
1135:
1127:
1090:
1062:
1055:117961
1052:
995:
964:
954:
915:
831:
774:
629:
555:
505:
479:
335:-like
72:humins
1422:Misc.
1280:S2CID
1215:S2CID
1169:INIST
1133:S2CID
1087:INIST
829:S2CID
772:S2CID
553:S2CID
313:maize
309:wheat
230:) as
141:Many
103:testa
95:glume
49:baphe
1305:ISBN
1233:1998
1207:PMID
1125:PMID
1109:Cell
1060:PMID
993:PMID
962:PMID
913:PMID
637:Par
627:ISBN
503:ISBN
477:ISBN
437:urea
435:and
370:and
357:cobs
294:kino
137:bark
97:and
84:bark
45:bark
1272:doi
1199:doi
1161:doi
1157:169
1117:doi
1050:PMC
1042:doi
1038:127
952:PMC
944:doi
940:126
903:doi
821:doi
817:143
764:doi
741:236
693:doi
602:doi
545:doi
469:doi
399:hop
333:myb
315:or
296:is
273:hop
253:),
198:).
157:or
92:cob
53:dye
1457::
1278:.
1268:50
1266:.
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1195:60
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1131:.
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897:.
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234:.
196:11
192:22
188:28
186:(C
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90:,
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1356:e
1349:t
1342:v
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604::
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547::
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471::
431:m
267:(
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194:O
190:H
101:(
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