40:
3441:
2716:
2856:
3266:
3297:
3154:
3233:
3405:
3000:
3366:
200:, "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate
2825:
3046:
2762:
3075:
3328:
3196:
2884:
2794:
2629:
2953:
3867:
2581:
366:
2919:
2549:
3108:
322:(as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.
2685:
2656:
267:
Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the
6420:
Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Kirill V. Mikhailov, Ryan M. R. Gawryluk, Artem O. Belyaev, Varsha Mathur, Sergey A. Karpov, Dmitry G. Zagumyonnyi, Anastasia S. Borodina, Kristina I. Prokina, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Vladimir V. Aleoshin & Patrick J. Keeling (7 December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new
418:
Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species, some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total
5753:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG,
325:
This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A
1388:
is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. Considered to
4151:
Classifications of organisms in hierarchical systems were in use by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Usually organisms were grouped according to their morphological similarities as perceived by those early workers, and those groups were then grouped according to their similarities, and so
266:
The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.
337:
of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group. Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla
1556:
The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division
Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta, while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown
6336:
Heiss AA, Warring SD, Lukacs K, Favate J, Yang A, Gyaltshen Y, Filardi C, Simpson AGB, Kim E (December 2020). "Description of Imasa heleensis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Imasidae, fam. nov.), a Deep-Branching Marine
Malawimonad and Possible Key Taxon in Understanding Early Eukaryotic Evolution".
1452:
Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills or openings near the pharynx. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments.
3916:"Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)."
2334:(its members do not share an immediate ancestor), which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla
4174:
5893:
3501:
approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the
Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.
2405:. Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.
5754:
Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019).
1576:, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g.
3064:
Ellipsoid or vermiform phagotrophs, two slightly spiraling rows of around 12 cilia each, thecal plates below the membrane supported by microtubules and rotationally symmetrical, tubular and saccular cristae.
4400:"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"
6071:
257:
without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.
133:
5374:
6677:
Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Jamy, Mahwash; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Karpov, Sergey A. (2022).
6569:
T Cavalier-Smith (1999). "Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree".
3394:
flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.
6779:
2397:
Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the
4643:
Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; Duan, Baichuan; Marone, Federica; Xiao, Shuhai; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (17 August 2022).
2843:
Biflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell’s left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.
6625:
Shalchian-Tabrizi, K; Eikrem, W; Klaveness, D; Vaulot, D; Minge, M.A; Le Gall, F; Romari, K; Throndsen, J; Botnen, A; Massana, R; Thomsen, H.A; Jakobsen, K.S (28 April 2006).
6129:
Cavalier-Smith T (2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla
Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa".
341:
A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.
5860:
Votýpka J, Modrý D, Oborník M, Šlapeta J, Lukeš J (2016). "Apicomplexa". In
Archibald J, Simpson AGB, Slamovits CH, Margulis L, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ, Corliss JO (eds.).
3944:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
6167:
W Foissner; H Blatterer; I Foissner (1 October 1988). "The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils".
224:
named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi. The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six
7537:
6466:
5683:"Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"
39:
5502:
White, Merlin M.; James, Timothy Y.; O'Donnell, Kerry; et al. (November–December 2006). "Phylogeny of the
Zygomycota Based on Nuclear Ribosomal Sequence Data".
333:" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities. However, proving that a fossil belongs to the
271:
were described as a new phylum (the
Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of
5648:
4985:
Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the
Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.).
2391:
1538:
245:. At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the
5423:
6842:
2382:
taxon, which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as
7243:
6803:
5022:
Wyatt, T.; Wösten, H.; Dijksterhuis, J. (2013). "Advances in
Applied Microbiology Chapter 2 - Fungal Spores for Dispersion in Space and Time".
2567:
Mostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic
4994:
4920:
4442:
4144:
2244:
Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.
6571:
1177:
An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles.
302:
This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in
6048:
5199:
4551:
4081:
4010:
3465:
in kingdom Plantae, but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista. In addition, less popular classification schemes unite
561:
An extinct taxon of sponge-grade, reef-building organisms living in warm tropical and subtropical waters during the Early Cambrian.
405:
6366:"Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia"
6169:
3942:
2322:
Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain, and it is considered a
4878:
Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (October 2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III",
4234:"A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera"
3256:
Parasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.
6485:
387:
5976:(21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing".
6835:
6364:
Karpov, Sergey; Mamkaeva, Maria A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir; Nassonova, Elena; Lilje, Osu; Gleason, Frank H. (1 January 2014).
4306:
Budd, G. E. (September 1998). "Arthropod body-plan evolution in the Cambrian with an example from anomalocaridid muscle".
326:
greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla.
4098:
5057:
1331:
6811:
3431:
pyriform biflagellates with a unique complex cytoskeleton, tubular cristae, tripartite mastigonemes, cortical alveoli.
7236:
5085:
2374:(or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all
4110:
6224:; Alastair G B Simpson (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes".
6069:
T Cavalier-Smith (March 2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa".
2157:
Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp). Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.
5656:
376:
7380:
4353:
184:
8026:
6828:
5889:"Factors mediating plastid dependency and the origins of parasitism in apicomplexans and their close relatives"
3457:
The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes
3440:
2715:
2708:
Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.
6483:; Ema E-Y Chao (April 2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)".
5266:
4340:(2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation".
45:
7465:
3780:
2855:
383:
3265:
49:
7229:
7082:
6804:
Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?
5389:
5104:
3752:
2214:
31:
5808:"CBOL protist working group: barcoding eukaryotic richness beyond the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms"
44:
7693:
7343:
6480:
6460:
4774:
3296:
3219:
3153:
2341:
2270:
1047:
distinct anterior/posterior parts and being densely ciliated, especially around the "mouth" and "anus".
48:
47:
5883:
Jan Janouškovec; Denis Tikhonenkov; Fabien Burki; Alexis T Howe; Martin Kolísko; Alexander P Mylnikov;
5131:
3232:
1306:
An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran.
2401:, and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme, with updates from the latest (2022) publication by
1114:
Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel
196:
7358:
5978:
5902:
5456:
5239:
4729:
4716:
Cannon, J.T.; Vellutini, B.C.; Smith, J.; Ronquist, F.; Jondelius, U.; Hejnol, A. (4 February 2016).
4677:
4656:
4593:
4399:
3814:
3768:
3644:
3521:
2281:
Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.
5394:
3404:
51:
5323:"Phylogeny of anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota), with contributions from yak in China"
5215:
Taylor, Thomas; Krings, Michael; Taylor, Edith (2015). "Fossil Fungi Chapter 4 - Chytridiomycota".
4432:
3315:
3284:
2874:
2812:
2675:
2999:
1476:, but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems
1217:
Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between
319:
7688:
7370:
7011:
6955:
6940:
6922:
6318:
5884:
5527:
5415:
4860:
4753:
4698:
4625:
4357:
4202:
3895:
3129:
2184:
1577:
241:
Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of
129:
55:
46:
5373:
Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. (May 2007).
3365:
4843:
Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (April 1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta".
4210:
7480:
7072:
7026:
7021:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6753:
6718:
6700:
6656:
6596:
6588:
6510:
6502:
6440:
6397:
6310:
6251:
6243:
6194:
6186:
6146:
6096:
6088:
6044:
6003:
5995:
5936:
5918:
5839:
5785:
5601:
5519:
5484:
5407:
5352:
5195:
5039:
4990:
4916:
4808:
4745:
4690:
4682:
4617:
4609:
4547:
4438:
4288:
4194:
4140:
4077:
4006:
3796:
2979:
Biflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls
2398:
2365:
2345:
2088:
2051:
1433:
A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged
1032:
699:
254:
225:
217:
117:
63:
50:
4056:
4000:
7756:
7635:
7527:
7470:
7410:
7405:
7333:
7318:
7190:
7147:
7099:
7088:
6888:
6878:
6867:
6745:
6708:
6690:
6646:
6638:
6604:
6580:
6549:
6518:
6494:
6448:
6432:
6423:
6387:
6377:
6346:
6302:
6259:
6235:
6226:
6202:
6178:
6138:
6104:
6080:
6036:
6011:
5987:
5973:
5944:
5926:
5910:
5865:
5829:
5819:
5775:
5767:
5702:
5694:
5591:
5558:
5511:
5474:
5464:
5399:
5342:
5334:
5220:
5187:
5031:
4887:
4852:
4798:
4790:
4737:
4672:
4664:
4601:
4411:
4349:
4315:
4278:
4245:
4186:
3820:
3785:
3746:
3699:
3694:
3649:
3604:
3584:
3527:
3391:
3287:, free-living eukaryovorous heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes.
3053:
2965:
2824:
2746:
2611:
2084:
1641:
1334:
1011:
276:
249:
definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the
81:
6035:. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 8. Springer Netherlands. p. 111.
7929:
7834:
7796:
7751:
7683:
7440:
7400:
7385:
7278:
7172:
7158:
7125:
7114:
7108:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7035:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6815:
6221:
5806:
Pawlowski J, Audic S, Adl S, Bass D, Belbahri L, Berney C, et al. (6 November 2012).
4283:
4266:
3736:
3689:
3673:
3532:
3511:
3490:
3161:
3133:
3121:
2353:
2202:
1917:
1891:
1573:
1461:
1228:
912:
876:
707:
121:
5547:"Five Kingdoms, More or Less: Robert Whittaker and the Broad Classification of Organisms"
5443:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; et al. (29 April 2015).
7221:
5906:
5460:
4733:
4717:
4660:
4597:
3098:
Small free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium.
3045:
2761:
419:
number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.
43:
8021:
7989:
7934:
7924:
7766:
7580:
7532:
7445:
7420:
7415:
7395:
7390:
7293:
7283:
6851:
6713:
6678:
6651:
6626:
6584:
6392:
6365:
5931:
5888:
5834:
5807:
5780:
5755:
5707:
5682:
5479:
5444:
5347:
5322:
5224:
5191:
5035:
4803:
4778:
4337:
4319:
4190:
3872:
3825:
3741:
3710:
3704:
3684:
3679:
3550:
3538:
3223:
3074:
2832:
2402:
2349:
2336:
1847:
1542:
1337:
235:
221:
213:
113:
59:
6182:
5620:
3327:
2918:
8015:
7713:
7698:
7660:
7585:
7521:
7507:
7455:
7450:
7364:
7353:
7348:
7328:
7323:
7298:
7201:
6749:
6322:
5531:
5157:
4892:
4757:
4702:
4644:
4537:
4046:
3948:
3885:
3851:
3837:
3763:
3758:
3668:
3626:
3620:
3599:
3589:
3555:
3517:
3346:
2646:
2413:
2252:
2229:
2165:
1593:
1534:
1295:
1025:
801:
550:
173:
149:
4361:
4206:
3195:
2883:
7909:
7904:
7879:
7854:
7844:
7771:
7640:
7514:
7475:
7460:
7435:
7430:
7375:
7308:
5869:
5515:
5419:
4333:
3947:(electronic ed.). International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from
3844:
3790:
3775:
3731:
3726:
3654:
3574:
3428:
3379:
3209:
3137:
3082:
2897:
2793:
2729:
2628:
2594:
2379:
2331:
2056:
1708:
1372:
1146:
1082:
970:
897:
855:
659:
446:
292:
284:
268:
250:
4629:
2952:
1561:(i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below.
329:
The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "
6030:
5824:
5469:
5403:
4541:
4071:
314:
A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists
7964:
7939:
7884:
7859:
7781:
7776:
7741:
7731:
7425:
7338:
4265:
Pawlowski J, Montoya-Burgos JI, Fahrni JF, Wüest J, Zaninetti L (October 1996).
3970:
3890:
3721:
3614:
3609:
3470:
3462:
3304:
3240:
3174:
3088:
3030:
3022:
3018:
2580:
2556:
2528:
1963:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1727:
1602:
1588:
1550:
1526:
1522:
1441:
1164:
1124:
925:
777:
742:
597:
584:
465:
365:
334:
315:
161:
17:
6436:
6142:
5894:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5698:
4668:
3866:
7997:
7959:
7889:
7869:
7864:
7849:
7819:
7791:
7746:
7736:
7708:
7703:
7645:
7620:
7313:
7288:
7184:
6554:
6537:
6498:
6306:
6239:
6084:
6040:
5338:
4581:
4416:
3880:
3862:
3813:
Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to the
3715:
3579:
3568:
3544:
3494:
3489:. Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of
3466:
3458:
3203:
3141:
3115:
2960:
2926:
2769:
2692:
2615:
2602:
2568:
2289:
2146:
2072:
1970:
1943:
1928:
1874:
1860:
1821:
1702:
1689:
1658:
1647:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1546:
1530:
1422:
1401:
1271:
946:
908:
831:
817:
755:
629:
612:
608:
569:
427:
330:
296:
136:
accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom
6704:
6592:
6506:
6444:
6382:
6247:
6190:
6092:
5999:
5922:
5563:
5546:
4686:
4613:
1412:
Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head
7914:
7894:
7786:
7665:
7600:
7590:
7575:
7570:
7551:
7303:
7094:
6965:
6960:
6951:
6808:
6452:
6015:
5914:
5756:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
5596:
5579:
3560:
3498:
3412:
3246:
2801:
2781:
2750:
2742:
2723:
2619:
2548:
2516:
2429:
2419:
2387:
2375:
2218:
2015:
1981:
1853:
1612:
1517:
The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see
1473:
1390:
1318:
1314:
983:
711:
703:
437:
432:
288:
242:
157:
6775:
6722:
6660:
6642:
6600:
6514:
6401:
6314:
6255:
6198:
6150:
6100:
6007:
5940:
5843:
5789:
5605:
5523:
5488:
5411:
5356:
5043:
4812:
4794:
4749:
4694:
4621:
4580:
Han, Jian; Morris, Simon Conway; Ou, Qiang; Shu, Degan; Huang, Hai (2017).
4250:
4233:
4198:
3107:
2940:
inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.
6757:
6608:
6522:
6263:
6206:
6108:
5948:
4292:
3145:
7969:
7949:
7944:
7919:
7899:
7874:
7839:
7829:
7824:
7655:
7630:
7610:
7270:
7141:
7120:
6679:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
5295:
3478:
3418:
3373:
3353:) typically projected through various types of skeleton, closed mitosis.
3350:
3026:
3007:
2863:
2698:
2663:
2588:
2532:
2477:
2466:
2448:
2438:
2383:
2371:
2323:
1897:
1351:
1249:
1206:
1185:
1103:
1055:
999:
813:
731:
687:
645:
509:
246:
137:
6695:
4741:
4605:
4543:
Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
2684:
7974:
7954:
7650:
7625:
7615:
7605:
7561:
7498:
7178:
4864:
4055:] (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin, (Germany): G. Reimer. pp.
3808:
3564:
3482:
3474:
3335:
3273:
2891:
2655:
2459:
1997:
1277:
1070:
1067:
625:
474:
390: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
280:
272:
141:
71:
6350:
5991:
5771:
4645:"Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome"
66:
contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
7814:
7806:
7675:
4582:"Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)"
4175:"A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla"
3832:
Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include:
3486:
3183:
2636:
2536:
1827:
1780:
987:
951:
670:
581:
531:
355:
189:
177:
153:
125:
6627:"Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages"
4856:
1525:(land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions,
6293:
with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended".
5580:"Reconciling Kingdoms with Codes of Nomenclature: Is It Necessary?"
3318:, phagotrophic heterokonts with a helical ciliary transition zone.
27:
High level taxonomic rank for organisms sharing a similar body plan
7723:
7595:
7135:
6820:
6736:
Corliss, John O. (1984). "The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla".
3186:
3167:
2976:
Heterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytes
2970:
2937:
2121:
2026:
1753:
1678:
1518:
1512:
642:
303:
145:
38:
6072:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
275:, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid
7761:
7253:
2176:
Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.
1984:
1957:
1877:
1672:
837:
718:
715:
7225:
6824:
6285:
comb. n. (Hemimastigida = Hemimastigea = Hemimastigophora) for
2678:, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.
1537:. The table below follows the influential (though contentious)
134:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
5321:
Wang, Xuewei; Liu, Xingzhong; Groenewald, Johannes Z. (2017).
4099:"Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans"
3497:. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a
3485:, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum
2330:, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be
359:
4267:"Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences"
96:
5080:
5078:
4354:
10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2
3987:
Phyla in the plant kingdom are frequently called divisions.
3563:, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers
90:
4915:(5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
2877:, typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.
2221:. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.
790:
Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies
152:
is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger
5375:"A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi"
4838:
4836:
4834:
3975:
The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy
3744:, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as
2909:
Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.
1239:
Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic.
4002:
Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment
2300:
Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.
1260:
Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals
1093:
Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes
6780:
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
6631:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5445:"A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
3516:
Currently there are 40 bacterial phyla (not including "
291:) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably
5676:
5674:
4434:
Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity
2378:
that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protista is a
2040:
Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids
4989:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
3520:") that have been validly published according to the
2326:
by the International Society of Protistologists (see
1790:
Seeds not protected by fruit (single living species)
1135:
Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws
87:
6220:
Gordon Lax; Yana Eglit; Laura Eme; Erin M Bertrand;
93:
7987:
7805:
7722:
7674:
7559:
7550:
7497:
7269:
6162:
6160:
5578:Blackwell, Will H.; Powell, Martha J. (June 1999).
5130:Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (9 January 2014).
5103:Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (1 October 2016).
4139:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
1156:Parasitic, microscopic, simple, wormlike organisms
887:Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity
84:
5265:Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (23 April 2013).
5238:Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (12 March 2013).
4718:"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"
4546:(4th corrected ed.). London: Academic Press.
1557:below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all
279:). On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum
5801:
5799:
5290:
5288:
1545:, a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal
253:definition). Attempting to define a level of the
7538:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
4437:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111.
3977:(third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005
1907:Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels
144:contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom
6032:Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution
5438:
5436:
2649:with a double helix in ciliary transition zone
42:
6029:Foissner, W.; Hawksworth, David, eds. (2009).
5855:
5853:
5368:
5366:
5058:"Classifications of Fungi | Boundless Biology"
4913:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
3854:", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
3676:, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1
3535:, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured
2238:
132:has been used instead of phylum, although the
7237:
6836:
6769:
6767:
6672:
6670:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4570:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725)
4393:
4391:
1837:Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels
8:
6620:
6618:
6465:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5086:"Archaeal Genetics | Boundless Microbiology"
4769:
4767:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4005:(2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 15.
3914:
3021:-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in
1568:in 1998, which proposed a classification of
1340:endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells
229:
207:
201:
148:contains about 8 phyla. Current research in
6064:
6062:
6060:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
140:contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom
7556:
7494:
7266:
7262:
7244:
7230:
7222:
6843:
6829:
6821:
6415:
6413:
6411:
5643:
5641:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4431:Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009).
3665:are "commonly known" species of this phyla
2492:
2125:
1620:
1469:Subphylum Acoelomorpha and xenoturbellida
936:Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate
488:
306:without any formal ranking of group size.
6712:
6694:
6650:
6553:
6391:
6381:
5930:
5833:
5823:
5779:
5706:
5595:
5562:
5478:
5468:
5393:
5346:
4891:
4802:
4678:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1
4676:
4415:
4282:
4249:
4238:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
4032:
2705:Chrompodellids, chromerids, colpodellids
580:Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with
406:Learn how and when to remove this message
4880:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2407:
1582:
421:
5009:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4825:
3941:McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2012).
3930:
3907:
3446:
2306:
1485:
6458:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
3189:and extrusive host-invasion apparatus
2062:Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes
2005:Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes
1521:). All definitions include the living
172:The term phylum was coined in 1866 by
5184:Physical Chemical Properties of Fungi
4284:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025675
3936:
3934:
2618:with two or three connectors between
1377:Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle"
677:
7:
6860:
4173:Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (May 2000).
4048:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
3828:, second most common archaeal phylum
3222:containing amoebae, flagellates and
388:adding citations to reliable sources
262:Definition based on genetic relation
5158:"Chytridiomycota | phylum of fungi"
4398:Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (30 August 2013).
4053:The General Morphology of Organisms
3592:, formerly candidate division OP5,
3058:Incomplete or atypical flagellates
1564:Since the first publication of the
638:Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts
105:
6585:10.1111/J.1550-7408.1999.TB04614.X
6572:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
6339:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
5760:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
5655:. 23 December 2016. Archived from
5225:10.1016/b978-0-12-387731-4.00004-9
5192:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.05231-4
5036:10.1016/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2
4320:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00508.x
4191:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
112:) is a level of classification or
25:
4097:Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001).
2780:Presence of multiple cilia and a
960:Umbrella-like scales at each end
766:Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia
673:spines either side of head, fins
338:represents a distinct body plan.
6880:
6869:
6170:European Journal of Protistology
6131:European Journal of Protistology
5024:Advances in Applied Microbiology
4893:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
4783:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
4076:. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 27.
3865:
3541:, High-G+C Gram positive species
3439:
3403:
3364:
3340:Reticulopodia-bearing organisms
3326:
3295:
3264:
3231:
3194:
3152:
3106:
3073:
3044:
2998:
2951:
2917:
2882:
2854:
2823:
2792:
2760:
2714:
2683:
2654:
2627:
2579:
2547:
1763:Seeds, crown of compound leaves
364:
80:
7074:
7013:
5545:Hagen, Joel B. (January 2012).
4271:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3999:Berg, Linda R. (2 March 2007).
3639:Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum
3033:), complex mineralized scales.
2217:or parasitic. Have a posterior
1757:-like plants, palm-like plants
1090:Horsehair worms, Gordian worms
826:extant; approx. 13,000 extinct
375:needs additional citations for
7203:
7192:
7160:
7149:
6942:
6924:
6486:Journal of Molecular Evolution
5870:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_20-1
5619:Davis, R. A. (19 March 2012).
5516:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617
4540:; Chapman, Michael J. (2009).
3840:", most common archaeal phylum
2936:Biflagellates, one of the two
2505:Distinguishing characteristics
2138:Distinguishing characteristics
1904:Flowering plants, angiosperms
1633:Distinguishing characteristics
1519:Current definitions of Plantae
1389:be a deuterostome or an early
220:(1883) classified plants into
1:
6183:10.1016/S0932-4739(88)80027-0
3278:Devouring voracious protists
2327:
1871:Clubmosses & spikemosses
648:, anus outside ring of cilia
620:–500 extant; 12,000+ extinct
501:Distinguishing characteristic
310:Definition based on body plan
188:, "race, stock"), related to
6750:10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0
5825:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419
5470:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
5404:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
4135:Valentine, James W. (2004).
3623:, green non-sulphur bacteria
3477:, and all alveolates except
866:Two terminal adhesive tubes
283:was divided into two phyla (
190:
178:
6421:supergroup of eukaryotes".
5625:College of Mount St. Joseph
4779:"Only Six Kingdoms of Life"
3772:, which causes Lyme disease
3635:Desulfurispira natronophila
2173:Basidiomycetes, club fungi
1541:in equating "Plantae" with
1111:Ribbon worms, rhynchocoela
905:Acorn worms, hemichordates
520:Multiple circular segments
8045:
6437:10.1038/S41586-022-05511-5
6143:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001
5699:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7
4911:Mauseth, James D. (2012).
4669:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z
3806:
3707:, formerly clade VadinBE97
3596:is the sole representative
3509:
3253:Perkinsozoans, perkinsids
2973:plants, heterokont plants
2564:Apicomplexans, sporozoans
2363:
2340:(of uncertain placement):
2275:New beautiful whip fungus
2207:Little cooking pot fungus
2119:
1682:-like plants, moss plants
1510:
1409:Water bears, moss piglets
1063:Round worms, thread worms
1020:+ extant; 80,000+ extinct
845:Anus inside ring of cilia
592:+ extant; 20,000+ extinct
564:3 known classes (Extinct)
542:Calcareous conical shells
353:
195:
183:
29:
7493:
7265:
7261:
7256:phyla/divisions by domain
6858:
6555:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.062
6499:10.1007/S00239-004-0353-8
6370:Frontiers in Microbiology
6307:10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.8
6277:Shɨshkin, Yegor (2022). "
6240:10.1038/S41586-018-0708-8
6085:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297
6041:10.1007/978-90-481-2801-3
5681:Cavalier-Smith T (2022).
5339:10.1007/s10482-016-0779-1
5090:courses.lumenlearning.com
5062:courses.lumenlearning.com
4417:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3
4109:: 432–442. Archived from
4103:Evolution and Development
3447:
2486:
2484:
2464:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2410:
1610:
1592:
1585:
482:
473:
457:
436:
431:
424:
56:biological classification
6689:(3). The Royal Society.
6383:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112
6279:Spironematella terricola
5862:Handbook of the Protists
5564:10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.11
5273:. Susquehanna University
5246:. Susquehanna University
5182:McConnaughey, M (2014).
5138:. Susquehanna University
5111:. Susquehanna University
4152:on, to form a hierarchy.
3617:, green sulphur bacteria
2002:Extremely small animals
1787:Ginkgo, maidenhair tree
1362:Anterior crown of cilia
641:Lophophore, no pedicle,
7466:Thermodesulfobacteriota
5915:10.1073/PNAS.1423790112
5597:10.1080/106351599260382
5327:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
5267:"Neocallimastigomycota"
5162:Encyclopedia Britannica
4073:Taxonomy of Angiosperms
4045:Haeckel, Ernst (1866).
3781:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3659:Deinococcus radiodurans
3386:Groove-bearing animals
2278:Neocallimastigomycetes
2189:Offshoot branch fungus
2154:Ascomycetes, sac fungi
1472:Small, simple animals.
6809:Major Phyla Of Animals
6643:10.1098/rspb.2006.3515
6283:Spironematella goodeyi
4795:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
4775:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
4251:10.1006/zjls.2000.0263
4137:On the Origin of Phyla
3915:
3753:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3631:Chrysiogenes arsenatis
2213:Predominantly Aquatic
1732:(Yellow-)green plants
1688:Persistent unbranched
230:
208:
202:
67:
32:Phyla (disambiguation)
7694:Neocallimastigomycota
6774:Euzéby JP, Parte AC.
6481:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4348:(2 (Suppl)): 94–112.
4232:Rouse, G. W. (2001).
2837:Whirling flagellates
2739:Opisthokont protists
2392:Cavalier-Smith system
2342:Entomophthoromycotina
2271:Neocallimastigomycota
1946:, no vascular system
1942:Ephemeral unbranched
1692:, no vascular system
1661:, no vascular system
1539:Cavalier-Smith system
1066:Round cross section,
228:classes and the four
53:
7359:Coprothermobacterota
6814:16 July 2006 at the
5979:Journal of Phycology
5887:(25 February 2015).
5885:Patrick John Keeling
5382:Mycological Research
5105:"Blastocladiomycota"
4828:, pp. 514, 517.
4566:Feldkamp, S. (2002)
4213:on 15 September 2019
4070:Naik, V. N. (1984).
3815:Bacteriological Code
3769:Borrelia burgdorferi
3645:Coprothermobacterota
3522:Bacteriological Code
2234:Ball of yarn fungus
1796:extant; 50+ extinct
1533:, to form the clade
1466:Strange hollow form
1456:15 species, extinct
1007:Mollusks / molluscs
384:improve this article
124:. Traditionally, in
30:For other uses, see
6909:Infrakingdom/Branch
6696:10.1098/rsob.210325
6637:(1595): 1833–1842.
6287:Spironema terricola
5907:2015PNAS..11210200J
5901:(33): 10200–10207.
5461:2015PLoSO..1019248R
4789:(1545): 1251–1262.
4742:10.1038/nature16520
4734:2016Natur.530...89C
4661:2022Natur.609..541L
4606:10.1038/nature21072
4598:2017Natur.542..228H
3316:molecular phylogeny
3285:molecular phylogeny
2987:, tubular cristae.
2875:molecular phylogeny
2813:molecular phylogeny
2747:colar of microvilli
2676:molecular phylogeny
2668:Flagellated animal
2033:Cone-bearing plant
1991:approx. 10,560
1696:approx. 12,000
1572:up to the level of
1436:18 genera, extinct
1427:Three-lobed animal
1396:2 species, extinct
1309:3 classes, extinct
1300:Before articulates
1285:Penis-shaped worms
1243:approx. 29,500
1180:3 classes, extinct
1169:Shaped like leaves
749:approx. 16,000
724:approx. 55,000
545:5 species, extinct
168:General description
7689:Blastocladiomycota
7181:
7138:
7117:
7091:
7049:
6983:
6948:
6936:
6900:
6891:
5864:. Cham: Springer.
5621:"Kingdom PROTISTA"
5584:Systematic Biology
4179:Biological Reviews
3951:on 10 October 2020
3766:, species include
3594:Caldisericum exile
3473:under one phylum,
3166:(often considered
2788:approx. 4,500
2543:approx. 2,400
2535:movement, tubular
2521:Amorphous animals
2185:Blastocladiomycota
2170:Small base fungus
2141:Species described
2095:approx. 7,000
2089:accessory pigments
1987:, vascular system
1950:approx. 9,000
1880:, vascular system
1806:Blue-green plants
1741:approx. 7,000
1721:approx. 1,000
1636:Species described
1366:approx. 3,500
1118:approx. 1,200
1010:Muscular foot and
863:Gastrotrich worms
824:approx. 7,500
295:and the Rhombozoa
68:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8004:
7983:
7982:
7546:
7545:
7489:
7488:
7481:Verrucomicrobiota
7219:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7177:
7134:
7113:
7087:
7045:
6979:
6938:
6932:
6896:
6889:
6548:(15): R812–R813.
6536:Thines M (2018).
6351:10.1111/jeu.12837
6291:Spironema goodeyi
6234:(7736): 410–414.
5992:10.1111/JPY.13431
5772:10.1111/jeu.12691
5653:Catalogue of Life
5429:on 26 March 2009.
5271:Diversity of Life
5244:Diversity of Life
5136:Diversity of Life
5132:"Chytridiomycota"
5109:Diversity of Life
4996:978-0-521-66097-6
4987:Bryophyte Biology
4922:978-1-4496-6580-7
4655:(7927): 541–546.
4592:(7640): 228–231.
4444:978-1-60344-269-5
4146:978-0-226-84548-7
3797:Verrucomicrobiota
3713:, notable genus:
3663:Thermus aquaticus
3629:, only 3 genera (
3493:(diatoms) within
3455:
3454:
3451:, but see below.
2931:True eye animals
2743:Filose pseudopods
2508:Species described
2491:
2490:
2399:Catalogue of Life
2366:Protista taxonomy
2346:Kickxellomycotina
2320:
2319:
2113:
2112:
2085:phycobiliproteins
2052:Prasinodermophyta
1619:
1618:
1504:
1503:
1037:
1033:Nomen inquirendum
986:-like extensible
975:Tiny jaw animals
820:calcified spines
816:in living forms,
745:(stinging cells)
700:dorsal nerve cord
487:
486:
416:
415:
408:
255:Linnean hierarchy
218:August W. Eichler
54:The hierarchy of
16:(Redirected from
8034:
7757:Anthocerotophyta
7636:Hemimastigophora
7557:
7528:Nitrososphaerota
7495:
7471:Thermomicrobiota
7411:Kiritimatiellota
7406:Ignavibacteriota
7371:Deferribacterota
7334:Campylobacterota
7319:Bdellovibrionota
7267:
7263:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7223:
7205:
7194:
7162:
7151:
7076:
7015:
6944:
6926:
6882:
6871:
6861:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6822:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6776:"Names of phyla"
6771:
6762:
6761:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6698:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6622:
6613:
6612:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6464:
6456:
6417:
6406:
6405:
6395:
6385:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6126:
6113:
6112:
6066:
6055:
6054:
6026:
6020:
6019:
5974:Michael D. Guiry
5970:
5953:
5952:
5934:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5857:
5848:
5847:
5837:
5827:
5818:(11): e1001419.
5803:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5750:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5659:on 1 August 2021
5649:"Taxonomic tree"
5645:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5599:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5440:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5422:. Archived from
5397:
5388:(Pt 5): 509–47.
5379:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5296:"Types of Fungi"
5292:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4908:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4840:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4777:(22 June 2004).
4771:
4762:
4761:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4680:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4534:
4449:
4448:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4395:
4366:
4365:
4334:Briggs, D. E. G.
4330:
4324:
4323:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4209:. Archived from
4170:
4155:
4154:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4116:on 27 April 2020
4115:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3938:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3821:Nitrososphaerota
3793:, deep-branching
3786:Thermomicrobiota
3747:Escherichia coli
3700:Kiritimatiellota
3695:Ignavibacteriota
3650:Deferribacterota
3605:Campylobacterota
3585:Bdellovibrionota
3547:, deep-branching
3528:Abditibacteriota
3443:
3436:
3422:-like organisms
3407:
3399:
3383:
3368:
3358:
3330:
3323:
3299:
3292:
3268:
3261:
3235:
3198:
3171:
3156:
3110:
3103:
3092:-like organisms
3077:
3070:
3054:Hemimastigophora
3048:
3038:
3002:
2992:
2966:Heterokontophyta
2955:
2945:
2921:
2914:
2901:
2886:
2858:
2848:
2840:Dinoflagellates
2827:
2820:
2815:, flat cristae.
2796:
2789:
2764:
2757:
2756:approx. 300
2733:
2718:
2702:-like organisms
2687:
2658:
2631:
2598:
2583:
2576:
2551:
2544:
2493:
2408:
2240:
2237:Glomeromycetes,
2126:
2096:
2045:
1992:
1951:
1912:
1885:
1842:
1816:
1795:
1768:
1767:approx. 100
1742:
1722:
1697:
1666:
1642:Anthocerotophyta
1621:
1583:
1481:
1446:Ancient dweller
1417:
1367:
1345:
1290:
1265:
1244:
1222:
1201:
1193:Horseshoe worms
1190:Zeus's mistress
1140:
1139:approx. 200
1119:
1098:
1097:approx. 320
1077:
1029:
1019:
994:
965:
964:approx. 122
941:
940:approx. 150
919:
918:approx. 130
913:pharyngeal slits
892:
891:approx. 100
871:
870:approx. 690
850:
849:approx. 150
825:
812:Fivefold radial
795:
771:
770:approx. 100
750:
736:Stinging nettle
725:
708:pharyngeal slits
681:
679:
653:
619:
591:
558:Archaeocyathids
525:
517:Segmented worms
489:
422:
411:
404:
400:
397:
391:
368:
360:
233:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
21:
18:Phylum (biology)
8044:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8027:Plant divisions
8012:
8011:
8010:
8001:
7979:
7930:Gnathostomulida
7835:Xenacoelomorpha
7801:
7797:Flowering plant
7752:Marchantiophyta
7718:
7684:Chytridiomycota
7670:
7542:
7485:
7441:Planctomycetota
7401:Gemmatimonadota
7386:Elusimicrobiota
7279:Acidobacteriota
7257:
7250:
7220:
7215:
7173:Species complex
6923:Superdivision (
6854:
6852:Taxonomic ranks
6849:
6816:Wayback Machine
6800:
6795:
6785:
6783:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6542:Current Biology
6535:
6534:
6530:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6457:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6128:
6127:
6116:
6068:
6067:
6058:
6051:
6028:
6027:
6023:
5972:
5971:
5956:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5805:
5804:
5797:
5752:
5751:
5716:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5455:(6): e0119248.
5442:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5395:10.1.1.626.9582
5377:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5240:"Microsporidia"
5237:
5236:
5232:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4857:10.2307/1217531
4842:
4841:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4728:(7588): 89–93.
4715:
4714:
4710:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4536:
4535:
4452:
4445:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4397:
4396:
4369:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3980:
3978:
3971:"Life sciences"
3969:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3811:
3805:
3737:Planctomycetota
3690:Gemmatimonadota
3674:Elusimicrobiota
3533:Acidobacteriota
3514:
3512:Bacterial phyla
3508:
3491:Bacillariophyta
3434:
3397:
3377:
3376:
3360:
3356:
3322:over 1,200
3321:
3290:
3259:
3182:Parasites with
3165:
3164:
3162:Opisthosporidia
3136:, some without
3134:microaerophilic
3101:
3068:
3061:Hemimastigotes
3040:
3036:
2994:
2990:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2912:
2895:
2894:
2850:
2846:
2818:
2787:
2755:
2736:Funnel animals
2727:
2726:
2592:
2591:
2575:over 6,000
2574:
2561:Apical infolds
2542:
2368:
2362:
2354:Zoopagomycotina
2203:Chytridiomycota
2151:Bladder fungus
2124:
2118:
2094:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1990:
1975:
1949:
1933:
1921:
1918:Marchantiophyta
1910:
1883:
1865:
1851:
1841:approx. 70
1840:
1814:
1793:
1766:
1740:
1720:
1695:
1664:
1515:
1509:
1479:
1462:Xenacoelomorpha
1415:
1365:
1343:
1332:anteroposterior
1324:Lozenge animal
1303:Proarticulates
1289:approx. 20
1288:
1263:
1242:
1229:Platyhelminthes
1220:
1199:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1075:
1028:
1017:
992:
963:
939:
917:
890:
877:Gnathostomulida
869:
848:
823:
793:
782:Wheel carrying
769:
748:
723:
676:
651:
617:
589:
523:
504:Taxa described
455:Basal/disputed
412:
401:
395:
392:
381:
369:
358:
352:
347:
312:
264:
176:from the Greek
170:
83:
79:
60:taxonomic ranks
58:'s eight major
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8014:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8003:
8002:
7995:
7993:
7990:Incertae sedis
7985:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7935:Micrognathozoa
7932:
7927:
7925:Acanthocephala
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7767:Lycopodiophyta
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7581:Ancyromonadida
7578:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7533:Thermoproteota
7530:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7503:
7501:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7446:Pseudomonadota
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7421:Mycoplasmatota
7418:
7416:Lentisphaerota
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7396:Fusobacteriota
7393:
7391:Fibrobacterota
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7294:Armatimonadota
7291:
7286:
7284:Actinomycetota
7281:
7275:
7273:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7198:
7187:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7155:
7144:
7139:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7043:
7038:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6949:
6930:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6875:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6806:
6799:
6798:External links
6796:
6794:
6793:
6763:
6728:
6666:
6614:
6561:
6528:
6493:(4): 388–420.
6472:
6407:
6356:
6328:
6301:(2): 295–297.
6269:
6222:Andrew J Roger
6212:
6177:(4): 361–383.
6156:
6137:(2): 115–178.
6114:
6079:(2): 297–354.
6056:
6049:
6021:
5954:
5875:
5849:
5795:
5714:
5670:
5637:
5611:
5590:(2): 406–412.
5570:
5537:
5510:(6): 872–884.
5494:
5432:
5362:
5313:
5284:
5257:
5230:
5207:
5200:
5174:
5149:
5122:
5095:
5074:
5049:
5014:
5012:, p. 535.
5002:
4995:
4977:
4975:, p. 509.
4965:
4963:, p. 543.
4953:
4951:, p. 542.
4941:
4939:, p. 540.
4929:
4921:
4898:
4886:(2): 122–127,
4870:
4851:(4): 129–134.
4830:
4818:
4763:
4708:
4635:
4572:
4568:Modern Biology
4559:
4552:
4538:Margulis, Lynn
4450:
4443:
4423:
4367:
4325:
4314:(3): 197–210.
4298:
4277:(8): 1128–32.
4257:
4224:
4185:(2): 253–295.
4156:
4145:
4127:
4089:
4082:
4062:
4037:
4033:Valentine 2004
4025:
4011:
3991:
3962:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3873:Biology portal
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3830:
3829:
3826:Thermoproteota
3823:
3807:Main article:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3761:
3756:
3742:Pseudomonadota
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3711:Mycoplasmatota
3708:
3705:Lentisphaerota
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3685:Fusobacteriota
3682:
3680:Fibrobacterota
3677:
3671:
3666:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:(aerobic) and
3558:
3553:
3551:Armatimonadota
3548:
3542:
3539:Actinomycetota
3536:
3530:
3510:Main article:
3507:
3504:
3481:in one phylum
3453:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3361:50,000 fossil
3354:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:-like animals
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3216:
3214:
3213:-like animals
3206:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:Dinoflagellata
2829:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2774:Cilia bearers
2772:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2749:surrounding a
2745:; some with a
2740:
2737:
2734:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2607:
2606:-like animals
2599:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2487:Orphan groups
2485:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2460:Sarcomastigota
2456:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2403:Cavalier-Smith
2364:Main article:
2361:
2358:
2350:Mucoromycotina
2337:incertae sedis
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2197:Less than 200
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2120:Main article:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2021:Coniferophyta
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1967:
1958:Polypodiophyta
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1848:Lycopodiophyta
1844:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1543:Archaeplastida
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:Plate animals
1209:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
990:
981:
976:
973:
971:Micrognathozoa
967:
966:
961:
958:
955:
949:
943:
942:
937:
934:
931:
928:
922:
921:
915:
906:
903:
900:
894:
893:
888:
885:
882:
879:
873:
872:
867:
864:
861:
860:Hairy stomach
858:
852:
851:
846:
843:
840:
834:
828:
827:
821:
810:
807:
804:
798:
797:
791:
788:
783:
780:
774:
773:
767:
764:
761:
758:
752:
751:
746:
740:
737:
734:
728:
727:
721:
696:
693:
690:
684:
683:
674:
668:
665:
662:
656:
655:
649:
639:
636:
633:
622:
621:
615:
606:
603:
600:
594:
593:
587:
578:
575:
572:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
528:
527:
521:
518:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
472:
469:
468:
463:
460:
459:
458:Non-Bilateria
456:
453:
450:
449:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
414:
413:
372:
370:
363:
354:Main article:
351:
348:
346:
343:
311:
308:
263:
260:
236:Georges Cuvier
231:embranchements
214:plant taxonomy
169:
166:
114:taxonomic rank
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8040:
8039:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7714:Basidiomycota
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7699:Glomeromycota
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7661:Stramenopiles
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7586:Apusomonadida
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7522:Nanoarchaeota
7519:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7508:Euryarchaeota
7505:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7456:Spirochaetota
7454:
7452:
7451:Rhodothermota
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7381:Dictyoglomota
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7365:Cyanobacteria
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7354:Chrysiogenota
7352:
7350:
7349:Chloroflexota
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Calditrichota
7327:
7325:
7324:Caldisericota
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7299:Atribacterota
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7208:
7207:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6935:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6892:/Superkingdom
6887:
6885:
6884:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6841:
6839:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6744:(2): 87–176.
6743:
6739:
6732:
6729:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6579:(4): 347–66.
6578:
6574:
6573:
6565:
6562:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6332:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6281:comb. n. and
6280:
6273:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6216:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6050:9789048128006
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6025:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5333:(1): 87–103.
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5314:
5302:. 22 May 2009
5301:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5258:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5201:9780128012383
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5123:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4553:9780123736215
4549:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:Fortey, R. A.
4335:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4083:9780074517888
4079:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4014:
4012:9780534466695
4008:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Phylogenetics
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:Nanoarchaeota
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:Euryarchaeota
3835:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:Spirochaetota
3762:
3760:
3759:Rhodothermota
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Dictyoglomota
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:Chrysiogenota
3625:
3622:
3621:Chloroflexota
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Calditrichota
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:Caldisericota
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Atribacterota
3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:Cyanobacteria
3513:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:reticulopodia
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3095:Malawimonads
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3041:1,205 fossil
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2995:2,262 fossil
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2904:Early groove
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2868:Within mucus
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:Stramenopiles
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2414:Stramenopiles
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:approx. 1060
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2260:Microsporans
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Microsporidia
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Glomeromycota
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Basidiomycota
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:-like plants
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Liver plants
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:-like plants
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:Magnoliophyta
1890:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:-like plants
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:Glaucophytes
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:-like plants
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:Chlorophytes
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:-like plants
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:-like plants
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1611:Other algae (
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:Viridiplantae
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Viridiplantae
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:Vetulicolian
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:Wheel bearer
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Proarticulata
1294:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1214:Trichoplaxes
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:U-shaped gut
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1132:Velvet worms
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:Monoblastozoa
1024:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
938:
935:
932:
930:Motion snout
929:
927:
924:
923:
916:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
889:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
847:
844:
842:Goblet worms
841:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
822:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
803:
802:Echinodermata
800:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
768:
765:
763:Comb jellies
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
722:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:Longhair jaw
663:
661:
658:
657:
650:
647:
644:
640:
637:
635:Moss animals
634:
631:
627:
624:
623:
616:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:Jointed foot
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
555:Ancient cups
554:
552:
551:Archaeocyatha
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
522:
519:
516:
514:Little ring
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
467:
464:
462:
461:
454:
452:
451:
448:
445:
443:
442:
439:
434:
429:
426:
423:
420:
410:
407:
399:
396:February 2013
389:
385:
379:
378:
373:This section
371:
367:
362:
361:
357:
349:
344:
342:
339:
336:
332:
327:
323:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:deuterostomes
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:bearded worms
261:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
175:
174:Ernst Haeckel
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:phylogenetics
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
101:
77:
73:
65:
61:
57:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7996:
7988:
7910:Orthonectida
7905:Gastrotricha
7880:Nematomorpha
7855:Chaetognatha
7845:Hemichordate
7772:Pteridophyta
7641:Malawimonada
7515:Korarchaeota
7476:Thermotogota
7461:Synergistota
7436:Nitrospirota
7431:Nitrospinota
7376:Deinococcota
7309:Bacteroidota
7200:
7189:
7157:
7146:
7071:
7010:
6939:
6933:
6921:
6917:
6877:
6866:
6784:. Retrieved
6741:
6737:
6731:
6686:
6683:Open Biology
6682:
6634:
6630:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6545:
6541:
6531:
6490:
6484:
6475:
6461:cite journal
6428:
6422:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6231:
6225:
6215:
6174:
6168:
6134:
6130:
6076:
6070:
6031:
6024:
5983:
5977:
5898:
5892:
5878:
5861:
5815:
5812:PLOS Biology
5811:
5766:(1): 4–119.
5763:
5759:
5690:
5686:
5661:. Retrieved
5657:the original
5652:
5628:. Retrieved
5624:
5614:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5557:(1): 67–74.
5554:
5550:
5540:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5452:
5448:
5424:the original
5385:
5381:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5304:. Retrieved
5299:
5275:. Retrieved
5270:
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5243:
5233:
5217:Fossil Fungi
5216:
5210:
5183:
5177:
5165:. Retrieved
5161:
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5135:
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5108:
5098:
5089:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:
5052:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5010:Mauseth 2012
5005:
4986:
4980:
4973:Mauseth 2012
4968:
4961:Mauseth 2012
4956:
4949:Mauseth 2012
4944:
4937:Mauseth 2012
4932:
4912:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4848:
4844:
4826:Mauseth 2012
4821:
4786:
4782:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4567:
4562:
4542:
4433:
4426:
4407:
4403:
4345:
4342:Paleobiology
4341:
4328:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4244:(1): 55–80.
4241:
4237:
4227:
4215:. Retrieved
4211:the original
4182:
4178:
4150:
4136:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4111:the original
4106:
4102:
4092:
4072:
4065:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:, p. 8.
4028:
4016:. Retrieved
4001:
3994:
3986:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:the original
3943:
3910:
3845:Korarchaeota
3831:
3812:
3791:Thermotogota
3776:Synergistota
3767:
3751:
3745:
3732:Nitrospirota
3727:Nitrospinota
3714:
3662:
3658:
3655:Deinococcota
3638:
3634:
3630:
3593:
3575:Bacteroidota
3515:
3456:
3448:
3429:Phagotrophic
3417:
3380:paraphyletic
3309:False fungi
3245:
3210:Percolomonas
3208:
3138:mitochondria
3087:
3083:Malawimonada
3031:centrohelids
2984:
2980:
2898:paraphyletic
2730:paraphyletic
2697:
2601:
2595:paraphyletic
2527:Presence of
2524:Amoebozoans
2396:
2380:paraphyletic
2369:
2335:
2332:polyphyletic
2321:
2308:
2297:Zygomycetes
2294:Pair fungus
2284:approx. 20
2257:Small seeds
2215:saprotrophic
2192:Blastoclads
2101:
2077:Rose plants
2057:Prasinoderma
2032:
2030:-like plants
2025:
2020:
1974:-like plants
1969:
1962:
1956:
1934:
1932:-like plants
1927:
1923:Hepatophyta
1922:
1896:
1867:Wolf plants
1866:
1864:-like plants
1859:
1852:
1834:Gnetophytes
1826:
1779:
1752:
1715:Charophytes
1707:
1677:
1657:Horn-shaped
1646:
1563:
1555:
1523:embryophytes
1516:
1498:
1487:
1430:Trilobozoan
1385:
1380:
1373:Saccorhytida
1327:Rhombozoans
1282:Penis worms
1254:Pore bearer
1172:
1153:Orthonectid
1147:Orthonectida
1129:Claw bearer
1108:A sea nymph
1087:Thread form
1083:Nematomorpha
1060:Thread like
1042:
1031:
1014:round shell
978:
957:Brush heads
933:Mud dragons
898:Hemichordata
881:Jaw orifice
856:Gastrotricha
809:Echinoderms
785:
772:–150 extant
760:Comb bearer
692:With a cord
667:Arrow worms
660:Chaetognatha
447:Deuterostome
417:
402:
393:
382:Please help
377:verification
374:
340:
328:
324:
320:Sören Jensen
313:
301:
285:Orthonectida
265:
251:phylogenetic
240:
171:
109:
75:
69:
36:
7965:Brachiopoda
7940:Cycliophora
7885:Onychophora
7860:Kinorhyncha
7782:Ginkgophyta
7777:Cycadophyta
7742:Chlorophyta
7732:Glaucophyta
7426:Myxococcota
7344:Chlorobiota
7339:Chlamydiota
7100:Infrafamily
7083:Superfamily
6997:Subterclass
6966:Microphylum
6961:Infraphylum
6956:Subdivision
6918:Superphylum
6538:"Oomycetes"
6431:: 714–719.
5693:: 487–593.
5687:Protoplasma
5663:28 December
5630:28 December
5300:BiologyWise
5277:29 December
5250:29 December
5142:29 December
5115:29 December
3891:Systematics
3722:Myxococcota
3615:Chlorobiota
3610:Chlamydiota
3571:(anaerobic)
3471:Pseudofungi
3463:Glaucophyta
3425:Telonemids
3345:Feeding by
3314:Defined by
3305:Pseudofungi
3283:Defined by
3241:Perkinsozoa
3175:Opisthokont
3142:kinetosomes
3126:Metamonads
3089:Malawimonas
3023:haptophytes
3019:microtubule
2873:Defined by
2851:955 fossil
2811:Defined by
2674:Defined by
2671:Cercozoans
2557:Apicomplexa
2529:pseudopodia
2502:Common name
2135:Common name
1964:Monilophyta
1944:sporophytes
1939:Liverworts
1802:Glaucophyta
1794:only 1
1775:Ginkgophyta
1748:Cycadophyta
1728:Chlorophyta
1690:sporophytes
1659:sporophytes
1630:Common name
1603:Green algae
1589:Land plants
1570:angiosperms
1559:gymnosperms
1553:divisions.
1551:Glaucophyta
1527:Chlorophyta
1442:Vetulicolia
1386:Saccorhytus
1165:Petalonamae
1125:Onychophora
926:Kinorhyncha
911:in collar,
806:Spiny skin
778:Cycliophora
743:Nematocysts
739:Cnidarians
605:Lampshells
598:Brachiopoda
585:exoskeleton
577:Arthropods
536:Fragmented
498:Common name
466:Vendobionta
345:Known phyla
335:crown group
331:stem groups
316:Graham Budd
297:protostomes
222:five groups
162:Embryophyta
8016:Categories
7998:Parakaryon
7960:Entoprocta
7895:Arthropoda
7890:Tardigrada
7870:Priapulida
7865:Loricifera
7850:Echinoderm
7820:Ctenophora
7792:Gnetophyta
7747:Charophyta
7737:Rhodophyta
7709:Ascomycota
7704:Zygomycota
7646:Metamonada
7621:Euglenozoa
7606:Ciliophora
7314:Balneolota
7289:Aquificota
7185:Subspecies
7126:Infratribe
7109:Supertribe
7058:Infraorder
7041:Superorder
7012:Division (
6992:Infraclass
6975:Superclass
6941:Division (
6904:Subkingdom
6879:Subrealm (
6738:BioSystems
6453:Q115933632
6345:: e12837.
6016:Q124684077
5551:BioScience
3926:References
3881:Cladistics
3716:Mycoplasma
3580:Balneolota
3569:Clostridia
3545:Aquificota
3495:Ochrophyta
3467:Ochrophyta
3459:Rhodophyta
3220:life cycle
3204:Percolozoa
3116:Metamonada
2961:Ochrophyta
2948:20 fossil
2927:Euglenozoa
2770:Ciliophora
2693:Chromerida
2641:Two rings
2620:centrioles
2603:Apusomonas
2569:apicoplast
2376:eukaryotes
2290:Zygomycota
2147:Ascomycota
2080:Red algae
2073:Rhodophyta
1971:Polypodium
1929:Marchantia
1875:Microphyll
1861:Lycopodium
1822:Gnetophyta
1703:Charophyta
1654:Hornworts
1648:Anthoceros
1578:subclasses
1566:APG system
1547:Rhodophyta
1531:Charophyta
1474:Bilaterian
1423:Trilobozoa
1406:Slow step
1402:Tardigrada
1391:ecdysozoan
1272:Priapulida
1236:Flatworms
1233:Flat worm
947:Loricifera
909:Stomochord
902:Half cord
884:Jaw worms
832:Entoprocta
818:mesodermal
756:Ctenophora
695:Chordates
630:Ectoprocta
609:Lophophore
570:Arthropoda
428:Protostome
120:and above
7915:Dicyemida
7787:Pinophyta
7666:Telonemia
7601:Cryptista
7591:Breviatea
7576:Amoebozoa
7571:Alveolata
7552:Eukaryote
7304:Bacillota
7191:Variety (
7148:Section (
7095:Subfamily
7073:Section (
7063:Parvorder
7036:Magnorder
7002:Parvclass
6952:Subphylum
6705:2046-2441
6609:Q28261633
6593:1066-5234
6523:Q28303534
6507:0022-2844
6445:1476-4687
6323:252220401
6264:Q58834974
6248:1476-4687
6207:Q85570914
6191:0932-4739
6109:Q28212529
6093:1466-5026
6000:0022-3646
5949:Q30662251
5923:0027-8424
5532:218589354
5504:Mycologia
5390:CiteSeerX
5219:: 41–67.
5030:: 43–91.
4758:205247296
4703:251646316
4687:1476-4687
4614:1476-4687
3981:4 October
3561:Bacillota
3499:cladistic
3449:Total: 26
3413:Telonemia
3247:Perkinsus
3184:chitinous
3130:Anaerobic
2802:Cryptista
2782:cytostome
2777:Ciliates
2751:flagellum
2724:Choanozoa
2517:Amoebozoa
2430:Alveolata
2420:Chromista
2388:Chromista
2324:protozoan
2219:flagellum
2210:Chytrids
2102:Total: 14
2037:Conifers
2016:Pinophyta
1982:Megaphyll
1854:Lycophyta
1673:Bryophyta
1613:Biliphyta
1499:1,525,000
1488:Total: 40
1359:Rotifers
1319:Dicyemida
1315:Rhombozoa
1186:Phoronida
984:Accordion
712:endostyle
704:notochord
680: 100
671:Chitinous
646:tentacles
602:Arm foot
590:1,250,000
526:+ extant
438:Nephrozoa
433:Bilateria
289:Rhombozoa
243:body plan
158:Ecdysozoa
128:the term
7975:Annelida
7970:Mollusca
7950:Phoronid
7945:Nemertea
7920:Rotifera
7900:Flatworm
7875:Nematoda
7840:Chordate
7830:Cnidaria
7825:Placozoa
7656:Rhizaria
7631:Haptista
7611:Cercozoa
7271:Bacteria
7159:Series (
7142:Subgenus
7121:Subtribe
7053:Suborder
6987:Subclass
6812:Archived
6723:35291881
6661:16790418
6605:Wikidata
6601:18092388
6519:Wikidata
6515:16557340
6449:Wikidata
6402:24734027
6315:36101172
6260:Wikidata
6256:30429611
6203:Wikidata
6199:23195325
6151:23085100
6105:Wikidata
6101:11931142
6012:Wikidata
6008:38245909
5986:: 1–15.
5945:Wikidata
5941:25717057
5844:23139639
5790:30257078
5606:12066717
5524:17486964
5489:25923521
5449:PLOS ONE
5412:17572334
5357:27734254
5044:23942148
4813:15306349
4750:26842059
4695:35978194
4622:28135722
4410:(1): 5.
4362:44066226
4207:39772232
4199:10881389
3896:Taxonomy
3859:See also
3506:Bacteria
3479:ciliates
3419:Telonema
3374:Sulcozoa
3351:axopodia
3218:Complex
3027:axopodia
3008:Haptista
2864:Endomyxa
2699:Chromera
2664:Cercozoa
2616:ciliates
2589:Apusozoa
2533:amoeboid
2478:Excavata
2467:Protozoa
2449:Hacrobia
2439:Rhizaria
2384:Protozoa
2372:Protista
2370:Kingdom
2360:Protista
2328:Protista
2309:Total: 8
2129:Division
1898:Magnolia
1624:Division
1352:Rotifera
1257:Sponges
1250:Porifera
1207:Placozoa
1104:Nemertea
1056:Nematoda
1000:Mollusca
814:symmetry
732:Cnidaria
688:Chordata
643:ciliated
539:Agmates
510:Annelida
273:annelids
247:phenetic
226:Linnaean
138:Animalia
130:division
7955:Bryozoa
7651:Provora
7626:Jakobea
7616:Discoba
7562:Protist
7499:Archaea
7252:Extant
7179:Species
6898:Kingdom
6868:Realm (
6786:3 April
6758:6395918
6714:8924772
6652:1634789
6393:3975115
6376:: 112.
6295:Zootaxa
5932:4547307
5903:Bibcode
5835:3491025
5781:6492006
5708:9010356
5480:4418965
5457:Bibcode
5420:4686378
5348:5222902
4865:1217531
4804:1691724
4730:Bibcode
4657:Bibcode
4594:Bibcode
4404:Zootaxa
4308:Lethaia
4293:8865666
4120:5 March
4018:23 July
3809:Archaea
3803:Archaea
3565:Bacilli
3483:Myzozoa
3475:Gyrista
3392:Aerobic
3336:Retaria
3274:Provora
3177:spores
3146:kinetid
3140:; four
3120:Middle
3012:Fasten
2892:Eolouka
2806:Hidden
2612:Gliding
2537:cristae
2499:Meaning
2390:in the
2179:31,515
2160:30,000
2132:Meaning
2046:extant
1998:Picozoa
1911:300,000
1886:extant
1760:Cycads
1685:Mosses
1627:Meaning
1330:Single
1278:Priapus
1276:Little
1266:extant
1141:extant
1071:cuticle
1068:keratin
954:bearer
920:extant
836:Inside
786:Symbion
714:, post-
698:Hollow
682:extant
678:approx.
654:extant
626:Bryozoa
613:pedicle
495:Meaning
483:Others
475:Parazoa
350:Animals
281:Mesozoa
212:)." In
142:Plantae
118:kingdom
72:biology
64:kingdom
7815:Sponge
7807:Animal
7202:Form (
7089:Family
7027:Cohort
7022:Legion
6934:Phylum
6890:Domain
6782:(LPSN)
6756:
6721:
6711:
6703:
6659:
6649:
6607:
6599:
6591:
6521:
6513:
6505:
6451:
6443:
6424:Nature
6400:
6390:
6321:
6313:
6262:
6254:
6246:
6227:Nature
6205:
6197:
6189:
6149:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6047:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5947:
5939:
5929:
5921:
5842:
5832:
5788:
5778:
5705:
5604:
5530:
5522:
5487:
5477:
5418:
5410:
5392:
5355:
5345:
5198:
5042:
4993:
4927:p. 489
4919:
4863:
4811:
4801:
4756:
4748:
4722:Nature
4701:
4693:
4685:
4649:Nature
4630:353780
4628:
4620:
4612:
4586:Nature
4550:
4441:
4360:
4291:
4217:26 May
4205:
4197:
4143:
4080:
4009:
3955:14 May
3487:Miozoa
3359:extant
3357:10,000
3187:spores
3122:monads
3039:extant
2993:extant
2991:21,052
2946:extant
2849:extant
2637:Bigyra
2511:Image
2496:Phylum
2352:, and
2241:fungi
2224:1000+
1985:leaves
1978:Ferns
1878:leaves
1828:Gnetum
1781:Ginkgo
1667:-300+
1574:orders
1507:Plants
1338:celled
1264:10,800
1076:25,000
1018:85,000
1012:mantle
988:thorax
952:Armour
582:Chitin
532:Agmata
524:22,000
492:Phylum
356:Animal
304:clades
277:family
209:Phylon
179:phylon
154:clades
126:botany
116:below
76:phylum
8022:Phyla
7724:Plant
7676:Fungi
7596:CRuMs
7136:Genus
7115:Tribe
7047:Order
6981:Class
6319:S2CID
5528:S2CID
5427:(PDF)
5416:S2CID
5378:(PDF)
5306:5 May
5167:5 May
5067:5 May
4861:JSTOR
4845:Taxon
4754:S2CID
4699:S2CID
4626:S2CID
4358:S2CID
4203:S2CID
4114:(PDF)
4051:[
3902:Notes
3224:cysts
3168:fungi
3017:Thin
2971:Ochre
2944:2,037
2938:cilia
2847:2,957
2265:1400
2122:Fungi
2116:Fungi
2027:Pinus
1884:1,290
1769:-200
1754:Cycas
1709:Chara
1679:Bryum
1513:Plant
1416:1,000
1335:axial
1004:Soft
652:6,000
203:Stamm
191:phyle
185:φῦλον
156:like
146:Fungi
122:class
110:phyla
7762:Moss
7254:life
7204:bot.
7193:bot.
7161:bot.
7150:bot.
7075:zoo.
7014:zoo.
6943:bot.
6925:bot.
6881:vir.
6870:vir.
6788:2022
6754:PMID
6719:PMID
6701:ISSN
6657:PMID
6597:PMID
6589:ISSN
6511:PMID
6503:ISSN
6467:link
6441:ISSN
6398:PMID
6311:PMID
6299:5128
6289:and
6252:PMID
6244:ISSN
6195:PMID
6187:ISSN
6147:PMID
6097:PMID
6089:ISSN
6045:ISBN
6004:PMID
5996:ISSN
5937:PMID
5919:ISSN
5840:PMID
5786:PMID
5665:2016
5632:2016
5602:PMID
5520:PMID
5485:PMID
5408:PMID
5353:PMID
5308:2019
5279:2016
5252:2016
5196:ISBN
5169:2019
5144:2016
5117:2016
5069:2019
5040:PMID
4991:ISBN
4917:ISBN
4809:PMID
4746:PMID
4691:PMID
4683:ISSN
4618:PMID
4610:ISSN
4548:ISBN
4439:ISBN
4408:3703
4289:PMID
4219:2007
4195:PMID
4141:ISBN
4122:2013
4078:ISBN
4059:–29.
4020:2012
4007:ISBN
3983:2008
3957:2017
3661:and
3469:and
3461:and
3349:(or
3144:per
2983:and
2531:for
2386:and
2247:284
2083:Use
1549:and
1529:and
1381:None
1173:None
1043:None
979:None
838:anus
719:tail
716:anal
611:and
318:and
287:and
197:φυλή
160:and
74:, a
62:. A
6746:doi
6709:PMC
6691:doi
6647:PMC
6639:doi
6635:273
6581:doi
6550:doi
6495:doi
6433:doi
6429:612
6388:PMC
6378:doi
6347:doi
6303:doi
6236:doi
6232:564
6179:doi
6139:doi
6081:doi
6037:doi
5988:doi
5927:PMC
5911:doi
5899:112
5866:doi
5830:PMC
5820:doi
5776:PMC
5768:doi
5703:PMC
5695:doi
5691:259
5592:doi
5559:doi
5512:doi
5475:PMC
5465:doi
5400:doi
5386:111
5343:PMC
5335:doi
5331:110
5221:doi
5188:doi
5032:doi
4888:doi
4884:161
4853:doi
4799:PMC
4791:doi
4787:271
4738:doi
4726:530
4673:hdl
4665:doi
4653:609
4602:doi
4590:542
4412:doi
4350:doi
4316:doi
4279:doi
4246:doi
4242:132
4187:doi
3750:or
3132:or
3037:517
3029:in
3025:,
2819:246
2624:32
2087:as
2044:629
1665:100
1480:400
1344:100
1159:20
618:300
386:by
234:of
106:pl.
70:In
8018::
6778:.
6766:^
6752:.
6742:17
6740:.
6717:.
6707:.
6699:.
6687:12
6685:.
6681:.
6669:^
6655:.
6645:.
6633:.
6629:.
6617:^
6603:.
6595:.
6587:.
6577:46
6575:.
6546:28
6544:.
6540:.
6517:.
6509:.
6501:.
6491:62
6489:.
6463:}}
6459:{{
6447:.
6439:.
6427:.
6410:^
6396:.
6386:.
6372:.
6368:.
6343:68
6341:.
6317:.
6309:.
6297:.
6258:.
6250:.
6242:.
6230:.
6201:.
6193:.
6185:.
6175:23
6173:.
6159:^
6145:.
6135:49
6133:.
6117:^
6103:.
6095:.
6087:.
6077:52
6075:.
6059:^
6043:.
6010:.
6002:.
5994:.
5984:00
5982:.
5957:^
5943:.
5935:.
5925:.
5917:.
5909:.
5897:.
5891:.
5852:^
5838:.
5828:.
5816:10
5814:.
5810:.
5798:^
5784:.
5774:.
5764:66
5762:.
5758:.
5717:^
5701:.
5689:.
5685:.
5673:^
5651:.
5640:^
5623:.
5600:.
5588:48
5586:.
5582:.
5555:62
5553:.
5549:.
5526:.
5518:.
5508:98
5506:.
5483:.
5473:.
5463:.
5453:10
5451:.
5447:.
5435:^
5414:.
5406:.
5398:.
5384:.
5380:.
5365:^
5351:.
5341:.
5329:.
5325:.
5298:.
5287:^
5269:.
5242:.
5194:.
5186:.
5160:.
5134:.
5107:.
5088:.
5077:^
5060:.
5038:.
5028:85
5026:.
4901:^
4882:,
4859:.
4849:15
4847:.
4833:^
4807:.
4797:.
4785:.
4781:.
4766:^
4752:.
4744:.
4736:.
4724:.
4720:.
4697:.
4689:.
4681:.
4671:.
4663:.
4651:.
4647:.
4624:.
4616:.
4608:.
4600:.
4588:.
4584:.
4453:^
4406:.
4402:.
4370:^
4356:.
4346:31
4344:.
4336:;
4312:31
4310:.
4287:.
4275:13
4273:.
4269:.
4240:.
4236:.
4201:.
4193:.
4183:75
4181:.
4177:.
4159:^
4149:.
4105:.
4101:.
4057:28
3985:.
3973:.
3933:^
3657:,
3637:,
3633:,
3400:+
3398:40
3260:26
3226:.
3069:10
2913:23
2784:.
2711:8
2614:bi
2571:.
2539:.
2480:"
2469:"
2462:"
2451:"
2422:"
2394:.
2356:.
2348:,
2344:,
2239:AM
2091:.
2067:8
2010:1
1961:,
1815:15
1615:)
1580:.
1482:+
1393:.
1346:+
1321:)
1223:+
1200:11
1050:1
796:+
726:+
710:,
706:,
702:,
632:)
299:.
238:.
216:,
164:.
108::
104:;
97:əm
91:aɪ
7564:"
7560:"
7524:"
7520:"
7517:"
7513:"
7510:"
7506:"
7367:"
7363:"
7245:e
7238:t
7231:v
7206:)
7195:)
7163:)
7152:)
7077:)
7016:)
6954:/
6945:)
6937:/
6927:)
6920:/
6883:)
6872:)
6844:e
6837:t
6830:v
6790:.
6760:.
6748::
6725:.
6693::
6663:.
6641::
6611:.
6583::
6558:.
6552::
6525:.
6497::
6469:)
6455:.
6435::
6404:.
6380::
6374:5
6353:.
6349::
6325:.
6305::
6266:.
6238::
6209:.
6181::
6153:.
6141::
6111:.
6083::
6053:.
6039::
6018:.
5990::
5951:.
5913::
5905::
5872:.
5868::
5846:.
5822::
5792:.
5770::
5711:.
5697::
5667:.
5634:.
5608:.
5594::
5567:.
5561::
5534:.
5514::
5491:.
5467::
5459::
5402::
5359:.
5337::
5310:.
5281:.
5254:.
5227:.
5223::
5204:.
5190::
5171:.
5146:.
5119:.
5092:.
5071:.
5046:.
5034::
4999:.
4925:.
4890::
4867:.
4855::
4815:.
4793::
4760:.
4740::
4732::
4705:.
4675::
4667::
4659::
4632:.
4604::
4596::
4556:.
4447:.
4420:.
4414::
4364:.
4352::
4322:.
4318::
4295:.
4281::
4254:.
4248::
4221:.
4189::
4124:.
4107:3
4086:.
4022:.
3959:.
3850:"
3847:"
3843:"
3836:"
3641:)
3435:7
3382:)
3378:(
3291:7
3170:)
3102:3
2985:c
2981:a
2963:,
2900:)
2896:(
2732:)
2728:(
2597:)
2593:(
2476:"
2465:"
2458:"
2447:"
2418:"
2018:,
1920:,
1850:,
1317:(
1221:4
1036:)
1030:(
993:1
794:3
628:(
409:)
403:(
398:)
394:(
380:.
206:(
194:(
182:(
100:/
94:l
88:f
85:ˈ
82:/
78:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
