33:
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leaving the host plant and making a pupal case. After about six days, adults emerge and remain in the pupal case for an additional two days before emerging. In central Europe, this species can experience multiple generations per growing season (multivoltine), but it appears to undergo only one generation per summer in the Nordic countries or at high elevations. Overwintering was observed under the bark of fir trees near the
317:
within aspen groves for feeding, oviposition, and production of the summer generation. When spring arrives, overwintered beetles spend 2–3 weeks feeding and lay up to 250 eggs on the undersides of leaves. After eggs hatched, larvae spent about 5–6 days in the first, second, and third instars before
243:
has a widespread distribution. In Europe, it is found in Arctic regions and the Nordic countries, the United
Kingdom, Germany to Spain, Serbia and Bosnia, and Bulgaria. It is also found in China and elsewhere in Asia. Populations occur at high elevations in parts of central Europe and China.
1409:
Kunert, M.; Søe, A.; Bartram, S.; Discher, S.; Tolzin-Banasch, K.; Nie, L.; David, A.; Pasteels, J.; Boland, W. (2008). "De novo biosynthesis versus sequestration: A network of transport systems supports in iridoid producing leaf beetle larvae both modes of defense".
351:
sequesters host plant salicylates to make its larval defensive secretion. Using host plant compounds to make the larval defensive secretions appears to be the evolutionarily advanced or derived state of this trait, but
333:
can be 'freeze-tolerant' in summer and winter. Multiple mechanisms influence cold tolerance and it varies over the year partly due to the concentration of metabolic products such as glycerol and other factors.
1858:
1479:
Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T.; Köpf, A. (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on
Salicaceae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox (eds.).
1311:
Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in
303:
feeding. They are also attracted to volatile compounds emitted by host trees, which may explain preferences based on host plant gender and prior history of insect herbivory.
465:
species and other leaf beetles, which often occur on the same host plants and similar habitats. Some of these enemies appear to be attracted to leaf beetle secretions.
295:
species all contain relatively high levels of salicylates in their leaves. Laboratory feeding tests showed that the phenol glycosides (salicylates) characteristic of
32:
1784:
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232:
species, eggs are partially covered with a crusty secretion. Larvae feed in groups in early instars (molts), and sometimes show color polymorphisms.
1745:
157:
1173:
Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Raupp, M. J. (1988). "Plant-derived defense in chrysomelid beetles". In P. Barbosa; D. K. Letourneau (eds.).
1280:
Rank, N. E.; Köpf, A.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "Host preference and larval performance of the salicylate-using leaf beetle
875:
Gruev, B. (1979). "Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) Jugoslawiens (Unterfamilien: Lamprosomatinae, Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Cassidinae)".
345:
larvae secrete a defensive secretion that contains iridoid monoterpenes that they synthesize themselves (autogeneously), while their congener
311:
Lühmann (1939) described the life history of a population in
Germany in detail. After overwintering, adult beetles seek mid-sized trees of
360:
already possess systems to transport plant secondary compounds that can be modified to sequester those compounds for their own defense.
182:
species and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.
1352:"Selective transport systems mediate sequestration of plant glucosides in leaf beetles: A molecular basis for adaptation and evolution"
1853:
1706:
1540:
Köpf, A.; Rank, N.; Roininen, H.; Tahvanainen, J. (1997). "Defensive larval secretions of leaf beetles attract a specialist predator
1525:
Cox, M. L. (1994). "The
Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitoids of Chrysomelidae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.).
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are morphologically fairly uniform, but vary substantially in their host plant preferences. Ge (2005) noted that a newly described
1242:
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943:. Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum. Vol. 2. Innsbruck: Selbstverlag des Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum.
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1445:
J.A. Stenberg (2012). "Plant-mediated effects of different Salix species on the performance of the braconid parasitoid
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appears to be pre-adapted to evolve the use of host plant salicylates to produce its defensive secretion. Larvae of
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Die Käfer von Südtirol: faunistisches
Verzeichnis der aus der Provinz Bozen bisher bekannt gewordenen Koleopteren
45:
1297:
1843:
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Kirsch, Roy; Vogel, Heiko; Muck, Alexander; Vilcinskas, Andreas; Pasteels, Jacques M.; Boland, Wilhelm (2011).
607:"Chemical defenses in leaf beetles and their larvae: their ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance"
856:
Petitpierre, E. (1988). "Catàleg dels coleopters crisomèlids de
Catalunya, III. Chrysomelinae i Galerucinae".
226:. Eggs are typically laid in clutches of 8–16, arranged in rows on the underside of the host leaf. Like other
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1020:
374:
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1190:"To be or not to be convergent in salicin-based defence in chrysomeline leaf beetle larvae: evidence from
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Silverberg, H. (1994). "Chrysomelidae in the Arctic". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.).
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Kuhn, J.; Pettersson, E. M.; Feld, B. K.; Burse, A.; Termonia, A.; Pasteels, J. M.; Boland, W. (2004).
1243:"Salicin from host plant as precursor of salicylaldehyde in defensive secretion of chrysomeline larvae"
1693:
1363:
385:
652:"Herbivore gender effects on volatile induction in aspen and on olfactory responses in leaf beetles"
963:
Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998).
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208:
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279:. Their larvae develop on the same host plants as adults. Their host plants belong to the family
40:
539:
Gressitt, J. L.; Kimoto, S. (1963). "The
Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea, Part 2".
325:
Van der Laak (1982) investigated the mechanisms of cold tolerance and overwintering success in
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Van der Laak, S. (1982). "Physiological adaptations to low temperature in freezing-tolerant
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980:
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Warchalowski, A. (1974). "Übersicht der Blattkäfer
Bulgariens (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)".
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663:
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196:. Adults are typically metallic blue or green. In Europe, it is most likely to co-occur on
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larvae but emerged when the beetle reached the adult stage. These parasitoids might be
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Chevrolat from
Qinling Mountains, China (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)".
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This small (3.7–5 mm) beetle is similar and size and coloration to other species of
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275:
769:
Lühmann, M. (1939). "Beiträge zur
Biologie der Chrysomeliden. 6. Beobachtungen an
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1154:
Somme, L. (1999). "The physiology of cold hardiness in terrestrial arthropods".
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1483:. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 147–171.
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1356:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Lühmann (1939) described a fly predator that consumed the eggs and larvae of
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965:"The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus
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He also mentioned the presence of tachinid fly parasitoids that attacked
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Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Dupont, A. (1983).
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Pasteels, J. M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.; Braekman, J. C.; Daloze, D. (1984).
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Chen, S. H. (1965). "On the Chinese species of the chrysomeline genus
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Chrysomelidae. The Leaf-beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean Area
650:
Li, T.; Grauer-Gray, K.; Holopainen, J. K.; Blande, J. D. (2020).
284:
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Shuyong, W. (1992). "Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae- Chrysomelinae".
1621:
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Ge, S. Q.; Li, W. Z.; Yang, X. K. (2005). "Two new species of
796:. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig.
1529:. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 419–467.
811:. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 503–510.
1298:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0618:HPALPO]2.0.CO;2
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and these descriptions suggest that it was the syrphid fly
1198:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1859:
Taxa named by Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian
858:
Butlleti de la Institucio Catalana d'Historia Natural
1630:
794:
Die Brutfürsorge- und Brutpflegeinstinkte der Käfer
1021:"Ernährung und Entwicklung einiger Blattkäfer. 5.
176:found in Europe and Asia. This beetle is found on
455:. Overall, many of the same species that feed on
1073:Gregoire, J. C. (1978). "Discrimination between
745:Fauna Germanica: Die Käfer des deutschen Reiches
714:
712:
845:. Vol. 1. Oxon, England: E.W. Classey Ltd.
394:adults along with a braconid wasp in the genus
322:stand where beetle populations had been found.
1498:wasps (Hymenoptera, Eumeninae) in Lithuania".
822:Munster, T. (1935). "Norwegian Chrysomelids".
1527:Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae
809:Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae
429:consumes adult beetles. Most likely, the bug
8:
1014:
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747:. Vol. 4. Stuttgart: K.G. Lutz Verlag.
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1175:Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions
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222:and somewhat narrower in body shape than
922:Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region
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1087:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
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956:
954:
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843:A practical handbook of British beetles
571:Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung
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493:Within Europe, the closest relative to
1558:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1997.t01-1-00061.x
1315:species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)".
218:. It is larger and more abundant than
7:
1738:fead4fcf-d414-45a8-8fe3-eec534564d82
1177:. New York: Wiley. pp. 235–271.
497:appears to be another specialist on
877:Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
614:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
577:Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
1259:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x
1099:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02796.x
986:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01651.x
14:
939:von Peez, A.; Kahlen, M. (1977).
413:. Larvae are also parasitized by
283:, but unlike the willow species (
1463:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.09.004
1056:Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung
390:which others observed attacking
44:
1512:10.1080/13921657.2003.10512686
1494:Budriene, A. (2003). "Prey of
1156:European Journal of Entomology
1085:(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)".
1:
526:. Warsawa: Natura Optima Dux.
1141:10.1016/0300-9629(82)90268-7
969:(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
824:Norsk Entomolgisk Tidsskrift
721:Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
626:10.1016/0305-1978(84)90071-1
329:These studies revealed that
255:adults feed and lay eggs on
200:host species with two other
1875:
1424:10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.06.005
792:Von Lengerken, H. (1954).
338:Larval secretion chemistry
1854:Beetles described in 1851
900:Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica
541:Pacific Insects Monograph
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139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1585:Pan-Pacific Entomologist
1500:Acta Zoologica Lituanica
1247:Physiological Entomology
1194:salicyl alcohol oxidase"
589:10.1002/mmnd.19550020102
522:Warchalowski, A. (2003)
1542:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
1377:10.1073/pnas.0402576101
375:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
248:Habitat and host plants
1210:10.1098/rspb.2011.0175
1125:Phyllodecta laticollis
1083:Phyllodecta laticollis
1019:Cornelius, H. (1857).
775:Entomologische Blätter
771:Phyllodecta laticollis
442:Symmorphus bifasciatus
426:Rhacognathus punctatus
407:a known parasitoid of
1546:Ecological Entomology
1481:Chrysomelidae Biology
1447:Perilitus brevicollis
473:Species in the genus
410:Phratora vulgatissima
403:Perilitus brevicollis
1733:Fauna Europaea (new)
1606:Images representing
743:Reitter, E. (1912).
1662:Phratora laticollis
1632:Phratora laticollis
1368:2004PNAS..10113808K
1362:(38): 13808–13813.
1282:Phratora vitellinae
1204:(1722): 3225–3232.
1192:Phratora vitellinae
841:Joy, N. H. (1976).
697:UK Beetle Recording
691:Phratora laticollis
459:also consume other
451:species, including
445:feeds on larvae of
348:Phratora vitellinae
343:Phratora laticollis
253:Phratora laticollis
241:Phratora laticollis
215:Phratora atrovirens
209:Phratora vitellinae
169:Phratora laticollis
150:Phratora laticollis
25:Phratora laticollis
1451:Biological Control
1329:10.1007/BF02125653
489:closely resembles
487:P. quadrithoralis,
485:species in China,
439:larvae. The wasp
432:Anthocorus nemorum
416:Meigenia mutabilis
400:, which is likely
299:species stimulate
132:P. laticollis
1849:Beetles of Europe
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1624:Taxon identifiers
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261:trees, including
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1043:vulgatissima
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24:
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1759:iNaturalist
1656:Wikispecies
1591:(1–2): 1–5.
1317:Experientia
1039:atro-virens
573:Phyllodecta
547:: 301–1026.
186:Description
174:leaf beetle
1833:Categories
1496:Symmorphus
1162:(1): 1–10.
1127:beetles".
1062:: 392–405.
1047:laticollis
1031:vitellinae
1023:Chrysomela
781:: 291–294.
727:: 473–542.
702:2021-07-07
662:(6): 638.
510:References
281:Salicaceae
98:Coleoptera
78:Arthropoda
1457:: 54–58.
973:Evolution
864:: 79–100.
583:: 1–100.
435:consumes
397:Perilitus
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1670:BioLib:
1647:Q2199816
1641:Wikidata
1608:Phratora
1581:Phratora
1566:83877801
1432:18687400
1396:15365181
1337:32185705
1313:Phratora
1267:85066862
1228:21429930
1107:84125847
1035:tibialis
1027:Phratora
1003:24641299
995:28568343
967:Phratora
896:Phratora
634:83537954
575:Kirby".
482:Phratora
476:Phratora
469:Taxonomy
462:Phratora
448:Phratora
421:tachinid
289:Phratora
229:Phratora
206:species
203:Phratora
193:Phratora
158:Suffrian
119:Phratora
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1751:4459691
1699:3287766
1364:Bibcode
1286:Ecology
1219:3169026
1079:Populus
1037:Strm.,
656:Forests
500:Populus
297:Populus
293:Populus
258:Populus
198:Populus
179:Populus
160:, 1851)
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1816:384131
1790:131700
1764:547807
1725:241670
1712:261572
1686:468303
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1033:Lin.,
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1803:22615
1707:EUNIS
1673:11857
1562:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1103:S2CID
1075:Salix
1052:(PDF)
999:S2CID
630:S2CID
610:(PDF)
285:Salix
236:Range
1785:NCBI
1746:GBIF
1681:BOLD
1613:BOLD
1428:PMID
1392:PMID
1224:PMID
1077:and
1041:m.,
991:PMID
419:, a
212:and
1772:NBN
1694:EoL
1611:at
1554:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
