1148:, compares the correctness of phylogenetic trees generated using fewer taxa and more sites per taxon on the x-axis to more taxa and fewer sites per taxon on the y-axis. With fewer taxa, more genes are sampled amongst the taxonomic group; in comparison, with more taxa added to the taxonomic sampling group, fewer genes are sampled. Each method has the same total number of nucleotide sites sampled. Furthermore, the dotted line represents a 1:1 accuracy between the two sampling methods. As seen in the graphic, most of the plotted points are located below the dotted line, which indicates gravitation toward increased accuracy when sampling fewer taxa with more sites per taxon. The research performed utilizes four different phylogenetic tree construction models to verify the theory; neighbor-joining (NJ), minimum evolution (ME), unweighted maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML). In the majority of models, sampling fewer taxon with more sites per taxon demonstrated higher accuracy.
1750:
1907:
super-spreaders, accumulate mutations in distinct patterns, resulting in noticeable differences in the shape of phylogenetic trees, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Researchers have analyzed the structural characteristics of phylogenetic trees generated from simulated bacterial genome evolution across multiple types of contact networks. By examining simple topological properties of these trees, researchers can classify them into chain-like, homogeneous, or super-spreading dynamics, revealing transmission patterns. These properties form the basis of a computational classifier used to analyze real-world outbreaks. Computational predictions of transmission dynamics for each outbreak often align with known epidemiological data.
1303:
1128:
978:
1941:
151:
5566:
1259:, which is the problem solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. Though he did not use these exact words, the principle can be summarized as "Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity." The principle advocates that when presented with competing hypotheses about the same prediction, one should prefer the one that requires fewest assumptions.
7284:
5985:
706:
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1290:, precursor concept, foreshadowed in the 17th century and 18th century by Voltaire, Descartes, and Leibniz, with Leibniz even proposing evolutionary changes to account for observed gaps suggesting that many species had become extinct, others transformed, and different species that share common traits may have at one time been a single race, also foreshadowed by some early Greek philosophers such as
36:
1231:
1827:
7819:
5662:
1529:
693:
1911:
5997:
1223:
1895:, which describes probability distributions on trees based on population size, has been adapted for epidemiological purposes. Another source of information within phylogenies that has been explored is "tree shape." These approaches, while computationally intensive, have the potential to provide valuable insights into pathogen transmission dynamics.
1768:
1655:
2858:. New York: McGraw–Hill, p. 66: "Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic tree."
1266:, Rev. Thomas Bayes, a precursor concept. Bayesian probability began a resurgence in the 1950s, allowing scientists in the computing field to pair traditional Bayesian statistics with other more modern techniques. It is now used as a blanket term for several related interpretations of probability as an amount of epistemic confidence.
1899:
1749:
1919:
super-spreading, and chain-like. They summarized the resulting phylogenies with five metrics describing tree shape. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distributions of these metrics across the three types of outbreaks, revealing clear differences in tree topology depending on the underlying host contact network.
1323:), Richard Owen, precursor concept. Homology is the term used to characterize the similarity of features that can be parsimoniously explained by common ancestry. Homoplasy is the term used to describe a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution.
1151:
Generally, with the alignment of a relatively equal number of total nucleotide sites, sampling more genes per taxon has higher bootstrapping replicability than sampling more taxa. However, unbalanced datasets within genomic databases make increasing the gene comparison per taxon in uncommonly sampled
1131:
Percentage of inter-ordinal branches reconstructed with a constant number of bases and four phylogenetic tree construction models; neighbor-joining (NJ), minimum evolution (ME), unweighted maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML). Demonstrates phylogenetic analysis with fewer taxa and more
898:
that uses similarities and differences of the characteristics of species to interpret their evolutionary relationships and origins. Phylogenetics focuses on whether the characteristics of a species reinforce a phylogenetic inference that it diverged from the most recent common ancestor of a taxonomic
1985:
Phylogenetics has been applied to archaeological artefacts such as the early hominin hand-axes, late
Palaeolithic figurines, Neolithic stone arrowheads, Bronze Age ceramics, and historical-period houses. Bayesian methods have also been employed by archaeologists in an attempt to quantify uncertainty
962:
forensics uses phylogenetic analysis to track the differences in HIV genes and determine the relatedness of two samples. Phylogenetic analysis has been used in criminal trials to exonerate or hold individuals. HIV forensics does have its limitations, i.e., it cannot be the sole proof of transmission
1974:
methods, which are sensitive to how treelike the data is, allow for the reconstruction of relationships among languages, locally and globally. The main two reasons for the use of
Bayesian phylogenetics are that (1) diverse scenarios can be included in calculations and (2) the output is a sample of
1918:
Different transmission networks result in quantitatively different tree shapes. To determine whether tree shapes captured information about underlying disease transmission patterns, researchers simulated the evolution of a bacterial genome over three types of outbreak contact networks—homogeneous,
1140:
There are debates if increasing the number of taxa sampled improves phylogenetic accuracy more than increasing the number of genes sampled per taxon. Differences in each method's sampling impact the number of nucleotide sites utilized in a sequence alignment, which may contribute to disagreements.
1967:
There are three types of criticisms about using phylogenetics in philology, the first arguing that languages and species are different entities, therefore you can not use the same methods to study both. The second being how phylogenetic methods are being applied to linguistic data. And the third,
1387:
classic formalization. Hennig is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, and published his first works in German of this year. He also asserted a version of the parsimony principle, stating that the presence of amorphous characters in different species 'is always reason for suspecting
1926:
Scatter plots can be used to visualize the relationship between two variables in pathogen transmission analysis, such as the number of infected individuals and the time since infection. These plots can help identify trends and patterns, such as whether the spread of the pathogen is increasing or
1922:
Super-spreader networks give rise to phylogenies with higher
Colless imbalance, longer ladder patterns, lower Δw, and deeper trees than those from homogeneous contact networks. Trees from chain-like networks are less variable, deeper, more imbalanced, and narrower than those from other networks.
1745:
Phylogenetic analysis has also been applied to biodiversity studies within the fungi family. Phylogenetic analysis helps understand the evolutionary history of various groups of organisms, identify relationships between different species, and predict future evolutionary changes. Emerging imagery
1906:
The structure of the host contact network significantly impacts the dynamics of outbreaks, and management strategies rely on understanding these transmission patterns. Pathogen genomes spreading through different contact network structures, such as chains, homogeneous networks, or networks with
1886:
data from outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases can provide important insights into transmission dynamics and inform public health strategies. Traditionally, studies have combined genomic and epidemiological data to reconstruct transmission events. However, recent research has explored
1535:
first computationally efficient ML (maximum likelihood) algorithm. Felsenstein created the
Felsenstein Maximum Likelihood method, used for the inference of phylogeny which evaluates a hypothesis about evolutionary history in terms of the probability that the proposed model and the hypothesized
934:
and discovery. Phylogenetics allows scientists to organize species and can show which species are likely to have inherited particular traits that are medically useful, such as producing biologically active compounds - those that have effects on the human body. For example, in drug discovery,
1959:
Computational phylogenetics can be used to investigate a language as an evolutionary system. The evolution of human language closely corresponds with human's biological evolution which allows phylogenetic methods to be applied. The concept of a "tree" serves as an efficient way to represent
1931:
displaying the range, median, quartiles, and potential outliers datasets can also be valuable for analyzing pathogen transmission data, helping to identify important features in the data distribution. They may be used to quickly identify differences or similarities in the transmission data.
1119:
within phylogenetic analysis occurs due to inadequate taxon samples. Accuracy may be improved by increasing the number of genetic samples within its monophyletic group. Conversely, increasing sampling from outgroups extraneous to the target stratified population may decrease accuracy.
1111:
or clade-based sampling. The practice occurs given limited resources to compare and analyze every species within a target population. Based on the representative group selected, the construction and accuracy of phylogenetic trees vary, which impacts derived phylogenetic inferences.
1326:
1858, Paleontologist
Heinrich Georg Bronn (1800–1862) published a hypothetical tree to illustrating the paleontological "arrival" of new, similar species. following the extinction of an older species. Bronn did not propose a mechanism responsible for such phenomena, precursor
1210: – the phylogenetic history of a species cannot be read directly from its ontogeny, as Haeckel thought would be possible, but characters from ontogeny can be (and have been) used as data for phylogenetic analyses; the more closely related two species are, the more
1351:, precursor concept. Fisher is one of the main contributors to the early 20th-century revival of Darwinism, and has been called the "greatest of Darwin's successors" for his contributions to the revision of the theory of evolution and his use of mathematics to combine
951:
have an origin of venom, and related fish they may contain the trait. Using this approach in studying venomous fish, biologists are able to identify the fish species that may be venomous. Biologist have used this approach in many species such as snakes and lizards. In
2285:
Herberts, Cameron; Annala, Matti; Sipola, Joonatan; Ng, Sarah W. S.; Chen, Xinyi E.; Nurminen, Anssi; Korhonen, Olga V.; Munzur, Aslı D.; Beja, Kevin; Schönlau, Elena; Bernales, Cecily Q.; Ritch, Elie; Bacon, Jack V. W.; Lack, Nathan A.; Nykter, Matti (August 2022).
1132:
genes per taxon matches more often with the replicable consensus tree. The dotted line demonstrates an equal accuracy increase between the two taxon sampling methods. Figure is property of
Michael S. Rosenberg and Sudhir Kumar as presented in the journal article
1205:
recapitulates phylogeny", i.e. the development of a single organism during its lifetime, from germ to adult, successively mirrors the adult stages of successive ancestors of the species to which it belongs. But this theory has long been rejected. Instead,
1344:, precursor concept. Dollo's Law of Irreversibility states that "an organism never comes back exactly to its previous state due to the indestructible nature of the past, it always retains some trace of the transitional stages through which it has passed."
918:
techniques. The evolutionary processes behind cancer progression are quite different from those in most species and are important to phylogenetic inference; these differences manifest in several areas: the types of aberrations that occur, the rates of
2845:. Springer-Verlag Inc., p. 32: "The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally wrong."
1891:, which involves analyzing the properties of pathogen phylogenies. Phylodynamics uses theoretical models to compare predicted branch lengths with actual branch lengths in phylogenies to infer transmission patterns. Additionally,
878:
In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic patterns among taxa, phylogenetic analyses are often employed to represent relationships among genes or individual organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding
1746:
systems and new analysis techniques allow for the discovery of more genetic relationships in biodiverse fields, which can aid in conservation efforts by identifying rare species that could benefit ecosystems globally.
874:
of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question or the direction of inferred evolutionary transformations.
1960:
relationships between languages and language splits. It also serves as a way of testing hypotheses about the connections and ages of language families. For example, relationships among languages can be shown by using
1141:
For example, phylogenetic trees constructed utilizing a more significant number of total nucleotides are generally more accurate, as supported by phylogenetic trees' bootstrapping replicability from random sampling.
5308:
Marwick, Ben; Matzig, David; Riede, Felix. "Bayesian inference of material culture phylogenies using continuous traits: A birth–death model for Late
Neolithic/Early Bronze Age arrowheads from Northwestern Europe".
1982:, the study of historical writings and manuscripts, texts were replicated by scribes who copied from their source and alterations - i.e., 'mutations' - occurred when the scribe did not precisely copy the source.
1713:
analysis through faster computer programs and improved molecular techniques have increased the precision of phylogenetic determination, allowing for the identification of species with pharmacological potential.
2638:
Bock, W. J. (2004). Explanations in systematics. Pp. 49–56. In
Williams, D. M. and Forey, P. L. (eds) Milestones in Systematics. London: Systematics Association Special Volume Series 67. CRC Press, Boca Raton,
4953:
956:, phylogenetic tools are useful to assess DNA evidence for court cases. The simple phylogenetic tree of viruses A-E shows the relationships between viruses e.g., all viruses are descendants of Virus A.
1964:
as characters. The phylogenetic tree of Indo-European languages shows the relationships between several of the languages in a timeline, as well as the similarity between words and word order.
1000:
is the foundation for modern classification methods. Linnaean classification relies on an organism's phenotype or physical characteristics to group and organize species. With the emergence of
2544:
1729:, an antileukemia drug. Modern techniques now enable researchers to study close relatives of a species to uncover either a higher abundance of important bioactive compounds (e.g., species of
1115:
Unavailable datasets, such as an organism's incomplete DNA and protein amino acid sequences in genomic databases, directly restrict taxonomic sampling. Consequently, a significant source of
870:, which represent the present time or "end" of an evolutionary lineage, respectively. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical
5332:
Manem, Sébastien (1 December 2020). "Modeling the
Evolution of Ceramic Traditions Through a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chaînes Opératoires: the European Bronze Age as a Case Study".
7016:
422:
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ME (minimum evolution), Kidd and
Sgaramella-Zonta (it is unclear if this is the pairwise distance method or related to ML as Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza call ML "minimum evolution").
1300:
1840, American Geologist Edward Hitchcock published what is considered to be the first paleontological "Tree of Life". Many critiques, modifications, and explanations would follow.
3837:
1517:). One such example tree created by PHYLIP, called a "drawgram", generates rooted trees. This image shown in the figure below shows the evolution of phylogenetic trees over time.
4297:
D. L. Swofford and G. J. Olsen. 1990. Phylogeny reconstruction. In D. M. Hillis and G. Moritz (eds.), Molecular Systematics, pages 411–501. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.
947:). To find new venoms, scientists turn to phylogenetics to screen for closely related species that may have the same useful traits. The phylogenetic tree shows which species of
1940:
2870:"An Essay towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances. By the Late Rev. Mr. Bayes, F. R. S. Communicated by Mr. Price, in a Letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S"
4964:
4214:
Archie, James W (1989). "Homoplasy Excess Ratios: New Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index".
1107:
In phylogenetic analysis, taxon sampling selects a small group of taxa to represent the evolutionary history of its broader population. This process is also known as
2568:
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taxa should be recognized as named groups. The degree to which classification depends on inferred evolutionary history differs depending on the school of taxonomy:
737:
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1996, first working methods for BI (Bayesian Inference) independently developed by Li, Mau, and Rannala and Yang and all using MCMC (Markov chain-Monte Carlo).
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345:
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2004, 2005, similarity metric (using an approximation to Kolmogorov complexity) or NCD (normalized compression distance), Li et al., Cilibrasi and Vitanyi.
2828:
5479:
656:
4440:
Wilkinson, M (1994). "Common Cladistic Information and its Consensus Representation: Reduced Adams and Reduced Cladistic Consensus Trees and Profiles".
3739:
Nelson, G (1979). "Cladistic Analysis and Synthesis: Principles and Definitions, with a Historical Note on Adanson's Familles Des Plantes (1763-1764)".
1124:
is an attributed theory for this occurrence, where nonrelated branches are incorrectly classified together, insinuating a shared evolutionary history.
7796:
1837:
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Camin-Sokal parsimony, first parsimony (optimization) criterion and first computer program/algorithm for cladistic analysis both by Camin and Sokal.
464:
5600:
2488:"HIV forensics: pitfalls and acceptable standards in the use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigations of HIV transmission"
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2261:
1532:
This image depicts a PHYLIP generated drawgram. This drawgram is an example of one of the possible trees the software is capable of generating.
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1016:(phylogenetic systematics) tries to reflect phylogeny in its classifications by only recognizing groups based on shared, derived characters (
651:
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1953:
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18th century, Pierre Simon (Marquis de Laplace), perhaps first to use ML (maximum likelihood), precursor concept. His work gave way to the
598:
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1665:
1193:
The modern concept of phylogenetics evolved primarily as a disproof of a previously widely accepted theory. During the late 19th century,
4616:
Rannala, Bruce; Yang, Ziheng (1996). "Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: A new method of phylogenetic inference".
7115:
6035:
1330:
1858, elaboration of evolutionary theory, Darwin and Wallace, also in Origin of Species by Darwin the following year, precursor concept.
1986:
in the tree topology and divergence times of stone projectile point shapes in the European Final Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic.
1337:, first publishes his phylogeny-based evolutionary tree, precursor concept. Haeckel introduces the now-disproved recapitulation theory.
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1207:
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Tripp, Allison (2016). "A Cladistics Analysis Exploring Regional Patterning of the Anthropomorphic Figurines from the Gravettian".
1341:
992:
of organisms. Compared to systemization, classification emphasizes whether a species has characteristics of a taxonomic group. The
4794:"Vincristine and Vinblastine Anticancer Catharanthus Alkaloids: Pharmacological Applications and Strategies for Yield Improvement"
2796:
1366:
1921, Tillyard uses term "phylogenetic" and distinguishes between archaic and specialized characters in his classification system.
6849:
6447:
5835:
2071:
1306:
This chart displays one of the first published attempts at a paleontological "Tree of Life" by Geologist Edward Hitchcock. (1840)
192:
1470:
NNI (nearest neighbour interchange), first branch-swapping search strategy, developed independently by Robinson and Moore et al.
1388:
kinship, and that their origin by convergence should not be presumed a priori'. This has been considered a foundational view of
963:
between individuals and phylogenetic analysis which shows transmission relatedness does not indicate direction of transmission.
7094:
7084:
7008:
6283:
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5773:
3580:
1971:
1360:
989:
914:, predicting and showing how cell populations vary throughout the progression of the disease and during treatment, using whole
449:
417:
6411:
3047:"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"
1709:
One use of phylogenetic analysis involves the pharmacological examination of closely related groups of organisms. Advances in
7222:
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4954:"Interdisciplinary Indiscipline? Can Phylogenetic Methods Meaningfully Be Applied to Language Data — and to Dating Language?"
2091:
671:
454:
57:
53:
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100:
5388:"A macroevolutionary analysis of European Late Upper Palaeolithic stone tool shape using a Bayesian phylodynamic framework"
4792:
Alam, M. Masidur; Naeem, M.; Khan, M. Masroor A.; Uddin, Moin (2017), Naeem, M.; Aftab, Tariq; Khan, M. Masroor A. (eds.),
2183:
1185:, "We may assume the superiority ceteris paribus of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses."
7287:
6618:
4555:
Mau, Bob; Newton, Michael A; Larget, Bret (1999). "Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference via Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods".
723:
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72:
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Character compatibility method, also called clique analysis, introduced independently by Camin and Sokal (loc. cit.) and
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2021:
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O'Brien, Michael J.; Lyman, R. Lee (1 March 2000). "Darwinian Evolutionism Is Applicable to Historical Archaeology".
1852:
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1463:. Fitch is known for his work on reconstructing phylogenetic trees from protein and DNA sequences. His definition of
79:
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tries to take into account both the branching pattern and "degree of difference" to find a compromise between them.
6993:
6167:
5475:
5198:"Understanding Ancient Hominin Dispersals Using Artefactual Data: A Phylogeographic Analysis of Acheulean Handaxes"
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2101:
1996:
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Li, Shuying; Pearl, Dennis K; Doss, Hani (2000). "Phylogenetic Tree Construction Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo".
1717:
Historically, phylogenetic screens for pharmacological purposes were used in a basic manner, such as studying the
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1004:, organism classifications are now usually based on phylogenetic data, and many systematists contend that only
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scenarios. Such methods are often ambiguous and lack explicit criteria for evaluating alternative hypotheses.
939:-producing animals are particularly useful. Venoms from these animals produce several important drugs, e.g.,
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Fitch, W. M (1971). "Toward Defining the Course of Evolution: Minimum Change for a Specific Tree Topology".
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in the 6th century BC and the atomists of the 5th century BC, who proposed rudimentary theories of evolution
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ignores phylogenetic speculation altogether, trying to represent the similarity between organisms instead;
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First cladistic analysis of eukaryotes based on combined phenotypic and genotypic evidence Diana Lipscomb.
1380:, Maurice Quenouille (foreshadowed in '46 by Mahalanobis and extended in '58 by Tukey), precursor concept.
1282:
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1085:
1039:
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533:
355:
250:
68:
4128:
Bremer, Kåre (1988). "The Limits of Amino Acid Sequence Data in Angiosperm Phylogenetic Reconstruction".
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2200:
1952:, the study of the evolution of oral languages and written text and manuscripts, such as in the field of
1778:
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First successful application of ML (maximum likelihood) to phylogenetics (for protein sequences), Neyman.
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Hendy, M.D; Penny, David (1982). "Branch and bound algorithms to determine minimal evolutionary trees".
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1783:. In particular, this section includes dense text that might be hard to understand by general audiences.
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Felsenstein, Joseph (1981). "Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach".
3851:
Sokal, Robert R; Rohlf, F. James (1981). "Taxonomic Congruence in the Leptopodomorpha Re-Examined".
3006:
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Foundations of complex-system theories: in economics, evolutionary biology, and statistical physics.
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Spencer, Matthew; Davidson, Elizabeth A; Barbrook, Adrian C; Howe, Christopher J (21 April 2004).
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1963, first attempt to use ML (maximum likelihood) for phylogenetics, Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza.
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Hoffmann, Konstantin; Bouckaert, Remco; Greenhill, Simon J; Kühnert, Denise (25 November 2021).
3506:
Neyman, Jerzy (1971). "Molecular studies of evolution: a source of novel statistical problems".
3335:
Wilson, Edward O (1965). "A Consistency Test for Phylogenies Based on Contemporaneous Species".
1927:
decreasing over time, and can highlight potential transmission routes or super-spreader events.
1603:
SPR (subtree pruning and regrafting), TBR (tree bisection and reconnection), Swofford and Olsen.
4963:. McDonald Institute Monographs. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Archived from
3077:
Dollo, Louis. 1893. Les lois de l'évolution. Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. Paléont. Hydrol. 7: 164–66.
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3632:
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3203:
Wagner, Warren Herbert (1952). "The fern genus Diellia: structure, affinities, and taxonomy".
3185:
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2016:
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approach to classification became known as the "phyletic" approach. It can be traced back to
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Li, M.; Chen, X.; Li, X.; Ma, B.; Vitanyi, P.M.B. (December 2004). "The Similarity Metric".
4684:
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4320:
4262:
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4137:
4100:
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4007:
Felsenstein, J (1985). "Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap".
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1662:
This Needs rewriting and citing so as to be helpful, clear, and encyclopedic; the section's
1256:
1251:, English philosopher, theologian, and Franciscan friar, but the idea actually goes back to
1248:
953:
761:
397:
1513:. A free computational phylogenetics package of programs for inferring evolutionary trees (
93:
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7700:
7200:
6651:
6640:
6594:
6537:
6486:
6266:
6070:
5886:
5294:
4839:
4105:
4088:
3444:
Quesne, Walter J. Le (1969). "A Method of Selection of Characters in Numerical Taxonomy".
2925:
2604:
2157:
2152:
2031:
1753:
Phylogenetic Subtree of fungi containing different biodiverse sections of the fungi group.
1073:
871:
350:
340:
202:
3417:
Kluge, A. G; Farris, J. S (1969). "Quantitative Phyletics and the Evolution of Anurans".
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5403:
5387:
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4629:
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1995, reduced consensus RPC (reduced partition consensus) for unrooted trees, Wilkinson.
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6209:
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4325:
4308:
4267:
4250:
4184:
4141:
3977:
3627:
3610:
3515:
3379:
Farris, James S (1969). "A Successive Approximations Approach to Character Weighting".
3312:
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3252:
3063:
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2383:
2350:
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2137:
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2011:
2006:
1622:
1994, reduced consensus: RCC (reduced cladistic consensus) for rooted trees, Wilkinson.
1017:
859:
about the relationships that reflect the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
432:
335:
5565:
3823:
3800:
Efron B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Ann. Stat. 7: 1–26.
3677:
Farris, James S (1976). "Phylogenetic Classification of Fossils with Recent Species".
2992:
Archibald, J. David (2008). "Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life'".
7833:
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5386:
Matzig, David N.; Marwick, Ben; Riede, Felix; Warnock, Rachel C. M. (August 2024).
4653:
4525:
3923:
2066:
1979:
1948:
Phylogenetic tools and representations (trees and networks) can also be applied to
1910:
1722:
1614:
First cladistic analysis of eukaryotes based only on phenotypic evidence, Lipscomb.
1414:
1384:
1089:
1005:
1001:
923:, the high heterogeneity (variability) of tumor cell subclones, and the absence of
880:
603:
588:
372:
367:
285:
4733:
4602:
4171:
Farris, James S (1989). "The Retention Index and the Rescaled Consistency Index".
3650:
Adams, E. N (1972). "Consensus Techniques and the Comparison of Taxonomic Trees".
1201:, or "biogenetic fundamental law", was widely popular. It was often expressed as "
5537:
5222:
4805:
4089:"The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees"
2132:
7765:
7760:
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7365:
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5955:
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2111:
1726:
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1291:
931:
895:
613:
330:
280:
35:
5345:
5166:
4793:
4778:
3369:
Hennig. W. (1966). Phylogenetic systematics. Illinois University Press, Urbana.
2431:
2311:
1230:
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387:
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159:
17:
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2962:
2513:
2439:
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7560:
7259:
7110:
6854:
6674:
6337:
6085:
5970:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5819:
5701:
5501:
5318:
4770:
4725:
4667:
Goloboff, P (2003). "Improvements to resampling measures of group support".
4050:
Lanyon, S. M (1985). "Detecting Internal Inconsistencies in Distance Data".
3779:
3752:
3430:
3189:
2938:
2740:
2056:
1949:
1631:
1998, TNT (Tree Analysis Using New Technology), Goloboff, Farris, and Nixon.
1459:
Fitch parsimony, Walter M. Fitch. These gave way to the most basic ideas of
1320:
1252:
1176:
1172:
1096:
1081:
1069:
1009:
833:
821:
646:
260:
180:
5452:(2nd ed.). Ithaca: Comstock Pub. Associates/Cornell University Press.
5429:
5241:
5182:
5108:
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4938:
4881:
4594:
4418:
4334:
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4192:
4149:
4036:
3985:
3216:
3112:
3023:
2970:
2886:
2869:
2774:
2716:
2697:
2521:
2447:
2392:
2327:
2288:"Deep whole-genome ctDNA chronology of treatment-resistant prostate cancer"
7818:
5661:
4855:
4747:
Cilibrasi, R.; Vitanyi, P.M.B. (April 2005). "Clustering by Compression".
4645:
4114:
3915:
3636:
1733:
for taxol) or natural variants of known pharmaceuticals (e.g., species of
692:
7755:
7680:
7610:
7540:
7535:
7360:
7162:
6510:
6364:
2366:
2051:
1928:
1202:
972:
920:
825:
636:
235:
5411:
4689:
7770:
7500:
7370:
6804:
6704:
6552:
6547:
6261:
6013:
5259:. Interdisciplinary Evolution Research. Vol. 4. pp. 179–202.
5118:
4637:
4586:
4533:
4488:
4235:
4028:
3907:
3872:
3787:
3698:
3560:
3465:
3400:
3356:
2673:"Incomplete taxon sampling is not a problem for phylogenetic inference"
2001:
1968:
discusses the types of data that is being used to construct the trees.
1961:
1347:
1912, ML (maximum likelihood recommended, analyzed, and popularized by
1222:
884:
841:
751:
7308:
3154:
1445:
Introduction of pairwise compatibility for clique analysis, Le Quesne.
1092:), which was often assumed to approximate phylogenetic relationships.
981:
One small clade of fish, showing how venom has evolved multiple times.
7435:
3141:
Tillyard, R. J (2012). "A New Classification of the Order Perlaria".
2900:
Strickberger, Monroe. 1996. Evolution, 2nd. ed. Jones & Bartlett.
1506:
907:
906:
research, phylogenetics can be used to study the clonal evolution of
903:
888:
867:
4480:
4356:
Goloboff, Pablo A (1991). "Random Data, Homoplasy and Information".
4227:
4020:
3864:
3766:
Gordon, A. D (1979). "A Measure of the Agreement between Rankings".
3690:
3457:
3392:
3348:
3051:
Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology
1844:
4761:
1898:
1095:
Prior to 1950, phylogenetic inferences were generally presented as
6760:
6569:
6468:
5790:
5718:
2587:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15 February 2024.
2486:
Bernard, EJ; Azad, Y; Vandamme, AM; Weait, M; Geretti, AM (2007).
1748:
1730:
1527:
1370:
1301:
1229:
1221:
1126:
976:
936:
863:
1721:
family of plants, which includes alkaloid-producing species like
1076:-based methods to construct trees based on overall similarity in
1072:, popular in the mid-20th century but now largely obsolete, used
6719:
5578:
4840:"Phylogenetic tree shapes resolve disease transmission patterns"
3712:
Farris, J. S (1977). "Phylogenetic Analysis Under Dollo's Law".
2351:"The evolution of tumour phylogenetics: principles and practice"
1497:)((GAS) greatest agreement subtree), a consensus method, Gordon.
948:
7312:
6017:
5582:
5092:"Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of linguistic data using BEAST"
1589:
RI (retention index), RCI (rescaled consistency index), Farris.
1887:
deducing transmission patterns solely from genomic data using
1820:
1761:
1648:
1226:
Branching tree diagram from Heinrich Georg Bronn's work (1858)
959:
837:
29:
5539:
Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data
4800:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 277–307,
4467:
Wilkinson, Mark (1995). "More on Reduced Consensus Methods".
3089:"Dollo's Law and the Irreversibility of Digit Loss in Bachia"
1978:
The same process can be applied to texts and manuscripts. In
4897:"Darwinian perspectives on the evolution of human languages"
2666:
2664:
2662:
3479:
Farris, J. S (1970). "Methods for Computing Wagner Trees".
2909:
The Theory of Evolution, Teaching Company course, Lecture 1
812:
791:
782:
776:
770:
4798:
Catharanthus roseus: Current Research and Future Prospects
2621:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
1567:
First phylogenetic application of jackknife, Scott Lanyon.
1428:"Cladistics" and "cladogram" coined (Webster's, loc. cit.)
779:
3239:
Cain, A. J; Harrison, G. A (2009). "Phyletic Weighting".
3087:
Galis, Frietson; Arntzen, Jan W.; Lande, Russell (2010).
2874:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1564:
First phylogenetic application of bootstrap, Felsenstein.
797:
3296:"A Method for Deducing Branching Sequences in Phylogeny"
2939:"Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) "Tree of Life""
2349:
Schwartz, Russell; Schäffer, Alejandro A. (April 2017).
3178:
Grundzüge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematik
2408:"Population genetics of clonally transmissible cancers"
1848:
1255:, as a precursor concept. He introduced the concept of
5511:
Tree Thinking: an introduction to phylogenetic biology
3182:
Basic features of a theory of phylogenetic systematics
2656:
Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1914:
Graphical Representation of Phylogenetic Tree analysis
1600:
combinable components (semi-strict) consensus, Bremer.
7807:
5486:. McDonald Institute Press, University of Cambridge.
2739:
Rosenberg, Michael; Kumar, Sudhir (1 February 2023).
1395:
1952, William Wagner's ground plan divergence method.
803:
800:
788:
767:
764:
27:
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
5484:
Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages
4961:
Phylogenetic Methods and the Prehistory of Languages
4838:
Colijn, Caroline; Gardy, Jennifer (1 January 2014).
3184:] (in German). Berlin: Deutscher Zentralverlag.
2205:(9 ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1961.
1737:
for different forms of vincristine or vinblastine).
1509:, first software package for phylogenetic analysis,
824:
history and relationships among or within groups of
809:
794:
773:
7779:
7178:
7103:
7007:
6934:
6890:
6745:
6649:
6466:
6425:
6294:
6084:
5943:
5917:
5869:
5811:
5748:
5677:
5616:
5450:
Biological Systematics: principles and applications
3964:Lipscomb, Diana (1985). "The Eukaryotic Kingdoms".
3810:Margush, T; McMorris, F (1981). "Consensus-trees".
2854:Ehrlich, Paul; Richard Holm; Dennis Parnell (1963)
2741:"Taxon Sampling, Bioinformatics, and Phylogenetics"
2406:Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; Lenski, Richard E. (2022).
785:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1467:has been referenced in many research publications.
1297:1837, Darwin's notebooks show an evolutionary tree
1042:involve computational approaches implementing the
4393:"Estimating Character Weights During Tree Search"
3836:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2459:
2457:
1536:history would give rise to the observed data set.
1146:Taxon Sampling, Bioinformatics, and Phylogenomics
1134:Taxon Sampling, Bioinformatics, and Phylogenomics
1066:describing the evolution of characters observed.
3576:"Comparison of labeled trees with valency three"
2829:"Early Evolution and Development: Ernst Haeckel"
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2255:
2253:
1062:. All these depend upon an implicit or explicit
5448:Schuh, Randall T.; Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2009).
5361:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
4504:Journal of the American Statistical Association
3241:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
3205:University of California Publications in Botany
2677:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2617:Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003).
1436:Dynamic and successive weighting, James Farris.
5513:. Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Company.
4987:
4985:
3508:Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics
1401:1960, "cladistic" coined by Cain and Harrison.
1342:Dollo's Law of Character State Irreversibility
862:The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living
7324:
6029:
5594:
3611:"Phylogenetic analysis: Concepts and methods"
1975:trees and not a single tree with true claim.
1450:1970, Wagner parsimony generalized by Farris.
1234:Phylogenetic tree suggested by Haeckel (1866)
1165:The term "phylogeny" derives from the German
731:
8:
1789:. There might be a discussion about this on
1575:1987, neighbor-joining method Saitou and Nei
1500:Bootstrap, Bradley Efron, precursor concept.
1166:
5334:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
5033:Retzlaff, Nancy; Stadler, Peter F. (2018).
4309:"Homoplasy and the Choice Among Cladograms"
3609:Kidd, K. K; Sgaramella-Zonta, L. A (1971).
2745:Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society
2650:Narratives and Theories in Natural History.
2567:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7331:
7317:
7309:
6036:
6022:
6014:
5601:
5587:
5579:
4959:. In Peter Forster; Colin Renfrew (eds.).
2465:"Drug discovery - Understanding Evolution"
1523:Majority consensus, Margush and MacMorris.
1080:or similar observable traits (i.e. in the
738:
724:
133:
7797:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
5509:Baum, David A.; Smith, Stacey D. (2013).
5419:
5231:
5221:
5143:"Phylogenetics of artificial manuscripts"
5117:
5107:
5066:
5011:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034142
5009:
4928:
4871:
4760:
4688:
4568:
4515:
4408:
4324:
4266:
4104:
4063:
3626:
3593:
3311:
3294:Camin, Joseph H; Sokal, Robert R (1965).
3062:
3045:Darwin, Charles; Wallace, Alfred (1858).
3005:
2885:
2764:
2706:
2696:
2503:
2382:
1871:Learn how and when to remove this message
1809:Learn how and when to remove this message
1692:Learn how and when to remove this message
1442:CI (consistency index), Kluge and Farris.
1171:, introduced by Haeckel in 1866, and the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
7270:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3412:
3410:
1939:
1909:
1897:
1843:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1611:DDI (data decisiveness index), Goloboff.
828:. These relationships are determined by
7814:
4749:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
4714:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
3229:Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary
2815:
2124:
1637:2003, symmetrical resampling, Goloboff.
141:
5290:
5280:
5196:Lycett, Stephen J. (14 October 2009).
4844:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health
3829:
2600:
2590:
2560:
1855:to additional sources at this section.
1572:1986, MacClade, Maddison and Maddison.
1481:1976, prefix system for ranks, Farris.
851:. The result of such an analysis is a
7792:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7033:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
4833:
4831:
4106:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454
3265:"The reconstruction of evolution" in
2937:Archibald, J. David (1 August 2009).
2671:Rosenberg, Michael (28 August 2001).
1592:HER (homoplasy excess ratio), Archie.
1581:Bremer support (decay index), Bremer.
1578:1988, Hennig86 (version 1.5), Farris
1189:Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory
1188:
7:
5996:
1954:quantitative comparative linguistics
1944:Phylogeny of Indo-European languages
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1439:Wagner parsimony, Kluge and Farris.
988:is the identification, naming, and
6438:Evolutionary developmental biology
4992:Bowern, Claire (14 January 2018).
4681:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x
4410:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00209.x
4370:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00046.x
4326:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00035.x
4268:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00551.x
4185:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00573.x
4142:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02497.x
3978:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00417.x
3615:American Journal of Human Genetics
3516:10.1016/B978-0-12-307550-5.50005-8
3313:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01722.x
3281:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1963.tb00786.x
3253:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05828.x
3099:(8): 2466–76, discussion 2477–85.
3064:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x
2260:Harris, Katherine (23 June 2019).
1836:relies largely or entirely upon a
1664:tone or style may not reflect the
1273:, which can be directly linked to
1152:organisms increasingly difficult.
25:
4901:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2994:Journal of the History of Biology
2943:Journal of the History of Biology
2543:CK-12 Foundation (6 March 2021).
1619:1993, implied weighting Goloboff.
1547:Branch and bound, Hendy and Penny
1526:Strict consensus, Sokal and Rohlf
996:system developed in the 1700s by
832:, methods that focus on observed
7817:
7292:
7283:
7282:
5995:
5984:
5983:
5836:Phylogenetic comparative methods
5660:
5564:
4579:10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00001.x
4251:"Combinable Component Consensus"
3812:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
3105:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01041.x
2505:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00486.x
2072:Phylogenetic comparative methods
1825:
1766:
1674:guide to writing better articles
1653:
1028:Inference of a phylogenetic tree
760:
705:
704:
691:
149:
34:
7095:Extended evolutionary synthesis
6284:Gene-centered view of evolution
5841:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
4093:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3581:Journal of Combinatorial Theory
1758:Infectious disease epidemiology
1361:20th century "modern synthesis"
1319:(the latter now referred to as
855:—a diagram containing a set of
698:Evolutionary biology portal
45:needs additional citations for
7223:Hologenome theory of evolution
7090:History of molecular evolution
6316:Evolutionarily stable strategy
6205:Last universal common ancestor
5147:Journal of Theoretical Biology
5035:"Phylogenetics beyond biology"
4618:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4526:10.1080/01621459.2000.10474227
3888:Journal of Molecular Evolution
2412:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2238:Itzik, Peer (1 January 2001).
2158:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1936:Disciplines other than biology
1484:1977, Dollo parsimony, Farris.
1425:English translation of Hennig.
930:Phylogenetics can also aid in
894:Phylogenetics is component of
657:Creation–evolution controversy
411:History of evolutionary theory
1:
7017:Renaissance and Enlightenment
5569:The dictionary definition of
5542:. Columbia University Press.
5096:Journal of Language Evolution
4994:"Computational Phylogenetics"
3826:(inactive 17 September 2024).
3824:10.1016/S0092-8240(81)90019-7
2868:Bayes, Mr; Price, Mr (1763).
1645:Uses of phylogenetic analysis
1478:1972, Adams consensus, Adams.
7228:Missing heritability problem
6855:Gamete differentiation/sexes
5223:10.1371/journal.pone.0007404
4998:Annual Review of Linguistics
4806:10.1007/978-3-319-51620-2_11
4087:Saitou, N.; Nei, M. (1987).
3951:10.1016/0025-5564(82)90027-X
3595:10.1016/0095-8956(71)90020-7
2843:The Beginnings of Human Life
2831:. UC Museum of Paleontology.
1398:1953, "cladogenesis" coined.
642:Evolution as fact and theory
5761:Phylogenetic reconciliation
5668:Evolutionary biology portal
5624:Computational phylogenetics
5265:10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_8
2841:Blechschmidt, Erich (1977)
2802:Online Etymology Dictionary
2022:EDGE of Existence programme
1902:Pathogen Transmission Trees
1544:PHYSIS, Mikevich and Farris
1280:1809, evolutionary theory,
1034:Computational phylogenetics
967:Taxonomy and classification
7856:
6860:Life cycles/nuclear phases
6412:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
5392:Royal Society Open Science
5346:10.1007/s10816-019-09434-w
5167:10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.022
4391:Goloboff, Pablo A (1993).
4307:Goloboff, Pablo A (1991).
2432:10.1038/s41559-022-01790-3
2312:10.1038/s41586-022-04975-9
2102:Phylogeny (psychoanalysis)
1997:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1373:" coined by Lucien Cuénot.
1311:1843, distinction between
1031:
970:
677:Nature-nurture controversy
7346:
7278:
6358:Parent–offspring conflict
6163:Earliest known life forms
6051:
5979:
5951:Phylogenetic nomenclature
5655:
5051:10.1007/s12064-018-0264-7
4913:10.3758/s13423-016-1072-z
3143:The Canadian Entomologist
3016:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y
2955:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y
2757:10.1080/10635150390132894
2648:Auyang, Sunny Y. (1998).
2182:"tribe, clan, race", and
2138:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2087:Phylogenetic tree viewers
2082:Phylogenetic nomenclature
1495:maximum agreement subtree
1490:Nelson consensus, Nelson.
1275:least absolute deviations
1144:The graphic presented in
1103:Impacts of taxon sampling
1086:overall similarity of DNA
564:Evolutionary neuroscience
539:Evolutionary epistemology
519:Evolutionary anthropology
499:Applications of evolution
7211:Cultural group selection
7075:The eclipse of Darwinism
7047:On the Origin of Species
7022:Transmutation of species
5536:Stuessy, Tod F. (2009).
3939:Mathematical Biosciences
3269:Annals of Human Genetics
2856:The Process of Evolution
2795:Harper, Douglas (2010).
2263:Taxonomy & Phylogeny
2186:"origin, source, birth"
1288:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
554:Evolutionary linguistics
549:Evolutionary game theory
524:Evolutionary computation
7216:Dual inheritance theory
7055:History of paleontology
5831:Molecular phylogenetics
5781:Distance-matrix methods
5629:Molecular phylogenetics
5373:10.1023/A:1009556427520
4952:Heggarty, Paul (2006).
4771:10.1109/TIT.2005.844059
4726:10.1109/TIT.2004.838101
4454:10.1093/sysbio/43.3.343
4074:10.1093/sysbio/34.4.397
3664:10.1093/sysbio/21.4.390
3553:10.1093/sysbio/20.4.406
3267:"Abstracts of Papers".
2546:Linnaean Classification
2355:Nature Reviews Genetics
2202:A Greek-English lexicon
2042:Microbial phylogenetics
1668:used on Knowledge (XXG)
994:Linnaean classification
667:Objections to evolution
574:Evolutionary psychology
569:Evolutionary physiology
514:Evolutionary aesthetics
493:Fields and applications
475:History of paleontology
7406:Biological engineering
6904:Punctuated equilibrium
6225:Non-adaptive radiation
6173:Evolutionary arms race
5851:Phylogenetics software
5765:Probabilistic methods
5714:Long branch attraction
5257:Cultural Phylogenetics
3726:10.1093/sysbio/26.1.77
3574:Robinson, D.F (1971).
3493:10.1093/sysbio/19.1.83
3176:Hennig, Willi (1950).
2887:10.1098/rstl.1763.0053
2698:10.1073/pnas.191248498
2584:Phylogenetic Inference
2092:Phylogenetics software
1945:
1915:
1903:
1754:
1725:, known for producing
1672:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1634:1999, Winclada, Nixon.
1533:
1390:phylogenetic inference
1307:
1283:Philosophie Zoologique
1235:
1227:
1218:Timeline of key points
1167:
1137:
1122:Long branch attraction
1040:phylogenetic inference
982:
830:phylogenetic inference
820:) is the study of the
599:Speciation experiments
579:Experimental evolution
534:Evolutionary economics
356:Recent human evolution
214:Processes and outcomes
7491:Developmental biology
7466:Computational biology
7446:Cellular microbiology
7196:Evolutionary medicine
7070:Mendelian inheritance
6778:Biological complexity
6766:Programmed cell death
6458:Phenotypic plasticity
6178:Evolutionary pressure
6168:Evidence of evolution
6066:Timeline of evolution
5644:Evolutionary taxonomy
5319:10.31235/osf.io/j2kva
5039:Theory in Biosciences
4249:Bremer, Kåre (1990).
3780:10.1093/biomet/66.1.7
3753:10.1093/sysbio/28.1.1
3431:10.1093/sysbio/18.1.1
2924:13 March 2014 at the
2919:Darwin's Tree of Life
2189:Liddell, Henry George
2027:Evolutionary taxonomy
1972:Bayesian phylogenetic
1943:
1913:
1901:
1884:Whole-genome sequence
1752:
1531:
1465:orthologous sequences
1305:
1233:
1225:
1214:their embryos share.
1199:recapitulation theory
1130:
1022:evolutionary taxonomy
980:
925:genetic recombination
559:Evolutionary medicine
504:Biosocial criminology
470:History of speciation
383:Evolutionary taxonomy
346:Timeline of evolution
7824:Evolutionary biology
7711:Reproductive biology
7596:Mathematical biology
7521:Evolutionary biology
7471:Conservation biology
7170:Teleology in biology
7065:Blending inheritance
6443:Genetic assimilation
6306:Artificial selection
6045:Evolutionary biology
5803:Three-taxon analysis
5709:Phylogenetic network
5109:10.1093/jole/lzab005
4895:Pagel, Mark (2017).
2549:. Biology LibreTexts
2367:10.1038/nrg.2016.170
2266:. Biology LibreTexts
2240:"Phylogenetic Trees"
2077:Phylogenetic network
1849:improve this article
1779:confusing or unclear
1378:Jackknife resampling
1271:Laplace distribution
1264:Bayesian probability
529:Evolutionary ecology
143:Evolutionary biology
54:improve this article
7496:Ecological genetics
7340:Branches of biology
7233:Molecular evolution
7191:Ecological genetics
7060:Transitional fossil
6850:Sexual reproduction
6690:endomembrane system
6619:pollinator-mediated
6575:dolphins and whales
6353:Parental investment
5846:Phylogenetic signal
5412:10.1098/rsos.240321
5404:2024RSOS...1140321M
5214:2009PLoSO...4.7404L
5159:2004JThBi.227..503S
4856:10.1093/emph/eou018
4630:1996JMolE..43..304R
3900:1981JMolE..17..368F
2689:2001PNAS...9810751R
2683:(19): 10751–10756.
2424:2022NatEE...6.1077N
2304:2022Natur.608..199H
2197:Jones, Henry Stuart
2047:Molecular phylogeny
1787:clarify the article
1245:parsimony principle
1182:Posterior Analytics
1179:, who wrote in his
1109:stratified sampling
1044:optimality criteria
631:Social implications
619:Universal Darwinism
609:Island biogeography
544:Evolutionary ethics
509:Ecological genetics
455:Molecular evolution
393:Transitional fossil
221:Population genetics
137:Part of a series on
7787:History of biology
7721:Structural biology
7706:Relational biology
7531:Generative biology
7526:Freshwater biology
7206:Cultural evolution
6321:Fisher's principle
6250:Handicap principle
6240:Parallel evolution
6104:Adaptive radiation
5774:Bayesian inference
5769:Maximum likelihood
4970:on 28 January 2021
4638:10.1007/BF02338839
4469:Systematic Biology
4442:Systematic Biology
4216:Systematic Zoology
4052:Systematic Biology
3908:10.1007/BF01734359
3853:Systematic Zoology
3741:Systematic Biology
3714:Systematic Biology
3679:Systematic Zoology
3652:Systematic Biology
3541:Systematic Biology
3481:Systematic Biology
3446:Systematic Zoology
3419:Systematic Biology
3381:Systematic Zoology
3337:Systematic Zoology
3275:(1): 103–5. 1963.
2161:. Merriam-Webster.
1946:
1916:
1904:
1755:
1534:
1511:Joseph Felsenstein
1353:Mendelian genetics
1308:
1236:
1228:
1138:
1064:mathematical model
1060:Bayesian inference
1052:maximum likelihood
983:
662:Theistic evolution
594:Selective breeding
306:Parallel evolution
271:Adaptive radiation
7805:
7804:
7726:Synthetic biology
7606:Molecular biology
7461:Cognitive biology
7306:
7305:
6922:Uniformitarianism
6875:Sex-determination
6380:Sexual dimorphism
6375:Natural selection
6279:Unit of selection
6245:Signalling theory
6011:
6010:
5756:Maximum parsimony
5749:Inference methods
5697:Phylogenetic tree
5549:978-0-231-14712-5
5520:978-1-936221-16-5
5493:978-1-902937-33-5
5459:978-0-8014-4799-0
5274:978-3-319-25926-0
4815:978-3-319-51620-2
4720:(12): 3250–3264.
3525:978-0-12-307550-5
3510:. pp. 1–27.
3155:10.4039/Ent5335-2
2627:978-0-87893-097-5
2298:(7921): 199–208.
2037:Maximum parsimony
2017:Coalescent theory
1893:coalescent theory
1881:
1880:
1873:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1666:encyclopedic tone
1461:maximum parsimony
1357:natural selection
1038:Usual methods of
916:genome sequencing
853:phylogenetic tree
748:
747:
439:Origin of Species
241:Natural selection
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
7847:
7822:
7821:
7813:
7451:Chemical biology
7333:
7326:
7319:
7310:
7296:
7286:
7285:
7085:Modern synthesis
6845:Multicellularity
6840:Mosaic evolution
6725:auditory ossicle
6407:Social selection
6390:Flowering plants
6385:Sexual selection
6038:
6031:
6024:
6015:
5999:
5998:
5987:
5986:
5786:Neighbor-joining
5740:Ghost population
5670:
5665:
5664:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5580:
5568:
5553:
5532:
5505:
5471:
5434:
5433:
5423:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5278:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5225:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5013:
4989:
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4979:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4958:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4764:
4755:(4): 1523–1545.
4744:
4738:
4737:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4572:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4519:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4412:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4328:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4270:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4065:10.1.1.1000.3956
4047:
4041:
4040:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2934:
2928:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2768:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2668:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2507:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2418:(8): 1077–1089.
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2244:www.cs.tau.ac.il
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2219:. Biology online
2213:
2207:
2206:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2129:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:for suggestions.
1657:
1656:
1649:
1249:William of Ockam
1208:ontogeny evolves
1170:
998:Carolus Linnaeus
954:forensic science
902:In the field of
836:traits, such as
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
740:
733:
726:
713:
708:
707:
700:
696:
695:
672:Level of support
465:Current research
450:Modern synthesis
445:Before synthesis
398:Extinction event
156:Darwin's finches
153:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7816:
7808:
7806:
7801:
7775:
7736:Systems biology
7701:Quantum biology
7342:
7337:
7307:
7302:
7274:
7201:Group selection
7174:
7099:
7003:
6930:
6892:Tempo and modes
6886:
6741:
6645:
6462:
6421:
6297:
6290:
6267:Species complex
6080:
6071:History of life
6047:
6042:
6012:
6007:
5975:
5939:
5913:
5887:Symplesiomorphy
5865:
5807:
5744:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5617:Relevant fields
5612:
5607:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5535:
5521:
5508:
5494:
5482:, eds. (2006).
5474:
5460:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5340:(4): 992–1039.
5331:
5330:
5326:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5289:
5279:
5275:
5254:
5253:
5249:
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4710:
4706:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4481:10.2307/2413604
4466:
4465:
4461:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4228:10.2307/2992286
4213:
4212:
4208:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4021:10.2307/2408678
4006:
4005:
4001:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3865:10.2307/2413252
3850:
3849:
3845:
3828:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3691:10.2307/2412495
3676:
3675:
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3649:
3648:
3644:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3573:
3572:
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3538:
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3505:
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3500:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3458:10.2307/2412604
3443:
3442:
3438:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3393:10.2307/2412182
3378:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3349:10.2307/2411550
3334:
3333:
3329:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3007:10.1.1.688.7842
2991:
2990:
2986:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2926:Wayback Machine
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
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2810:
2794:
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2779:
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2738:
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2647:
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2633:
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2612:
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2576:
2559:
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2550:
2542:
2541:
2537:
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2484:
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2468:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2405:
2404:
2400:
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2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2032:Language family
1992:
1938:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:by introducing
1842:
1830:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1743:
1707:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1558:First issue of
1241:lex parsimoniae
1220:
1191:
1163:
1158:
1105:
1074:distance matrix
1046:and methods of
1036:
1030:
975:
969:
872:common ancestor
808:
763:
759:
744:
703:
690:
689:
682:
681:
632:
624:
623:
494:
486:
485:
484:
412:
404:
403:
402:
351:Human evolution
341:History of life
325:
324:Natural history
317:
316:
315:
215:
207:
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
69:"Phylogenetics"
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7853:
7851:
7843:
7842:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7591:Marine biology
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7401:Bioinformatics
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7041:Charles Darwin
7038:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6979:Non-ecological
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6896:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6752:
6750:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6730:nervous system
6727:
6722:
6717:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6550:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6230:Origin of life
6227:
6222:
6217:
6215:Microevolution
6212:
6210:Macroevolution
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6148:Common descent
6145:
6144:
6143:
6133:
6128:
6126:Baldwin effect
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6090:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
5993:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5861:Phylogeography
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5813:
5812:Current topics
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5725:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5681:
5679:
5678:Basic concepts
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5560:
5559:External links
5557:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5533:
5519:
5506:
5492:
5480:Renfrew, Colin
5476:Forster, Peter
5472:
5458:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5378:
5351:
5324:
5300:
5291:|journal=
5273:
5247:
5188:
5153:(4): 503–511.
5133:
5102:(2): 119–135.
5082:
5045:(2): 133–143.
5025:
5004:(1): 281–296.
4981:
4944:
4907:(1): 151–157.
4887:
4827:
4814:
4784:
4739:
4704:
4659:
4608:
4570:10.1.1.139.498
4547:
4517:10.1.1.40.4461
4494:
4475:(3): 435–439.
4459:
4448:(3): 343–368.
4432:
4383:
4364:(4): 395–406.
4348:
4319:(3): 215–232.
4299:
4290:
4261:(4): 369–372.
4241:
4222:(3): 253–269.
4206:
4179:(4): 417–419.
4163:
4136:(4): 795–803.
4120:
4079:
4058:(4): 397–403.
4042:
4015:(4): 783–791.
3999:
3956:
3929:
3878:
3843:
3802:
3793:
3758:
3731:
3704:
3685:(3): 271–282.
3669:
3658:(4): 390–397.
3642:
3601:
3566:
3531:
3524:
3498:
3471:
3452:(2): 201–205.
3436:
3406:
3371:
3362:
3327:
3286:
3258:
3231:
3222:
3211:(1–6): 1–212.
3195:
3168:
3133:
3079:
3070:
3037:
2984:
2949:(3): 561–592.
2929:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2820:
2808:
2787:
2751:(1): 119–124.
2722:
2658:
2641:
2631:
2610:
2601:|website=
2574:
2535:
2498:(6): 382–387.
2478:
2453:
2398:
2361:(4): 213–229.
2341:
2277:
2249:
2230:
2208:
2164:
2153:"phylogenetic"
2144:
2141:(Online). n.d.
2133:"phylogenetic"
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:Phylogeography
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Biomathematics
2009:
2007:Bioinformatics
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1937:
1934:
1879:
1878:
1861:September 2024
1847:. Please help
1833:
1831:
1824:
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1429:
1426:
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1411:
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1399:
1396:
1393:
1385:Willi Hennig's
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1278:
1267:
1260:
1239:14th century,
1219:
1216:
1190:
1187:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1104:
1101:
1032:Main article:
1029:
1026:
1018:synapomorphies
990:classification
971:Main article:
968:
965:
941:ACE inhibitors
910:and molecular
847:sequences, or
746:
745:
743:
742:
735:
728:
720:
717:
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715:
714:
701:
684:
683:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
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652:Social effects
649:
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390:
385:
380:
378:Classification
375:
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365:
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359:
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348:
343:
338:
336:Common descent
333:
331:Origin of life
327:
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18:Phylogenetical
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7852:
7841:
7840:Phylogenetics
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7752:
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7709:
7707:
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7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
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7677:
7674:
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7671:Phylogenetics
7669:
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7642:
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7609:
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7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7566:Human biology
7564:
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7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
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7517:
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7509:
7507:
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7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
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7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7456:Chronobiology
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:Biotechnology
7429:
7427:
7426:Biostatistics
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
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7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
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7389:
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7379:
7377:
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7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7243:Phylogenetics
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
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7229:
7226:
7224:
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7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
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7177:
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7149:
7148:
7147:
7146:Structuralism
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7121:Catastrophism
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:Neo-Darwinism
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7049:
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7039:
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7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6994:Reinforcement
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6926:Catastrophism
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Macromutation
6914:
6913:Micromutation
6911:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Immune system
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6744:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:symbiogenesis
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:Kin selection
6346:
6344:
6343:Genetic drift
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6004:
6003:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Phylogenomics
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:DNA barcoding
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5796:Least squares
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5733:Ghost lineage
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5610:Phylogenetics
5604:
5599:
5597:
5592:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5575:at Wiktionary
5574:
5573:
5572:phylogenetics
5567:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5367:(1): 71–112.
5366:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5248:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:(10): e7404.
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4850:(1): 96–108.
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:(4): 324–32.
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4624:(3): 304–11.
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4099:(4): 406–25.
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:(2): 127–40.
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3894:(6): 368–76.
3893:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3621:(3): 235–52.
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3591:
3588:(2): 105–19.
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:(4): 406–16.
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:(4): 374–85.
3386:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:(3): 214–20.
3342:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3306:(3): 311–26.
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3000:(3): 561–92.
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:Invertebrates
2614:
2611:
2606:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2467:. 7 July 2021
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2193:Scott, Robert
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Phylogenomics
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Phylodynamics
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:phylodynamics
1885:
1875:
1872:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1838:single source
1834:This section
1832:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1802:
1799:February 2024
1792:
1791:the talk page
1788:
1782:
1780:
1775:This article
1773:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1682:February 2024
1675:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:Ronald Fisher
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:Ernst Haeckel
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:Occam's razor
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Ernst Haeckel
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
974:
966:
964:
961:
957:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
897:
892:
890:
886:
883:, evolution,
882:
876:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
757:
756:phylogenetics
753:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
722:
721:
719:
718:
712:
702:
699:
694:
688:
687:
686:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:Phylogenetics
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
490:
489:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Before Darwin
426:
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256:Genetic drift
254:
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113:
110:February 2024
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7716:Sociobiology
7696:Protistology
7670:
7661:Photobiology
7656:Pharmacology
7646:Parasitology
7641:Paleontology
7621:Neuroscience
7601:Microbiology
7511:Epidemiology
7481:Cytogenetics
7441:Cell biology
7421:Biosemiotics
7411:Biomechanics
7391:Biogeography
7386:Biochemistry
7381:Bacteriology
7376:Astrobiology
7255:Polymorphism
7242:
7238:Astrobiology
7186:Biogeography
7141:Saltationism
7131:Orthogenesis
7116:Alternatives
7045:
7031:
6964:Cospeciation
6959:Cladogenesis
6908:Saltationism
6865:Mating types
6788:Color vision
6773:Avian flight
6695:mitochondria
6433:Canalisation
6311:Biodiversity
6056:Introduction
6000:
5988:
5961:Sister group
5944:Nomenclature
5907:Autapomorphy
5902:Synapomorphy
5882:Plesiomorphy
5870:Group traits
5818:
5690:Cladogenesis
5685:Phylogenesis
5609:
5571:
5538:
5510:
5483:
5449:
5441:Bibliography
5395:
5391:
5381:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5310:
5303:
5256:
5250:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5001:
4997:
4972:. Retrieved
4965:the original
4960:
4947:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4847:
4843:
4819:, retrieved
4797:
4787:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4690:11336/101057
4672:
4668:
4662:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4510:(450): 493.
4507:
4503:
4497:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4403:(1): 83–91.
4400:
4396:
4386:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4293:
4258:
4254:
4244:
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4172:
4166:
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4096:
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4045:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3832:cite journal
3815:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3585:
3584:. Series B.
3579:
3569:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3507:
3501:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3422:
3418:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3149:(2): 35–43.
3146:
3142:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3096:
3092:
3082:
3073:
3057:(9): 45–62.
3054:
3050:
3040:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2823:
2816:Stuessy 2009
2811:
2800:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2748:
2744:
2680:
2676:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2618:
2613:
2583:
2577:
2551:. Retrieved
2545:
2538:
2495:
2492:HIV Medicine
2491:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2415:
2411:
2401:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2262:
2243:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2211:
2201:
2167:
2156:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2067:Phylogenesis
1984:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1947:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1905:
1882:
1867:
1858:
1835:
1805:
1796:
1785:Please help
1776:
1744:
1741:Biodiversity
1735:Catharanthus
1734:
1723:Catharanthus
1716:
1708:
1705:Pharmacology
1688:
1679:
1663:
1559:
1415:E. O. Wilson
1369:1940, term "
1281:
1240:
1192:
1180:
1164:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1114:
1106:
1094:
1090:DNA sequence
1068:
1037:
1006:monophyletic
1002:biochemistry
984:
958:
943:and Prialt (
929:
901:
893:
881:biodiversity
877:
861:
822:evolutionary
755:
749:
604:Sociobiology
589:Paleontology
583:
437:
373:Biogeography
368:Biodiversity
286:Coextinction
276:Co-operation
251:Polymorphism
176:Introduction
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7766:Xenobiology
7761:Virophysics
7731:Systematics
7686:Primatology
7631:Ornithology
7571:Ichthyology
7556:Herpetology
7551:Gerontology
7516:Epigenetics
7476:Cryobiology
7366:Agrostology
7356:Aerobiology
7351:Abiogenesis
7265:Systematics
7136:Mutationism
6954:Catagenesis
6882:Snake venom
6815:Eusociality
6793:in primates
6783:Cooperation
6711:In animals
6531:butterflies
6504:Cephalopods
6494:Brachiopods
6426:Development
6400:Mate choice
6153:Convergence
6136:Coevolution
6094:Abiogenesis
5956:Crown group
5918:Group types
5649:Systematics
5119:1885/311145
4563:(1): 1–12.
3774:(1): 7–15.
3425:(1): 1–32.
3247:(1): 1–31.
2880:: 370–418.
2797:"Phylogeny"
2223:15 February
2217:"phylogeny"
2112:Systematics
1980:Paleography
1727:vincristine
1719:Apocynaceae
1560:Cladistics.
1515:phylogenies
1292:Anaximander
1212:apomorphies
932:drug design
896:systematics
840:sequences,
614:Systematics
423:Renaissance
301:Convergence
291:Contingency
281:Coevolution
7751:Toxicology
7746:Teratology
7691:Proteomics
7676:Physiology
7616:Neontology
7581:Lipidology
7576:Immunology
7546:Geobiology
7506:Embryology
7486:Dendrology
7416:Biophysics
7396:Biogeology
7126:Lamarckism
7104:Philosophy
7027:David Hume
6989:Peripatric
6984:Parapatric
6969:Ecological
6949:Anagenesis
6944:Allopatric
6936:Speciation
6900:Gradualism
6825:Metabolism
6685:chromosome
6675:Eukaryotes
6453:Modularity
6370:Population
6296:Population
6257:Speciation
6235:Panspermia
6188:Extinction
6183:Exaptation
6158:Divergence
6131:Cladistics
6119:Reciprocal
6099:Adaptation
5634:Cladistics
4974:19 January
4762:cs/0312044
4669:Cladistics
4557:Biometrics
4397:Cladistics
4358:Cladistics
4313:Cladistics
4255:Cladistics
4173:Cladistics
3966:Cladistics
3945:(2): 277.
3859:(3): 309.
3818:(2): 239.
3768:Biometrika
2119:References
1781:to readers
1711:cladistics
1168:Phylogenie
1088:, not the
1078:morphology
1054:(ML), and
1014:cladistics
945:Ziconotide
912:chronology
857:hypotheses
849:morphology
845:amino acid
388:Cladistics
311:Extinction
296:Divergence
266:Speciation
246:Adaptation
160:John Gould
80:newspapers
7666:Phycology
7651:Pathology
7636:Osteology
7626:Nutrition
7586:Mammalogy
7561:Histology
7260:Protocell
7111:Darwinism
6999:Sympatric
6748:processes
6636:Tetrapods
6585:Kangaroos
6511:Dinosaurs
6448:Inversion
6417:Variation
6338:Gene flow
6331:Inclusive
6141:Mutualism
6086:Evolution
5971:Supertree
5935:Polyphyly
5930:Paraphyly
5925:Monophyly
5897:Apomorphy
5877:Primitive
5820:PhyloCode
5702:Cladogram
5529:767565978
5468:312728177
5293:ignored (
5283:cite book
5175:0022-5193
5128:2058-458X
5059:1431-7613
5020:2333-9683
4921:1069-9384
4864:2050-6201
4565:CiteSeerX
4542:122459537
4512:CiteSeerX
4130:Evolution
4060:CiteSeerX
4009:Evolution
3720:: 77–88.
3487:: 83–92.
3300:Evolution
3093:Evolution
3002:CiteSeerX
2963:1573-0387
2603:ignored (
2593:cite book
2563:cite book
2514:1464-2662
2440:2397-334X
2375:1471-0056
2336:250730778
2320:1476-4687
2184:γενετικός
2057:PhyloCode
1950:philology
1929:Box plots
1853:citations
1845:talk page
1321:homoplasy
1253:Aristotle
1177:Aristotle
1173:Darwinian
1097:narrative
1082:phenotype
1070:Phenetics
1048:parsimony
1010:phenetics
834:heritable
826:organisms
647:Dysgenics
363:Phylogeny
261:Gene flow
231:Diversity
226:Variation
7834:Category
7780:See also
7756:Virology
7741:Taxonomy
7681:Pomology
7611:Mycology
7541:Genomics
7536:Genetics
7361:Agronomy
7288:Category
7163:Vitalism
7158:Theistic
7151:Spandrel
6835:Morality
6830:Monogamy
6705:plastids
6670:Flagella
6626:Reptiles
6607:sea cows
6590:primates
6499:Molluscs
6477:Bacteria
6365:Mutation
6298:genetics
6274:Taxonomy
6220:Mismatch
6200:Homology
6114:Cheating
6109:Altruism
5990:Category
5893:Derived
5639:Taxonomy
5502:69733654
5430:39144489
5421:11321859
5242:19826473
5202:PLOS ONE
5183:15038985
5077:29931521
4939:27368626
4882:24916411
4699:55516104
4595:11318142
4427:84231334
4419:34929936
4378:85132346
4343:85418697
4335:34933469
4285:84151348
4277:34933485
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4037:28561359
3994:84151309
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3747:: 1–21.
3322:20957422
3190:12126814
3163:90171163
3126:23 April
3121:24520027
3113:20500218
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3024:20027787
2979:16634677
2971:20027787
2922:Archived
2780:19 April
2775:12554445
2717:11526218
2639:Florida.
2553:19 April
2530:38883310
2522:17661846
2471:23 April
2448:35879542
2393:28190876
2328:35859180
2270:19 April
2199:(1968).
2052:Ontogeny
1990:See also
1962:cognates
1327:concept.
1313:homology
1203:ontogeny
1161:Overview
986:Taxonomy
973:Taxonomy
921:mutation
711:Category
637:Eugenics
479:timeline
460:Evo-devo
418:Overview
236:Mutation
198:Evidence
193:Glossary
7771:Zoology
7501:Ecology
7371:Anatomy
7179:Related
7009:History
6870:Meiosis
6805:Empathy
6800:Emotion
6700:nucleus
6641:Viruses
6631:Spiders
6543:Mammals
6526:Insects
6326:Fitness
6262:Species
6061:Outline
6002:Commons
5728:Lineage
5400:Bibcode
5233:2756619
5210:Bibcode
5155:Bibcode
5068:6208858
4930:5325856
4873:4097963
4821:23 July
4654:8269826
4646:8703097
4626:Bibcode
4587:2533889
4534:2669394
4489:2413604
4236:2992286
4115:3447015
4029:2408678
3924:8024924
3916:7288891
3896:Bibcode
3873:2413252
3788:2335236
3699:2412495
3637:5089842
3628:1706731
3561:2412116
3466:2412604
3401:2412182
3357:2411550
3217:4228844
2766:2796430
2685:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2384:5886015
2300:Bibcode
2002:Bauplan
1777:may be
1359:in the
1317:analogy
1156:History
1084:or the
1058:-based
899:group.
889:genomes
885:ecology
868:fossils
842:protein
752:biology
203:History
186:Outline
94:scholar
7810:Portal
7436:Botany
7298:Portal
6974:Hybrid
6810:Ethics
6652:organs
6614:Plants
6600:lemurs
6595:humans
6580:horses
6570:hyenas
6558:wolves
6553:canids
6487:origin
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1493:MAST (
1383:1950,
1376:1949,
1340:1893,
1333:1866,
1262:1763,
908:tumors
904:cancer
887:, and
709:
433:Darwin
96:
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82:
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67:
6761:Death
6756:Aging
6735:brain
6521:Fungi
6482:Birds
6395:Fungi
6193:Event
6076:Index
5966:Basal
5791:UPGMA
5723:Grade
5719:Clade
5398:(8).
4968:(PDF)
4957:(PDF)
4775:S2CID
4757:arXiv
4730:S2CID
4695:S2CID
4650:S2CID
4599:S2CID
4583:JSTOR
4538:S2CID
4530:JSTOR
4485:JSTOR
4423:S2CID
4374:S2CID
4339:S2CID
4281:S2CID
4232:JSTOR
4197:S2CID
4154:S2CID
4025:JSTOR
3990:S2CID
3920:S2CID
3869:JSTOR
3784:JSTOR
3695:JSTOR
3557:JSTOR
3462:JSTOR
3397:JSTOR
3353:JSTOR
3318:S2CID
3180:[
3159:S2CID
3117:S2CID
3028:S2CID
2975:S2CID
2708:58547
2526:S2CID
2332:S2CID
2180:φῦλον
2173:Greek
2171:from
1731:Taxus
1608:1991
1597:1990
1586:1989
1552:1985
1541:1982
1520:1981
1487:1979
1453:1971
1433:1969
1422:1966
1407:1965
1371:clade
1117:error
937:venom
171:Index
101:JSTOR
87:books
7248:Tree
6720:hair
6660:Cell
6563:dogs
6548:cats
6538:Life
6516:Fish
6469:taxa
5544:ISBN
5525:OCLC
5515:ISBN
5498:OCLC
5488:ISBN
5464:OCLC
5454:ISBN
5426:PMID
5295:help
5269:ISBN
5238:PMID
5179:PMID
5171:ISSN
5124:ISSN
5073:PMID
5055:ISSN
5016:ISSN
4976:2021
4935:PMID
4917:ISSN
4878:PMID
4860:ISSN
4848:2014
4823:2024
4810:ISBN
4642:PMID
4591:PMID
4415:PMID
4331:PMID
4273:PMID
4189:PMID
4146:PMID
4111:PMID
4033:PMID
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3912:PMID
3838:link
3633:PMID
3520:ISBN
3213:OCLC
3186:OCLC
3128:2023
3109:PMID
3020:PMID
2967:PMID
2959:ISSN
2782:2023
2771:PMID
2713:PMID
2652:In:
2623:ISBN
2605:help
2569:link
2555:2023
2518:PMID
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2473:2023
2444:PMID
2436:ISSN
2389:PMID
2371:ISSN
2324:PMID
2316:ISSN
2272:2023
2225:2013
2176:φυλή
1355:and
1315:and
1056:MCMC
949:fish
864:taxa
181:Main
73:news
6746:Of
6715:eye
6665:DNA
6650:Of
6467:Of
5721:vs
5416:PMC
5408:doi
5369:doi
5342:doi
5315:doi
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5218:doi
5163:doi
5151:227
5114:hdl
5104:doi
5063:PMC
5047:doi
5043:137
5006:doi
4925:PMC
4909:doi
4868:PMC
4852:doi
4802:doi
4779:911
4767:doi
4722:doi
4685:hdl
4677:doi
4634:doi
4575:doi
4522:doi
4477:doi
4450:doi
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4321:doi
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4224:doi
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3660:doi
3623:PMC
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