363:
379:
393:
265:
46:
33:
1322:
201:
1310:
346:
The mechanism of larval defensive secretion production, its relationship to host plant preference, and its evolutionary significance has been studied. The secretions can repel natural enemies or conspecifics. More information about larval secretions can be found in the articles about
196:
species are found in the
Northern Hemisphere in areas that tend to be cool and moist where their host plants thrive. They are usually found in Northern and Southern Europe, China and Japan, and in Canada and the United States of America.
213:
Species in this genus are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecology researchers because they vary with respect to host plant preference and chemistry of their larval defensive secretions.
1639:
956:
Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993-11-01). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in
926:
Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T.; Köpf, A. (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on
Salicaceae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox (eds.).
1097:
J. Stenberg; A. Lehrman; C. Björkman (2010). "Uncoupling direct and indirect plant defences: Novel opportunities for improving crop security in willow plantations".
1526:
1565:
264:
185:
species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration.
1500:
261:), and their host plant use is evolutionarily conserved in that closely related beetle species tend to feed on more closely related plant species.
1539:
1099:
138:
362:
1283:
Catalog of the leaf beetles of
America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae)
1252:
1290:
1271:
134:
378:
1005:"Feeding specialization and host-derived chemical defense in Chrysomeline leaf beetles did not lead to an evolutionary dead end"
1544:
1126:
1634:
1552:
159:
621:
1409:
1326:
1154:
1479:
1570:
1492:
630:
45:
864:
transect of Europe: additional leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) records and insights from chrysomelid DNA barcoding"
1062:
Hilker, M. (1989). "Intra- and interspecific effects of larval secretions in some chrysomelids (Coleoptera)".
494:
296:
1629:
1339:
722:
Silverberg, H. (1994). "Chrysomelidae in the Arctic". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.).
463:
312:
306:
504:
453:
443:
1591:
586:
411:
334:
290:
235:
1414:
227:
555:
514:
1448:
1386:
1314:
1016:
805:
Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998).
575:
524:
355:
349:
328:
322:
246:
242:
231:
1079:
985:
903:
840:
647:
433:
219:
147:
40:
1596:
779:
Gressitt, J. L.; Kimoto, S. (1963). "The
Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea, Part 2".
223:
1578:
1531:
1435:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1044:
977:
895:
832:
565:
544:
483:
257:
1606:
1108:
1071:
1034:
1024:
969:
885:
875:
822:
704:
639:
534:
1583:
392:
473:
1020:
32:
1487:
1474:
1377:
1075:
890:
859:
827:
806:
1623:
1039:
1004:
907:
174:
1083:
989:
844:
651:
117:
1440:
1391:
1557:
1513:
1371:
107:
1321:
1112:
930:. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 147–171.
1362:
981:
708:
1461:
1264:
Host Plants of Leaf Beetle
Species Occurring in the United States and Canada
1262:
Clark, S.M.; Le Doux, D.G.; Riley, E.G.; Gilbert, A.J.; et al. (2004).
1245:
American
Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea
1243:
Arnett, R.H. Jr.; Thomas, M. C.; Skelley, P. E.; Frank, J. H., eds. (2002).
807:"The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus
320:. More information about natural enemies can be found in the articles about
77:
57:
1048:
1029:
899:
836:
200:
1309:
1422:
1401:
1356:
1003:
Termonia, A.; Hsiao, T. H.; Pasteels, J. M.; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2001).
880:
599:
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
858:
Canty, Roy; Ruzzier, Enrico; Cronk, Quentin C.; Percy, Diana M. (2019).
415:) are considered pests when populations build up in willow plantations.
1505:
1427:
1210:
1182:
973:
643:
1518:
756:
Chen, S. H. (1965). "On the
Chinese species of the Chrysomeline genus
263:
97:
87:
67:
1333:
374:(yellow). The crusty secretion on top of the beetle eggs is evident.
1466:
391:
377:
361:
199:
737:
Shuyong, W. (1992). "Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae- Chrysomelinae".
1337:
1453:
726:. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 503–510.
1281:
Riley, Edward G.; Clark, Shawn M.; Seeno, Terry N. (2003).
943:
1009:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA
268:
Host plant use and evolutionary relationships among
1346:
1285:. Special Publication. The Coleopterists Society.
1640:Taxa named by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat
665:Sundholm, A. (1956). "Studien über die Gattung
724:Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae
8:
1334:
31:
20:
1038:
1028:
889:
879:
826:
739:Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region
1135:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1100:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
1064:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
691:Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung
609:
960:species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelinae)".
217:species are known to feed on willows (
921:
919:
917:
423:These 16 species belong to the genus
7:
1493:c78c4708-bda7-41bc-98de-0a5bb7aef167
800:
798:
796:
794:
686:
684:
615:
613:
697:Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
1076:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb03571.x
828:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01651.x
626:Chev. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
14:
1320:
1308:
316:. Adult beetles are consumed by
44:
400:larva feeding on a willow leaf
1:
669:Kirby (Col. Chrysomelidae)".
370:(top, pale) on egg clutch of
811:(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)"
300:. Larval predators include
1656:
1113:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.013
945:. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
1266:. Coleopterists Society.
868:Biodiversity Data Journal
781:Pacific Insects Monograph
762:Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica
631:The Canadian Entomologist
622:"The American Species of
593:(blue willow leaf beetle)
409:Some species (especially
342:Larval defense secretions
238:, P. polaris, P. purpurea
153:
146:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
709:10.1002/mmnd.19550020102
539:(Sparre Schneider, 1886)
495:Phratora interstitialis
368:Parasyrphus nigritarsus
297:Parasyrphus nigritarsis
1030:10.1073/pnas.061034598
401:
389:
375:
313:Symmorphus bifasciatus
307:Rhacognathus punctatus
273:
205:
204:Head of Phratora adult
177:. It is synonymous to
1592:Paleobiology Database
941:Blüthgen, P. (1961).
928:Chrysomelidae Biology
671:Opuscula Entomologica
587:Phratora vulgatissima
412:Phratora vulgatissima
395:
381:
365:
335:Phratora vulgatissima
291:Orthotylus marginalis
267:
236:Phratora vulgatissima
203:
1635:Chrysomelidae genera
1488:Fauna Europaea (new)
1317:at Wikimedia Commons
881:10.3897/BDJ.7.e46663
620:W. J. Brown (1951).
582:(brassy leaf beetle)
551:(aspen skeletonizer)
464:Phratora californica
294:and the syrphid fly
1021:2001PNAS...98.3909T
576:Phratora vitellinae
525:Phratora laticollis
505:Phratora kenaiensis
490:(birch leaf beetle)
454:Phratora atrovirens
444:Phratora antennaria
405:Economic Importance
398:Phratora vitellinae
383:Phratora vitellinae
372:Phratora vitellinae
356:Phratora vitellinae
350:Phratora laticollis
329:Phratora vitellinae
323:Phratora laticollis
247:Phratora vitellinae
243:Phratora laticollis
232:Phratora vitellinae
1215:Genus Information"
974:10.1007/BF02125653
644:10.4039/Ent83121-5
434:Phratora americana
402:
390:
385:larvae feeding on
376:
274:
220:Phratora americana
206:
1617:
1616:
1579:Open Tree of Life
1340:Taxon identifiers
1313:Media related to
1163:Catalogue of Life
968:(11): 1024–1026.
600:
592:
581:
571:
566:Phratora tibialis
561:
550:
545:Phratora purpurea
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
489:
484:Phratora hudsonia
479:
469:
459:
458:(Cornelius, 1857)
449:
448:(Apfelbeck, 1912)
439:
438:(Schaeffer, 1928)
258:Phratora hudsonia
245:, P. atrovirens,
228:P. interstitialis
181: . European
168:
167:
163:
142:
1647:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1558:NHMSYS0020153051
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1335:
1325:Data related to
1324:
1312:
1296:
1277:
1258:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1145:
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1142:
1141:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1015:(7): 3909–3914.
1000:
994:
993:
953:
947:
946:
938:
932:
931:
923:
912:
911:
893:
883:
855:
849:
848:
830:
802:
789:
788:
776:
770:
769:
753:
747:
746:
734:
728:
727:
719:
713:
712:
688:
679:
678:
662:
656:
655:
617:
598:
591:(Linnaeus, 1758)
590:
580:(Linnaeus, 1758)
579:
570:(Suffrian, 1851)
569:
559:
556:Phratora similis
548:
538:
535:Phratora polaris
529:(Suffrian, 1851)
528:
518:
515:Phratora koreana
508:
499:Mannerheim, 1853
498:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
310:, and the wasp
158:
133:
49:
48:
35:
21:
16:Genus of beetles
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1342:
1332:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1236:Further reading
1233:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1002:
1001:
997:
955:
954:
950:
940:
939:
935:
925:
924:
915:
857:
856:
852:
804:
803:
792:
778:
777:
773:
755:
754:
750:
736:
735:
731:
721:
720:
716:
690:
689:
682:
664:
663:
659:
619:
618:
611:
606:
596:
474:Phratora frosti
421:
407:
387:Populus tremula
344:
279:
277:Natural enemies
230:, P. tibialis,
211:
191:
173:is a genus of
132:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1475:Fauna Europaea
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1396:
1383:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1329:at Wikispecies
1318:
1305:
1303:
1302:External links
1300:
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1297:
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1259:
1254:978-0849309540
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1234:
1231:
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1107:(4): 528–533.
1089:
1070:(3): 237–245.
1054:
995:
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850:
821:(2): 517–528.
790:
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519:Takizawa, 1985
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1630:Chrysomelinae
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1247:. CRC Press.
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791:
786:
782:
775:
772:
768:(3): 218–224.
767:
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752:
749:
745:(5): 628–645.
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560:(Chujo, 1958)
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396:Third instar
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285:eggs include
284:
281:Predators of
276:
271:
266:
262:
260:
259:
254:
251:), or birch (
250:
249:, P. purpurea
248:
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1263:
1244:
1222:. Retrieved
1219:BugGuide.net
1218:
1212:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1184:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1156:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
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318:R. punctatus
317:
311:
305:
301:
295:
289:
286:
282:
280:
269:
256:
255:in Lapland,
252:
241:
240:), poplars (
218:
214:
212:
193:
192:
189:Distribution
182:
178:
175:leaf beetles
170:
169:
155:
154:
128:
127:
118:Chrysomelini
24:
18:
1514:iNaturalist
1372:Wikispecies
962:Experientia
787:: 301–1026.
693:Phyllodecta
667:Phyllodecta
549:Brown, 1951
509:Brown, 1952
488:Brown, 1951
478:Brown, 1951
468:Brown, 1961
302:A. nemorum,
287:A. nemorum,
209:Host plants
179:Phyllodecta
156:Phyllodecta
1624:Categories
1224:2018-04-27
1196:2018-04-27
1168:2018-04-27
1140:2018-04-27
874:: e46663.
604:References
253:P. polaris
98:Coleoptera
78:Arthropoda
982:1420-9071
908:208033474
815:Evolution
703:: 1–100.
224:P. frosti
135:Chevrolat
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1423:BugGuide
1399:BioLib:
1392:Phratora
1378:Phratora
1357:Wikidata
1348:Phratora
1327:Phratora
1315:Phratora
1213:Phratora
1185:Phratora
1157:Phratora
1155:"Browse
1129:Phratora
1084:86351214
1049:11259651
990:32185705
958:Phratora
900:31736630
845:24641299
837:28568343
809:Phratora
758:Phratora
695:Kirby".
652:86211344
624:Phratora
425:Phratora
304:the bug
283:Phratora
270:Phratora
215:Phratora
194:Phratora
183:Phratora
171:Phratora
148:Synonyms
129:Phratora
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
25:Phratora
1607:4295026
1532:1460021
1506:1048862
1363:Q662803
1131:Report"
1017:Bibcode
891:6848237
419:Species
366:Egg of
272:species
124:Genus:
114:Tribe:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1604:uBio:
1597:328259
1571:131699
1545:719652
1519:178482
1480:241662
1467:1PHRRG
1289:
1270:
1251:
1082:
1047:
1037:
988:
980:
906:
898:
888:
843:
835:
677:: 5–7.
650:
162:, 1837
141:, 1836
139:Dejean
1584:87036
1527:IRMNG
1454:43434
1428:40583
1402:11854
1080:S2CID
1040:31152
986:S2CID
904:S2CID
862:Salix
841:S2CID
648:S2CID
160:Kirby
1566:NCBI
1540:ITIS
1501:GBIF
1462:EPPO
1441:6P83
1415:2463
1410:BOLD
1287:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1191:GBIF
1045:PMID
978:ISSN
896:PMID
833:PMID
353:and
332:and
1553:NBN
1449:EoL
1436:CoL
1387:ADW
1109:doi
1105:139
1072:doi
1035:PMC
1025:doi
970:doi
886:PMC
876:doi
823:doi
760:".
705:doi
640:doi
137:in
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1581::
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